Articles | Volume 20, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Mar 2023
Research article |
| 30 Mar 2023
| 30 Mar 2023
Meteorological history of low-forest-greenness events in Europe in 2002–2022
Mauro Hermann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Matthias Röthlisberger
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Arthur Gessler
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Andreas Rigling
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Cornelius Senf
Department of Life Science Systems, Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
Thomas Wohlgemuth
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Heini Wernli
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Timo Schmid, Valentina Radić, Andrew Tedstone, James M. Lea, Stephen Brough, and Mauro Hermann
The Cryosphere, 17, 3933–3954, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3933-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3933-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet contributes strongly to sea level rise in the warming climate. One process that can affect the ice sheet's mass balance is short-term ice speed-up events. These can be caused by high melting or rainfall as the water flows underneath the glacier and allows for faster sliding. In this study we found three main weather patterns that cause such ice speed-up events on the Russell Glacier in southwest Greenland and analyzed how they induce local melting and ice accelerations.
Mauro Hermann, Lukas Papritz, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-497-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-497-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We find, by tracing backward in time, that air masses causing extensive melt of the Greenland Ice Sheet originate from further south and lower altitudes than usual. Their exceptional warmth further arises due to ascent and cloud formation, which is special compared to near-surface heat waves in the midlatitudes or the central Arctic. The atmospheric systems and transport pathways identified here are crucial in understanding and simulating the atmospheric control of the ice sheet in the future.
Stephanie Mayer, Martin Hendrick, Adrien Michel, Bettina Richter, Jürg Schweizer, Heini Wernli, and Alec van Herwijnen
The Cryosphere, 18, 5495–5517, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the impact of climate change on snow avalanche activity is crucial for safeguarding lives and infrastructure. Here, we project changes in avalanche activity in the Swiss Alps throughout the 21st century. Our findings reveal elevation-dependent patterns of change, indicating a decrease in dry-snow avalanches alongside an increase in wet-snow avalanches at elevations above the current treeline. These results underscore the necessity to revisit measures for avalanche risk mitigation.
Alba Viana-Soto and Cornelius Senf
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-361, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-361, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Europe's forests are undergoing complex changes in response to increasing disturbances driven by climate and land use changes. We present here the European Forest Disturbance Atlas, a satellite-based approach for mapping annual forest disturbances across continental Europe since 1985. Maps provide insights into the year of disturbance occurrence, the actual frequency of disturbances, severity and the underlying causal agent, thus contributing to a future monitoring system envisioned for Europe.
Nicolai Krieger, Heini Wernli, Michael Sprenger, and Christian Kühnlein
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3461, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3461, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the Laseyer, a local windstorm in a narrow Swiss valley, characterized by strong south-easterly winds during north-westerly ambient flow. Using large-eddy simulations (LES) with 30 m grid spacing, this is the first study to reveal that the extreme gusts in the valley are caused by an amplifying interplay of two recirculation regions. Modifying terrain and ambient wind conditions affects the windstorm's intensity and highlights the importance of topographic details in LES.
Brittany Engle, Ivan Bratoev, Morgan A. Crowley, Yanan Zhu, and Cornelius Senf
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-465, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-465, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The BoLtFire database is a lightning-ignited wildfire dataset that spans the entire boreal forest from 2012–2022 and includes large fires. The dataset was created using a new methodology to match lightnings to wildfires in the boreal region. The dataset encompassing 6,228 fires — 4,186 in Eurasia and 2,042 in North America. This dataset provides new opportunities to model ignition and spread dynamics of boreal wildfires and offers deeper insights into lightning-driven fire activity globally.
Heini Wernli and Suzanne L. Gray
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1299–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The science of extratropical dynamics has reached a new level where the interplay of dry dynamics with effects of latent heating in clouds and other diabatic processes is considered central to the field. This review documents how research about the role of diabatic processes evolved over more than a century; it highlights that progress relied essentially on the integration of theory, field campaigns, novel diagnostics, and numerical modelling, and it outlines avenues for future research.
Hanin Binder and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2936, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2936, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a systematic analysis of frequency anomalies and characteristics of extratropical cyclones during extremely wet, dry, windy, and calm winter and summer seasons in the extratropics, based on 1050 years of present-day climate simulations. We show that anomalies in cyclone frequency, intensity and stationarity are crucial for the occurrence of many extreme seasons, and that these anomaly patterns exhibit substantial regional and seasonal variability.
Killian P. Brennan, Michael Sprenger, André Walser, Marco Arpagaus, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2148, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2148, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study looked at the intense hailstorms in Switzerland on June 28, 2021. We used detailed computer simulations to understand how these storms formed, grew stronger, and eventually faded away. By tracking storm features and studying the airflows and weather conditions around them, we found that our model accurately predicted storm paths and lifespans. The storms showed complex patterns of hail and rain. This research can help improve the forecasting and handling of severe weather events.
Ellina Agayar, Franziska Aemisegger, Moshe Armon, Alexander Scherrmann, and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2441–2459, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the results of a climatological investigation of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) in Ukraine for the period 1979–2019. During all seasons EPEs are associated with pronounced upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomalies. In addition, we find distinct seasonal and regional differences in moisture sources. Several extreme precipitation cases demonstrate the importance of these processes, complemented by a detailed synoptic analysis.
Stefano Ubbiali, Christian Kühnlein, Christoph Schär, Linda Schlemmer, Thomas C. Schulthess, Michael Staneker, and Heini Wernli
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-92, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-92, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We explore a high-level programming model for GPU porting of NWP model codes, based on the Python domain-specific library GT4Py. We present a Python rewrite with GT4Py of the ECMWF cloud microphysics scheme and the associated tangent-linear and adjoint algorithms. We find excellent portability, competitive performance and robust execution on diverse CPU and GPU architectures. The additional advantages in terms of maintainability, productivity and readability are also highlighted.
