Chen, Y., Pan, G., Mortimer, R., and Zhao, H.: Possible Mechanism of Phytoplankton Blooms at the Sea Surface after Tropical Cyclones, Remote Sens., 14, 6207, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246207, 2022.
Cherif, S., Doblas-Miranda, E., Lionello, P., Borrego, C., Giorgi, F., Iglesias, A., Jebari, S., Mahmoudi, E., Moriondo, M., Pringault, O., Rilov, G., Somot, S., Tsikliras, A., Vila, M., and Zittis, G.: Drivers of change. In Climate and environmental change in the Mediterranean Basin – current situation and risks for the future, First Mediterranean Assessment Report, Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP, 59–128, https://doi.org/978-2-9577416-0-1, 2020.
Chowdhury, R. R., Prasanna Kumar, S., Narvekar, J., and Chakraborty, A.: Back-to-back occurrence of tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea during October–November 2015: Causes and responses, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015836, 2020.
Claud, C., Alhammoud, B., Funatsu, B. M., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: Mediterranean hurricanes: large-scale environment and convective and precipitating areas from satellite microwave observations, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 2199–2213, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2199-2010, 2010.
Cossarini, G., Feudale, L., Teruzzi, A., Bolzon, G., Coidessa, G., Solidoro C., Amadio, C., Lazzari, P., Brosich, A., Di Biagio, V., and Salon, S.: High-resolution reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry (1999–2019), Frontiers in Marine Science, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 741486, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.741486, 2021.
Cressman, G. P.: An operational objective analysis scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 87, 367–374, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1959)087<0367:aooas>2.0.co;2, 1959.
Dutta, D., Mani, B., and Dash, M. K.: Dynamic and thermodynamic upper-ocean response to the passage of Bay of Bengal cyclones “Phailin” and “Hudhud”: a study using a coupled modelling system, Environ. Monit. Assess., 191 (Suppl. 3), 808, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7704-9, 2019.
Emanuel, K.: Genesis and maintenance of “Mediterranean hurricanes”, Adv. Geosci., 2, 217–220, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-2-217-2005, 2005.
Fita, L., Romero, R., Luque, A., Emanuel, K., and Ramis, C.: Analysis of the environments of seven Mediterranean tropical-like storms using an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic, cloud resolving model, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-41-2007, 2007.
Flaounas, E., Raveh-Rubin, S., Wernli, H., Drobinski, P., and Bastin, S.: The dynamical structure of intense Mediterranean cyclones, Clim. Dynam., 44, 2411–2427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2330-2, 2015.
Flaounas, E., Davolio, S., Raveh-Rubin, S., Pantillon, F., Miglietta, M. M., Gaertner, M. A., Hatzaki, M., Homar, V., Khodayar, S., Korres, G., Kotroni, V., Kushta, J., Reale, M., and Ricard, D.: Mediterranean cyclones: current knowledge and open questions on dynamics, prediction, climatology and impacts, Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, 2022.
Flaounas, E., Dafis, S., Davolio, S., Faranda, D., Ferrarin, C., Hartmuth, K., Hochman, A., Koutroulis, A., Khodayar, S., Miglietta, M. M., Pantillon, F., Patlakas, P., Sprenger, M., and Thurnherr, I.: Dynamics, predictability, impacts and climate change considerations of the catastrophic Mediterranean Storm Daniel (2023), Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1515–1538, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1515-2025, 2025.
Flocas, H. A.: Diagnostics of cyclogenesis over the Aegean sea using potential vorticity inversion, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 73, 25–33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030050061, 2000.
González-Alemán, J. J., Pascale, S., Gutierrez-Fernandez, J., Murakami, H., Gaertner, M. A., and Vecchi, G. A.: Potential increase in hazard from Mediterranean hurricane activity with global warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 1754–1764, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081253, 2019.
Hérincs, D.: Tropical Storm Daniel: Mediterranean tropical cyclone report (7–10 September 2023),
https://zivipotty.hu/2023_daniel.pdf (last access: 13 May 2026), 2023.
Hobday, A. J., Alexander, L. V., Perkins, S. E., Smale, D. A., Straub, S. C., Oliver, E. C. J., Benthuysen, J. A., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G., Feng, M., Holbrook, N. J., Moore, P. J., Scannell, H. A., Sen Gupta, A., and Wernberg, T.: A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves, Prog. Oceanogr., 141, 227–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014, 2016.
