Articles | Volume 22, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3207-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3207-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Jul 2025
Research article |
| 04 Jul 2025
| 04 Jul 2025
Dynamics of the island mass effect – Part 1: Detecting the extent
Guillaume Bourdin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Lee Karp-Boss
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Fabien Lombard
Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France
Gabriel Gorsky
Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France
Emmanuel Boss
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Related authors
Zoé Mériguet, Guillaume Bourdin, Nathaniel Kristan, Laetitia Jalabert, Olivier Bun, Marc Picheral, Louis Caray-Counil, Juliette Maury, Maria-Luiza Pedrotti, Amanda Elineau, David A. Paz-Garcia, Lee Karp-Boss, Gaby Gorsky, Fabien Lombard, and the Tara Pacific Consortium Coordinators team
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2761–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents imaging datasets from the Tara Pacific expedition, covering multiple plankton sizes and a wide sampling area in Pacific waters. By sampling both open-ocean and island areas, these data can show how plankton size, diversity and abundance change with different environments. We also highlight the usefulness of high-speed plankton sampling when it is not possible to slow the boat during sailing as well as the value of this technique with respect to extending the sampling coverage and frequency.
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
Zoé Mériguet, Guillaume Bourdin, Nathaniel Kristan, Laetitia Jalabert, Olivier Bun, Marc Picheral, Louis Caray-Counil, Juliette Maury, Maria-Luiza Pedrotti, Amanda Elineau, David A. Paz-Garcia, Lee Karp-Boss, Gaby Gorsky, Fabien Lombard, and the Tara Pacific Consortium Coordinators team
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2761–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents imaging datasets from the Tara Pacific expedition, covering multiple plankton sizes and a wide sampling area in Pacific waters. By sampling both open-ocean and island areas, these data can show how plankton size, diversity and abundance change with different environments. We also highlight the usefulness of high-speed plankton sampling when it is not possible to slow the boat during sailing as well as the value of this technique with respect to extending the sampling coverage and frequency.
Mathilde Dugenne, Marco Corrales-Ugalde, Jessica Y. Luo, Rainer Kiko, Todd D. O'Brien, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Fabien Lombard, Lars Stemmann, Charles Stock, Clarissa R. Anderson, Marcel Babin, Nagib Bhairy, Sophie Bonnet, Francois Carlotti, Astrid Cornils, E. Taylor Crockford, Patrick Daniel, Corinne Desnos, Laetitia Drago, Amanda Elineau, Alexis Fischer, Nina Grandrémy, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Lionel Guidi, Cecile Guieu, Helena Hauss, Kendra Hayashi, Jenny A. Huggett, Laetitia Jalabert, Lee Karp-Boss, Kasia M. Kenitz, Raphael M. Kudela, Magali Lescot, Claudie Marec, Andrew McDonnell, Zoe Mériguet, Barbara Niehoff, Margaux Noyon, Thelma Panaïotis, Emily Peacock, Marc Picheral, Emilie Riquier, Collin Roesler, Jean-Baptiste Romagnan, Heidi M. Sosik, Gretchen Spencer, Jan Taucher, Chloé Tilliette, and Marion Vilain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2971–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plankton and particles influence carbon cycling and energy flow in marine ecosystems. We used three types of novel plankton imaging systems to obtain size measurements from a range of plankton and particle sizes and across all major oceans. Data were compiled and cross-calibrated from many thousands of images, showing seasonal and spatial changes in particle size structure in different ocean basins. These datasets form the first release of the Pelagic Size Structure database (PSSdb).
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
Anna Denvil-Sommer, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Rainer Kiko, Fabien Lombard, Lionel Guidi, and Corinne Le Quéré
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2995–3012, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using outputs of global biogeochemical ocean model and machine learning methods, we demonstrate that it will be possible to identify linkages between surface environmental and ecosystem structure and the export of carbon to depth by sinking organic particles using real observations. It will be possible to use this knowledge to improve both our understanding of ecosystem dynamics and of their functional representation within models.
Darren C. McKee, Scott C. Doney, Alice Della Penna, Emmanuel S. Boss, Peter Gaube, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and David M. Glover
Biogeosciences, 19, 5927–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As phytoplankton (small, drifting photosynthetic organisms) drift with ocean currents, biomass accumulation rates should be evaluated in a Lagrangian (observer moves with a fluid parcel) as opposed to an Eulerian (observer is stationary) framework. Here, we use profiling floats and surface drifters combined with satellite data to analyse time and length scales of chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for biomass) and of velocity to quantify how phytoplankton variability is related to water motion.
