Articles | Volume 19, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Erik Nilsson
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Marcus B. Wallin
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Erik Sahlée
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Anna Rutgersson
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cited
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea M. Honkanen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024
- Global ocean carbon uptake enhanced by rainfall L. Parc et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01517-y
- A review of surface swell waves and their role in air–sea interactions L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102397
- A Synthesis of Global Coastal Ocean Greenhouse Gas Fluxes L. Resplandy et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007803
- Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Drivers in Poland and the EU: Correlation and Regression-Based Assessment D. Gawrońska & A. Mularczyk https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104345
- Machine Learning in the Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Flow on a Site with Heterogeneous Vegetation E. Kulakova & E. Muravyova https://doi.org/10.3390/info14110591
- Assessing future changes in Baltic sea extreme wave heights using a machine learning approach K. Dubois et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05758-8
- Sea spray emissions from the Baltic Sea: comparison of aerosol eddy covariance fluxes and chamber-simulated sea spray emissions J. Zinke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1895-2024
- Enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange and modulating seawater carbonate–pH dynamics: the role of wave effect mechanisms in the POP2–waves coupled model Y. Lan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-7479-2026
- CO2 Flux on the Black Sea Surface according to Data of 2015–2024 S. Konovalov & N. Orekhova https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X25610028
- Eight Categories of Air–Water Gas Transfer D. Woolf https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6020027
- Influence of wind strength and direction on diffusive methane fluxes and atmospheric methane concentrations above the North Sea I. Bussmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024
- Mechanisms of air–sea CO2 exchange in the central Baltic Sea Y. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5567-2026
- Sea spray driven CO2 efflux: modeling the effect of sea spray evaporation on carbonate chemistry and air-sea gas exchange L. Hendrickson et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01304-5
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea M. Honkanen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024
- Global ocean carbon uptake enhanced by rainfall L. Parc et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01517-y
- A review of surface swell waves and their role in air–sea interactions L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102397
- A Synthesis of Global Coastal Ocean Greenhouse Gas Fluxes L. Resplandy et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007803
- Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Drivers in Poland and the EU: Correlation and Regression-Based Assessment D. Gawrońska & A. Mularczyk https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104345
- Machine Learning in the Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Flow on a Site with Heterogeneous Vegetation E. Kulakova & E. Muravyova https://doi.org/10.3390/info14110591
- Assessing future changes in Baltic sea extreme wave heights using a machine learning approach K. Dubois et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05758-8
- Sea spray emissions from the Baltic Sea: comparison of aerosol eddy covariance fluxes and chamber-simulated sea spray emissions J. Zinke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1895-2024
- Enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange and modulating seawater carbonate–pH dynamics: the role of wave effect mechanisms in the POP2–waves coupled model Y. Lan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-7479-2026
- CO2 Flux on the Black Sea Surface according to Data of 2015–2024 S. Konovalov & N. Orekhova https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X25610028
- Eight Categories of Air–Water Gas Transfer D. Woolf https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6020027
- Influence of wind strength and direction on diffusive methane fluxes and atmospheric methane concentrations above the North Sea I. Bussmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024
- Mechanisms of air–sea CO2 exchange in the central Baltic Sea Y. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5567-2026
- Sea spray driven CO2 efflux: modeling the effect of sea spray evaporation on carbonate chemistry and air-sea gas exchange L. Hendrickson et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01304-5
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 03 Sep 2026
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global carbon cycle and is highly relevant for the Earth's climate. In this study, we used 9 years of in situ measurements to evaluate the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, using this long record, we assessed the effect of atmospheric and water-side mechanisms controlling the efficiency of the air–sea CO2 exchange under different wind-speed conditions.
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global...
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