Luise J. Fischer, David N. Bresch, Dominik Büeler, Christian M. Grams, Matthias Röthlisberger, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1253, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric flows over the North Atlantic can be meaningfully classified into weather regimes, and climate simulations suggest that the regime frequencies might change in the future. We provide a quantitative framework that helps assessing whether these regime frequency changes are relevant for understanding climate change signals in precipitation. At least in our example application, this is not the case, i.e., regime frequency changes explain little of the projected precipitation changes.
Katharina Heitmann, Michael Sprenger, Hanin Binder, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 537–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are coherently ascending air streams that occur in extratropical cyclones where they form precipitation and often affect the large-scale flow. We quantified the key characteristics and impacts of WCBs and linked them to different phases in the cyclone life cycle and to different WCB branches. A climatology of these metrics revealed that WCBs are most intense during cyclone intensification and that the cyclonic and anticyclonic WCB branches show distinct differences.
Katharina Hartmuth, Heini Wernli, and Lukas Papritz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-878, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-878, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use large-ensemble climate model simulations to analyze extreme winters in the Barents Sea in a changing climate. We find that variability in both atmospheric processes and sea ice conditions determines the formation of such seasons in the present-day climate. The reduction in sea ice variability results in a decreasing importance of surface boundary conditions in a warmer climate, while the robust link shown for surface weather systems persists.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 419–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the formation of Mediterranean cyclones follows the presence of cyclones over the North Atlantic. The distinct regions of cyclone activity in the Mediterranean in the different seasons can be linked to the atmospheric state, in particular the position of the polar jet over the North Atlantic. With this we now better understand the processes that lead to the formation of Mediterranean cyclones. We used a novel simulation framework in which we directly show and probe this connection.
Belinda Hotz, Lukas Papritz, and Matthias Röthlisberger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 323–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analysing the vertical structure of temperature anomalies of recent record-breaking heatwaves reveals a complex four-dimensional interplay of anticyclone–heatwave interactions, with vertically strongly varying advective, adiabatic, and diabatic contributions to the respective temperature anomalies. The heatwaves featured bottom-heavy positive temperature anomalies, extending throughout the troposphere.
Esther S. Breuninger, Julie Tolu, Iris Thurnherr, Franziska Aemisegger, Aryeh Feinberg, Sylvain Bouchet, Jeroen E. Sonke, Véronique Pont, Heini Wernli, and Lenny H. E. Winkel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2491–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric deposition is an important source of selenium (Se) and other health-relevant trace elements in surface environments. We found that the variability in elemental concentrations in atmospheric deposition reflects not only changes in emission sources but also weather conditions during atmospheric removal. Depending on the sources and if Se is derived more locally or from further away, the Se forms can be different, affecting the bioavailability of Se atmospherically supplied to soils.
Julian F. Quinting, Christian M. Grams, Edmund Kar-Man Chang, Stephan Pfahl, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 65–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-65-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-65-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Research in the last few decades has revealed that rapidly ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones have an important effect on the evolution of downstream weather and predictability. In this study, we show that the occurrence of these airstreams over the North Pacific is modulated by tropical convection. Depending on the modulation, known atmospheric circulation patterns evolve quite differently, which may affect extended-range predictions in the Atlantic–European region.
Sebastian Schemm and Matthias Röthlisberger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 43–63, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-43-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change has started to weaken atmospheric circulation during summer in the Northern Hemisphere. However, there is low agreement on the processes underlying changes in, for example, the stationarity of weather patterns or the seasonality of the jet response to warming. This study examines changes during summertime in an idealised setting and confirms some important changes in hemisphere-wide wave and jet characteristics under warming.
Leonie Villiger, Marina Dütsch, Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Patrick Chazette, Pierre Coutris, Julien Delanoë, Cyrille Flamant, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Martin Werner, and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14643–14672, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates three numerical simulations performed with an isotope-enabled weather forecast model and investigates the coupling between shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds and atmospheric circulations on different scales. We show that the simulations reproduce key characteristics of shallow trade-wind clouds as observed during the field experiment EUREC4A and that the spatial distribution of stable-water-vapour isotopes is shaped by the overturning circulation associated with these clouds.
Elena De La Torre Castro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Armin Afchine, Volker Grewe, Valerian Hahn, Simon Kirschler, Martina Krämer, Johannes Lucke, Nicole Spelten, Heini Wernli, Martin Zöger, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13167–13189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show the differences in the microphysical properties between high-latitude (HL) cirrus and mid-latitude (ML) cirrus over the Arctic, North Atlantic, and central Europe during summer. The in situ measurements are combined with backward trajectories to investigate the influence of the region on cloud formation. We show that HL cirrus are characterized by a lower concentration of larger ice crystals when compared to ML cirrus.
Timo Schmid, Valentina Radić, Andrew Tedstone, James M. Lea, Stephen Brough, and Mauro Hermann
The Cryosphere, 17, 3933–3954, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3933-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3933-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet contributes strongly to sea level rise in the warming climate. One process that can affect the ice sheet's mass balance is short-term ice speed-up events. These can be caused by high melting or rainfall as the water flows underneath the glacier and allows for faster sliding. In this study we found three main weather patterns that cause such ice speed-up events on the Russell Glacier in southwest Greenland and analyzed how they induce local melting and ice accelerations.
Mark J. Rodwell and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 591–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Midlatitude storms and their downstream impacts have a major impact on society, yet their prediction is especially prone to uncertainty. While this can never be fully eliminated, we find that the initial rate of growth of uncertainty varies for a range of forecast models. Examination of the model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) suggests ways in which uncertainty growth could be reduced, leading to sharper and more reliable forecasts over the first few days.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamical origin of the lower-atmospheric potential vorticity (PV; linked to the intensity of cyclones) in Mediterranean cyclones. We quantify the contribution of the cyclone and the environment by tracing PV backward in time and space and linking it to the track of the cyclone. We find that the lower-tropospheric PV is produced shortly before the cyclone's stage of highest intensity. We investigate the driving processes and use a global dataset and a process-resolving one.
Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, Hanin Binder, Urs Beyerle, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 133–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are strongly ascending, cloud- and precipitation-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. In this study we assess their representation in a climate simulation and their changes under global warming. They become moister, become more intense, and reach higher altitudes in a future climate, implying that they potentially have an increased impact on the mid-latitude flow.
Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 999–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, airborne lidar profile measurements of H2O and O3 across a midlatitude jet stream are combined with analyses in tracer–trace space and backward trajectories. We highlight that transport and mixing processes in the history of the observed air masses are governed by interacting tropospheric weather systems on synoptic timescales. We show that these weather systems play a key role in the high variability of the paired H2O and O3 distributions near the tropopause.
Hanin Binder, Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 19–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-19-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-19-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are the main cloud- and precipitation-producing airstreams in extratropical cyclones. The latent heat release that occurs during cloud formation often contributes to the intensification of the associated cyclone. Based on the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble coupled climate simulations, we show that WCBs and associated latent heating will become stronger in a future climate and be even more important for explosive cyclone intensification than in the present.
Adrian Ringenbach, Peter Bebi, Perry Bartelt, Andreas Rigling, Marc Christen, Yves Bühler, Andreas Stoffel, and Andrin Caviezel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1303–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The presented automatic deadwood generator (ADG) allows us to consider deadwood in rockfall simulations in unprecedented detail. Besides three-dimensional fresh deadwood cones, we include old woody debris in rockfall simulations based on a higher compaction rate and lower energy absorption thresholds. Simulations including different deadwood states indicate that a 10-year-old deadwood pile has a higher protective capacity than a pre-storm forest stand.
S. Mubashshir Ali, Matthias Röthlisberger, Tess Parker, Kai Kornhuber, and Olivia Martius
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 1139–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1139-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1139-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Persistent weather can lead to extreme weather conditions. One such atmospheric flow pattern, termed recurrent Rossby wave packets (RRWPs), has been shown to increase persistent weather in the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we show that RRWPs are also an important feature in the Southern Hemisphere. We evaluate the role of RRWPs during south-eastern Australian heatwaves and find that they help to persist the heatwaves by forming upper-level high-pressure systems over south-eastern Australia.
Adrian Ringenbach, Elia Stihl, Yves Bühler, Peter Bebi, Perry Bartelt, Andreas Rigling, Marc Christen, Guang Lu, Andreas Stoffel, Martin Kistler, Sandro Degonda, Kevin Simmler, Daniel Mader, and Andrin Caviezel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2433–2443, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2433-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2433-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Forests have a recognized braking effect on rockfalls. The impact of lying deadwood, however, is mainly neglected. We conducted 1 : 1-scale rockfall experiments in three different states of a spruce forest to fill this knowledge gap: the original forest, the forest including lying deadwood and the cleared area. The deposition points clearly show that deadwood has a protective effect. We reproduced those experimental results numerically, considering three-dimensional cones to be deadwood.
Matthias Röthlisberger, Barbara Scherrer, Andries Jan de Vries, and Raphael Portmann
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 733–754, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-733-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-733-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the palette of synoptic storylines accompanying unusually long wet spells in Europe. Thereby, we identify a hitherto not documented mechanism for generating long wet spells which involves recurrent Rossby wave breaking and subsequent cutoff replenishment. Understanding the synoptic processes behind long wet spells is relevant in light of projected changes in wet spell characteristics as it is a prerequisite for evaluating climate models with regard to such events.
Andries Jan de Vries, Franziska Aemisegger, Stephan Pfahl, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8863–8895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8863-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8863-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's water cycle contains the common H2O molecule but also the less abundant, heavier HDO. We use their different physical properties to study tropical ice clouds in model simulations of the West African monsoon. Isotope signals reveal different processes through which ice clouds form and decay in deep-convective and widespread cirrus. Previously observed variations in upper-tropospheric vapour isotopes are explained by microphysical processes in convective updraughts and downdraughts.
Philipp Zschenderlein and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 391–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-391-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-391-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation and temperature are two of the most important variables describing our weather and climate. The relationship between these variables has been studied extensively; however, the role of specific weather systems in shaping this relationship has not been analysed yet. We therefore analyse whether intense precipitation occurs on warmer or on colder days and identify the relevant weather systems. In general, weather systems strongly influence this relationship, especially in winter.
Jan Clemens, Felix Ploeger, Paul Konopka, Raphael Portmann, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3841–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Highly polluted air flows from the surface to higher levels of the atmosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. At high levels, the air is trapped within eddies. Here, we study how air masses can leave the eddy within its cutoff, how they distribute, and how their chemical composition changes. We found evidence for transport from the eddy to higher latitudes over the North Pacific and even Alaska. During transport, trace gas concentrations within cutoffs changed gradually, showing steady mixing.
Katharina Hartmuth, Maxi Boettcher, Heini Wernli, and Lukas Papritz
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 89–111, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-89-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-89-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce a novel method to objectively define and identify extreme Arctic seasons based on different surface variables. We find that such seasons are resulting from various combinations of unusual seasonal conditions. The occurrence or absence of different atmospheric processes strongly affects the character of extreme Arctic seasons. Further, changes in sea ice and sea surface temperature can strongly influence the formation of such a season in distinct regions.