Rainer Kiko, Marc Picheral, David Antoine, Marcel Babin, Léo Berline, Tristan Biard, Emmanuel Boss, Peter Brandt, Francois Carlotti, Svenja Christiansen, Laurent Coppola, Leandro de la Cruz, Emilie Diamond-Riquier, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Amanda Elineau, Gabriel Gorsky, Lionel Guidi, Helena Hauss, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Lee Karp-Boss, Johannes Karstensen, Dong-gyun Kim, Rachel M. Lekanoff, Fabien Lombard, Rubens M. Lopes, Claudie Marec, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Daniela Niemeyer, Margaux Noyon, Stephanie H. O'Daly, Mark D. Ohman, Jessica L. Pretty, Andreas Rogge, Sarah Searson, Masashi Shibata, Yuji Tanaka, Toste Tanhua, Jan Taucher, Emilia Trudnowska, Jessica S. Turner, Anya Waite, and Lars Stemmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4315–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The term
marine particlescomprises detrital aggregates; fecal pellets; bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton; and even fish. Here, we present a global dataset that contains 8805 vertical particle size distribution profiles obtained with Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5) camera systems. These data are valuable to the scientific community, as they can be used to constrain important biogeochemical processes in the ocean, such as the flux of carbon to the deep sea.
Emilio Marañón, France Van Wambeke, Julia Uitz, Emmanuel S. Boss, Céline Dimier, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Nils Haëntjens, María Pérez-Lorenzo, Vincent Taillandier, and Birthe Zäncker
Biogeosciences, 18, 1749–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of chlorophyll is commonly used as an indicator of the abundance of photosynthetic plankton (phytoplankton) in lakes and oceans. Our study investigates why a deep chlorophyll maximum, located near the bottom of the upper, illuminated layer develops in the Mediterranean Sea. We find that the acclimation of cells to low light is the main mechanism involved and that this deep maximum represents also a maximum in the biomass and carbon fixation activity of phytoplankton.
Fei Chai, Yuntao Wang, Xiaogang Xing, Yunwei Yan, Huijie Xue, Mark Wells, and Emmanuel Boss
Biogeosciences, 18, 849–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-849-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-849-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unique observations by a Biogeochemical Argo float in the NW Pacific Ocean captured the impact of a super typhoon on upper-ocean physical and biological processes. Our result reveals typhoons can increase the surface chlorophyll through strong vertical mixing without bringing nutrients upward from the depth. The vertical redistribution of chlorophyll contributes little to enhance the primary production, which is contradictory to many former satellite-based studies related to this topic.
Kimberly A. Casey, Cecile S. Rousseaux, Watson W. Gregg, Emmanuel Boss, Alison P. Chase, Susanne E. Craig, Colleen B. Mouw, Rick A. Reynolds, Dariusz Stramski, Steven G. Ackleson, Annick Bricaud, Blake Schaeffer, Marlon R. Lewis, and Stéphane Maritorena
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An increase in spectral resolution in forthcoming remote-sensing missions will improve our ability to understand and characterize aquatic ecosystems. We organize and provide a global compilation of high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical property data from polar, midlatitude, and equatorial open-ocean, estuary, coastal, and inland waters. The data are intended to aid in development of remote-sensing data product algorithms and to perform calibration and validation activities.
Emanuele Organelli, Marie Barbieux, Hervé Claustre, Catherine Schmechtig, Antoine Poteau, Annick Bricaud, Emmanuel Boss, Nathan Briggs, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Edouard Leymarie, Antoine Mangin, Grigor Obolensky, Christophe Penkerc'h, Louis Prieur, Collin Roesler, Romain Serra, Julia Uitz, and Xiaogang Xing
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 861–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-861-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-861-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Autonomous robotic platforms such as Biogeochemical-Argo floats allow observation of the ocean, from the surface to the interior, in a new and systematic way. A fleet of 105 of these platforms have collected several biological, biogeochemical, and optical variables in still unexplored regions. The quality-controlled databases presented here will enable scientists to improve knowledge on the functioning of marine ecosystems and investigate the climatic implications.
