Articles | Volume 11, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5637-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5637-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Oct 2014
Research article |
| 14 Oct 2014
Transport of branched tetraether lipids from the Tagus River basin to the coastal ocean of the Portuguese margin: consequences for the interpretation of the MBT'/CBT paleothermometer
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands
J.-H. Kim
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands
M. Balsinha
Marine Geology Division, Portuguese Hydrographic Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
D. Dorhout
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands
C. Fernandes
Marine Geology Division, Portuguese Hydrographic Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
M. Baas
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands
J. S. Sinninghe Damsté
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands
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Enhanced analytical techniques were applied to characterize fossilized microbial cell membrane lipids from samples in the Tagus River basin spanning the last 6000 years. Using the novel methods and calibration, the pH estimates were improved upon, and this study reveals new factors that should be considered when using this proxy as well as affirms the importance of examining the provenance of these lipids before applying them for paleoclimate reconstructions.
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Enhanced analytical techniques were applied to characterize fossilized microbial cell membrane lipids from samples in the Tagus River basin spanning the last 6000 years. Using the novel methods and calibration, the pH estimates were improved upon, and this study reveals new factors that should be considered when using this proxy as well as affirms the importance of examining the provenance of these lipids before applying them for paleoclimate reconstructions.
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Jérôme Kaiser, Norbert Wasmund, Mati Kahru, Anna K. Wittenborn, Regina Hansen, Katharina Häusler, Matthias Moros, Detlef Schulz-Bull, and Helge W. Arz
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Inken Heidke, Denis Scholz, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Biogeosciences, 15, 5831–5845, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5831-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5831-2018, 2018
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We developed a sensitive method to analyze the lignin composition of organic traces contained in speleothems. Lignin is a main constituent of woody plants and its composition contains information about the type of vegetation. This method offers new possibilities to reconstruct the vegetation of past millennia since it combines the advantages of lignin analysis as a highly specific vegetation biomarker with the benefits of speleothems as unique terrestrial climate archives.
Jan-Peter Duda, Volker Thiel, Thorsten Bauersachs, Helge Mißbach, Manuel Reinhardt, Nadine Schäfer, Martin J. Van Kranendonk, and Joachim Reitner
Biogeosciences, 15, 1535–1548, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1535-2018, 2018
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The origin of organic matter in the oldest rocks on Earth is commonly ambiguous (biotic vs. abiotic). This problem culminates in the case of hydrothermal chert veins that contain abundant organic matter. Here we demonstrate a microbial origin of kerogen embedded in a 3.5 Gyr old hydrothermal chert vein. We explain this finding with the large-scale redistribution of biomass by hydrothermal fluids, emphasizing the interplay between biological and abiological processes on the early Earth.
Wenjie Xiao, Yinghui Wang, Shangzhe Zhou, Limin Hu, Huan Yang, and Yunping Xu
Biogeosciences, 13, 5883–5894, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5883-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5883-2016, 2016
Kimberley L. Davies, Richard D. Pancost, Mary E. Edwards, Katey M. Walter Anthony, Peter G. Langdon, and Lidia Chaves Torres
Biogeosciences, 13, 2611–2621, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2611-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2611-2016, 2016
J. Holtvoeth, D. Rushworth, H. Copsey, A. Imeri, M. Cara, H. Vogel, T. Wagner, and G. A. Wolff
Biogeosciences, 13, 795–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-795-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-795-2016, 2016
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Lake Ohrid is situated in the southern Balkans between Albania and Macedonia. It is a unique ecosystem with remarkable biodiversity and a sediment record of past climates that goes back more than a million years. Detailed reconstructions of past climate development and human alteration of the environment require underpinned and so in this study we go the present-day lake vegetation and catchment soils and test new proxies over one of the known recent cooling events of the region 8200 years ago.
T. Larsen, L. T. Bach, R. Salvatteci, Y. V. Wang, N. Andersen, M. Ventura, and M. D. McCarthy
Biogeosciences, 12, 4979–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4979-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4979-2015, 2015
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A tiny fraction of marine algae escapes decomposition and is buried in sediments. Since tools are needed to track the fate of algal organic carbon, we tested whether naturally occurring isotope variability among amino acids from algae and bacteria can be used as source diagnostic fingerprints. We found that isotope fingerprints track algal amino acid sources with high fidelity across different growth conditions, and that the fingerprints can be used to quantify bacterial amino acids in sediment.
