Articles | Volume 23, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-727-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-727-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Jan 2026
Research article |
| 26 Jan 2026
| 26 Jan 2026
Variability of greenhouse gas (CH4 and CO2) emissions in a subtropical hydroelectric reservoir: Nam Theun 2 (Lao PDR)
Anh-Thái Hoàng
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, LAERO, Toulouse, France
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, GET, Toulouse, France
Frédéric Guérin
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, GET, Toulouse, France
Chandrashekhar Deshmukh
Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Kabupaten Pelalawan, Indonesia
Axay Vongkhamsao
Nam Theun 2 Power Company Limited (NTPC), Environment & Social Division, Water Quality and Biodiversity Dept., Gnommalath Office, P.O. Box 5862, Vientiane, Lao PDR
Saysoulinthone Sopraseuth
Nam Theun 2 Power Company Limited (NTPC), Environment & Social Division, Water Quality and Biodiversity Dept., Gnommalath Office, P.O. Box 5862, Vientiane, Lao PDR
Vincent Chanudet
Electricité de France, Hydro Engineering Centre, Sustainable Development Dpt., Savoie Technolac, 73290 La Motte Servolex, France
Stéphane Descloux
Electricité de France, Hydro Engineering Centre, Sustainable Development Dpt., Savoie Technolac, 73290 La Motte Servolex, France
Nurholis Nurholis
Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Kabupaten Pelalawan, Indonesia
Ari Putra Susanto
Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Kabupaten Pelalawan, Indonesia
Toan Vu Duc
Research of Organic Matter Group (ROOM), Environmental and Life Science Research Laboratory, Thuy Loi University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Dominique Serça
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, LAERO, Toulouse, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Olivia Desgué-Itier, Laura Melo Vieira Soares, Orlane Anneville, Damien Bouffard, Vincent Chanudet, Pierre Alain Danis, Isabelle Domaizon, Jean Guillard, Théo Mazure, Najwa Sharaf, Frédéric Soulignac, Viet Tran-Khac, Brigitte Vinçon-Leite, and Jean-Philippe Jenny
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 837–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The long-term effects of climate change will include an increase in lake surface and deep water temperatures. Incorporating up to 6 decades of limnological monitoring into an improved 1D lake model approach allows us to predict the thermal regime and oxygen solubility in four peri-alpine lakes over the period 1850–2100. Our modeling approach includes a revised selection of forcing variables and provides a way to investigate the impacts of climate variations on lakes for centennial timescales.
Moussa Moustapha, Loris Deirmendjian, David Sebag, Jean-Jacques Braun, Stéphane Audry, Henriette Ateba Bessa, Thierry Adatte, Carole Causserand, Ibrahima Adamou, Benjamin Ngounou Ngatcha, and Frédéric Guérin
Biogeosciences, 19, 137–163, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We monitor the spatio-temporal variability of organic and inorganic carbon (C) species in the tropical Nyong River (Cameroon), across groundwater and increasing stream orders. We show the significant contribution of wetland as a C source for tropical rivers. Thus, ignoring the river–wetland connectivity might lead to the misrepresentation of C dynamics in tropical watersheds. Finally, total fluvial carbon losses might offset ~10 % of the net C sink estimated for the whole Nyong watershed.
Cited articles
Abril, G., Guérin, F., Richard, S., Delmas, R., Galy-Lacaux, C., Gosse, P., Tremblay, A., Varfalvy, L., Dos Santos, M. A., and Matvienko, B.: Carbon dioxide and methane emissions and the carbon budget of a 10 year old tropical reservoir (Petit Saut, French Guiana): CO2 and CH4 emissions at Petit Saut, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002457, 2005.
Abril, G., Commarieu, M.-V., and Guérin, F.: Enhanced methane oxidation in an estuarine turbidity maximum, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 470–475, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0470, 2007.
Attermeyer, K., Flury, S., Jayakumar, R., Fiener, P., Steger, K., Arya, V., Wilken, F., van Geldern, R., and Premke, K.: Invasive floating macrophytes reduce greenhouse gas emissions from a small tropical lake, Sci. Rep., 6, 20424, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20424, 2016.