Xiang Gong, Wensheng Jiang, Linhui Wang, Huiwang Gao, Emmanuel Boss, Xiaohong Yao, Shuh-Ji Kao, and Jie Shi
Biogeosciences, 14, 2371–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2371-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2371-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer (SCML) forms near the nitracline. By incorporating a piecewise function for the approximate Gaussian vertical profile of chlorophyll, we derive analytical solutions of a specified nutrient–phytoplankton model. Nitracline depth is deeper than SCML depth, and a thinner SCML corresponds to a steeper nitracline. A higher light attenuation coefficient leads to a shallower but steeper nitracline. Nitracline steepness is independent of surface light intensity.
Marcela Cornejo D'Ottone, Luis Bravo, Marcel Ramos, Oscar Pizarro, Johannes Karstensen, Mauricio Gallegos, Marco Correa-Ramirez, Nelson Silva, Laura Farias, and Lee Karp-Boss
Biogeosciences, 13, 2971–2979, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2971-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2971-2016, 2016
M. L. Estapa, K. Buesseler, E. Boss, and G. Gerbi
Biogeosciences, 10, 5517–5531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5517-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5517-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Remote Sensing: Marine
Toward coherent space–time mapping of seagrass cover from satellite data: an example of a Mediterranean lagoon
Guillaume Goodwin, Marco Marani, Sonia Silvestri, Luca Carniello, and Andrea D'Alpaos
Biogeosciences, 20, 4551–4576, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are an emblematic coastal habitat. Their sensitivity to environmental change means that it is essential to monitor their evolution closely. However, high costs make this endeavor a technical challenge. Here, we used machine learning to map seagrass meadows in 148 satellite images in the Venice Lagoon, Italy. We found that adding information such as depth of the seabed and known seagrass location improved our capacity to map temporal change in seagrass habitat.
Cited articles
Bailey, S. W. and Werdell, P. J.: A Multi-Sensor Approach for the on-Orbit Validation of Ocean Color Satellite Data Products, Remote Sens. Environ., 102, 12–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.015, 2006. a, b
Behrenfeld, M. J. and Boss, E.: Beam Attenuation and Chlorophyll Concentration as Alternative Optical Indices of Phytoplankton Biomass, J. Mar. Res., 64, 431–451, 2006. a
Berman-Frank, I., Cullen, J. T., Shaked, Y., Sherrell, R. M., and Falkowski, P. G.: Iron Availability, Cellular Iron Quotas, and Nitrogen Fixation in Trichodesmium, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1249–1260, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1249, 2001. a
Bonnet, S., Guieu, C., Taillandier, V., Boulart, C., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Gazeau, F., Scalabrin, C., Bressac, M., Knapp, A. N., Cuypers, Y., González-Santana, D., Forrer, H. J., Grisoni, J.-M., Grosso, O., Habasque, J., Jardin-Camps, M., Leblond, N., Le Moigne, F. A. C., Lebourges-Dhaussy, A., Lory, C., Nunige, S., Pulido-Villena, E., Rizzo, A. L., Sarthou, G., and Tilliette, C.: Natural Iron Fertilization by Shallow Hydrothermal Sources Fuels Diazotroph Blooms in the Ocean, Science, 380, 812–817, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abq4654, 2023. a
Boss, E., Picheral, M., Leeuw, T., Chase, A., Karsenti, E., Gorsky, G., Taylor, L., Slade, W., Ras, J., and Claustre, H.: The Characteristics of Particulate Absorption, Scattering and Attenuation Coefficients in the Surface Ocean; Contribution of the Tara Oceans Expedition, Methods in Oceanography, 7, 52–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2013.11.002, 2013. a
Boss, E., Haëntjens, N., Ackleson, S. G., Balch, B., Chase, A., Dall'Olmo, G., Freeman, S., Liu, Y., Loftin, J., Neary, W., Nelson, N., Novak, M., Slade, W. H., Proctor, C. W., Tortell, P., and Westberry, T. K.: Ocean Optics & Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation. Volume 4: Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Best Practices for the Collection and Processing of Ship-Based Underway Flow-Through Optical Data (V. 4.0), IOCCG Protocol Series, 4, 1–22, 2019. a
Bourdin, G.: Dynamics of Island Mass Effect: Multi-Satellite Binning Package, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13376825, 2024. a
Bourdin, G. and Boss, E.: TARA_PACIFIC_expedition, SeaBASS Administrator [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/SeaBASS/TARA_PACIFIC_EXPEDITION/DATA001, 2016. a
Bourdin, G. and Karp-Boss, L.: Pigment concentrations derived from High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis from samples collected during the Tara Pacific expedition from 2016–2018, Version 1, Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) [data set], https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.889930.1, 2023. a
Campbell, J. W.: The Lognormal Distribution as a Model for Bio-optical Variability in the Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 100, 13237–13254, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00458, 1995. a
Capone, D. G., Zehr, J. P., Paerl, H. W., Bergman, B., and Carpenter, E. J.: Trichodesmium, a Globally Significant Marine Cyanobacterium, Science, 276, 1221–1229, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5316.1221, 1997. a
Caputi, L., Carradec, Q., Eveillard, D., Kirilovsky, A., Pelletier, E., Pierella Karlusich, J. J., Rocha Jimenez Vieira, F., Villar, E., Chaffron, S., Malviya, S., Scalco, E., Acinas, S. G., Alberti, A., Aury, J.-M., Benoiston, A.-S., Bertrand, A., Biard, T., Bittner, L., Boccara, M., Brum, J. R., Brunet, C., Busseni, G., Carratalà, A., Claustre, H., Coelho, L. P., Colin, S., D'Aniello, S., Da Silva, C., Del Core, M., Doré, H., Gasparini, S., Kokoszka, F., Jamet, J.-L., Lejeusne, C., Lepoivre, C., Lescot, M., Lima-Mendez, G., Lombard, F., Lukeš, J., Maillet, N., Madoui, M.-A., Martinez, E., Mazzocchi, M. G., Néou, M. B., Paz-Yepes, J., Poulain, J., Ramondenc, S., Romagnan, J.-B., Roux, S., Salvagio Manta, D., Sanges, R., Speich, S., Sprovieri, M., Sunagawa, S., Taillandier, V., Tanaka, A., Tirichine, L., Trottier, C., Uitz, J., Veluchamy, A., Veselá, J., Vincent, F., Yau, S., Kandels-Lewis, S., Searson, S., Dimier, C., Picheral, M., Tara Oceans Coordinators, Bork, P., Boss, E., De Vargas, C., Follows, M. J., Grimsley, N., Guidi, L., Hingamp, P., Karsenti, E., Sordino, P., Stemmann, L., Sullivan, M. B., Tagliabue, A., Zingone, A., Garczarek, L., d'Ortenzio, F., Testor, P., Not, F., d'Alcalà, M. R., Wincker, P., Bowler, C., and Iudicone, D.: Community-Level Responses to Iron Availability in Open Ocean Plankton Ecosystems, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 391–419, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006022, 2019. a, b
Cassianides, A., Martinez, E., Maes, C., Carton, X., and Gorgues, T.: Monitoring the Influence of the Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics on Phytoplanktonic Plumes around the Marquesas Islands Using Multi-Satellite Missions, Remote Sensing, 12, 2520, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162520, 2020. a, b
Cetinić, I., Perry, M. J., Briggs, N. T., Kallin, E., D'Asaro, E. A., and Lee, C. M.: Particulate Organic Carbon and Inherent Optical Properties during 2008 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, 2011JC007771, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007771, 2012. a
CMR API: NASA Common Metadata Repository (CMR), https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/granules.json?provider=OB_DAAC, last access: August 2024. a
Consortium, T. P.: Tara Pacific Expedition Participants, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3777760, 2020. a
Copernicus Data Space Catalogue API: Copernicus Data Space, https://catalogue.dataspace.copernicus.eu/resto/api/collections/Sentinel3/search.json?, last access: August 2024. a
Cullen, J. J.: The Deep Chlorophyll Maximum: Comparing Vertical Profiles of Chlorophyll a, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 39, 791–803, https://doi.org/10.1139/f82-108, 1982. a
Dall'Olmo, G., Westberry, T. K., Behrenfeld, M. J., Boss, E., and Slade, W. H.: Significant contribution of large particles to optical backscattering in the open ocean, Biogeosciences, 6, 947–967, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-947-2009, 2009. a
Dandonneau, Y. and Charpy, L.: An Empirical Approach to the Island Mass Effect in the South Tropical Pacific Based on Sea Surface Chlorophyll Concentrations, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 32, 707–721, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90074-3, 1985. a
Dandonneau, Y. and Gohin, F.: Meridional and Seasonal Variations of the Sea Surface Chlorophyll Concentration in the Southwestern Tropical Pacific (14 to 32° S, 160 to 175° E), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 31, 1377–1393, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(84)90078-5, 1984. a
De Falco, C., Desbiolles, F., Bracco, A., and Pasquero, C.: Island Mass Effect: A Review of Oceanic Physical Processes, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 894860, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.894860, 2022. a, b
de Verneil, A., Rousselet, L., Doglioli, A. M., Petrenko, A. A., and Moutin, T.: The fate of a southwest Pacific bloom: gauging the impact of submesoscale vs. mesoscale circulation on biological gradients in the subtropics, Biogeosciences, 14, 3471–3486, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3471-2017, 2017. a
Dong, C., McWilliams, J. C., and Shchepetkin, A. F.: Island Wakes in Deep Water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 962–981, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3047.1, 2007. a
Doty, M. S. and Oguri, M.: The Island Mass Effect, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 22, 33–37, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/22.1.33, 1956. a, b
Dupouy, C., Neveux, J., Subramaniam, A., Mulholland, M. R., Montoya, J. P., Campbell, L., Carpenter, E. J., and Capone, D. G.: Satellite Captures Trichodesmium Blooms in the Southwestern Tropical Pacific, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81, 13–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/00EO00008, 2000. a
Eden, C. and Timmermann, A.: The Influence of the Galápagos Islands on Tropical Temperatures, Currents and the Generation of Tropical Instability Waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020060, 2004. a
European Union-Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis, Mercator Océan International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00024, 2019. a
Fennel, K. and Boss, E.: Subsurface Maxima of Phytoplankton and Chlorophyll: Steady-state Solutions from a Simple Model, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1521–1534, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.4.1521, 2003. a
Freedman, D. and Diaconis, P.: On the Histogram as a Density Estimator: L2 Theory, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeit., 57, 453–476, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01025868, 1981. a
Frouin, R., Deschamps, P.-Y., and Steinmetz, F.: Environmental Effects in Ocean Color Remote Sensing, Proc. SPIE 7459, Ocean Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications, 745906, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829871, 2009. a
Frouin, R., Deschamps, P.-Y., Ramon, D., and Steinmetz, F.: Improved Ocean-Color Remote Sensing in the Arctic Using the POLYMER Algorithm, Proc. SPIE 8525, Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment II, 85250I, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.981224, 2012. a
Furuya, K.: Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum in the Tropical and Subtropical Western Pacific Ocean: Vertical Profiles of Phytoplankton Biomass and Its Relationship with Chlorophylla and Particulate Organic Carbon, Mar. Biol., 107, 529–539, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313438, 1990. a
Gardner, W., Mishonov, A., and Richardson, M.: Global POC Concentrations from In-Situ and Satellite Data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 718–740, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.029, 2006. a
Garnesson, P., Mangin, A., Fanton d'Andon, O., Demaria, J., and Bretagnon, M.: The CMEMS GlobColour chlorophyll a product based on satellite observation: multi-sensor merging and flagging strategies, Ocean Sci., 15, 819–830, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-819-2019, 2019. a, b
GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group: The GEBCO_2022 Grid – a Continuous Terrain Model of the Global Oceans and Land, NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/E0F0BB80-AB44-2739-E053-6C86ABC0289C, 2022. a