S. Ding, Y. Xu, Y. Wang, Y. He, J. Hou, L. Chen, and J.-S. He
Biogeosciences, 12, 3141–3151, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3141-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3141-2015, 2015
P. Sepúlveda, J. P. Le Roux, L. E. Lara, G. Orozco, and V. Astudillo
Biogeosciences, 12, 1993–2001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1993-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1993-2015, 2015
F. Peterse, C. M. Moy, and T. I. Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 12, 933–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-933-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-933-2015, 2015
M. Blumenberg, C. Berndmeyer, M. Moros, M. Muschalla, O. Schmale, and V. Thiel
Biogeosciences, 10, 2725–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2725-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2725-2013, 2013
Y. Lu, Y. Hautevelle, and R. Michels
Biogeosciences, 10, 1943–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1943-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1943-2013, 2013
M. Blumenberg and F. Wiese
Biogeosciences, 9, 4139–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4139-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4139-2012, 2012
D. Rush, E. C. Hopmans, S. G. Wakeham, S. Schouten, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté
Biogeosciences, 9, 2407–2418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2407-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2407-2012, 2012
M. D. Wolhowe, F. G. Prahl, I. Probert, and M. Maldonado
Biogeosciences, 6, 1681–1694, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1681-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1681-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Alt-Epping, U., Mil-Homens, M., Hebbeln, D., Abrantes, F., and Schneider, R. R.: Provenance of organic matter and nutrient conditions on a river- and upwelling influenced shelf: A case study from the Portuguese Margin, Mar. Geol., 243, 169–179, 2007.
Ambar, I., Fiúza, A. F. G.: Some features of the Portugal current system: a poleward slope undercurrent, an upwellingrelated summer southward flow and an autumn–winter poleward coastal surface current, in: Proceedings of the second international conference on air–sea interaction and on meteorology and oceanography of the coastal zone, edited by: Katsaros, K. B., Fiúza, A. F. G., and Ambar, I., Boston, USA, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 286–287, 1994.
Ballantyne, A. P., Greenwood, D. R., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Csank, A. Z., Eberle, J. J., and Rybczynski, N.: Significantly warmer Arctic surface temperatures during the Pliocene indicated by multiple independent proxies, Geology, 38, 603–606, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30815.1, 2010.
Bendle, J. A., Weijers, J. W. H., Maslin, M. A., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Boot, C. S., and Pancost, R. D.: Major changes in glacial and Holocene terrestrial temperatures and sources of organic carbon recorded in the Amazon fan by tetraether lipids, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, 14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003308, 2010.
Castañeda, I. S., Schefuß, E., Pätzold, J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Weldeab, S., and Schouten, S.: Millennial-scale sea surface temperature changes in the eastern Mediterranean (Nile River Delta region) over the last 27 000 years, Paleoceanography, 25, PA1208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001740, 2010.
Cleveland, C. C., Wieder, W. R., Reed, S. C., and Townsend, A. R.: Experimental drought in a tropical rain forest increases soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere, Ecology, 91, 2313–2323, 2010.
D'Anjou, R. M., Wei, J. H., Castañeda, I. S., Brigham-Grette, J., Petsch, S. T., and Finkelstein, D. B.: High-latitude environmental change during MIS 9 and 11: Biogeochemical evidence from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russia, Clim. Past, 9, 567–581, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-567-2013, 2013.
De Jonge, C., Hopmans, E. C., Stadnitskaia, A., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Hofland, R., Tegelaar, E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Identification of novel penta- and hexamethylated branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in peat using HPLC–MS2, GC–MS and GC–SMB-MS, Org. Geochem., 54, 78–82, 2013.
De Jonge, C., Stadnitskaia, A., Hopmans, E. C., Cherkashov, G., Fedotov, and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: In-situ produced branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in suspended particulate matter from the Yenisei River, Eastern Siberia, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 125, 476–491, 2014.