Aubinet, M., Chermanne, B., Vandenhaute, M., Longdoz, B., Yernaux, M., and Laitat, E.: Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 108, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00244-1, 2001.
Barros, N., Cole, J. J., Tranvik, L. J., Prairie, Y. T., Bastviken, D., Huszar, V. L. M., del Giorgio, P., and Roland, F.: Carbon emission from hydroelectric reservoirs linked to reservoir age and latitude, Nature Geosci., 4, 593–596, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1211, 2011.
Bastviken, D. and Johnson, M. S.: Future methane emissions from lakes and reservoirs, Nat. Water, https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00532-6, 2025.
Bastviken, D., Persson, L., Odham, G., and Tranvik, L.: Degradation of dissolved organic matter in oxic and anoxic lake water, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 109–116, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0109, 2004.
Bastviken, D., Santoro, A. L., Marotta, H., Pinho, L. Q., Calheiros, D. F., Crill, P., and Enrich-Prast, A.: Methane Emissions from Pantanal, South America, during the Low Water Season: Toward More Comprehensive Sampling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5450–5455, https://doi.org/10.1021/es1005048, 2010.
Bižić, M., Klintzsch, T., Ionescu, D., Hindiyeh, M. Y., Günthel, M., Muro-Pastor, A. M., Eckert, W., Urich, T., Keppler, F., and Grossart, H.-P.: Aquatic and terrestrial cyanobacteria produce methane, Sci. Adv., 6, eaax5343, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5343, 2020.
Bogard, M. J., del Giorgio, P. A., Boutet, L., Chaves, M. C. G., Prairie, Y. T., Merante, A., and Derry, A. M.: Oxic water column methanogenesis as a major component of aquatic CH4 fluxes, Nat. Commun., 5, 5350, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6350, 2014.
Chanton, J. P., Martens, C. S., and Kelley, C. A.: Gas transport from methane-saturated, tidal freshwater and wetland sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 807–819, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1989.34.5.0807, 1989.
Chanudet, V., Descloux, S., Harby, A., Sundt, H., Hansen, B. H., Brakstad, O., Serça, D., and Guerin, F.: Gross CO2 and CH4 emissions from the Nam Ngum and Nam Leuk sub-tropical reservoirs in Lao PDR, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 5382–5391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.018, 2011.
Chanudet, V., Fabre, V., and van der Kaaij, T.: Application of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (Lao PDR), Journal of Great Lakes Research, 38, 260–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.01.008, 2012.
Chanudet, V., Guédant, P., Rode, W., Godon, A., Guérin, F., Serça, D., Deshmukh, C., and Descloux, S.: Evolution of the physico-chemical water quality in the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and downstream rivers for the first 5 years after impoundment, Hydroécol. Appl., 19, 27–61, https://doi.org/10.1051/hydro/2015001, 2016.
Clement, R.: EdiRe Data Software, v.1.5.0.32, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 1999.
Colas, F., Chanudet, V., Daufresne, M., Buchet, L., Vigouroux, R., Bonnet, A., Jacob, F., and Baudoin, J.: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Diffusive CO2 and CH4 Fluxes From the Amazonian Reservoir Petit-Saut (French Guiana) Reveals the Importance of Allochthonous Inputs for Long-Term C Emissions, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 34, e2020GB006602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006602, 2020.
D'Ambrosio, S. and Harrison, J.: Methane production & oxidation rates in lakes and reservoirs, https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.12811778, 2021.
Deemer, B. R., Harrison, J. A., Li, S., Beaulieu, J. J., DelSontro, T., Barros, N., Bezerra-Neto, J. F., Powers, S. M., dos Santos, M. A., and Vonk, J. A.: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoir Water Surfaces: A New Global Synthesis, BioScience, 66, 949–964, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw117, 2016.
DelSontro, T., Beaulieu, J. J., and Downing, J. A.: Greenhouse gas emissions from lakes and impoundments: Upscaling in the face of global change, Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett., 3, 64–75, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10073, 2018.
Descloux, S., Chanudet, V., Poilvé, H., and Grégoire, A.: Co-assessment of biomass and soil organic carbon stocks in a future reservoir area located in Southeast Asia, Environ. Monit. Assess., 173, 723–741, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1418-3, 2011.
Descloux, S., Guedant, P., Phommachanh, D., and Luthi, R.: Main features of the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project (Lao PDR) and the associated environmental monitoring programmes, Hydroécol. Appl., 19, 5–25, https://doi.org/10.1051/hydro/2014005, 2016.
Deshmukh, C., Serça, D., Delon, C., Tardif, R., Demarty, M., Jarnot, C., Meyerfeld, Y., Chanudet, V., Guédant, P., Rode, W., Descloux, S., and Guérin, F.: Physical controls on CH4 emissions from a newly flooded subtropical freshwater hydroelectric reservoir: Nam Theun 2, Biogeosciences, 11, 4251–4269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4251-2014, 2014.
Deshmukh, C., Guérin, F., Labat, D., Pighini, S., Vongkhamsao, A., Guédant, P., Rode, W., Godon, A., Chanudet, V., Descloux, S., and Serça, D.: Low methane (CH4) emissions downstream of a monomictic subtropical hydroelectric reservoir (Nam Theun 2, Lao PDR), Biogeosciences, 13, 1919–1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1919-2016, 2016.
Deshmukh, C., Guérin, F., Vongkhamsao, A., Pighini, S., Oudone, P., Sopraseuth, S., Godon, A., Rode, W., Guédant, P., Oliva, P., Audry, S., Zouiten, C., Galy-Lacaux, C., Robain, H., Ribolzi, O., Kansal, A., Chanudet, V., Descloux, S., and Serça, D.: Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2 Reservoir: drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 15, 1775–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1775-2018, 2018.
Dillon, P. J. and Molot, L. A.: Dissolved organic and inorganic carbon mass balances in central Ontario lakes, Biogeochemistry, 36, 29–42, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005731828660, 1997.
Erkkilä, K.-M., Ojala, A., Bastviken, D., Biermann, T., Heiskanen, J. J., Lindroth, A., Peltola, O., Rantakari, M., Vesala, T., and Mammarella, I.: Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes over a lake: comparison between eddy covariance, floating chambers and boundary layer method, Biogeosciences, 15, 429–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-429-2018, 2018.
Eugster, W., Kling, G., Jonas, T., McFadden, J. P., Wüest, A., MacIntyre, S., and Chapin, F. S.: CO2 exchange between air and water in an Arctic Alaskan and midlatitude Swiss lake: Importance of convective mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2002JD002653, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002653, 2003.
Foken, T., Göockede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B., and Munger, W.: Post-Field Data Quality Control, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology, vol. 29, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W., and Law, B., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 181–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2265-4_9, 2005.
Foken, Th. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 78, 83–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1, 1996.
Galy-Lacaux, C., Delmas, R., Jambert, C., Dumestre, J., Labroue, L., Richard, S., and Gosse, P.: Gaseous emissions and oxygen consumption in hydroelectric dams: A case study in French Guyana, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11, 471–483, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB01625, 1997.
Gash, J. H. C. and Culf, A. D.: Applying a linear detrend to eddy correlation data in realtime, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 79, 301–306, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119443, 1996.
General Synthesis: https://www.icold-cigb.org/article/GB/world_register/general_synthesis/general-synthesis, last access: 19 April 2025.
Guérin, F. and Abril, G.: Significance of pelagic aerobic methane oxidation in the methane and carbon budget of a tropical reservoir: CH4 oxidation in a tropical reservoir, J. Geophys. Res., 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000393, 2007.
Guérin, F., Abril, G., Richard, S., Burban, B., Reynouard, C., Seyler, P., and Delmas, R.: Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from tropical reservoirs: Significance of downstream rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027929, 2006.
Guérin, F., Abril, G., Serça, D., Delon, C., Richard, S., Delmas, R., Tremblay, A., and Varfalvy, L.: Gas transfer velocities of CO2 and CH4 in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream, Journal of Marine Systems, 66, 161–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.03.019, 2007.
Guérin, F., Abril, G., de Junet, A., and Bonnet, M.-P.: Anaerobic decomposition of tropical soils and plant material: Implication for the CO2 and CH4 budget of the Petit Saut Reservoir, Applied Geochemistry, 23, 2272–2283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.04.001, 2008.
Guérin, F., Deshmukh, C., Labat, D., Pighini, S., Vongkhamsao, A., Guédant, P., Rode, W., Godon, A., Chanudet, V., Descloux, S., and Serça, D.: Effect of sporadic destratification, seasonal overturn, and artificial mixing on CH4 emissions from a subtropical hydroelectric reservoir, Biogeosciences, 13, 3647–3663, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3647-2016, 2016.
Harrison, J. A., Prairie, Y. T., Mercier-Blais, S., and Soued, C.: Year-2020 Global Distribution and Pathways of Reservoir Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions According to the Greenhouse Gas From Reservoirs (G-res) Model, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006888, 2021.
Hartmann, J. F., Günthel, M., Klintzsch, T., Kirillin, G., Grossart, H.-P., Keppler, F., and Isenbeck-Schröter, M.: High Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Methane Production and Emission in Oxic Surface Water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1451–1463, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03182, 2020.
Hatala, J. A., Detto, M., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Gross ecosystem photosynthesis causes a diurnal pattern in methane emission from rice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 2012GL051303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051303, 2012.
Hertwich, E. G.: Addressing Biogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydropower in LCA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 9604–9611, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401820p, 2013.
Holgerson, M. A.: Drivers of carbon dioxide and methane supersaturation in small, temporary ponds, Biogeochemistry, 124, 305–318, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0099-y, 2015.
Hounshell, A. G., D'Acunha, B. M., Breef-Pilz, A., Johnson, M. S., Thomas, R. Q., and Carey, C. C.: Eddy Covariance Data Reveal That a Small Freshwater Reservoir Emits a Substantial Amount of Carbon Dioxide and Methane, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 128, e2022JG007091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007091, 2023.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1st edn., Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
Jähne, B., Münnich, K. O., Bösinger, R., Dutzi, A., Huber, W., and Libner, P.: On the parameters influencing air–water gas exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1937–1949, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC02p01937, 1987.
Jeffery, C. D., Woolf, D. K., Robinson, I. S., and Donlon, C. J.: One-dimensional modelling of convective CO2 exchange in the Tropical Atlantic, Ocean Modelling, 19, 161–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.07.003, 2007.
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A Simple Parameterisation for Flux Footprint Predictions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 112, 503–523, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000030653.71031.96, 2004.
Krause, G. H. and Weis, E.: Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis: The Basics, Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol., 42, 313–349, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.001525, 1991.
Lewis, E. R. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, https://doi.org/10.15485/1464255, 1998.
Linkhorst, A., Hiller, C., DelSontro, T., M. Azevedo, G., Barros, N., Mendonça, R., and Sobek, S.: Comparing methane ebullition variability across space and time in a Brazilian reservoir, Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, 1623–1634, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11410, 2020.
Liu, H., Zhang, Q., Katul, G. G., Cole, J. J., Chapin, F. S., and MacIntyre, S.: Large CO2 effluxes at night and during synoptic weather events significantly contribute to CO2 emissions from a reservoir, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 064001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064001, 2016.
Loken, L. C., Crawford, J. T., Schramm, P. J., Stadler, P., Desai, A. R., and Stanley, E. H.: Large Spatial and Temporal Variability of Carbon Dioxide and Methane in a Eutrophic Lake, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 2248–2266, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005186, 2019.
MacIntyre, S., Jonsson, A., Jansson, M., Aberg, J., Turney, D. E., and Miller, S. D.: Buoyancy flux, turbulence, and the gas transfer coefficient in a stratified lake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 2010GL044164, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044164, 2010.
Maeck, A., Hofmann, H., and Lorke, A.: Pumping methane out of aquatic sediments – ebullition forcing mechanisms in an impounded river, Biogeosciences, 11, 2925–2938, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2925-2014, 2014.
Mahrt, L.: Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Regimes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 88, 255–278, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001171313493, 1998.
Mammarella, I., Nordbo, A., Rannik, Ü., Haapanala, S., Levula, J., Laakso, H., Ojala, A., Peltola, O., Heiskanen, J., Pumpanen, J., and Vesala, T.: Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a small boreal lake in Southern Finland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 1296–1314, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002873, 2015.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Impact of post-field data processing on eddy covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure, Metz, 15, 597–609, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0167, 2006.
McGinnis, D. F., Greinert, J., Artemov, Y., Beaubien, S. E., and Wüest, A.: Fate of rising methane bubbles in stratified waters: How much methane reaches the atmosphere?, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 2005JC003183, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003183, 2006.
Millero, F. J.: The thermodynamics of the carbonate system in seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 43, 1651–1661, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90184-4, 1979.
Mitra, B., Minick, K., Miao, G., Domec, J.-C., Prajapati, P., McNulty, S. G., Sun, G., King, J. S., and Noormets, A.: Spectral evidence for substrate availability rather than environmental control of methane emissions from a coastal forested wetland, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 291, 108062, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108062, 2020.
Moncrieff, J. B., Massheder, J. M., de Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Soegaard, H., and Verhoef, A.: A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, Journal of Hydrology, 188–189, 589–611, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03194-0, 1997.
Morales-Pineda, M., Cózar, A., Laiz, I., Úbeda, B., and Gálvez, J. Á.: Daily, biweekly, and seasonal temporal scales of pCO2 variability in two stratified Mediterranean reservoirs: Temporal scales of pCO2, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 509–520, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002317, 2014.
Morin, T. H., Rey-Sánchez, A. C., Vogel, C. S., Matheny, A. M., Kenny, W. T., and Bohrer, G.: Carbon dioxide emissions from an oligotrophic temperate lake: An eddy covariance approach, Ecological Engineering, 114, 25–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.05.005, 2018.
Muñoz-Sabater, J.: ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present, https://doi.org/10.24381/CDS.E2161BAC, 2019.
Murase, J. and Sugimoto, A.: Inhibitory effect of light on methane oxidation in the pelagic water column of a mesotrophic lake (Lake Biwa, Japan), Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1339–1343, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.4.1339, 2005.
Nam Theun 2 Power Company Limited (NTPC): Environmental Assessment and Management Plan: Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project, internal report, 2005TS14, 2005.
Ostrovsky, I., McGinnis, D. F., Lapidus, L., and Eckert, W.: Quantifying gas ebullition with echosounder: the role of methane transport by bubbles in a medium-sized lake, Limnology & Ocean Methods, 6, 105–118, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2008.6.105, 2008.
Podgrajsek, E., Sahlée, E., and Rutgersson, A.: Diel cycle of lake-air CO2 flux from a shallow lake and the impact of waterside convection on the transfer velocity, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 29–38, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002781, 2015.
Prairie, Y. T., Alm, J., Beaulieu, J., Barros, N., Battin, T., Cole, J., del Giorgio, P., DelSontro, T., Guérin, F., Harby, A., Harrison, J., Mercier-Blais, S., Serça, D., Sobek, S., and Vachon, D.: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Freshwater Reservoirs: What Does the Atmosphere See?, Ecosystems, 21, 1058–1071, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0198-9, 2018.
Raymond, P. A., Zappa, C. J., Butman, D., Bott, T. L., Potter, J., Mulholland, P., Laursen, A. E., McDowell, W. H., and Newbold, D.: Scaling the gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry in streams and small rivers: Gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1215/21573689-1597669, 2012.
Schmid, M., Ostrovsky, I., and McGinnis, D. F.: Role of gas ebullition in the methane budget of a deep subtropical lake: What can we learn from process-based modeling?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 2674–2698, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10598, 2017.
Scholz, K., Ejarque, E., Hammerle, A., Kainz, M., Schelker, J., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Atmospheric CO2 Exchange of a Small Mountain Lake: Limitations of Eddy Covariance and Boundary Layer Modeling Methods in Complex Terrain, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 126, e2021JG006286, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006286, 2021.
Serça, D., Deshmukh, C., Pighini, S., Oudone, P., Vongkhamsao, A., Guédant, P., Rode, W., Godon, A., Chanudet, V., Descloux, S., and Guérin, F.: Nam Theun 2 Reservoir four years after commissioning: significance of drawdown methane emissions and other pathways, Hydroécol. Appl., 19, 119–146, https://doi.org/10.1051/hydro/2016001, 2016.
Shao, C., Chen, J., Stepien, C. A., Chu, H., Ouyang, Z., Bridgeman, T. B., Czajkowski, K. P., Becker, R. H., and John, R.: Diurnal to annual changes in latent, sensible heat, and CO2 fluxes over a Laurentian Great Lake: A case study in Western Lake Erie, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 1587–1604, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003025, 2015.
Sobek, S., Tranvik, L. J., Prairie, Y. T., Kortelainen, P., and Cole, J. J.: Patterns and regulation of dissolved organic carbon: An analysis of 7,500 widely distributed lakes, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1208–1219, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.3.1208, 2007.
Soued, C. and Prairie, Y. T.: The carbon footprint of a Malaysian tropical reservoir: measured versus modelled estimates highlight the underestimated key role of downstream processes, Biogeosciences, 17, 515–527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-515-2020, 2020.
Spank, U., Bernhofer, C., Mauder, M., Keller, P. S., and Koschorreck, M.: Contrasting temporal dynamics of methane and carbon dioxide emissions from a eutrophic reservoir detected by eddy covariance measurements, Metz, 32, 317–342, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2023/1162, 2023.
St. Louis, V. L., Kelly, C. A., Duchemin, É., Rudd, J. W. M., and Rosenberg, D. M.: Reservoir Surfaces as Sources of Greenhouse Gases to the Atmosphere: A Global Estimate, BioScience, 50, 766, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0766:RSASOG]2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Tan, D., Li, Q., Wang, S., Yeager, K. M., Guo, M., Liu, K., and Wang, Y.: Diel variation of CH4 emission fluxes in a small artificial lake: Toward more accurate methods of observation, Sci. Total Environ., 784, 147146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147146, 2021.
Tang, K. W., McGinnis, D. F., Frindte, K., Brüchert, V., and Grossart, H.-P.: Paradox reconsidered: Methane oversaturation in well-oxygenated lake waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 275–284, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.1.0275, 2014.
Tang, K. W., McGinnis, D. F., Ionescu, D., and Grossart, H.-P.: Methane Production in Oxic Lake Waters Potentially Increases Aquatic Methane Flux to Air, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 3, 227–233, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00150, 2016.
Upadhyay, P., Prajapati, S. K., and Kumar, A.: Impacts of riverine pollution on greenhouse gas emissions: A comprehensive review, Ecological Indicators, 154, 110649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110649, 2023.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality Control and Flux Sampling Problems for Tower and Aircraft Data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 512–526, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:QCAFSP>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
Weiss, R. F.: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, Marine Chemistry, 2, 203–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2, 1974.
Xiao, Q., Xu, X., Duan, H., Qi, T., Qin, B., Lee, X., Hu, Z., Wang, W., Xiao, W., and Zhang, M.: Eutrophic Lake Taihu as a significant CO2 source during 2000–2015, Water Research, 170, 115331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115331, 2020.
Yamamoto, S., Alcauskas, J. B., and Crozier, T. E.: Solubility of methane in distilled water and seawater, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 21, 78–80, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60068a029, 1976.
Yan, X., Thieu, V., and Garnier, J.: Long-Term Evolution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Global Reservoirs, Front. Environ. Sci., 9, 705477, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.705477, 2021.
Yvon-Durocher, G., Allen, A. P., Bastviken, D., Conrad, R., Gudasz, C., St-Pierre, A., Thanh-Duc, N., and del Giorgio, P. A.: Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales, Nature, 507, 488–491, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13164, 2014.
Zheng, Y., Wu, S., Xiao, S., Yu, K., Fang, X., Xia, L., Wang, J., Liu, S., Freeman, C., and Zou, J.: Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters and estuaries, Global Change Biology, 28, 4713–4725, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16233, 2022.
Short summary
We studied greenhouse gas emissions from a large reservoir in Laos over 14 years to understand carbon cycling and changes over time. Methane release through bubbling remained high, while other pathways, like diffusion and degassing, declined. These findings show how emissions evolve as reservoirs age and highlight the value of long-term studies for understanding the climate impact of hydropower.
We studied greenhouse gas emissions from a large reservoir in Laos over 14 years to understand...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint