Articles | Volume 23, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-7559-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-7559-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Synthesis of greenhouse gas emission factors for forest organic soils in the Köppen–Geiger Dfb climate zone
Latvian State Forest Research Institute (Silava), Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
Arta Bārdule
Latvian State Forest Research Institute (Silava), Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
Ieva Līcīte
Latvian State Forest Research Institute (Silava), Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
Muhammad Kamil-Sardar
Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
Andis Lazdiņš
Latvian State Forest Research Institute (Silava), Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
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Restoring wetlands and planting forests are both promoted to slow climate change, but they are often discussed as competing solutions. We argue that these options should be compared using a broader perspective that considers not only greenhouse gases released from soils, but also carbon stored in forests, wood products, and practical risks. Better-informed comparisons can help decision-makers choose the most suitable climate solution for each landscape.
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Estimates of CO2 fluxes from drained nutrient-rich organic soils in croplands and grasslands in the hemiboreal region of Europe revealed that annual net CO2 fluxes were lower than the latest (2014) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) emission factors provided for the whole temperate zone, including the hemiboreal region. The contribution of CO2 fluxes from shallow highly decomposed organic soils, former peatlands that no longer meet the IPCC criterion for organic soils, to total emissions can be high and should not be underestimated.
Aldis Butlers, Raija Laiho, Kaido Soosaar, Jyrki Jauhiainen, Thomas Schindler, Arta Bārdule, Muhammad Kamil-Sardar, Andreas Haberl, Valters Samariks, Hanna Vahter, Andis Lazdiņš, Dovilė Čiuldienė, Kęstutis Armolaitis, and Ieva Līcīte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1397, 2024
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A two-year study in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania evaluated forest organic soil carbon balance and the impact of drainage. CO2 emissions from soil did not significantly differ, showing a uniform methodology should be applied in national greenhouse gas inventories. Neither drained or undrained soils lost carbon during the study period. However, it was estimated that the negative impact of drainage on carbon sequestration in hemiboreal forest soils is 0.43±2.69 t C ha−1 year−1.
Jyrki Jauhiainen, Juha Heikkinen, Nicholas Clarke, Hongxing He, Lise Dalsgaard, Kari Minkkinen, Paavo Ojanen, Lars Vesterdal, Jukka Alm, Aldis Butlers, Ingeborg Callesen, Sabine Jordan, Annalea Lohila, Ülo Mander, Hlynur Óskarsson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Gunnhild Søgaard, Kaido Soosaar, Åsa Kasimir, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Andis Lazdins, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 20, 4819–4839, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, 2023
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The study looked at published data on drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate zones to revisit current Tier 1 default emission factors (EFs) provided by the IPCC Wetlands Supplement. We examined the possibilities of forming more site-type specific EFs and inspected the potential relevance of environmental variables for predicting annual soil greenhouse gas balances by statistical models. The results have important implications for EF revisions and national emission reporting.
Aldis Butlers, David Ellison, Ieva Līcīte, and Arta Bārdule
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4089, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4089, 2026
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Restoring wetlands and planting forests are both promoted to slow climate change, but they are often discussed as competing solutions. We argue that these options should be compared using a broader perspective that considers not only greenhouse gases released from soils, but also carbon stored in forests, wood products, and practical risks. Better-informed comparisons can help decision-makers choose the most suitable climate solution for each landscape.
Aldis Butlers, Zaiga Anna Zvaigzne, Arta Bārdule, Josep Peñuelas, Andis Lazdiņš, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Laure Gandois, Noémie Carles, Romain Darnajoux, Parvez Rana, Kaido Soosaar, Julien Tournebize, Jauhiainen Jyrki, Tuula Larmola, Muhammad Kamil-Sardar, Thomas Schindler, Laura Escarmena, Nerea Parada-Reverter, Sílvia Poblador, Francesc Sabater, and Tom De Dobbelaer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3623, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3623, 2026
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Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from soils is expensive and time-consuming, limiting our ability to identify where emissions occur and how to reduce them. We tested whether infrared measurements of soil could provide a faster alternative. Using samples from wetlands across six European countries, we demonstrated that this method can predict a soil’s potential to release carbon dioxide and identify areas at risk of elevated greenhouse gas emissions, supporting more effective climate action.
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Organic soils store large amounts of carbon but also emit greenhouse gases. Drainage alters soil conditions, affecting carbon cycling and plant growth. We studied poplar trees under controlled water levels to see how soil and plant interactions influence greenhouse gas emissions and plant vitality. This helps understand how water management can improve carbon storage and sustainable use of organic soils.
Aldis Butlers, Raija Laiho, Andis Lazdiņš, Thomas Schindler, Kaido Soosaar, Jyrki Jauhiainen, Arta Bārdule, Muhammad Kamil-Sardar, Ieva Līcīte, Valters Samariks, Andreas Haberl, Hanna Vahter, Dovilė Čiuldienė, Jani Anttila, and Kęstutis Armolaitis
Biogeosciences, 22, 4627–4647, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4627-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4627-2025, 2025
Short summary
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A 2-year study assessed the soil carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of drained and undrained hemiboreal peatland forests across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The study sites included a wide variety of nutrient-rich organic soils, ranging from those near the threshold of organic soil definition to deep peat soils. The soils varied in pH, nutrient levels, and C : N ratio, which contributed to the observed behavior of the soils, demonstrating CO2 sink and source dynamics under both drained and undrained conditions.
Arta Bārdule, Raija Laiho, Jyrki Jauhiainen, Kaido Soosaar, Andis Lazdiņš, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Aldis Butlers, Dovilė Čiuldienė, Andreas Haberl, Ain Kull, Milda Muraškienė, Ivika Ostonen, Gristin Rohula-Okunev, Muhammad Kamil-Sardar, Thomas Schindler, Hanna Vahter, Egidijus Vigricas, and Ieva Līcīte
Biogeosciences, 22, 4241–4259, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4241-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4241-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of CO2 fluxes from drained nutrient-rich organic soils in croplands and grasslands in the hemiboreal region of Europe revealed that annual net CO2 fluxes were lower than the latest (2014) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) emission factors provided for the whole temperate zone, including the hemiboreal region. The contribution of CO2 fluxes from shallow highly decomposed organic soils, former peatlands that no longer meet the IPCC criterion for organic soils, to total emissions can be high and should not be underestimated.
Aldis Butlers, Raija Laiho, Kaido Soosaar, Jyrki Jauhiainen, Thomas Schindler, Arta Bārdule, Muhammad Kamil-Sardar, Andreas Haberl, Valters Samariks, Hanna Vahter, Andis Lazdiņš, Dovilė Čiuldienė, Kęstutis Armolaitis, and Ieva Līcīte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1397, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
A two-year study in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania evaluated forest organic soil carbon balance and the impact of drainage. CO2 emissions from soil did not significantly differ, showing a uniform methodology should be applied in national greenhouse gas inventories. Neither drained or undrained soils lost carbon during the study period. However, it was estimated that the negative impact of drainage on carbon sequestration in hemiboreal forest soils is 0.43±2.69 t C ha−1 year−1.
Jyrki Jauhiainen, Juha Heikkinen, Nicholas Clarke, Hongxing He, Lise Dalsgaard, Kari Minkkinen, Paavo Ojanen, Lars Vesterdal, Jukka Alm, Aldis Butlers, Ingeborg Callesen, Sabine Jordan, Annalea Lohila, Ülo Mander, Hlynur Óskarsson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Gunnhild Søgaard, Kaido Soosaar, Åsa Kasimir, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Andis Lazdins, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 20, 4819–4839, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study looked at published data on drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate zones to revisit current Tier 1 default emission factors (EFs) provided by the IPCC Wetlands Supplement. We examined the possibilities of forming more site-type specific EFs and inspected the potential relevance of environmental variables for predicting annual soil greenhouse gas balances by statistical models. The results have important implications for EF revisions and national emission reporting.
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Short summary
Knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions from organic soils is continuously improving and requires periodic re-evaluation. This study compiled emission estimates from regions characterised by cold winters, warm summers, and no dry season. The findings indicate that, on average, emissions from drained forest organic soils are not substantially higher than those from undrained soils. This challenges a common assumption that drained areas consistently produce elevated emissions.
Knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions from organic soils is continuously improving and requires...
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