Our work addresses the predictability of carbon absorption by ecosystems across the globe, particularly in dry regions. We compare 3 different models, including a deep learning model that can learn from past environmental conditions, and show that this helps improve predictions. Still, challenges remain in dry areas due to varying vulnerabilities to drought. As drought conditions intensify globally, it's crucial to understand the varying impacts on ecosystem function.

This paper combines a literature review with a 1D Hg speciation and bioaccumulation model to assess how feeding strategy affects inorganic and methylmercury at the base of marine food webs. We find filter feeders have higher MeHg, while suspension feeders have very low MeHg, highlighting feeding strategy as a key driver of MeHg variability.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important indirect greenhouse gas, but its terrestrial sinks and sources are poorly understood. We present the first CO flux measurements using the eddy covariance method in an Arctic peatland. Our results show that CO fluxes are dominated by two processes: radiation-driven emissions and soil uptake. Dry peatland areas acted as CO sinks, while wetter areas were CO sources. Our findings suggest that current global models may underestimate Arctic CO emissions.

We use a 27-year eddy-resolving ocean-biogeochemical simulation to assess how mesoscale eddies modulate air–sea CO₂ fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Eddies act as persistent carbon sinks, with anticyclones showing enhanced carbon uptake efficiency. Mesoscale features account for ~10 % of the total carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean and about 1 % of the anomalous carbon uptake.

To shed light on the interactions between soil nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), we set up a model “experiment” in silico to test several hypothesized responses of decomposers to N. We found that decomposers were stimulated by N when decomposing high C:N detritus, but inhibited when decomposing low C:N, processed organic C. The consequence is that under exogenous N addition (e.g., contemporary N deposition), forests may accumulate light fraction C predominantly, at the expense of coarse detritus.

A multidisciplinary mesocosm study was conducted to investigate biogeochemical processes and their relationships in the sea-surface microlayer and underlying water during an induced phytoplankton bloom. Phytoplankton-derived organic matter, fuelled microbial activity and biofilm formation, supporting high bacterial abundance. Distinct temporal patterns in biogeochemical parameters and greater variability in the sea-surface microlayer highlight its influence on air–sea interactions.

Wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change, posing various risks. We explore how future climate conditions will influence global wildfire activity and carbon emissions by 2100. Using advanced computer modeling, we found that while some regions remain stable, boreal forests will see a major rise in burned area and emissions. These changes are driven by drier conditions and increased vegetation growth, highlighting the urgent need for better fire management strategies.

Dragging fishing nets across the seafloor might lead to the release of carbon dioxide, potentially leading to negative consequences such as the ocean turning sour and the planet heating up even more quickly. Protecting areas of the seabed from such human activities could help reduce negative consequences, but which places should be protected? We present a new method to map areas of the seabed offshore Norway which are most at risk and could be considered for protection.

This study presents an exploratory approach to estimate above-ground biomass in Mediterranean olive orchards using satellite and laser data. A volumetric framework was developed to model biomass from tree structure and environmental variables, offering a scalable method to improve large-scale assessments of carbon storage in low-stature vegetation.

Excess nitrogen from agriculture can pollute streams and degrade water quality. We estimated fertiliser-nitrogen inputs across land uses, incorporated contributions from other sources, and compared these with long-term stream measurements. Only a small share of inputs left via rivers. Land use, rainfall, and flow regimes strongly influenced nitrogen dynamics and export. These findings support strategies to reduce stream pollution and protect water quality in agricultural areas.

We address the impact of light on four complexes of coralline red algae using boron and carbon isotopic signatures. We show that the four complexes up-regulated their δ¹¹B derived pH_CF relative to seawater by 0.6 to 0.8 pH unit but pH_CF was not directly impacted by light at the complex level. The differences in calcification between encrusting and branching complexes result from different photosynthetic regimes and carbon concentrating mechanisms, which would be inherent to morphologies.

BrGDGT (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) are a molecular biomarker utilized for paleotemperature reconstructions. One issue, however, with utilizing brGDGTs is that the distribution differs in relation to sediment environments (i.e., peat, lake, soil). We utilize the probability estimate outputs from five machine learning algorithms and a new modern brGDGT database to track provenance change and apply these models to two downcore records utilizing pollen, non-pollen polymorphs, and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) to confirm the models’ accuracy.

We studied how riverine water from the mainland of Japan affects the ocean's carbon cycle using decades of Total Alkalinity (TA) data from the Northwest Pacific. Statistical analysis revealed riverine water as a major TA source, reducing coastal acidification by 71 %, but with minimal impact on pH and atmospheric CO₂ absorption. Future work aims to refine results with depth-specific data and apply findings to global models.

Worldwide, the upper forest line has climbed over the past decades, shaping mountain landscapes in response to global changes. Thanks to historical land-use maps, we documented the forest-line rise across the entire French Pyrenees and over a long time span. The forest line has moved upward since the 1850s, driven by the regional abandonment of grazing and the presence of the mountain pine. Despite the recent acceleration of this shift, the closed forest line has moved upward even faster.

Combining long-term measurements, ocean modelling, and machine learning, we investigated the processes controlling suspended particulate matter concentrations in a Wadden Sea basin. Winter concentrations are shaped mainly by wind and tides, while biological activity exerts stronger influence in spring and summer. The study also reveals different short-term dynamics at shallow and deep sites, improving interpretation of long-term coastal observations.

Even though bottom-dwelling animals in coastal waters are well studied, their impact on carbon cycling is unclear. We analyzed thousands of bivalves in Chesapeake Bay to understand what shapes their distribution and role in carbon movement. Bivalves were most abundant in shallow, low-salinity waters with moderate oxygen and high nitrate. They use 18–45 % of available carbon in the Upper Bay, and their carbon dioxide output exceeds what escapes into the air, highlighting their ecosystem impact.

This paper presents combined atmosphere-vegetation radiative transfer simulations to systematically investigate cloud-induced biases in remotely sensed vegetation indices (VIs) derived from below-cloud measurements. The biases in VIs have been investigated for the general case of two-band VIs, and for the special cases of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the normalized difference water index (NDWI), and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI).

We measured fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ from snags in a Maine forest. CO₂ flux peaked at intermediate soil moisture and high temperatures, while CH₄ flux peaked under wet conditions and high temperature. CH₄ increased most when both temperature and soil moisture were high. As CH₄ emissions rose, CO₂ emissions dropped along the moisture gradient, reflecting changes in microbial activity in wetter conditions. Our study adds to growing evidence that snags are active participants in forest carbon cycling.

The impacts of increasing nitrogen deposition on the fluxes of nitrous oxide from a temperate birch forest were investigated in-situ and ex-situ. Nitrogen levels had a limited effect on emissions. Instead, emissions of nitrous oxide were modulated by soil carbon availability and meeting a dual temperature-moisture threshold. An implication of these findings is that forests could be used for mitigating nitrogen pollution without incurring a greenhouse gas penalty, at least in the short term.

Accurate estimates of global soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its spatial pattern are critical for future climate change mitigation. However, the most advanced process-based SOC models struggle to do this task. Here we apply multiple explainable machine learning methods to identify missing variables and misrepresented relationships between environmental factors and SOC in these models, offering new insights to guide model development for more reliable SOC predictions.

This study is the first to explore seasonal changes in coccolithophores, microscopic algae important for ocean life and the carbon cycle, off the coast of Nigeria. Their abundance and diversity increased during the rainy season, driven by shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Despite regional differences, these coastal communities show patterns similar to other parts of the world, revealing possible shared environmental pressures.

Palsas are peat permafrost mounds underlain by ice-rich permafrost. Due to climate change, they could disappear by the end of the century. When palsas thaw, changes occur in hydrological conditions affecting the carbon (C) cycle. In our study, we simulated permafrost thaw under different water treatments using 1-meter soil columns from a palsa. We measured CH₄ and CO₂ emissions for 3-month incubation. Our results show that following thaw, flooding the cores leads to increased CO₂ emissions.

Thermokarst lakes have formed over thousands of years from permafrost thaw in the Arctic. Here, we quantify the change in methane production rates as thermokarst lakes evolve through an incubation-based approach of measuring and comparing methane production rates and organic carbon lability between a more mature thermokarst lake and a young dynamic thermokarst lake. We also show the use of the Rock-Eval analysis of organic carbon along the sediments as a proxy for organic susceptibility for methanogenesis.

Phytoplankton stimulate oxygen production in the surface ocean whereas bacteria will utilize that oxygen. We measure the first coastal r_-O2:C - oxygen needed to oxidize carbon over a 5 yr period in Southern California to determine the controlling factors in this highly dynamic region. We found that seasonality and blooming conditions have a strong impact on this ratio. We also found that a major local oil spill affected r_-O2:C, demonstrating that coastal waters are impacted by climate.

We integrate bioaccumulation and biotic Hg transformations into a coupled ecosystem–mercury model to assess their effect on marine Hg cycling. Bioaccumulation increases methylmercury levels, especially in productive coastal waters, and alters Hg exchange between the Baltic and North Seas. These results highlight strong ecosystem feedbacks on marine Hg dynamics.

The studies of annelids and crustaceans in Kraköw's urban wells indicate a heterogeneous and partly natural underground ecosystem. It is worth emphasizing that the occurrence of stygobitic species in a significant part of the wells suggests that some groundwater habitats in the city maintain ecological integrity. These findings emphasize the importance of including urban groundwater fauna in biodiversity assessments and confirm the need for long-term biomonitoring systems.

We present new high-resolution data of the relative contribution of the two main pelagic carbonate producers (coccoliths and foraminifera) to the total pelagic carbonate production from the tropical Atlantic in past warm periods since the Miocene. Our findings suggests that the two groups responded differently to orbital forcing and oceanic changes in tropical ocean, but their proportion changes did not drive the changes in overall pelagic carbonate deposition.