Articles | Volume 21, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Aug 2024
Research article |
| 06 Aug 2024
| 06 Aug 2024
Using eddy covariance observations to determine the carbon sequestration characteristics of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Mangkang Ecological Monitoring Station, Tibet Ecological Security Barrier Ecological Monitoring Network, Qamdo 854500, China
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
Jinniu Wang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Mangkang Ecological Monitoring Station, Tibet Ecological Security Barrier Ecological Monitoring Network, Qamdo 854500, China
Dongliang Luo
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Xufeng Wang
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Cheng Shen
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Mangkang Ecological Monitoring Station, Tibet Ecological Security Barrier Ecological Monitoring Network, Qamdo 854500, China
Ning Wu
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Xufeng Wang, Tao Che, Jingfeng Xiao, Tonghong Wang, Junlei Tan, Yang Zhang, Zhiguo Ren, Liying Geng, Haibo Wang, Ziwei Xu, Shaomin Liu, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-370, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-370, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, carbon flux and auxiliary meteorological data were post-processed to create an analysis-ready dataset for 34 sites across six ecosystems in the Heihe River Basin. Eighteen sites have multi-year observations, while 16 were observed only during the 2012 growing season, totaling 1,513 site-months. This dataset can be used to explore carbon exchange, assess ecosystem responses to climate change, support upscaling studies, and evaluate carbon cycle models.
Jia Zhou, Jin Niu, Ning Wu, and Tao Lu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5171–5189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5171-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5171-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study provided an annual 100 m resolution glimpse into the grazing activities across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The newly minted Gridded Dataset of Grazing Intensity (GDGI) not only boasts exceptional accuracy but also acts as a pivotal resource for further research and strategic planning, with the potential to shape sustainable grazing practices, guide informed environmental stewardship, and ensure the longevity of the region’s precious ecosystems.
Xiaoying Li, Huijun Jin, Qi Feng, Qingbai Wu, Hongwei Wang, Ruixia He, Dongliang Luo, Xiaoli Chang, Raul-David Şerban, and Tao Zhan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5009–5026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5009-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5009-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In Northeast China, the permafrost is more sensitive to climate warming and fire disturbances than the boreal and Arctic permafrost. Since 2016, a continuous ground hydrothermal regime and soil nutrient content observation system has been gradually established in Northeast China. The integrated dataset includes soil moisture content, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, ground temperatures at depths of 0–20 m, and active layer thickness from 2016 to 2022.
Raul-David Şerban, Huijun Jin, Mihaela Şerban, Giacomo Bertoldi, Dongliang Luo, Qingfeng Wang, Qiang Ma, Ruixia He, Xiaoying Jin, Xinze Li, Jianjun Tang, and Hongwei Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1425–1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A particular observational network for ground surface temperature (GST) has been established on the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, covering various environmental conditions and scales. This analysis revealed the substantial influences of the land cover on the spatial variability in GST over short distances (<16 m). Improving the monitoring of GST is important for the biophysical processes at the land–atmosphere boundary and for understanding the climate change impacts on cold environments.
Bo Xu, Jinniu Wang, Ning Wu, Yan Wu, and Fusun Shi
Biogeosciences, 15, 567–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-567-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-567-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is sensitive to climate change. We documented seasonal and interannual dynamics of soil microbial and available N in an alpine meadow in this region. Consistently increasing trends of microbial biomass and available N pools were observed during the nongrowing season. Significant shifts in microbial communities largely contributed to microbial reduction during soil thaw. Divergent seasonal dynamics of different N forms showed a complementary nutrient supply pattern.
Jinniu Wang, Bo Xu, Yan Wu, Jing Gao, and Fusun Shi
Biogeosciences, 13, 5619–5631, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5619-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5619-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Flower litters fed soil nutrition pool more efficiently because of their faster decomposition rate and higher nutrient contents. The underlying mechanism can enrich nutrients, which return to the soil, and non-structural carbohydrates, which feed and enhance the transitions of soil microorganisms. It can be realized that nature is more complex and magical than we thought. There are still some miraculous points of interaction between soil and plant to be explored in the future.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Greenhouse Gases
Physicochemical perturbation increases nitrous oxide production from denitrification in soils and sediments
Carbon degradation and mobilisation potentials of thawing permafrost peatlands in northern Norway inferred from laboratory incubations
Seasonal dynamics and regional distribution patterns of CO2 and CH4 in the north-eastern Baltic Sea
Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea
CO2 emissions of drained coastal peatlands in the Netherlands and potential emission reduction by water infiltration systems
Influence of wind strength and direction on diffusive methane fluxes and atmospheric methane concentrations above the North Sea
Dynamics of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
Isotopomer labeling and oxygen dependence of hybrid nitrous oxide production
The emission of CO from tropical rainforest soils
Drought disrupts atmospheric carbon uptake in a Mediterranean saline lake
Nitrous oxide (N2O) in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania
Technical note: A low-cost, automatic soil-plant-atmosphere enclosure system to investigate CO2 and ET flux dynamics
Modelling CO2 and N2O emissions from soils in silvopastoral systems of the West African Sahelian band
A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides
Assessing improvements in global ocean pCO2 machine learning reconstructions with Southern Ocean autonomous sampling
Timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying climate–carbon-cycle feedbacks for weak perturbations in CMIP5 models
Technical note: Preventing CO2 overestimation from mercuric or copper(II) chloride preservation of dissolved greenhouse gases in freshwater samples
Exploring temporal and spatial variation of nitrous oxide flux using several years of peatland forest automatic chamber data
Diurnal versus spatial variability of greenhouse gas emissions from an anthropogenically modified lowland river in Germany
Regional assessment and uncertainty analysis of carbon and nitrogen balances at cropland scale using the ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC
Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget
Tidal influence on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from tree stems and soils in mangrove forests
Lawns and meadows in urban green space – a comparison from perspectives of greenhouse gases, drought resilience and plant functional types
Large contribution of soil N2O emission to the global warming potential of a large-scale oil palm plantation despite changing from conventional to reduced management practices
Air temperature and precipitation constraining the modelled wetland methane emissions in a boreal region in Northern Europe
Identifying landscape hot and cold spots of soil greenhouse gas fluxes by combining field measurements and remote sensing data
Explainable machine learning for modelling of net ecosystem exchange in boreal forest
Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies
Spatial and temporal variability of methane emissions and environmental conditions in a hyper-eutrophic fishpond
Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden
Herbivore–shrub interactions influence ecosystem respiration and biogenic volatile organic compound composition in the subarctic
Methane emissions due to reservoir flushing: a significant emission pathway?
Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites
Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea
Technical note: Skirt chamber – an open dynamic method for the rapid and minimally intrusive measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands
Seasonal variability of nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions in a temperate estuary
Reviews and syntheses: Recent advances in microwave remote sensing in support of terrestrial carbon cycle science in Arctic–boreal regions
Simulated methane emissions from Arctic ponds are highly sensitive to warming
Water-table-driven greenhouse gas emission estimates guide peatland restoration at national scale
Relationships between greenhouse gas production and landscape position during short-term permafrost thaw under anaerobic conditions in the Lena Delta
Carbon emissions and radiative forcings from tundra wildfires in the Yukon–Kuskokwim River Delta, Alaska
Carbon monoxide (CO) cycling in the Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean
Post-flooding disturbance recovery promotes carbon capture in riparian zones
Meteorological responses of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of a subarctic landscape
Carbon emission and export from the Ket River, western Siberia
Evaluation of wetland CH4 in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model using satellite observations
Greenhouse gas fluxes in mangrove forest soil in an Amazon estuary
Temporal patterns and drivers of CO2 emission from dry sediments in a groyne field of a large river
Effects of water table level and nitrogen deposition on methane and nitrous oxide emissions in an alpine peatland
Highest methane concentrations in an Arctic river linked to local terrestrial inputs
Nathaniel B. Weston, Cynthia Troy, Patrick J. Kearns, Jennifer L. Bowen, William Porubsky, Christelle Hyacinthe, Christof Meile, Philippe Van Cappellen, and Samantha B. Joye
Biogeosciences, 21, 4837–4851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas produced largely from microbial nitrogen cycling processes, and human activities have resulted in increases in atmospheric N2O. We investigate the role of physical and chemical disturbances to soils and sediments in N2O production. We demonstrate that physicochemical perturbation increases N2O production, microbial community adapts over time, and initial perturbation appears to confer resilience to subsequent disturbance.
Sigrid Trier Kjær, Sebastian Westermann, Nora Nedkvitne, and Peter Dörsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 4723–4737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost peatlands are thawing due to climate change, releasing large quantities of carbon that degrades upon thawing and is released as CO2, CH4 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We incubated thawed Norwegian permafrost peat plateaus and thermokarst pond sediment found next to permafrost for up to 350 d to measure carbon loss. CO2 production was initially the highest, whereas CH4 production increased over time. The largest carbon loss was measured at the top of the peat plateau core as DOC.
Silvie Lainela, Erik Jacobs, Stella-Theresa Luik, Gregor Rehder, and Urmas Lips
Biogeosciences, 21, 4495–4519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the variability of carbon dioxide and methane in the surface layer of the north-eastern basins of the Baltic Sea in 2018. We show that the shallower coastal areas have considerably higher spatial variability and seasonal amplitude of surface layer pCO2 and cCH4 than measured in the offshore areas of the Baltic Sea. Despite this high variability, caused mostly by coastal physical processes, the average annual air–sea CO2 fluxes differed only marginally between the sub-basins.
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Biogeosciences, 21, 4341–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the sea and the atmosphere was studied in the Archipelago Sea, Baltic Sea, in 2017–2021, using an eddy covariance technique. The sea acted as a net source of CO2 with an average yearly emission of 27.1 gC m-2 yr-1, indicating that the marine ecosystem respired carbon that originated elsewhere. The yearly CO2 emission varied between 18.2–39.2 gC m-2 yr-1, mostly due to the yearly variation of ecosystem carbon uptake.
Ralf C. H. Aben, Daniël van de Craats, Jim Boonman, Stijn H. Peeters, Bart Vriend, Coline C. F. Boonman, Ype van der Velde, Gilles Erkens, and Merit van den Berg
Biogeosciences, 21, 4099–4118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands cause high CO2 emissions. We assessed the effectiveness of subsurface water infiltration systems (WISs) in reducing CO2 emissions related to increases in water table depth (WTD) on 12 sites for up to 4 years. Results show WISs markedly reduced emissions by 2.1 t CO2-C ha-1 yr-1. The relationship between the amount of carbon above the WTD and CO2 emission was stronger than the relationship between WTD and emission. Long-term monitoring is crucial for accurate emission estimates.
Ingeborg Bussmann, Eric P. Achterberg, Holger Brix, Nicolas Brüggemann, Götz Flöser, Claudia Schütze, and Philipp Fischer
Biogeosciences, 21, 3819–3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and contributes to climate warming. However, the input of CH4 from coastal areas to the atmosphere is not well defined. Dissolved and atmospheric CH4 was determined at high spatial resolution in or above the North Sea. The atmospheric CH4 concentration was mainly influenced by wind direction. With our detailed study on the spatial distribution of CH4 fluxes we were able to provide a detailed and more realistic estimation of coastal CH4 fluxes.
Jessica Ashley Valerie Breavington, Alexandra Steckbauer, Chuancheng Fu, Mongi Ennasri, and Carlos Manuel Duarte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1831, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1831, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mangroves are known for storing large amounts of carbon in their soils, but this is lower in the Red Sea due to challenging growth conditions. We collected soil cores over multiple seasons to measure soil properties, and the greenhouse gasses (GHG) of carbon dioxide and methane. We found that GHG emissions are generally a small offset to carbon storage but punctuated by periods of very high GHG emission and this variability is linked to multiple environmental and soil properties.
Colette L. Kelly, Nicole M. Travis, Pascale Anabelle Baya, Claudia Frey, Xin Sun, Bess B. Ward, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 3215–3238, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, accumulates in regions of the ocean that are low in dissolved oxygen. We used a novel combination of chemical tracers to determine how nitrous oxide is produced in one of these regions, the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean. Our experiments showed that the two most important sources of nitrous oxide under low-oxygen conditions are denitrification, an anaerobic process, and a novel “hybrid” process performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 21, 3183–3199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is regarded as an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit and take up CO, but, until now, uncertainty remains as to which process dominates in tropical rainforests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rainforest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rainforest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Ihab Alfadhel, Ignacio Peralta-Maraver, Isabel Reche, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Eva Rodríguez-Velasco, Andrew S. Kowalski, and Penélope Serrano-Ortiz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1562, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Inland saline lakes are crucial in the global carbon cycle, but increased droughts may alter their carbon exchange capacity. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a Mediterranean saline lake using the Eddy Covariance method under dry and wet conditions. We found the lake acts as a carbon sink during wet periods but not during droughts. These results highlight the importance of saline lakes in carbon sequestration and their vulnerability to climate change-induced droughts.
Johnathan D. Maxey, Neil D. Hartstein, Hermann W. Bange, and Mortiz Müller
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1731, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distribution of N2O in fjord-like estuaries is poorly described in the southern hemisphere. Our study describes N2O distribution and its drivers in one such system Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2022/2023. Results show the system is a sink for atmospheric N2O when river flow is high; and the system emits N2O when the river flow is low. N2O generated in basins is intercepted by the surface water and exported to the ocean during high river flow.
Wael Al Hamwi, Maren Dubbert, Joerg Schaller, Matthias Lueck, Marten Schmidt, and Mathias Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a fully automatic, low-cost soil-plant enclosure system to monitor CO2 and ET fluxes within greenhouse experiments. It operates in two modes: independent, using low-cost sensors, and dependent, connecting multiple chambers to a single gas analyzer via a low-cost multiplexer. This system offers precise and accurate measurements, cost and labor efficiency, and high temporal resolution, enabling comprehensive monitoring of plant-soil responses to various treatments and conditions.
Yélognissè Agbohessou, Claire Delon, Manuela Grippa, Eric Mougin, Daouda Ngom, Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Ousmane Ndiaye, Paulo Salgado, and Olivier Roupsard
Biogeosciences, 21, 2811–2837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of greenhouse gases in the Sahel are not well represented because they are considered weak compared to the rest of the world. However, natural areas in the Sahel emit carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides, which need to be assessed because of extended surfaces. We propose an assessment of such emissions in Sahelian silvopastoral systems and of how they are influenced by environmental characteristics. These results are essential to inform climate change strategies in the region.
Merit van den Berg, Thomas M. Gremmen, Renske J. E. Vroom, Jacobus van Huissteden, Jim Boonman, Corine J. A. van Huissteden, Ype van der Velde, Alfons J. P. Smolders, and Bas P. van de Riet
Biogeosciences, 21, 2669–2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands emit 3 % of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Paludiculture is a way to reduce CO2 emissions while at the same time generating an income for landowners. The side effect is the potentially high methane emissions. We found very high methane emissions for broadleaf cattail compared with narrowleaf cattail and water fern. The rewetting was, however, effective to stop CO2 emissions for all species. The highest potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions had narrowleaf cattail.
Thea H. Heimdal, Galen A. McKinley, Adrienne J. Sutton, Amanda R. Fay, and Lucas Gloege
Biogeosciences, 21, 2159–2176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of ocean carbon are limited in time and space. Machine learning algorithms are therefore used to reconstruct ocean carbon where observations do not exist. Improving these reconstructions is important in order to accurately estimate how much carbon the ocean absorbs from the atmosphere. In this study, we find that a small addition of observations from the Southern Ocean, obtained by autonomous sampling platforms, could significantly improve the reconstructions.
Guilherme L. Torres Mendonça, Julia Pongratz, and Christian H. Reick
Biogeosciences, 21, 1923–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying feedbacks by a theory of the climate–carbon system. Using simulations we show the predictive power of this theory and find that (1) this fraction generally decreases for increasing timescales and (2) at all timescales the total feedback is negative and the model spread in a single feedback causes the spread in the airborne fraction. Our study indicates that those are properties of the system, independently of the scenario.
François Clayer, Jan Erik Thrane, Kuria Ndungu, Andrew King, Peter Dörsch, and Thomas Rohrlack
Biogeosciences, 21, 1903–1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determination of dissolved greenhouse gas (GHG) in freshwater allows us to estimate GHG fluxes. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is used to preserve water samples prior to GHG analysis despite its environmental and health impacts and interferences with water chemistry in freshwater. Here, we tested the effects of HgCl2, two substitutes and storage time on GHG in water from two boreal lakes. Preservation with HgCl2 caused overestimation of CO2 concentration with consequences for GHG flux estimation.
Helena Rautakoski, Mika Korkiakoski, Jarmo Mäkelä, Markku Koskinen, Kari Minkkinen, Mika Aurela, Paavo Ojanen, and Annalea Lohila
Biogeosciences, 21, 1867–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current and future nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are difficult to estimate due to their high variability in space and time. Several years of N2O fluxes from drained boreal peatland forest indicate high importance of summer precipitation, winter temperature, and snow conditions in controlling annual N2O emissions. The results indicate increasing year-to-year variation in N2O emissions in changing climate with more extreme seasonal weather conditions.
Matthias Koschorreck, Norbert Kamjunke, Uta Koedel, Michael Rode, Claudia Schuetze, and Ingeborg Bussmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 1613–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from different sites at the river Elbe in Germany over 3 days to find out what is more important for quantification: small-scale spatial variability or diurnal temporal variability. We found that CO2 emissions were very different between day and night, while CH4 emissions were more different between sites. Dried out river sediments contributed to CO2 emissions, while the side areas of the river were important CH4 sources.
Odysseas Sifounakis, Edwin Haas, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Maria P. Papadopoulou
Biogeosciences, 21, 1563–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a full assessment of the carbon and nitrogen cycles of a cropland ecosystem. An uncertainty analysis and quantification of all carbon and nitrogen fluxes were deployed. The inventory simulations include greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, NH3 volatilization and NO3 leaching from arable land cultivation in Greece. The inventory also reports changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in arable soils.
Sarah M. Ludwig, Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane
Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when using eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when calculating carbon budgets. In this study we report eddy covariance carbon fluxes from heterogeneous tundra. We used the footprints of each flux observation to unmix the fluxes coming from components of the landscape. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon emissions in the landscape. Accurately scaling with landscape heterogeneity yielded half as much regional carbon uptake.
Zhao-Jun Yong, Wei‐Jen Lin, Chiao-Wen Lin, and Hsing-Juh Lin Lin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-533, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-533, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first to simultaneously measure mangrove CH4 emissions from both stems and soils throughout tidal cycles. The stems served as both net CO2 and CH4 sources. Compared to those of the soils, the stems exhibited markedly lower CH4 emissions, but no difference in CO2 emissions. Sampling only during low tides might overestimate the stem CO2 and CH4 emissions on a diurnal scale. This study also highlights species distinctness (with pneumatophores) in the emissions.