Leonie Villiger, Heini Wernli, Maxi Boettcher, Martin Hagen, and Franziska Aemisegger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 59–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-59-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-59-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The coupling between the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the clouds in the trade-wind region is complex and not yet fully understood. In this study, the formation pathway of two anomalous cloud layers over Barbados during the field campaign EUREC4A is described. The two case studies highlight the influence of remote weather systems on the local environmental conditions in Barbados.
Philipp Zschenderlein and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-396, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-396, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In early January 2021, Spain was affected by two extreme events – an unusually long cold spell and a heavy snowfall event associated with extratropical cyclone Filomena. In the study, we analyse the synoptic-dynamic development of the two extreme events. Cold air from the north was advected towards Spain and between 07 and 10 January, cyclone Filomena was responsible for major parts of the snowfall event. During this event, temperature and moisture contrasts accross Spain were very high.
Roman Attinger, Elisa Spreitzer, Maxi Boettcher, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1073–1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diabatic processes affect the development of extratropical cyclones. This work provides a systematic assessment of the diabatic processes that modify potential vorticity (PV) in model simulations. PV is primarily produced by condensation and convection. Given favorable environmental conditions, long-wave radiative cooling and turbulence become the primary process at the cold and warm fronts, respectively. Turbulence and long-wave radiative heating produce negative PV anomalies at the fronts.
Fabienne Dahinden, Franziska Aemisegger, Heini Wernli, Matthias Schneider, Christopher J. Diekmann, Benjamin Ertl, Peter Knippertz, Martin Werner, and Stephan Pfahl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16319–16347, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use high-resolution numerical isotope modelling and Lagrangian backward trajectories to identify moisture transport pathways and governing physical and dynamical processes that affect the free-tropospheric humidity and isotopic variability over the eastern subtropical North Atlantic. Furthermore, we conduct a thorough isotope modelling validation with aircraft and remote-sensing observations of water vapour isotopes.
Cornelius Senf and Rupert Seidl
Biogeosciences, 18, 5223–5230, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Europe was affected by an extreme drought in 2018. We show that this drought has increased forest disturbances across Europe, especially central and eastern Europe. Disturbance levels observed 2018–2020 were the highest on record for 30 years. Increased forest disturbances were correlated with low moisture and high atmospheric water demand. The unprecedented impacts of the 2018 drought on forest disturbances demonstrate an urgent need to adapt Europe’s forests to a hotter and drier future.
Raphael Portmann, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 507–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the three-dimensional life cycle of cyclonic structures
(so-called PV cutoffs) near the tropopause. PV cutoffs are frequent weather systems in the extratropics that lead to high-impact weather. However, many unknowns exist regarding their evolution. We present a new method to track PV cutoffs as 3D objects in reanalysis data by following air parcels along the flow. We study the climatological life cycles of PV cutoffs in detail and propose a classification into three types.
Iris Thurnherr, Katharina Hartmuth, Lukas Jansing, Josué Gehring, Maxi Boettcher, Irina Gorodetskaya, Martin Werner, Heini Wernli, and Franziska Aemisegger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 331–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-331-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extratropical cyclones are important for the transport of moisture from low to high latitudes. In this study, we investigate how the isotopic composition of water vapour is affected by horizontal temperature advection associated with extratropical cyclones using measurements and modelling. It is shown that air–sea moisture fluxes induced by this horizontal temperature advection lead to the strong variability observed in the isotopic composition of water vapour in the marine boundary layer.
Maxi Boettcher, Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Harald Sodemann, Stefan Kaufmann, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Donato Summa, Paolo Di Girolamo, Daniele Nerini, Urs Germann, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5477–5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important airstreams in extratropical cyclones, often leading to the formation of intense precipitation. We present a case study that involves aircraft, lidar and radar observations of water and clouds in a WCB ascending from western Europe across the Alps towards the Baltic Sea during the field campaigns HyMeX and T-NAWDEX-Falcon in October 2012. A probabilistic trajectory measure and an airborne tracer experiment were used to confirm the long pathway of the WCB.
Franziska Aemisegger, Raphaela Vogel, Pascal Graf, Fabienne Dahinden, Leonie Villiger, Friedhelm Jansen, Sandrine Bony, Bjorn Stevens, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 281–309, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction of clouds in the trade wind region with the atmospheric flow is complex and at the heart of uncertainties associated with climate projections. In this study, a natural tracer of atmospheric circulation is used to establish a link between air originating from dry regions of the midlatitudes and the occurrence of specific cloud patterns. Two pathways involving transport within midlatitude weather systems are identified, by which air is brought into the trades within 5–10 d.
Annika Oertel, Michael Sprenger, Hanna Joos, Maxi Boettcher, Heike Konow, Martin Hagen, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 89–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Convection embedded in the stratiform cloud band of strongly ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones (so-called warm conveyor belts) can influence not only surface precipitation but also the
upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) and waveguide. The comparison of intense vs. moderate embedded convection shows that its strength alone is not a reliable measure for upper-tropospheric PV modification. Instead, characteristics of the ambient flow co-determine its dynamical significance.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Matthias Röthlisberger, Maxi Boettcher, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we identify the wettest seasons globally and address their meteorological characteristics. We show that in different regions the wettest seasons occur in different times of the year and result from either unusually high frequencies of wet days and/or daily extremes. These high frequencies can be largely attributed to four specific weather systems, especially cyclones. Our analysis uses a thoroughly explained, novel methodology that could also be applied to climate models.
Sebastian Schemm, Heini Wernli, and Hanin Binder
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 55–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-55-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-55-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
North Pacific cyclone intensities are reduced in winter, which is in contrast to North Atlantic cyclones and unexpected from the high available growth potential in winter. We investigate this intensity suppression from a cyclone life-cycle perspective and show that in winter Kuroshio cyclones propagate away from the region where they can grow more quickly, East China Sea cyclones are not relevant before spring, and Kamchatka cyclones grow in a region of reduced growth potential.
Stefan Rüdisühli, Michael Sprenger, David Leutwyler, Christoph Schär, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 675–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-675-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Most precipitation over Europe is linked to low-pressure systems, cold fronts, warm fronts, or high-pressure systems. Based on a massive computer simulation able to resolve thunderstorms, we quantify in detail how much precipitation these weather systems produced during 2000–2008. We find distinct seasonal and regional differences, such as fronts precipitating a lot in fall and winter over the North Atlantic but high-pressure systems mostly in summer over the continent by way of thunderstorms.
Raphael Portmann, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 597–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In September 2018 an intense Mediterranean cyclone with structural similarities to a hurricane, a so-called medicane, caused severe damage in Greece. Its development was uncertain, even just a few days in advance. The reason for this was uncertainties in the jet stream over the North Atlantic 3 d prior to cyclogenesis that propagated into the Mediterranean. They led to an uncertain position of the upper-level disturbance and, as a result, of the position and thermal structure of the cyclone.
Hanin Binder, Maxi Boettcher, Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 577–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-577-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-577-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important cloud- and
precipitation-producing airstreams in extratropical cyclones. By combining satellite observations with model data from a new reanalysis dataset, this study provides detailed observational insight into the vertical cloud structure of WCBs. We find that the reanalyses essentially capture the observed cloud pattern, but the observations reveal mesoscale structures not resolved by the temporally and spatially much coarser-resolution model data.
Mauro Hermann, Lukas Papritz, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-497-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-497-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We find, by tracing backward in time, that air masses causing extensive melt of the Greenland Ice Sheet originate from further south and lower altitudes than usual. Their exceptional warmth further arises due to ascent and cloud formation, which is special compared to near-surface heat waves in the midlatitudes or the central Arctic. The atmospheric systems and transport pathways identified here are crucial in understanding and simulating the atmospheric control of the ice sheet in the future.
Iris Thurnherr, Anna Kozachek, Pascal Graf, Yongbiao Weng, Dimitri Bolshiyanov, Sebastian Landwehr, Stephan Pfahl, Julia Schmale, Harald Sodemann, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Alessandro Toffoli, Heini Wernli, and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5811–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5811-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5811-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Stable water isotopes (SWIs) are tracers of moist atmospheric processes. We analyse the impact of large- to small-scale atmospheric processes and various environmental conditions on the variability of SWIs using ship-based SWI measurement in water vapour from the Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Furthermore, simultaneous measurements of SWIs at two altitudes are used to illustrate the potential of such measurements for future research to estimate sea spray evaporation and turbulent moisture fluxes.
Philipp Zschenderlein, Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli, and Andreas H. Fink
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 191–206, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-191-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-191-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the formation of upper-tropospheric anticyclones connected to European surface heat waves. Tracing air masses backwards from these anticyclones, we found that trajectories are diabatically heated in two branches, either by North Atlantic cyclones or by convection closer to the heat wave anticyclone. The first branch primarily affects the onset of the anticyclone, while the second branch is more relevant for the maintenance. Our results are relevant for heat wave predictions.
Annika Oertel, Maxi Boettcher, Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 127–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-127-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-127-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important, mainly stratiform cloud forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones that can include embedded convection. This WCB case study systematically compares the characteristics of convective vs. slantwise ascent of the WCB. We find that embedded convection leads to regions of significantly stronger precipitation. Moreover, it strongly modifies the potential vorticity distribution in the lower and upper troposphere, where its also influences the waveguide.
Matthias Röthlisberger, Michael Sprenger, Emmanouil Flaounas, Urs Beyerle, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-45-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-45-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we quantify how much the coldest, middle and hottest third of all days during extremely hot summers contribute to their respective seasonal mean anomaly. This
extreme-summer substructurevaries substantially across the Northern Hemisphere and is directly related to the local physical drivers of extreme summers. Furthermore, comparing re-analysis (i.e. measurement-based) and climate model extreme-summer substructures reveals a remarkable level of agreement.
Bojan Škerlak, Stephan Pfahl, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6535–6549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6535-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6535-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Upper-level fronts are often associated with the rapid transport of stratospheric air to the lower troposphere, leading to significantly enhanced ozone concentrations. This paper considers the multi-scale nature that is needed to bring stratospheric air down to the surface. The final transport step to the surface can be related to frontal zones and the associated vertical winds or to near-horizontal tracer transport followed by entrainment into a growing planetary boundary layer.
Jobin Joseph, Christoph Külls, Matthias Arend, Marcus Schaub, Frank Hagedorn, Arthur Gessler, and Markus Weiler
SOIL, 5, 49–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-49-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-49-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By coupling an OA-ICOS with hydrophobic but gas-permeable membranes placed at different depths in acidic and calcareous soils, we investigated the contribution of abiotic and biotic components to total soil CO2 release. In calcareous Gleysol, CO2 originating from carbonate dissolution contributed to total soil CO2 concentration at detectable degrees, probably due to CO2 evasion from groundwater. Inward diffusion of atmospheric CO2 was found to be pronounced in the topsoil layers at both sites.
Pascal Graf, Heini Wernli, Stephan Pfahl, and Harald Sodemann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 747–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-747-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-747-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This article studies the interaction between falling rain and vapour with stable water isotopes. In particular, rain evaporation is relevant for several atmospheric processes, but remains difficult to quantify. A novel framework is introduced to facilitate the interpretation of stable water isotope observations in near-surface vapour and rain. The usefulness of this concept is demonstrated using observations at high time resolution from a cold front. Sensitivities are tested with a simple model.
Marina Dütsch, Stephan Pfahl, Miro Meyer, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1653–1669, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric processes are imprinted in the concentrations of stable water isotopes. Therefore, isotopes can be used to gain insight into these processes and improve our understanding of the water cycle. In this study, we present a new method that quantitatively shows which atmospheric processes influence isotope concentrations in near-surface water vapour over Europe. We found that the most important processes are evaporation from the ocean, evapotranspiration from land, and turbulent mixing.
Hanna Joos, Erica Madonna, Kasja Witlox, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Heini Wernli, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6243–6255, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6243-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6243-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of pollution on the precipitation formation in warm conveyor belts (WCBs), the most rising air streams in low-pressure systems is investigated. We investigate in detail the cloud properties and resulting precipitation along these rising airstreams which are simulated with a global climate model. Overall, no big impact of aerosols on precipitation can be seen, however, when comparing the most polluted/cleanest WCBs, a suppression of precipitation by aerosols is observed.
Harald Sodemann, Franziska Aemisegger, Stephan Pfahl, Mark Bitter, Ulrich Corsmeier, Thomas Feuerle, Pascal Graf, Rolf Hankers, Gregor Hsiao, Helmut Schulz, Andreas Wieser, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6125–6151, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6125-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6125-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We report here the first survey of stable water isotope composition over the Mediterranean sea made from aircraft. The stable isotope composition of the atmospheric water vapour changed in response to evaporation conditions at the sea surface, elevation, and airmass transport history. Our data set will be valuable for testing how water is transported in weather prediction and climate models and for understanding processes in the Mediterranean water cycle.
P. Reutter, B. Škerlak, M. Sprenger, and H. Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10939–10953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10939-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10939-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript, we investigate the exchange of air masses across the dynamical tropopause (stratosphere-troposphere exchange, STE) in the vicinity of North Atlantic cyclones. By using two 6-hourly resolved ERA-Interim climatologies of STE and cyclones from 1979 to 2011, we are able to directly compute the amount of STE in the vicinity of every individual cyclone in this time period. This enables us to provide a robust and consistent quantification of STE near North Atlantic cyclones.
M. Sprenger and H. Wernli
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2569–2586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2569-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2569-2015, 2015
A. Kunz, N. Spelten, P. Konopka, R. Müller, R. M. Forbes, and H. Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10803–10822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10803-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10803-2014, 2014
P. Reutter, J. Trentmann, A. Seifert, P. Neis, H. Su, D. Chang, M. Herzog, H. Wernli, M. O. Andreae, and U. Pöschl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7573–7583, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7573-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7573-2014, 2014
C. M. Grams, H. Binder, S. Pfahl, N. Piaget, and H. Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1691–1702, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1691-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1691-2014, 2014
A. Winschall, S. Pfahl, H. Sodemann, and H. Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6605–6619, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6605-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6605-2014, 2014
F. Aemisegger, S. Pfahl, H. Sodemann, I. Lehner, S. I. Seneviratne, and H. Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4029–4054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4029-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4029-2014, 2014
B. Škerlak, M. Sprenger, and H. Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 913–937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-913-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-913-2014, 2014
A. K. Miltenberger, S. Pfahl, and H. Wernli
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1989–2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1989-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1989-2013, 2013
C. Frick, A. Seifert, and H. Wernli
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1925–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1925-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1925-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Models, Holocene/Anthropocene
Frost matters: incorporating late-spring frost into a dynamic vegetation model regulates regional productivity dynamics in European beech forests
Coupling numerical models of deltaic wetlands with AirSWOT, UAVSAR, and AVIRIS-NG remote sensing data
Modelling long-term alluvial-peatland dynamics in temperate river floodplains
Variable particle size distributions reduce the sensitivity of global export flux to climate change
Climate change will cause non-analog vegetation states in Africa and commit vegetation to long-term change
Uncertainties, sensitivities and robustness of simulated water erosion in an EPIC-based global gridded crop model
Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections
The capacity of northern peatlands for long-term carbon sequestration
Towards a more complete quantification of the global carbon cycle
Modeling seasonal and vertical habitats of planktonic foraminifera on a global scale
An enhanced forest classification scheme for modeling vegetation–climate interactions based on national forest inventory data
Sensitivity of woody carbon stocks to bark investment strategy in Neotropical savannas and forests
Modelling past, present and future peatland carbon accumulation across the pan-Arctic region
Biogenic sediments from coastal ecosystems to beach–dune systems: implications for the adaptation of mixed and carbonate beaches to future sea level rise
Modelling Holocene peatland dynamics with an individual-based dynamic vegetation model
Effects of climate change and land management on soil organic carbon dynamics and carbon leaching in northwestern Europe
Quantifying regional, time-varying effects of cropland and pasture on vegetation fire
HESFIRE: a global fire model to explore the role of anthropogenic and weather drivers
Impact of human population density on fire frequency at the global scale
Evaluation of biospheric components in Earth system models using modern and palaeo-observations: the state-of-the-art
A high-resolution and harmonized model approach for reconstructing and analysing historic land changes in Europe
Analyzing precipitationsheds to understand the vulnerability of rainfall dependent regions
A new concept for simulation of vegetated land surface dynamics – Part 1: The event driven phenology model
Alternative methods to predict actual evapotranspiration illustrate the importance of accounting for phenology – Part 2: The event driven phenology model
The influence of land cover change in the Asian monsoon region on present-day and mid-Holocene climate
Sensitivity of Holocene atmospheric CO2 and the modern carbon budget to early human land use: analyses with a process-based model
Side effects and accounting aspects of hypothetical large-scale Southern Ocean iron fertilization
Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects of large-scale forest cover changes in the MPI earth system model
Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis
Impact of atmospheric and terrestrial CO2 feedbacks on fertilization-induced marine carbon uptake
Benjamin F. Meyer, Allan Buras, Konstantin Gregor, Lucia S. Layritz, Adriana Principe, Jürgen Kreyling, Anja Rammig, and Christian S. Zang
Biogeosciences, 21, 1355–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Late-spring frost (LSF), critically low temperatures when trees have already flushed their leaves, results in freezing damage leaving trees with reduced ability to perform photosynthesis. Forests with a high proportion of susceptible species like European beech are particularly vulnerable. However, this process is rarely included in dynamic vegetation models (DVMs). We show that the effect on simulated productivity and biomass is substantial, warranting more widespread inclusion of LSF in DVMs.
Luca Cortese, Carmine Donatelli, Xiaohe Zhang, Justin A. Nghiem, Marc Simard, Cathleen E. Jones, Michael Denbina, Cédric G. Fichot, Joshua P. Harringmeyer, and Sergio Fagherazzi
Biogeosciences, 21, 241–260, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that numerical models in coastal areas can greatly benefit from the spatial information provided by remote sensing. Three Delft3D numerical models in coastal Louisiana are calibrated using airborne SAR and hyperspectral remote sensing products from the recent NASA Delta-X mission. The comparison with the remote sensing allows areas where the models perform better to be spatially verified and yields more representative parameters for the entire area.
Ward Swinnen, Nils Broothaerts, and Gert Verstraeten
Biogeosciences, 18, 6181–6212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a new modelling framework specifically designed to simulate alluvial peat growth, taking into account the river dynamics. The results indicate that alluvial peat growth is strongly determined by the number, spacing and movement of the river channels in the floodplain, rather than by environmental changes or peat properties. As such, the amount of peat that can develop in a floodplain is strongly determined by the characteristics and dynamics of the local river network.
Shirley W. Leung, Thomas Weber, Jacob A. Cram, and Curtis Deutsch
Biogeosciences, 18, 229–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A global model is constrained with empirical relationships to quantify how shifts in sinking-particle sizes modulate particulate organic carbon export production changes in a warming ocean. Including the effect of dynamic particle sizes on remineralization reduces the magnitude of predicted 100-year changes in export production by ~14 %. Projections of future export could thus be improved by considering dynamic phytoplankton and particle-size-dependent remineralization depths.
Mirjam Pfeiffer, Dushyant Kumar, Carola Martens, and Simon Scheiter
Biogeosciences, 17, 5829–5847, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5829-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5829-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Lags caused by delayed vegetation response to changing environmental conditions can lead to disequilibrium vegetation states. Awareness of this issue is relevant for ecosystem conservation. We used the aDGVM vegetation model to quantify the difference between transient and equilibrium vegetation states in Africa during the 21st century for two potential climate trajectories. Lag times increased over time and vegetation was non-analog to any equilibrium state due to multi-lag composite states.
Tony W. Carr, Juraj Balkovič, Paul E. Dodds, Christian Folberth, Emil Fulajtar, and Rastislav Skalsky
Biogeosciences, 17, 5263–5283, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5263-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5263-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We generate 30-year mean water erosion estimates in global maize and wheat fields based on daily simulation outputs from an EPIC-based global gridded crop model. Evaluation against field data confirmed the robustness of the outputs for the majority of global cropland and overestimations at locations with steep slopes and strong rainfall. Additionally, we address sensitivities and uncertainties of model inputs to improve water erosion estimates in global agricultural impact studies.
Lester Kwiatkowski, Olivier Torres, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Matthew Chamberlain, James R. Christian, John P. Dunne, Marion Gehlen, Tatiana Ilyina, Jasmin G. John, Andrew Lenton, Hongmei Li, Nicole S. Lovenduski, James C. Orr, Julien Palmieri, Yeray Santana-Falcón, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Charles A. Stock, Alessandro Tagliabue, Yohei Takano, Jerry Tjiputra, Katsuya Toyama, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, and Tilo Ziehn
Biogeosciences, 17, 3439–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess 21st century projections of marine biogeochemistry in the CMIP6 Earth system models. These models represent the most up-to-date understanding of climate change. The models generally project greater surface ocean warming, acidification, subsurface deoxygenation, and euphotic nitrate reductions but lesser primary production declines than the previous generation of models. This has major implications for the impact of anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems.
Georgii A. Alexandrov, Victor A. Brovkin, Thomas Kleinen, and Zicheng Yu
Biogeosciences, 17, 47–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-47-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-47-2020, 2020
Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Guang Zeng, Fabiano Ximenes, Donna L. Giltrap, and John R. Zeldis
Biogeosciences, 16, 831–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-831-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-831-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Globally, C is added to the atmosphere from fossil fuels and deforestation, balanced by ocean uptake and atmospheric increase. The difference (residual sink) is equated to plant uptake. But this omits cement carbonation; transport to oceans by dust; riverine organic C and volatile organics; and increased C in plastic, bitumen, wood, landfills, and lakes. Their inclusion reduces the residual sink from 3.6 to 2.1 GtC yr-1 and thus the inferred ability of the biosphere to alter human C emissions.
Kerstin Kretschmer, Lukas Jonkers, Michal Kucera, and Michael Schulz
Biogeosciences, 15, 4405–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4405-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4405-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fossil shells of planktonic foraminifera are widely used to reconstruct past climate conditions. To do so, information about their seasonal and vertical habitat is needed. Here we present an updated version of a planktonic foraminifera model to better understand species-specific habitat dynamics under climate change. This model produces spatially and temporally coherent distribution patterns, which agree well with available observations, and can thus aid the interpretation of proxy records.
Titta Majasalmi, Stephanie Eisner, Rasmus Astrup, Jonas Fridman, and Ryan M. Bright
Biogeosciences, 15, 399–412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-399-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-399-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Forest management shapes forest structure and in turn surface–atmosphere interactions. We used Fennoscandian forest maps and inventory data to develop a classification system for forest structure. The classification was integrated with the ESA Climate Change Initiative land cover map to achieve complete surface representation. The result is an improved product for modeling surface–atmosphere exchanges in regions with intensively managed forests.
Anna T. Trugman, David Medvigy, William A. Hoffmann, and Adam F. A. Pellegrini
Biogeosciences, 15, 233–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Tree fire tolerance strategies may significantly impact woody carbon stability and the existence of tropical savannas under global climate change. We used a numerical ecosystem model to test the impacts of fire survival strategy under differing fire and rainfall regimes. We found that the high survival rate of large fire-tolerant trees reduced carbon losses with increasing fire frequency, and reduced the range of conditions leading to either complete tree loss or complete grass loss.
Nitin Chaudhary, Paul A. Miller, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 14, 4023–4044, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4023-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4023-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We employed an individual- and patch-based dynamic global ecosystem model to quantify long-term C accumulation rates and to assess the effects of historical and projected climate change on peatland C balances across the pan-Arctic. We found that peatlands in Scandinavia, Europe, Russia and central and eastern Canada will become C sources, while Siberia, far eastern Russia, Alaska and western and northern Canada will increase their sink capacity by the end of the 21st century.
Giovanni De Falco, Emanuela Molinaroli, Alessandro Conforti, Simone Simeone, and Renato Tonielli
Biogeosciences, 14, 3191–3205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3191-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3191-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the contribution of carbonate sediments, produced in seagrass meadows and in photophilic algal communities, to the sediment budget of a beach–dune system. The contribution to the beach sediment budget represents a further ecosystem service provided by seagrass. The dependence of the beach sediment budget on carbonate production associated with coastal ecosystems has implications for the adaptation of carbonate beaches to the seagrass decline and sea level rise.
Nitin Chaudhary, Paul A. Miller, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 14, 2571–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We incorporated peatland dynamics into
Arcticversion of dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to understand the long-term evolution of northern peatlands and effects of climate change on peatland carbon balance. We found that the Stordalen mire may be expected to sequester more carbon before 2050 due to milder and wetter climate conditions, a longer growing season and CO2 fertilization effect, turning into a C source after 2050 because of higher decomposition rates in response to warming soils.
Maria Stergiadi, Marcel van der Perk, Ton C. M. de Nijs, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Biogeosciences, 13, 1519–1536, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1519-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1519-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled the effects of changes in climate and land management on soil organic carbon (SOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in sandy and loamy soils under forest, grassland, and arable land. Climate change causes a decrease in both SOC and DOC for the agricultural systems, whereas for the forest systems, SOC slightly increases. A reduction in fertilizer application leads to a decrease in SOC and DOC levels under arable land but has a negligible effect under grassland.
S. S. Rabin, B. I. Magi, E. Shevliakova, and S. W. Pacala
Biogeosciences, 12, 6591–6604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6591-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6591-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
People worldwide use fire to manage agriculture, but often also suppress fire in the landscape surrounding their fields. Here, we estimate the net result of these effects of cropland and pasture on fire at a regional, monthly level. Pasture is shown, for the first time, to contribute strongly to global patterns of burning. Our results could be used to improve representations of burning in global vegetation and climate models, improving our understanding of how people affect the Earth system.
Y. Le Page, D. Morton, B. Bond-Lamberty, J. M. C. Pereira, and G. Hurtt
Biogeosciences, 12, 887–903, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-887-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-887-2015, 2015
W. Knorr, T. Kaminski, A. Arneth, and U. Weber
Biogeosciences, 11, 1085–1102, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1085-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1085-2014, 2014
A. M. Foley, D. Dalmonech, A. D. Friend, F. Aires, A. T. Archibald, P. Bartlein, L. Bopp, J. Chappellaz, P. Cox, N. R. Edwards, G. Feulner, P. Friedlingstein, S. P. Harrison, P. O. Hopcroft, C. D. Jones, J. Kolassa, J. G. Levine, I. C. Prentice, J. Pyle, N. Vázquez Riveiros, E. W. Wolff, and S. Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 10, 8305–8328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8305-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8305-2013, 2013
R. Fuchs, M. Herold, P. H. Verburg, and J. G. P. W. Clevers
Biogeosciences, 10, 1543–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1543-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1543-2013, 2013
P. W. Keys, R. J. van der Ent, L. J. Gordon, H. Hoff, R. Nikoli, and H. H. G. Savenije
Biogeosciences, 9, 733–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-733-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-733-2012, 2012
V. Kovalskyy and G. M. Henebry
Biogeosciences, 9, 141–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-141-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-141-2012, 2012
V. Kovalskyy and G. M. Henebry
Biogeosciences, 9, 161–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-161-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-161-2012, 2012
A. Dallmeyer and M. Claussen
Biogeosciences, 8, 1499–1519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1499-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1499-2011, 2011
B. D. Stocker, K. Strassmann, and F. Joos
Biogeosciences, 8, 69–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-69-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-69-2011, 2011
A. Oschlies, W. Koeve, W. Rickels, and K. Rehdanz
Biogeosciences, 7, 4017–4035, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-4017-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-4017-2010, 2010
S. Bathiany, M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, T. Raddatz, and V. Gayler
Biogeosciences, 7, 1383–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1383-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1383-2010, 2010
M. Steinacher, F. Joos, T. L. Frölicher, L. Bopp, P. Cadule, V. Cocco, S. C. Doney, M. Gehlen, K. Lindsay, J. K. Moore, B. Schneider, and J. Segschneider
Biogeosciences, 7, 979–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010, 2010
A. Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 6, 1603–1613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1603-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1603-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Ali, S. M., Martius, O., and Röthlisberger, M.: Recurrent Rossby wave packets
modulate the persistence of dry and wet spells across the globe, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091452, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091452, 2021. a
Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N.,
Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigling, A., Breshears, D. D., Hogg, E. T.,
Gonzalez, P., Fensham, R., Zhang, Z., Castro, J., