Articles | Volume 23, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1477-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1477-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Feb 2026
Research article |
| 24 Feb 2026
| 24 Feb 2026
Annual growth rates of column-averaged CO2 inferred from Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON)
Nasrin Mostafavi Pak
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT/IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
now at: Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Jonas Hachmeister
Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Markus Rettinger
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT/IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Matthias Buschmann
Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Nicholas M. Deutscher
Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
David W. T. Griffith
Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Laura T. Iraci
NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado, USA
Erin McGee
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Isamu Morino
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
Dave Pollard
New Zealand Institute for Earth Science Limited, Lauder, New Zealand
Coleen M. Roehl
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Kimberly Strong
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Rigel Kivi
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sodankylä, Finland
Paul Wennberg
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Data sets
2020 TCCON Data Release (Version GGG2020) TCCON Team https://doi.org/10.14291/TCCON.GGG2020
Model code and software
JonasHach/dlmhelper: Pre-release of v1.0.0 Jonas Hachmeister https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14772372
Short summary
We studied how carbon dioxide (CO2) levels change each year using long-term measurements from twelve sites worldwide. Average growth rates from 2010 to 2024 were about 2.4 ppm/year, with notable year-to-year and regional differences. Natural climate patterns influenced these changes, while temporary shifts in human emissions, such as during COVID‑19, had modest local effects. Monitoring CO2 growth across regions helps track emissions and assess mitigation efforts.
We studied how carbon dioxide (CO2) levels change each year using long-term measurements from...
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