Dirghangi, S. S., Pagani, M., Hren, M. T., and Tipple, B. J.: Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils from two environmental transects in the USA, Org. Geochem., 59, 49–60, 2013.
Donders, T. H., Weijers, J. W. H., Munsterman, D. K., Kloosterboer-van Hoeve, M. L., Buckles, L. K., Pancost, R. D., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H.: Strong climate coupling of terrestrial and marine environments in the Miocene of northwest Europe, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 281, 215–225, 2009.
Fawcett, P. J., Werne, J. P., Anderson, R. S., Heikoop, J. M., Brown, E. T., Berke, M. A., Smith, S. J., Goff, F., Donohoo-Hurley, L., Cisneros-Dozal, L. M., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Huang, Y., Toney, J., Fessenden, J., WoldeGabriel, G., Atudorei, V., Geissman, J. W., and Allen, C. D.: Extended megadroughts in the southwestern United States during Pleistocene interglacials, Nature, 470, 518–521, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09839, 2011.
Fietz, S., Martínez-Garcia, A., Huguet, C., Rueda, G., and Rosell-Melé, A.: Constraints in the application of the Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether index as a terrestrial input proxy, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007062, 2011.
Fiúza, A. F. G., Macedo, M. E., and Guerreiro, M. R.: Climatological space and time variation of the Portuguese Coastal Upwelling, Oceanol. Acta, 5, 31–40, 1982.
Fry, B. and Sherr E. B.: d13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems, Contrib. Mar. Sci., 27, 13–47, 1984.
Herfort, L., Schouten, S., Boon, J. P., Woltering, M., Baas, M., Weiers, J. W. H., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Characterization of transport and deposition of terrestrial organic matter in the southern North Sea using the BIT index, Limnol. Ocean. 51, 2196–2205, 2006.
Hopmans, E. C., Weijers, J. W. H., Schefuß, E., Herfort, L., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 224, 107–116, 2004.
Hu, J., Meyers, P. A., Chen, G., Peng, P., and Yang, Q.: Archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in sediments from the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, South Pacific Ocean, Org. Geochem., 43, 162–167, 2012.
Huguet, C., Hopmans, E. C., Febo-Ayala, W., Thompson, D. H., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: An improved method to determine the absolute abundance of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids, Org. Geochem., 37, 1036–1041, 2006.
Huguet, C., Smittenberg, R.H., Boer, W., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Twentieth century proxy records of temperature and soil organic matter input in the Drammensfjord, southern Norway, Org. Geochem, 38, 1838–1849, 2007.
Huguet, C., de Lange, G. J., Gustafsson, Ö., Middelburg, J. J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Selective preservation of soil organic matter in oxidized marine sediments (Madeira Abyssal Plain), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 6061–6068, 2008.
Huguet, C., Kim, J.-H., de Lange, G. J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Effects of long term oxic degradation on the , TEX86 and BIT organic proxies, Org. Geochem., 40, 1188–1194, 2009.
Jia, G., Rao, Z., Zhang, J., Li, Z., and Chen, F.: Tetraether biomarker records from a loess-paleosol sequence in the western Chinese Loess Plateau, Front. Microbiol., 4, 199, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00199, 2013.
Jobbágy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B.: The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation, Ecol. Appl. 10, 423–436, 2000.
Jouanneau, J. M., Garcia, C., Oliveira, A., Rodrigues, A., Dias, J. A., and Weber, O.: Dispersal and deposition of suspended sediment on the shelf off the Tagus and Sado estuaries, S. W. Portugal. Prog. Ocean, 42, 233–257, 1998.
Kim, J.-H., Zarzycka, B., Buscail, R., Peterse, F., Bonnin, J., Ludwig, W., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Contribution of river-borne soil organic carbon to the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean), Limnol. Oceanogr. 55, 507–518, 2010.
Loomis, S.E., Russell James, M., Ladd, B., Street-Perrott, A., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Calibration and application of the branched GDGT temperature proxy on East African lake sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 42, 357–358, 2012.
Lorrain, A., Savoye, N., Chauvaud, L., Paulet, Y.-M., and Naulet, N.: Decarbonation and preservation method for the analysis of organic C and N contents and stable isotope ratios of low-carbonated suspended particulate material, Anal. Chim. Acta, 491, 125–133, 2003.
Loureiro, J. M., and Macedo, M. E.: Bacia hidrografica do rio Tejo. In Monografias hidrologicas dos principais cursops de agua de Portugal continental. Direccao Geral dos Recursos e Aproveitamentos Hidraulicos, 281–337, 1986.
Martins, C. S., Hamann, M., and Fuiza, A. F. G.: Surface circulation in the eastern North Atlantic from drifters and altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000345, 2002.
Menges, J., Huguet, C., Alcañiz, J. M., Fietz, S., Sachse, D., and Rosell-Melé, A.: Water availability determines branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether distributions in soils of the Iberian Peninsula, Biogeosciences, 11, 2571–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2571-2014, 2014.
Mougenot, D.: Géologie de la Marge Portugaise, Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat és Sciences Naturelles, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, 1988.
Niemann, H., Stadnitskaia, A., Wirth, S. B., Gilli, A., Anselmetti, F. S., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., and Lehmann, M. F.: Bacterial GDGTs in Holocene sediments and catchment soils of a high Alpine lake: application of the MBT/CBT-paleothermometer, Clim. Past, 8, 889–906, 2012.
Ninyerola, M., Pons, X., and Roure, J.: Atlas Climático Digital de la Península Ibérica. Metodología y aplicaciones en bioclimatología y geobotánica. ISBN 932860-8-7, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2005.
Oppermann, B. I., Michaelis, W., Blumenberg, M., Frerichs, J., Schulz, H. M., Schippers, A., Beaubien, S. E., and Krüger, M.: Soil microbial community changes as a result of long-term exposure to a natural CO2 vent, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 2697–2716, 2010.
Paiva, P., Jouanneau, J.-M., Araújo, F., Weber, O., Rodrigues, A., and Dias, J. M. A.: Elemental distribution in a sedimentary deposit on the shelf off the Tagus estuary (Portugal), Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 99, 507–514, 1997.
Pancost, R. D. and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Carbon isotopic compositions of prokaryotic lipids as tracers of carbon cycling in diverse settings, Chem. Geol. 195, 29–58, 2003.
Pearson, E. J., Juggins, S., Talbot, H. M., Weckström, J., Rosén, P., Ryves, D. B., Roberts, S. J., and Schmidt, R.: A lacustrine GDGT-temperature calibration from the Scandinavian Arctic to Antarctic: Renewed potential for the application of GDGT-paleothermometry in lakes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 6225–6238, 2011.
Peterse, F., Kim, J.-H., Schouten, S., Klitgaard Kristensen, D., Koç, N., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Constraints on the application of the MBT/CBT palaeothermometer at high latitude environments (Svalbard, Norway), Org. Geochem. 40, 692–699, 2009.
Peterse, F., Nicol, G. W., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Influence of soil pH on the abundance and distribution of core and intact polar lipid-derived branched GDGTs in soil, Org. Geochem., 41, 1171–1175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.07.004, 2010.
Peterse, F., Prins, M. A., Beets, C. J., Troelstra, S. R., Zheng, H., Gu, Z., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Decoupled warming and monsoon precipitation in East Asia over the last deglaciation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 301, 256–264, 2011a.
Peterse, F., Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., Mets, A., Rijpstra, W. I. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Identification and distribution of intact polar branched tetraether lipids in peat and soil, Org. Geochem. 42, 1007–1015, 2011b.
Peterse, F., van der Meer, J., Schouten, S., Weijers, J. W. H., Fierer, N., Jackson, R. B., Kim, J.-H., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Revised calibration of the MBT–CBT paleotemperature proxy based on branched tetraether membrane lipids in surface soils. Geochim, Cosmochim. Acta, 96, 215–229, 2012.
Pitcher, A., Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Separation of core and intact polar archaeal tetraether lipids using silica columns: Insights into living and fossil biomass contributions, Org. Geochem. 40, 12–19, 2009.
Rueda, G., Rosell-Melé, A., Escala, M., Gyllencreutz, R., and Backman, J.: Comparison of instrumental and GDGT-based estimates of sea surface and air temperatures from the Skagerrak, Org. Geochem., 40, 287–291, 2009.
Schmidt, F., Hinrichs, K.-U. and Elvert, M.: Sources, transport, and partitioning of organic matter at a highly dynamic continental margin, Mar. Chem., 118, 37–55, 2010.
Schouten, S., Huguet, C., Hopmans, E. C., Kienhuis, M. V. M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Analytical methodology for TEX86 paleothermometry by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 79, 2940–2944, 2007.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Hopmans, E. C., Pancost, R. D., Schouten, S., and Geenevasen, J. A. J.: Newly discovered non-isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in sediments, Chem. Commun., 1683–1684, 2000.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Ossebaar, J., Abbas, B., Schouten, S., and Verschuren, D.: Fluxes and distribution of tetraether lipids in an equatorial African lake: Constraints on the application of the TEX86 palaeothermometer and BIT index in lacustrine settings, Geochim, Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 4232–4249, 2009.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Hopmans, E. C., Weijers, J. W. H., Foesel, B. U., Overmann, J., and Dedysh, S. N.: 13,16-Dimethyl Octacosanedioic Acid (iso-Diabolic Acid), a Common Membrane-Spanning Lipid of Acidobacteria Subdivisions 1 and 3. Appl, Environ. Microbiol. 77, 4147–4154, 2011.
Strong, D. J., Flecker, R., Valdes, P. J., Wilkinson, I. P., Rees, J. G., Zong, Y. Q., Lloyd, J. M., Garrett, E., and Pancost, R. D.: Organic matter distribution in the modern sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Org. Geochem., 49, 68–82, 2012.
Sun, Q., Chu, G. Q., Liu, M. M., Xie, M. M., Li, S. Q., Ling, Y. A., Wang, X. H., Shi, L. M., Jia, G. D., and Lu, H. Y.: Distributions and temperature dependence of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in recent lacustrine sediments from China and Nepal, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001365, 2011.
Smith, R. W., Bianchi, T. S., and Li, X.: A re-evaluation of the use of branched GDGTs as terrestrial biomarkers: Implications for the BIT Index, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 80, 14–29, 2012.
Tierney, J. E., Russell, J. M., Eggermont, H., Hopmans, E. C., Verschuren, D., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Environmental controls on branched tetraether lipid distributions in tropical East African lake sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 4902–4918, 2010.
Trigo R. M., Añel J., Barriopedro D., Gimeno L., Allen M., Nieto R., Neil Massey N., Castillo R., and García-Herrera R.: The record winter drought of 2011–2012 in the Iberian Peninsula, In 'Explaining extreme weather events of 2012 from a climate perspective', Special supplement of B. Am. Meterol. Soc., 94, 41–45, 2013.
Tyler, J. J., Nederbragt, A. J., Jones, V. J., and Thurow, J. W.: Assessing past temperature and soil pH estimates from bacterial tetraether membrane lipids: Evidence from the recent lake sediments of Lochnagar, Scotland, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001109, 2010.
Vale, C., Ferreira, A., Micaelo, C., Caetano, M., Pereira, E., Madureira, M., and Ramalhosa, E.: Mobility of contaminants inrelation to dredging operations in a mesotidal estuary (Tagus Estuary, Portugal), Water Sci. Technol., 37, 25–31, 1998.
Walsh, E. M., Ingalls, A. E., and Keil, R. G.: Sources and Transport of Terrestrial Organic Matter in Vancouver Island Fjords and the Vancouver-Washington Margin: A Multiproxy Approach Using d13Corg, Lignin Phenols, and the Ether Lipid BIT Index, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 1054–1063, 2008.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Geenevasen, J. A. J., David, O. R. P., Coleman, J. M., Pancost, R. D., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Membrane lipids of mesophilic anaerobic bacteria thriving in peats have typical archaeal traits, Environ. Microbiol., 8, 648–657, 2006a.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., Spaargaren, O. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Occurrence and distribution of tetraether membrane lipids in soils: Implications for the use of the TEX86 proxy and the BIT index, Org. Geochem., 37, 1680–1693, 2006b.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., van den Donker, J. C., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 703–713, 2007a.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schefuß, E., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Coupled thermal and hydrological evolution of tropical Africa over the last deglaciation, Science, 315, 1701–1704, 2007b.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., Schefuá, E., Schneider, R. R., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Disentangling marine, soil and plant organic carbon contributions to continental margin sediments: A multi-proxy approach in a 20,000 year sediment record from the Congo deep-sea fan, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 119–132, 2009.
Weijers, J. W. H., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., Bol, R., Hopmans, E. C., and Pancost, R. D.: Carbon isotopic composition of branched tetraether membrane lipids in soils suggest a rapid turnover and a heterotrophic life style of their source organism(s), Biogeosciences, 7, 2959–2973, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2959-2010, 2010.
Weijers, J. W. H., Bernhardt, B., Peterse, F., Werne, J. P., Dungait, J. A. J., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Absence of seasonal patterns in MBT-CBT indices in mid-latitude soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 3179–3190, 2011.
Williams, M., Shimabukuro, Y. E., Herbert, D. A., Pardi Lacruz, S., Renno, C., and Rastetter, E. B.: Heterogeneity of Soils and Vegetation in an Eastern Amazonian Rain Forest: Implications for Scaling Up Biomass and Production, Ecosystems, 5, 692–704, 2002.
Wu, W., Zhao, L., Pei, Y., Ding, W., Yang, H., and Xu, Y.: Variability of tetraether lipids in Yellow River-dominated continental margin during the past eight decades: Implications for organic matter sources and river channel shifts, Org. Geochem., 60, 33–39, 2013.
Xie, S., Pancost, R. D., Chen, L., Evershed, R. P., Yang, H., Zhang, K., Huang, J., and Xu, Y.: Microbial lipid records of highly alkaline deposits and enhanced aridity associated with significant uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the Late Miocene, Geology, 40, 291–294, 2012.
Yang, G., Zhang, C. L., Xie, S., Chen, Z., Gao, M., Ge, Z., and Yang, Z.: Microbial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers from river water and soil near the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, Org. Geochem., 56, 40–50, 2013.
Yang, H., Ding, W., Wang, J., Jin, C., He, G., Qin, Y., and Xie, S.: Soil pH impact on microbial tetraether lipids and terrestrial input index (BIT) in China, Sci. China Earth Sci., 55, 236–245, 2011.
Zech, R., Gao, L., Tarozo, R., and Huang, Y.: Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequences: three case studies, Org. Geochem., 53, 38–44, 2012.
Zell, C., Kim, J.-H., Abril, G., Sobrinho, R. L., Dorhout, D., Moreira-Turcq, P., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Impact of seasonal hydrological variation on the distributions of tetraether lipids along the Amazon River in the central Amazon basin: implications for the MBT/CBT paleothermometer and the BIT index, Front. Microbiol., 4, 228, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00228, 2013a.
Zell, C., Kim, J.-H., Moreira-Turcq, P., Abril, G., Hopmans, E. C., Bonnet, M.-P., Lima Sobrinho, R., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Disentangling the origins of branched tetraether lipids and crenarchaeol in the lower Amazon River: Implications for GDGT-based proxies, Limnol. Ocean., 58, 343–353, 2013b.
Zhang, C.L., Wang, J., Wei, Y., Zhu, C., Huang, L., and Dong, H.: Production of branched tetraether lipids in the lower pearl river and estuary: effects of extraction methods and impact on bGDGT proxies, Front. Microbiol., 2, 274, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00274, 2012.
Zhu, C., Weijers, J. W. H., Wagner, T., Pan, J. M., Chen, J. F., and Pancost, R. D.: Sources and distributions of tetraether lipids in surface sediments across a large river-dominated continental margin, Org. Geochem., 42, 376–386, 2011.
Zink, K.-G., Vandergoes, M. J., Mangelsdorf, K., Dieffenbacher-Krall, A. C., and Schwark, L.: Application of bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) to develop modern and past temperature estimates from New Zealand lakes, Org. Geochem., 41, 1060–1066, 2010.
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