Geider, R. J., Maclntyre, H. L., and Kana, T. M.: A Dynamic Regulatory Model of Phytoplanktonic Acclimation to Light, Nutrients, and Temperature, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 679–694, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0679, 1998. a
Gilerson, A., Herrera-Estrella, E., Foster, R., Agagliate, J., Hu, C., Ibrahim, A., and Franz, B.: Determining the Primary Sources of Uncertainty in Retrieval of Marine Remote Sensing Reflectance From Satellite Ocean Color Sensors, Frontiers in Remote Sensing, 3, 857530, https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2022.857530, 2022. a, b
Gorsky, G., Bourdin, G., Lombard, F., Pedrotti, M. L., Audrain, S., Bin, N., Boss, E., Bowler, C., Cassar, N., Caudan, L., Chabot, G., Cohen, N. R., Cron, D., De Vargas, C., Dolan, J. R., Douville, E., Elineau, A., Flores, J. M., Ghiglione, J. F., Haëntjens, N., Hertau, M., John, S. G., Kelly, R. L., Koren, I., Lin, Y., Marie, D., Moulin, C., Moucherie, Y., Pesant, S., Picheral, M., Poulain, J., Pujo-Pay, M., Reverdin, G., Romac, S., Sullivan, M. B., Trainic, M., Tressol, M., Troublé, R., Vardi, A., Voolstra, C. R., Wincker, P., Agostini, S., Banaigs, B., Boissin, E., Forcioli, D., Furla, P., Galand, P. E., Gilson, E., Reynaud, S., Sunagawa, S., Thomas, O. P., Thurber, R. L. V., Zoccola, D., Planes, S., Allemand, D., and Karsenti, E.: Expanding Tara Oceans Protocols for Underway, Ecosystemic Sampling of the Ocean-Atmosphere Interface During Tara Pacific Expedition (2016–2018), Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 750, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00750, 2019. a, b, c, d
Gove, J. M., Williams, G. J., McManus, M. A., Heron, S. F., Sandin, S. A., Vetter, O. J., and Foley, D. G.: Quantifying Climatological Ranges and Anomalies for Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystems, PLoS ONE, 8, e61974, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061974, 2013. a, b
Gove, J. M., McManus, M. A., Neuheimer, A. B., Polovina, J. J., Drazen, J. C., Smith, C. R., Merrifield, M. A., Friedlander, A. M., Ehses, J. S., Young, C. W., Dillon, A. K., and Williams, G. J.: Near-Island Biological Hotspots in Barren Ocean Basins, Nat. Commun., 7, 10581, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10581, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f
Guieu, C., Bonnet, S., Petrenko, A., Menkes, C., Chavagnac, V., Desboeufs, K., Maes, C., and Moutin, T.: Iron from a Submarine Source Impacts the Productive Layer of the Western Tropical South Pacific (WTSP), Scientific Reports, 8, 9075, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27407-z, 2018. a
Haëntjens, N. and Bourdin, G.: getOC v0.8.0: A Pyhton-based Batch Download Utility for Ocean Color Satellite Data, GitHub [code], https://github.com/OceanOptics/getOC (last access: August 2024), 2017. a
Hasegawa, D., Yamazaki, H., Ishimaru, T., Nagashima, H., and Koike, Y.: Apparent Phytoplankton Bloom Due to Island Mass Effect, J. Marine Syst., 69, 238–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.04.019, 2008. a
Hasegawa, D., Lewis, M. R., and Gangopadhyay, A.: How Islands Cause Phytoplankton to Bloom in Their Wakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039743, 2009. a, b
Hu, C., Feng, L., Lee, Z., Franz, B. A., Bailey, S. W., Werdell, P. J., and Proctor, C. W.: Improving Satellite Global Chlorophyll a Data Products Through Algorithm Refinement and Data Recovery, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1524–1543, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC014941, 2019. a
Kitchen, J. C. and Zaneveld, J. R. V.: On the Noncorrelation of the Vertical Structure of Light Scattering and Chlorophyll α in Case I Waters, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 95, 20237–20246, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC11p20237, 1990. a
Lee, K. A., Roughan, M., Malcolm, H. A., and Otway, N. M.: Assessing the Use of Area- and Time-Averaging Based on Known De-correlation Scales to Provide Satellite Derived Sea Surface Temperatures in Coastal Areas, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 261, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00261, 2018. a
Lehahn, Y., Koren, I., Sharoni, S., d'Ovidio, F., Vardi, A., and Boss, E.: Dispersion/Dilution Enhances Phytoplankton Blooms in Low-Nutrient Waters, Nat. Commun., 8, 14868, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14868, 2017. a
Lombard, F., Bourdin, G., Pesant, S., Agostini, S., Baudena, A., Boissin, E., Cassar, N., Clampitt, M., Conan, P., Da Silva, O., Dimier, C., Douville, E., Elineau, A., Fin, J., Flores, J. M., Ghiglione, J.-F., Hume, B. C. C., Jalabert, L., John, S. G., Kelly, R. L., Koren, I., Lin, Y., Marie, D., McMinds, R., Mériguet, Z., Metzl, N., Paz-García, D. A., Pedrotti, M. L., Poulain, J., Pujo-Pay, M., Ras, J., Reverdin, G., Romac, S., Rouan, A., Röttinger, E., Vardi, A., Voolstra, C. R., Moulin, C., Iwankow, G., Banaigs, B., Bowler, C., De Vargas, C., Forcioli, D., Furla, P., Galand, P. E., Gilson, E., Reynaud, S., Sunagawa, S., Sullivan, M. B., Thomas, O. P., Troublé, R., Thurber, R. V., Wincker, P., Zoccola, D., Allemand, D., Planes, S., Boss, E., and Gorsky, G.: Open Science Resources from the Tara Pacific Expedition across Coral Reef and Surface Ocean Ecosystems, Scientific Data, 10, 324, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01757-w, 2023. a, b, c, d
Longhurst, A.: Ecological Geography of the Sea, Elsevier, second edn., ISBN 978-0-12-455521-1, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-455521-1.X5000-1, 2007. a
Lory, C., Van Wambeke, F., Fourquez, M., Barani, A., Guieu, C., Tilliette, C., Marie, D., Nunige, S., Berman-Frank, I., and Bonnet, S.: Assessing the Contribution of Diazotrophs to Microbial Fe Uptake Using a Group Specific Approach in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean, ISME Communications, 2, 41, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43705-022-00122-7, 2022. a
Lyapustin, A., Wang, Y., Xiong, X., Meister, G., Platnick, S., Levy, R., Franz, B., Korkin, S., Hilker, T., Tucker, J., Hall, F., Sellers, P., Wu, A., and Angal, A.: Scientific impact of MODIS C5 calibration degradation and C6+ improvements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4353–4365, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4353-2014, 2014. a, b
Messié, M., Petrenko, A., Doglioli, A. M., Aldebert, C., Martinez, E., Koenig, G., Bonnet, S., and Moutin, T.: The Delayed Island Mass Effect: How Islands Can Remotely Trigger Blooms in the Oligotrophic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085282, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085282, 2020. a, b, c, d, e
Messié, M., Petrenko, A., Doglioli, A. M., Martinez, E., and Alvain, S.: Basin-Scale Biogeochemical and Ecological Impacts of Islands in the Tropical Pacific Ocean, Nat. Geosci., 15, 469–474, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00957-8, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y
NASA OBPG flags: Ocean Color Level-2 Default Flags, https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/resources/atbd/ocl2flags/, last access: August 2024. a
O'Reilly, J. E. and Werdell, P. J.: Chlorophyll Algorithms for Ocean Color Sensors – OC4, OC5 & OC6, Remote Sens. Environ., 229, 32–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.021, 2019. a, b
Palacios, D. M.: Factors Influencing the Island-mass Effect of the Galápagos Archipelago, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 49-1–49-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016232, 2002. a
POLYMER flags: HYGEOS – POLYMER README Section: 2.6 Flagging, GitHub [code], https://github.com/hygeos/polymer/blob/master/README.md, last access: August 2024. a
Raimbault, P., Garcia, N., and Cerutti, F.: Distribution of inorganic and organic nutrients in the South Pacific Ocean − evidence for long-term accumulation of organic matter in nitrogen-depleted waters, Biogeosciences, 5, 281–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-281-2008, 2008. a
Rubin, M., Berman-Frank, I., and Shaked, Y.: Dust- and Mineral-Iron Utilization by the Marine Dinitrogen-Fixer Trichodesmium, Nat. Geosci., 4, 529–534, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1181, 2011. a
Sathyendranath, S., Brewin, R., Brockmann, C., Brotas, V., Calton, B., Chuprin, A., Cipollini, P., Couto, A., Dingle, J., Doerffer, R., Donlon, C., Dowell, M., Farman, A., Grant, M., Groom, S., Horseman, A., Jackson, T., Krasemann, H., Lavender, S., Martinez-Vicente, V., Mazeran, C., Mélin, F., Moore, T., Müller, D., Regner, P., Roy, S., Steele, C., Steinmetz, F., Swinton, J., Taberner, M., Thompson, A., Valente, A., Zühlke, M., Brando, V., Feng, H., Feldman, G., Franz, B., Frouin, R., Gould, R., Hooker, S., Kahru, M., Kratzer, S., Mitchell, B., Muller-Karger, F., Sosik, H., Voss, K., Werdell, J., and Platt, T.: An Ocean-Colour Time Series for Use in Climate Studies: The Experience of the Ocean-Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI), Sensors, 19, 4285, https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194285, 2019. a