Hobday, A. J., Oliver, E. C. J., Sen Gupta, A., Benthuysen, J. A., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G., Holbrook, N. J., Moore, P. J., Thomsen, M. S., Wernberg, T., and Smale, D. A.: Categorizing and naming marine heatwaves, Oceanography, 31, 162–173, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.205, 2018.
Hochman, A., Scher, S., Quinting, J., Pinto, J. G., and Messori, G.: A new view of heat wave dynamics and predictability over the eastern Mediterranean, Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 133–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-133-2021, 2021.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021, The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
Jangir, B., Swain, D., and Ghose, S.: Influence of eddies and tropical cyclone heat potential on intensity changes of tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean, Adv. Space Res., 68, 773–786, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.01.011, 2021.
Jangir B., Mishra A. K., and Strobach, E.: The interplay between medicanes and the Mediterranean Sea in the presence of sea surface temperature anomalies, Atmos. Res., 310, 107625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107625, 2024.
Jangir, B., Reale, M., Menna, M., Mishra, A. K., Marellucci, R., Cossarini, G., Salone, S., Mauri, E., and Strobach, E.: The response of the physical and biogeochemical marine environment to the passage of Mediterranean cyclones in the presence of eddies, gyres, and marine heat wave, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 131, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023151, 2026.
Katsanos, D., Retalis, A., Kalogiros, J., Psiloglou, B. E., Roukounakis, N., and Anagnostou, M.: Performance Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Products During Extreme Events – The Case of the Medicane Daniel in Thessaly, Greece, Remote Sens., 16, 4216, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224216, 2024.
Khodayar, S., Kushta, J., Catto, J. L., Dafis, S., Davolio, S., Ferrarin, C., Flaounas, E., Groenemeijer, P., Hatzaki, M., Hochman, A., Kotroni, V., Landa, J., Láng-Ritter, I., Lazoglou, G., Liberato, M. L. R., Miglietta, M. M., Papagiannaki, K., Patlakas, P., Stojanov, R., and Zittis, G.: Mediterranean cyclones in a changing climate: A review on their socio-economic impacts, Rev. Geophys., 63, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RG000853, 2025.
Klein, P. and Lapeyre, G.: The Oceanic Vertical Pump Induced by Mesoscale and Submesoscale Turbulence, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 351–375, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163704, 2009.
Kouroutzoglou, J., Flocas, H. A., Keay, K., Simmonds, I., and Hatzaki, M.: Climatological aspects of explosive cyclones in the Mediterranean, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1785–1802, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2203, 2011.
Latha, P. T., Rao, K. H., Nagamani, P. V., Amminedu, E., Choudhury, S. B., Dutt, C. B. S., and Dadhwal, V. K.: Impact of Cyclone PHAILIN on Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Productivity in the Bay of Bengal, Int. J. Geosci., 6, 473–480, https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2015.65037, 2015.
Law, K.: The Impact of Oceanic Heat Content on the Rapid Intensification of Atlantic Hurricanes, Chap. 17, in: Recent Hurricane Research – Climate, Dynamics, and Societal Impacts, edited by: Lupo, A., Croatia, InTech, 331–354, https://doi.org/10.5772/13799, 2011.
Li, D., Chang, P., Ramachandran, S., Jing, Z., Zhang, Q., Kurian, J., Gopal, A., and Yang, H.: Contribution of the Two Types of Ekman Pumping Induced Eddy Heat Flux to the Total Vertical Eddy Heat Flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092982, 2021.
Lin, I. I., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Forbes, C., and Ali, M. M.: Ocean heat content for tropical cyclone intensity forecasting and its impact on storm surge, Nat. Hazards, 66, 1481–1500, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0214-5, 2013.
Liu, Y., Tang, D., Tang, S., Morozov, E., Liang, W., and Sui, Y.: A case study of Chlorophyll a response to tropical cyclone Wind Pump considering Kuroshio invasion and air-sea heat exchange, Sci. Total Environ., 741, 140290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140290, 2020.
MedECC: Climate and environmental change in the Mediterranean Basin – Current situation and risks for the future, in: First Mediterranean assessment report, edited by: Cramer, W., Guiot, J., and Marini, K., Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP, Marseille, France, 632 pp., ISBN: 978-2-9577416-0-1, 2020.
Menna, M., Martellucci, R., Reale, M. Cossarini, G., Salon, S., Notarstefano, G., Mauri, E., Poulain, P. M., Gallo, A., and Solidoro, C.: A case study of impacts of an extreme weather system on the Mediterranean Sea circulation features: Medicane Apollo (2021), Sci. Rep., 13, 3870, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29942-w, 2023.
Mishra, A. K., Jangir, B., and Strobach, E.: Influence of mesoscale sea-surface temperature structures on the Mediterranean cyclone Ianos in convection-permitting simulations: Contributions of surface warming and cold wakes, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 150, 5146–5166, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4862, 2024.
Morrow, R., Fu, L.-L., Ardhuin, F., Benkiran, M., Chapron, B., Cosme, E., d'Ovidio, F., Farrar, J. T., Gille, S. T., Lapeyre, G., Le Traon, P.-Y., Pascual, A., Ponte, A., Qiu, B., Rascle, N., Ubelmann, C., Wang, J., and Zaron, E. D.: Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface Topography With the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 232, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00232, 2019.
Nicolaides, K. A., Michalelides, S. C., and Karacostas, T.: Synoptic and dynamic characteristics of selected deep depressions over Cyprus, Adv. Geosci., 7, 175–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-7-175-2006, 2006.
Normand, J. C. L. and Heggy, E.: Assessing flash flood erosion following storm Daniel in Libya, Nat. Commun., 15, 6493, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49699-8, 2024.
Oliver, E. C. J., Donat, M. G., Burrows, M. T., Moore, P. J., Smale, D. A., Alexander, L. V., Benthuysen, J. A., Feng, M., Sen Gupta, A., Hobday, A. J., Holbrook, N. J., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Scannell, H. A., Straub, S. C., and Wernberg, T.: Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century, Nat. Commun., 9, 1324, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9, 2018.
Panegrossi, G., D'Adderio, L. P., Dafis, S., Rysman, J.-F., Casella, D., Dietrich, S., and Sanò, P.: Warm Core and Deep Convection in Medicanes, A Passive Microwave-Based Investigation, Remote Sens., 15, 2838, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112838, 2023.
Pytharoulis, I., Kartsios, S., Tegoulias, I., Feidas, H., Miglietta, M. M., Matsangouras, I., and Karacostas, T.: Sensitivity of a Mediterranean Tropical-Like Cyclone to Physical Parameterizations, Atmosphere, 9, 436, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110436, 2018.
Rathore, S., Goyal, R., Jangir, B., Ummenhofer, C. C., Feng, M., and Mishra, M.: Interactions Between a Marine Heatwave and Tropical Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal in 2020, Front. Clim., 4, 861477, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.861477, 2022.
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Flaounas, E.: A dynamical link between deep Atlantic extratropical cyclones and intense Mediterranean cyclones, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 18, 215–221, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.745, 2017.
Reale, M., Cabos Narvaez, W. D., Cavicchia, L., Conte, D., Coppola, E., Flaounas, E., Giorgi, F., Gualdi, S., Hochman, A., Li, L., Lionello, P., Podrascanin, Z., Salon, S., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Scoccimarro, E., Sein, D. V., and Somot, S.: Future projections of Mediterranean cyclone characteristics using the Med-CORDEX ensemble of coupled regional climate system models, Clim. Dyn., 58, 2501–2524, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06018-x, 2022.
Reynolds, R. W., Smith, T. M., Liu, C., Chelton, D. B., Casey, K. S., and Schlax, M. G.: Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature, J. Climate, 20, 5473–5496, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1, 2007.
Scardino, G., Miglietta, M. M., Kushabaha, A., Casella, E., Rovere, A., Besio, G., Borzì, A. M., Cannata, A., Mazza, G., Sabato, G., and Scicchitano, G.: Fingerprinting Mediterranean hurricanes using pre-event thermal drops in seawater temperature, Sci. Rep., 14, 8014, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58335-w, 2024.
Scardino, G., Kushabaha, A., Miglietta, M. M., Bonaldo, D., and Scicchitano, G.: When storms stir the Mediterranean depths: chlorophyll
a response to Mediterranean cyclones, Ocean Sci., 21, 2849–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2849-2025, 2025.
Shang, X.-D., Zhu, H.-B., Chen, G.-Y., Xu, C., and Yang, Q.: Research on cold core eddy change and phytoplankton bloom induced by typhoons, Case studies in the South China Sea, Adv. Meteorol., 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/340432, 2015.
Sharma, V. and Ali, M. M.: Importance of ocean heat content for cyclone studies, Journal of Oceanography and Marine Research, 2, 1–6, https://www.longdom.org/open-access (last access: 13 May 2026), 2014.
Stern, M.: Interaction of a uniform wind stress with a geostrophic vortex, Deep-Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 12, 355–367, 1965.
Strobach, E., Mishra, A. K., Jangir, B., Ziv, B., Sun, R., Siegelman, L., Meroni A. N., and Klein, P.: Intensification of a rain system imparted by Mediterranean mesoscale eddies, Sci. Rep., 14, 26810, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76767-2, 2024.
Sun, M., Tian, F., Liu, Y., and Chen, G.: An Improved Automatic Algorithm for Global Eddy Tracking Using Satellite Altimeter Data, Remote Sens., 9, 206, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030206, 2017.
Teruzzi, A., Di Biagio, V., Feudale, L., Bolzon, G., Lazzari, P., Salon, S., Coidessa, G., and Cossarini, G.: Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemical Reanalysis (CMEMS MEDBiogeochemistry, MedBFM3 system), Version 1, Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS) [data set],
https://doi.org/10.25423/CMCC/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_BGC_006_008_MEDBFM3, 2021a.
Teruzzi, A., Feudale, L., Bolzon, G., Lazzari, P., Salon, S., Di Biagio, V., Coidessa, G., and Cossarini, G.: Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemical Reanalysis INTERIM (CMEMS MED-Biogeochemistry, MedBFM3i system), Version 1, Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS) [data set],
https://doi.org/10.25423/CMCC/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_BGC_006_008_MEDBFM3I, 2021b.
Tranchant, Y. T., Legresy, B., Foppert, A., Pena-Molino, B., and Phillips, H.: SWOT reveals fine-scale balanced motions and dispersion properties in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ESS Open Archive [preprint], https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.173655552.25945463/v1, 2025.
Vidya, P. J., Balaji, M., and Mani Murali, R.: Cyclone Hudhud-eddy induced phytoplankton bloom in the northern Bay of Bengal using a coupled model, Prog. Oceanogr., 197, 102631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102631, 2021.
Volpe, G., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Colella, S., Pisano, A., and Santoleri, R.: An Operational Interpolated Ocean Colour Product in the Mediterranean Sea, in: New Frontiers in Operational Oceanography, edited by: Chassignet, E. P., Pascual, A., Tintorè, J., and Verron, J., 227–244, https://doi.org/10.17125/gov2018.ch09, 2018.
Volpe, G., Colella, S., Brando, V. E., Forneris, V., La Padula, F., Di Cicco, A., Sammartino, M., Bracaglia, M., Artuso, F., and Santoleri, R.: Mediterranean ocean colour Level 3 operational multi-sensor processing, Ocean Sci., 15, 127–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-127-2019, 2019.
Wada, A. and Usui, N.: Importance of tropical cyclone heat potential for tropical cyclone intensity and intensification in the Western North Pacific, J. Oceanogr., 63, 427–447, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0039-0, 2007.
Zhang, Z. and Qiu, B.: Surface Chlorophyll Enhancement in Mesoscale Eddies by Submesoscale Spiral Bands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088820, 2020.
Zhao, Z. and Marin, M.: A MATLAB toolbox to detect and analyze marine heatwaves, Journal of Open Source Software, 4, 1124, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01124, 2019.
Zittis, G., Almazroui, M., Alpert, P., Ciais, P., Cramer, W., Dahdal, Y., Fnais, M., Francis, D., Hadjinicolaou, P., Howari, F., Jrrar, A., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Kulmala, M., Lazoglou, G., Mihalopoulos, N., Lin, X., Rudich, Y., Sciare, J., Stenchikov, G., Xoplaki, E., and Lelieveld, J.: Climate change and weather extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, Rev. Geophys., 60, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000762, 2022.