Justine Trémeau, Beñat Olascoaga, Leif Backman, Esko Karvinen, Henriikka Vekuri, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 21, 949–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied urban lawns and meadows in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. We found that meadows are more resistant to drought events but that they do not increase carbon sequestration compared with lawns. Moreover, the transformation from lawns to meadows did not demonstrate any negative climate effects in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Even though social and economic aspects also steer urban development, these results can guide planning to consider carbon-smart options.
Guantao Chen, Edzo Veldkamp, Muhammad Damris, Bambang Irawan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Marife D. Corre
Biogeosciences, 21, 513–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We established an oil palm management experiment in a large-scale oil palm plantation in Jambi, Indonesia. We recorded oil palm fruit yield and measured soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes. After 4 years of treatment, compared with conventional fertilization with herbicide weeding, reduced fertilization with mechanical weeding did not reduce yield and soil greenhouse gas emissions, which highlights the legacy effects of over a decade of conventional management prior to the start of the experiment.
Tuula Aalto, Aki Tsuruta, Jarmo Mäkelä, Jurek Mueller, Maria Tenkanen, Eleanor Burke, Sarah Chadburn, Yao Gao, Vilma Mannisenaho, Thomas Kleinen, Hanna Lee, Antti Leppänen, Tiina Markkanen, Stefano Materia, Paul Miller, Daniele Peano, Olli Peltola, Benjamin Poulter, Maarit Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, David Wårlind, and Sönke Zaehle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wetland methane responses to temperature and precipitation were studied in a boreal wetland-rich region in Northern Europe using ecosystem models, atmospheric inversions and up-scaled flux observations. The ecosystem models differed in their responses to temperature and precipitation and in their seasonality. However, multi-model means, inversions and up-scaled fluxes had similar seasonality, and they suggested co-limitation by temperature and precipitation.
Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Tobias Houska, David Kraus, Gretchen Maria Gettel, Ralf Kiese, Lutz Breuer, and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Biogeosciences, 20, 5029–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agricultural landscapes act as sinks or sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, or N2O. Various physicochemical and biological processes control the fluxes of these GHGs between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, fluxes depend on environmental conditions such as soil moisture, soil temperature, or soil parameters, which result in large spatial and temporal variations of GHG fluxes. Here, we describe an example of how this variation may be studied and analyzed.
Ekaterina Ezhova, Topi Laanti, Anna Lintunen, Pasi Kolari, Tuomo Nieminen, Ivan Mammarella, Keijo Heljanko, and Markku Kulmala
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2559, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2559, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
ML models are gaining popularity in biogeosciences. They are applied as gapfilling methods and used to upscale carbon fluxes to larger areas based on local measurements. In this study, we use Explainable ML methods to elucidate performance of machine learning models for carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal forest. We show that statistically equal models treat input variables differently. Explainable ML can help scientists to make informed solutions when applying ML models in their research.
Laurie C. Menviel, Paul Spence, Andrew E. Kiss, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Hakase Hayashida, Matthew H. England, and Darryn Waugh
Biogeosciences, 20, 4413–4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the ocean absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon, it is important to understand the impact of climate change on the flux of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we use a very high-resolution ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model to show that the capability of the Southern Ocean to uptake CO2 has decreased over the last 40 years due to a strengthening and poleward shift of the southern hemispheric westerlies. This trend is expected to continue over the coming century.
Petr Znachor, Jiří Nedoma, Vojtech Kolar, and Anna Matoušů
Biogeosciences, 20, 4273–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted intensive spatial sampling of the hypertrophic fishpond to better understand the spatial dynamics of methane fluxes and environmental heterogeneity in fishponds. The diffusive fluxes of methane accounted for only a minor fraction of the total fluxes and both varied pronouncedly within the pond and over the studied summer season. This could be explained only by the water depth. Wind substantially affected temperature, oxygen and chlorophyll a distribution in the pond.
Sofie Sjögersten, Martha Ledger, Matthias Siewert, Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, David Gee, Giles Foody, and Doreen S. Boyd
Biogeosciences, 20, 4221–4239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw in Arctic regions is increasing methane emissions, but quantification is difficult given the large and remote areas impacted. We show that UAV data together with satellite data can be used to extrapolate emissions across the wider landscape as well as detect areas at risk of higher emissions. A transition of currently degrading areas to fen type vegetation can increase emission by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the importance of quantifying areas at risk.
Cole G. Brachmann, Tage Vowles, Riikka Rinnan, Mats P. Björkman, Anna Ekberg, and Robert G. Björk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Herbivores change plant communities through grazing, altering the amount of CO2 and plant-specific chemicals (termed VOCs) emitted. We tested this effect by excluding herbivores and studying the CO2 and VOC emissions. Herbivores reduced CO2 emissions from a meadow community and altered VOC composition; however, community type had the strongest effect on the amount of CO2 and VOCs released. Herbivores can mediate greenhouse gas emissions, but the effect is marginal and community dependent.
Ole Lessmann, Jorge Encinas Fernández, Karla Martínez-Cruz, and Frank Peeters
Biogeosciences, 20, 4057–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a large dataset of seasonally resolved methane (CH4) pore water concentrations in a reservoir's sediment, we assess the significance of CH4 emissions due to reservoir flushing. In the studied reservoir, CH4 emissions caused by one flushing operation can represent 7 %–14 % of the annual CH4 emissions and depend on the timing of the flushing operation. In reservoirs with high sediment loadings, regular flushing may substantially contribute to the overall CH4 emissions.
Matti Räsänen, Risto Vesala, Petri Rönnholm, Laura Arppe, Petra Manninen, Markus Jylhä, Jouko Rikkinen, Petri Pellikka, and Janne Rinne
Biogeosciences, 20, 4029–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fungus-growing termites recycle large parts of dead plant material in African savannas and are significant sources of greenhouse gases. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes from their mounds and surrounding soils in open and closed habitats. The fluxes scale with mound volume. The results show that emissions from mounds of fungus-growing termites are more stable than those from other termites. The soil fluxes around the mound are affected by the termite colonies at up to 2 m distance from the mound.
Tim René de Groot, Anne Margriet Mol, Katherine Mesdag, Pierre Ramond, Rachel Ndhlovu, Julia Catherine Engelmann, Thomas Röckmann, and Helge Niemann
Biogeosciences, 20, 3857–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates methane dynamics in the Wadden Sea. Our measurements revealed distinct variations triggered by seasonality and tidal forcing. The methane budget was higher in warmer seasons but surprisingly high in colder seasons. Methane dynamics were amplified during low tides, flushing the majority of methane into the North Sea or releasing it to the atmosphere. Methanotrophic activity was also elevated during low tide but mitigated only a small fraction of the methane efflux.
Frederic Thalasso, Brenda Riquelme, Andrés Gómez, Roy Mackenzie, Francisco Javier Aguirre, Jorge Hoyos-Santillan, Ricardo Rozzi, and Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui
Biogeosciences, 20, 3737–3749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A robust skirt-chamber design to capture and quantify greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands is presented. Compared to standard methods, this design improves the spatial resolution of field studies in remote locations while minimizing intrusion.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Yoana G. Voynova, Hermann W. Bange, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 20, 3229–3247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. However, N2O emissions from estuaries underlie significant uncertainties due to limited data availability and high spatiotemporal variability. We found the Elbe Estuary (Germany) to be a year-round source of N2O, with the highest emissions in winter along with high nitrogen loads. However, in spring and summer, N2O emissions did not decrease alongside lower nitrogen loads because organic matter fueled in situ N2O production along the estuary.
Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Christophe Kinnard, and Alexandre Roy
Biogeosciences, 20, 2941–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This review supports the integration of microwave spaceborne information into carbon cycle science for Arctic–boreal regions. The microwave data record spans multiple decades with frequent global observations of soil moisture and temperature, surface freeze–thaw cycles, vegetation water storage, snowpack properties, and land cover. This record holds substantial unexploited potential to better understand carbon cycle processes.
Zoé Rehder, Thomas Kleinen, Lars Kutzbach, Victor Stepanenko, Moritz Langer, and Victor Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 20, 2837–2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use a new model to investigate how methane emissions from Arctic ponds change with warming. We find that emissions increase substantially. Under annual temperatures 5 °C above present temperatures, pond methane emissions are more than 3 times higher than now. Most of this increase is caused by an increase in plant productivity as plants provide the substrate microbes used to produce methane. We conclude that vegetation changes need to be included in predictions of pond methane emissions.
Julian Koch, Lars Elsgaard, Mogens H. Greve, Steen Gyldenkærne, Cecilie Hermansen, Gregor Levin, Shubiao Wu, and Simon Stisen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2387–2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Utilizing peatlands for agriculture leads to large emissions of greenhouse gases worldwide. The emissions are triggered by lowering the water table, which is a necessary step in order to make peatlands arable. Many countries aim at reducing their emissions by restoring peatlands, which can be achieved by stopping agricultural activities and thereby raising the water table. We estimate a total emission of 2.6 Mt CO2-eq for organic-rich peatlands in Denmark and a potential reduction of 77 %.
Mélissa Laurent, Matthias Fuchs, Tanja Herbst, Alexandra Runge, Susanne Liebner, and Claire C. Treat
Biogeosciences, 20, 2049–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigated the effect of different parameters (temperature, landscape position) on the production of greenhouse gases during a 1-year permafrost thaw experiment. For very similar carbon and nitrogen contents, our results show a strong heterogeneity in CH4 production, as well as in microbial abundance. According to our study, these differences are mainly due to the landscape position and the hydrological conditions established as a result of the topography.
Michael Moubarak, Seeta Sistla, Stefano Potter, Susan M. Natali, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 1537–1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tundra wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity with climate change. We show using a combination of field measurements and computational modeling that tundra wildfires result in a positive feedback to climate change by emitting significant amounts of long-lived greenhouse gasses. With these effects, attention to tundra fires is necessary for mitigating climate change.
Hanna I. Campen, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 20, 1371–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a climate-relevant trace gas emitted from the ocean. However, oceanic CO cycling is understudied. Results from incubation experiments conducted in the Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean) indicated that (i) pH did not affect CO cycling and (ii) enhanced CO production and consumption were positively correlated with coloured dissolved organic matter and nitrate concentrations. This suggests microbial CO uptake to be the driving factor for CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean.
Yihong Zhu, Ruihua Liu, Huai Zhang, Shaoda Liu, Zhengfeng Zhang, Fei-Hai Yu, and Timothy G. Gregoire
Biogeosciences, 20, 1357–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With global warming, the risk of flooding is rising, but the response of the carbon cycle of aquatic and associated riparian systems
to flooding is still unclear. Based on the data collected in the Lijiang, we found that flooding would lead to significant carbon emissions of fluvial areas and riparian areas during flooding, but carbon capture may happen after flooding. In the riparian areas, the surviving vegetation, especially clonal plants, played a vital role in this transformation.
Lauri Heiskanen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Aleksi Räsänen, Tarmo Virtanen, Sari Juutinen, Annalea Lohila, Juha Mikola, and Mika Aurela
Biogeosciences, 20, 545–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured and modelled the CO2 and CH4 fluxes of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the subarctic landscape for 2 years. The landscape was an annual CO2 sink and a CH4 source. The forest had the largest contribution to the landscape-level CO2 sink and the peatland to the CH4 emissions. The lakes released 24 % of the annual net C uptake of the landscape back to the atmosphere. The C fluxes were affected most by the rainy peak growing season of 2017 and the drought event in July 2018.
Artem G. Lim, Ivan V. Krickov, Sergey N. Vorobyev, Mikhail A. Korets, Sergey Kopysov, Liudmila S. Shirokova, Jan Karlsson, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
Biogeosciences, 19, 5859–5877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In order to quantify C transport and emission and main environmental factors controlling the C cycle in Siberian rivers, we investigated the largest tributary of the Ob River, the Ket River basin, by measuring spatial and seasonal variations in carbon CO2 and CH4 concentrations and emissions together with hydrochemical analyses. The obtained results are useful for large-scale modeling of C emission and export fluxes from permafrost-free boreal rivers of an underrepresented region of the world.
Robert J. Parker, Chris Wilson, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Toby R. Marthews, A. Anthony Bloom, Mark F. Lunt, Nicola Gedney, Simon J. Dadson, Joe McNorton, Neil Humpage, Hartmut Boesch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Paul I. Palmer, and Dai Yamazaki
Biogeosciences, 19, 5779–5805, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane, one of the most important climate gases. The JULES land surface model simulates these emissions. We use satellite data to evaluate how well JULES reproduces the methane seasonal cycle over different tropical wetlands. It performs well for most regions; however, it struggles for some African wetlands influenced heavily by river flooding. We explain the reasons for these deficiencies and highlight how future development will improve these areas.
Saúl Edgardo Martínez Castellón, José Henrique Cattanio, José Francisco Berrêdo, Marcelo Rollnic, Maria de Lourdes Ruivo, and Carlos Noriega
Biogeosciences, 19, 5483–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We seek to understand the influence of climatic seasonality and microtopography on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in an Amazonian mangrove. Topography and seasonality had a contrasting influence when comparing the two gas fluxes: CO2 fluxes were greater in high topography in the dry period, and CH4 fluxes were greater in the rainy season in low topography. Only CO2 fluxes were correlated with soil organic matter, the proportion of carbon and nitrogen, and redox potential.
Matthias Koschorreck, Klaus Holger Knorr, and Lelaina Teichert
Biogeosciences, 19, 5221–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
At low water levels, parts of the bottom of rivers fall dry. These beaches or mudflats emit the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. We found that those emissions are caused by microbial reactions in the sediment and that they change with time. Emissions were influenced by many factors like temperature, water level, rain, plants, and light.
Wantong Zhang, Zhengyi Hu, Joachim Audet, Thomas A. Davidson, Enze Kang, Xiaoming Kang, Yong Li, Xiaodong Zhang, and Jinzhi Wang
Biogeosciences, 19, 5187–5197, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work focused on the CH4 and N2O emissions from alpine peatlands in response to the interactive effects of altered water table levels and increased nitrogen deposition. Across the 2-year mesocosm experiment, nitrogen deposition showed nonlinear effects on CH4 emissions and linear effects on N2O emissions, and these N effects were associated with the water table levels. Our results imply the future scenario of strengthened CH4 and N2O emissions from an alpine peatland.
Karel Castro-Morales, Anna Canning, Sophie Arzberger, Will A. Overholt, Kirsten Küsel, Olaf Kolle, Mathias Göckede, Nikita Zimov, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 19, 5059–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw releases methane that can be emitted into the atmosphere or transported by Arctic rivers. Methane measurements are lacking in large Arctic river regions. In the Kolyma River (northeast Siberia), we measured dissolved methane to map its distribution with great spatial detail. The river’s edge and river junctions had the highest methane concentrations compared to other river areas. Microbial communities in the river showed that the river’s methane likely is from the adjacent land.
Cited articles
Acosta-Hernández, A. C., Padilla-Martínez, J. R., Hernández-Díaz, J. C., Prieto-Ruiz, J. A., Goche-Telles, J. R., Nájera-Luna, J. A., and Pompa-García, M.: Influence of Climate on Carbon Sequestration in Conifers Growing under Contrasting Hydro-Climatic Conditions, Forests, 11, 1134, https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111134, 2020.
Ataka, M., Kominami, Y., Sato, K., and Yoshimura, K.: Microbial Biomass Drives Seasonal Hysteresis in Litter Heterotrophic Respiration in Relation to Temperature in a Warm-Temperate Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 125, e2020JG005729, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005729, 2020.
Banbury Morgan, R., Herrmann, V., Kunert, N., Bond-Lamberty, B., Muller-Landau, H. C., and Anderson-Teixeira, K. J.: Global patterns of forest autotrophic carbon fluxes, Glob. Change Biol., 27, 2840–2855, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15574, 2021.
Baumgartner, S., Barthel, M., Drake, T. W., Bauters, M., Makelele, I. A., Mugula, J. K., Summerauer, L., Gallarotti, N., Cizungu Ntaboba, L., Van Oost, K., Boeckx, P., Doetterl, S., Werner, R. A., and Six, J.: Seasonality, drivers, and isotopic composition of soil CO2 fluxes from tropical forests of the Congo Basin, Biogeosciences, 17, 6207–6218, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020, 2020.
Cai, W., He, N., Li, M., Xu, L., Wang, L., Zhu, J., Zeng, N., Yan, P., Si, G., and Zhang, X.: Carbon sequestration of Chinese forests from 2010 to 2060: Spatiotemporal dynamics and its regulatory strategies, Science Bull., 67, 836–843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.12.012, 2022.
Cao, S., Cao, G., Chen, K., Han, G., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., and Li, X.: Characteristics of CO2, water vapor, and energy exchanges at a headwater wetland ecosystem of the Qinghai Lake, Can. J. Soil Sci., 99, 227–243, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2018-0104, 2019.
Carey, E. V., Sala, A., Keane, R., and Callaway, R. M.: Are old forests underestimated as global carbon sinks?, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 339–344, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00418.x, 2001.
Chen, H., Ju, P. J., Zhu, Q., Xu, X. L., Wu, N., Gao, Y. H., Feng, X. J., Tian, J. Q., Niu, S. L., Zhang, Y. J., Peng, C. H., and Wang, Y. F.: Carbon and nitrogen cycling on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3, 701–716, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00344-2, 2022.
Cole, J. J., Caraco, N. F., Kling, G. W., and Kratz, T. K.: Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes, Science, 265, 1568–1570, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5178.1568, 1994.
Dass, P., Houlton, B. Z., Wang, Y., and Warlind, D.: Grasslands may be more reliable carbon sinks than forests in California, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 074027, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacb39, 2018.
Davidson, E. A., Richardson, A. D., Savage, K. E., and Hollinger, D. Y.: A distinct seasonal pattern of the ratio of soil respiration to total ecosystem respiration in a spruce-dominated forest, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 230–239, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01062.x, 2006.
Du, C., Zhou, G., and Gao, Y.: Grazing exclusion alters carbon flux of alpine meadow in the Tibetan Plateau, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 314, 108774, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108774, 2022a.
Du, Y., Pei, W., Zhou, H., Li, J., Wang, Y., and Chen, K.: Net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide fluxes and its driving mechanism in the forests on the Tibetan Plateau, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 103, 104451, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2022.104451, 2022b.
Ebermayer, E.: Die gesammte Lehre der Waldstreu mit Rücksicht auf die chemische Statik des Waldbaues: unter Zugrundlegung der in den Königl. Staatsforsten Bayerns angestellten Untersuchungen, ISBN 3642896340, Springer, 1876.
Edwards, N. T.: Effects of Temperature and Moisture on Carbon Dioxide Evolution in a Mixed Deciduous Forest Floor, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 39, 361–365, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1975.03615995003900020034x, 1975.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross, P., Grünwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N.-O., Katul, G., Keronen, P., Kowalski, A., Lai, C. T., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., Munger, J. W., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen, J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 107, 43–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00225-2, 2001.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Tenhunen, J., Aubinet, M., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Clement, R., Davis, K. J., Elbers, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Grelle, A., Granier, A., Guðmundsson, J., Hollinger, D., Kowalski, A. S., Katul, G., Law, B. E., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Oechel, W., Paw U, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Valentini, R., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 53–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00102-8, 2002.
Foken, T., Göockede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B., and Munger, W.: Post-Field Data Quality Control, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W., and Law, B., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 181–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2265-4_9, 2005.
Hadden, D. and Grelle, A.: Net CO2 emissions from a primary boreo-nemoral forest over a 10year period, Forest Ecol. Manage., 398, 164–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.008, 2017.
Hayek, M. N., Longo, M., Wu, J., Smith, M. N., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Tapajós, R., da Silva, R., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Camargo, P. B., Hutyra, L. R., Alves, L. F., Daube, B., Munger, J. W., Wiedemann, K. T., Saleska, S. R., and Wofsy, S. C.: Carbon exchange in an Amazon forest: from hours to years, Biogeosciences, 15, 4833–4848, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4833-2018, 2018.
Jia, X., Mu, Y., Zha, T., Wang, B., Qin, S., and Tian, Y.: Seasonal and interannual variations in ecosystem respiration in relation to temperature, moisture, and productivity in a temperate semi-arid shrubland, Sci. Total Environ., 709, 136210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136210, 2020.
Kato, T., Tang, Y., Gu, S., Hirota, M., Du, M., Li, Y., and Zhao, X.: Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2 exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1285–1298, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01153.x, 2006.
Kondo, M., Saitoh, T. M., Sato, H., and Ichii, K.: Comprehensive synthesis of spatial variability in carbon flux across monsoon Asian forests, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 232, 623–634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.10.020, 2017.
Konopka, J., Heusinger, J., and Weber, S.: Extensive Urban Green Roof Shows Consistent Annual Net Uptake of Carbon as Documented by 5 Years of Eddy-Covariance Flux Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 126, e2020JG005879, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005879, 2021.
Krasnova, A., Mander, Ü., Noe, S. M., Uri, V., Krasnov, D., and Soosaar, K.: Hemiboreal forests' CO2 fluxes response to the European 2018 heatwave, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 323, 109042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109042, 2022.
Landsberg, J. and Waring, R.: A generalised model of forest productivity using simplified concepts of radiation-use efficiency, carbon balance and partitioning, Forest Ecol. Manage., 95, 209–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00026-1, 1997.
Laurin, G. V., Chen, Q., Lindsell, J. A., Coomes, D. A., Del Frate, F., Guerriero, L., Pirotti, F., and Valentini, R.: Above ground biomass estimation in an African tropical forest with lidar and hyperspectral data, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 89, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.01.001, 2014.
Leuning, R. and King, K. M.: Comparison of eddy-covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes by open- and closed-path CO2 analysers, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 59, 297–311, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119818, 1992.
Li, L., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Li, S., Zhang, B., Zu, J., Zhang, H., Ding, M., and Paudel, B.: Increasing sensitivity of alpine grasslands to climate variability along an elevational gradient on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sci. Total Environ., 678, 21–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.399, 2019.
Li, X. Y., Shi, F. Z., Ma, Y. J., Zhao, S. J., and Wei, J. Q.: Significant winter CO2 uptake by saline lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 2041–2052, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16054, 2022.
Liu, C., Wu, Z., Hu, Z., Yin, N., Islam, A. T., and Wei, Z.: Characteristics and influencing factors of carbon fluxes in winter wheat fields under elevated CO2 concentration, Environ. Pollut., 307, 119480, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119480, 2022.
Liu, J., Zou, H.-X., Bachelot, B., Dong, T., Zhu, Z., Liao, Y., Plenković-Moraj, A., and Wu, Y.: Predicting the responses of subalpine forest landscape dynamics to climate change on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, Glob. Change Biol., 27, 4352–4366, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15727, 2021.
Liu, N.-Y., Yang, Q.-Y., Wang, J.-H., Zhang, S.-B., Yang, Y.-J., and Huang, W.: Differential Effects of Increasing Vapor Pressure Deficit on Photosynthesis at Steady State and Fluctuating Light, J. Plant Growth Regul., 43, 2329–2339, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-024-11268-0, 2024.
Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A.: On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Funct. Ecol., 8, 315–323, https://doi.org/10.2307/2389824, 1994.
Mamkin, V., Avilov, V., Ivanov, D., Varlagin, A., and Kurbatova, J.: Interannual variability in the ecosystem CO2 fluxes at a paludified spruce forest and ombrotrophic bog in the southern taiga, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2273–2291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2273-2023, 2023.
Mao, D., Luo, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, C., and Ren, C.: Variations in net primary productivity and its relationships with warming climate in the permafrost zone of the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geogr. Sci., 25, 967–977, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1213-8, 2015.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy-Covariance Software Package TK3, Arbeitsergebnisse, Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, 62 pp., 2015.
Mizoguchi, Y., Ohtani, Y., Takanashi, S., Iwata, H., Yasuda, Y., and Nakai, Y.: Seasonal and interannual variation in net ecosystem production of an evergreen needleleaf forest in Japan, J. Forest Res., 17, 283–295, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-011-0307-0, 2012.
Moncrieff, J. B., Massheder, J. M., de Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Soegaard, H., and Verhoef, A.: A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, J. Hydrol., 188–189, 589–611, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03194-0, 1997.
Monson, R. K., Lipson, D. L., Burns, S. P., Turnipseed, A. A., Delany, A. C., Williams, M. W., and Schmidt, S. K.: Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition, Nature, 439, 711–714, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04555, 2006.
Monteith, J. L., Unsworth, M. H., and Webb, A.: Principles of environmental physics, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1699, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712052015, 1994.
Mu, C., Mu, M., Wu, X., Jia, L., Fan, C., Peng, X., Ping, C. l., Wu, Q., Xiao, C., and Liu, J.: High carbon emissions from thermokarst lakes and their determinants in the Tibet Plateau, Glob. Change Biol., 29, 2732–2745, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16658 2023.
Niu, Z., Jinniu, W., Xufeng, W., Dongliang, L., Cheng, S., and Aihong, G.: Net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its influencing factors in non-growing season at a sub-alpine forest in the core Three Parallel Rivers region, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43, 5967–5979, https://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/article/abstract/stxb202204020841 (last access: 1 August 2024), 2023 (in Chinese).
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., and Canadell, J. G.: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests, Science, 333, 988–993, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609, 2011.
Pavelka, M., Acosta, M., Marek, M. V., Kutsch, W., and Janous, D.: Dependence of the Q10 values on the depth of the soil temperature measuring point, Plant Soil, 292, 171–179, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9213-9, 2007.
Qu, S., Xu, R., Yu, J., and Borjigidai, A.: Extensive atmospheric methane consumption by alpine forests on Tibetan Plateau, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 339, 109589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109589, 2023.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x, 2005.
Schotanus, P., Nieuwstadt, F. T. M., and De Bruin, H. A. R.: Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 26, 81–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00164332, 1983.
Schweizer, V. J., Ebi, K. L., van Vuuren, D. P., Jacoby, H. D., Riahi, K., Strefler, J., Takahashi, K., van Ruijven, B. J., and Weyant, J. P.: Integrated Climate-Change Assessment Scenarios and Carbon Dioxide Removal, One Earth, 3, 166–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.001, 2020.
Schwinning, S. and Sala, O. E.: Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, Oecologia, 141, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1520-8, 2004.
Stein, T.: Carbon dioxide peaks near 420 parts per million at Mauna Loa observatory, NOAA Research, June, 7, https://research.noaa.gov/2021/06/07 (last access: 5 March 2024), 2021.
Tang, X., Xiao, J., Ma, M., Yang, H., Li, X., Ding, Z., Yu, P., Zhang, Y., Wu, C., Huang, J., and Thompson, J. R.: Satellite evidence for China's leading role in restoring vegetation productivity over global karst ecosystems, Forest Ecol. Manage., 507, 120000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.120000, 2022.
Vote, C., Hall, A., and Charlton, P.: Carbon dioxide, water and energy fluxes of irrigated broad-acre crops in an Australian semi-arid climate zone, Environ. Earth Sci., 73, 449–465, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3547-4, 2015.
Wang, C.-Y., Wang, J.-N., Wang, X.-F., Luo, D.-L., Wei, Y.-Q., Cui, X., Wu, N., and Bagaria, P.: Phenological Changes in Alpine Grasslands and Their Influencing Factors in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions Across the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 797928, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.797928, 2022.
Wang, S., Grant, R., Verseghy, D., and Black, T.: Modelling plant carbon and nitrogen dynamics of a boreal aspen forest in CLASS—the Canadian Land Surface Scheme, Ecol. Model., 142, 135–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00284-8, 2001.
Wang, Y., Xiao, J., Ma, Y., Luo, Y., Hu, Z., Li, F., Li, Y., Gu, L., Li, Z., and Yuan, L.: Carbon fluxes and environmental controls across different alpine grassland types on the Tibetan Plateau, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 311, 108694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108694, 2021.
Wang, Y., Yao, G., Zuo, Y., and Wu, Q.: Implications of global carbon governance for corporate carbon emissions reduction, Front. Environ. Sci., 11, 1071658, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1071658, 2023a.
Wang, Y., Sun, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, C., Huang, C., Li, C., and Tang, X.: Non-linear correlations exist between solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and canopy photosynthesis in a subtropical evergreen forest in Southwest China, Ecol. Indic., 157, 111311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111311, 2023b.
Wang, Y., Xiao, J., Ma, Y., Ding, J., Chen, X., Ding, Z., and Luo, Y.: Persistent and enhanced carbon sequestration capacity of alpine grasslands on Earth's Third Pole, Sci. Adv., 9, eade6875, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade6875, 2023c.
Wang, Z. Y., Li, Z. Y., Dong, S. K., Fu, M. L., Li, Y. S., Li, S. M., Wu, S. N., Ma, C. H., Ma, T. X., and Cao, Y.: Evolution of ecological patterns and its driving factors on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 40 years, Acta Ecol. Sin., 42, 8941–8952, https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb202204191060, 2022 (in Chinese).
Wehr, R., Munger, J. W., McManus, J. B., Nelson, D. D., Zahniser, M. S., Davidson, E. A., Wofsy, S. C., and Saleska, S. R.: Seasonality of temperate forest photosynthesis and daytime respiration, Nature, 534, 680–683, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17966, 2016.
World Meteorological Organization: 2019 concludes a decade of exceptional global heat and high-impactweather, https://public.wmo.intlen/media/press-release/2019-concludes-decade-of-exceptional-global-heat-and-high-impact-weather (last access: 5 March 2024), 2019.
Wu, T., Ma, W., Wu, X., Li, R., Qiao, Y., Li, X., Yue, G., Zhu, X., and Ni, J.: Weakening of carbon sink on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Geoderma, 412, 115707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115707, 2022.
Yasin, A., Niu, B., Chen, Z., Hu, Y., Yang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Li, F., and Hou, W.: Effect of warming on the carbon flux of the alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Front. Earth Sci., 10, 935641, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.935641, 2022.
Yu, G. and Sun, X.: Principles of flux measurement in terrestrial ecosystem, Beijing: Higher Education Press, ISBN 978-7-04-046012-4, 2006 (in Chinese).
Yu, Y.: Double-order system construction of China's climate change legislation under the dual carbon goals, China Population Resources and Environment, 32, 89–96, https://doi.org/10.12062/cpre.20211120, 2022 (in Chinese).
Zemin, Z., Fenggui, L., Qiong, C., Xingsheng, X., and Qiang, Z.: Spatial Prediction of Potential Property Loss by Geological Hazards based on Random Forest–A Case Study of Chamdo, Tibet, Plateau Science Research, 7, 21–30, https://doi.org/10.16249/j.cnki.2096-4617.2023.02.003, 2023.
Zhang, J., Lin, H., Li, S., Yang, E., Ding, Y., Bai, Y., and Zhou, Y.: Accurate gas extraction (AGE) under the dual-carbon background: Green low-carbon development pathway and prospect, J. Clean. Prod., 377, 134372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134372, 2022.
Zhang, Y., Zhu, W., Sun, X., and Hu, Z.: Carbon dioxide flux characteristics in an Abies fabri mature forest on Gongga Mountain, Sichuan, China, Acta Ecol. Sin., 38, 6125–6135, https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201709051599, 2018 (in Chinese).
Short summary
Our study delves into the vital role of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as carbon sinks in the context of climate change. Utilizing advanced eddy covariance systems, we uncover their significant carbon sequestration potential, observing distinct seasonal patterns influenced by temperature, humidity, and radiation. Notably, these forests exhibit robust carbon absorption, with potential implications for global carbon balance.
Our study delves into the vital role of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as carbon...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint