Articles | Volume 23, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1365-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1365-2026
Research article
 | 
23 Feb 2026
Research article |  | 23 Feb 2026

Phenology, fluxes and their drivers in major Indian agroecosystems: A modeling study using the Community Land Model (CLM5)

Kangari Narender Reddy and Somnath Baidya Roy

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Cited articles

Alberto, M. C. R., Wassmann, R., Hirano, T., Miyata, A., Kumar, A., Padre, A., and Amante, M.: CO2/heat fluxes in rice fields: Comparative assessment of flooded and non-flooded fields in the Philippines, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1737–1750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.06.003, 2009. 
ASG-2023: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2023, Division of Economics, Statistics and Evaluation, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, https://github.com/KNR8070/Biogeosciences_manuscript-/blob/main/Agricultural-Statistics-at-a-Glance-2023.pdf (last access: February 2026), 2024. 
Badger, A. M. and Dirmeyer, P. A.: Climate response to Amazon forest replacement by heterogeneous crop cover, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4547–4557, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4547-2015, 2015. 
Bhattacharya, P., Neogi, S., Roy, K. S., Dash, P. K., Tripathi, R., and Rao, K. S.: Net ecosystem CO2 exchange and carbon cycling in tropical lowland flooded rice ecosystem, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 95, 133–144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-013-9553-1, 2013. 
Boas, T., Bogena, H., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Ryu, D., Schmidt, M., Vereecken, H., Western, A., and Hendricks Franssen, H.-J.: Improving the representation of cropland sites in the Community Land Model (CLM) version 5.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 573–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-573-2021, 2021. 
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Short summary
Croplands cover more than half of India, yet how they exchange water and carbon with the environment over time is not well known. Using long-term data from 1970–2014, this study shows that managment practices have large impacts. Irrigation and fertiliser use strongly boost crop growth and alter land–atmosphere exchanges, highlighting how management choices shape productivity and environmental outcomes across India.
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