Sayre, R., Noble, S., Hamann, S., Smith, R., Wright, D., Breyer, S., Butler, K., Van Graafeiland, K., Frye, C., Karagulle, D., Hopkins, D., Stephens, D., Kelly, K., Basher, Z., Burton, D., Cress, J., Atkins, K., Van Sistine, D. P., Friesen, B., Allee, R., Allen, T., Aniello, P., Asaad, I., Costello, M. J., Goodin, K., Harris, P., Kavanaugh, M., Lillis, H., Manca, E., Muller-Karger, F., Nyberg, B., Parsons, R., Saarinen, J., Steiner, J., and Reed, A.: A New 30 Meter Resolution Global Shoreline Vector and Associated Global Islands Database for the Development of Standardized Ecological Coastal Units, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 12, S47–S56, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714, 2019. a
Sayre, R., Martin, M. T., Cress, J. J., Holmes, N., McDermott-Long, O., Weatherdon, L., Spatz, D., VanGraafeiland, K., and Will, D.: The Geography of Islands, in: GIS for Science: Applying Mapping and Spatial Analysis, Volume 2, edited by: Esri Press, Esri Press, 4–21, ISBN 978-1-58948-587-7, http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70217711 (last access: March 2023), 2020. a
Shiozaki, T., Kodama, T., and Furuya, K.: Large-scale Impact of the Island Mass Effect through Nitrogen Fixation in the Western South Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2907–2913, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059835, 2014. a
Signorini, S. R., McClain, C. R., and Dandonneau, Y.: Mixing and Phytoplankton Bloom in the Wake of the Marquesas Islands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3121–3124, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010470, 1999. a
Slade, W. H., Boss, E., Dall'Olmo, G., Langner, M. R., Loftin, J., Behrenfeld, M. J., Roesler, C., and Westberry, T. K.: Underway and Moored Methods for Improving Accuracy in Measurement of Spectral Particulate Absorption and Attenuation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 1733–1746, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHO755.1, 2010. a
Steinmetz, F.: HYGEOS – POLYMER v4.17beta2, GitHub [code], https://github.com/hygeos/polymer/commit/7489c58d674fea7ef1729528c3fbdec022bb5450 (last access: August 2024), 2023. a
Steinmetz, F. and Ramon, D.: Sentinel-2 MSI and Sentinel-3 OLCI Consistent Ocean Colour Products Using POLYMER, Proc. SPIE 10778, Remote Sensing of the Open and Coastal Ocean and Inland Waters, 107780E, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2500232, 2018. a
Steinmetz, F., Deschamps, P.-Y., and Ramon, D.: Atmospheric Correction in Presence of Sun Glint: Application to MERIS, Opt. Express, 19, 9783, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.009783, 2011. a, b
Vesanto, J. and Alhoniemi, E.: Clustering of the Self-Organizing Map, IEEE T. Neural Networ., 11, 586–600, https://doi.org/10.1109/72.846731, 2000. a
Xiong, X. and Butler, J. J.: MODIS and VIIRS Calibration History and Future Outlook, Remote Sensing, 12, 2523, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162523, 2020. a
Xiong, X., Angal, A., Twedt, K. A., Chen, H., Link, D., Geng, X., Aldoretta, E., and Mu, Q.: MODIS Reflective Solar Bands On-Orbit Calibration and Performance, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 57, 6355–6371, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2905792, 2019. a
Short summary
Remote islands and atolls create unique oceanic processes that affect the surrounding waters, known as the island mass effect (IME). These processes input nutrients to the ocean surface, leading to an increasing phytoplankton concentration near islands. We combine data from various satellites and modeled currents to better track these changes. This reveals a larger IME impact than previously estimated, suggesting that islands play a more significant role in ocean food chains in subtropical regions.
Remote islands and atolls create unique oceanic processes that affect the surrounding waters,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint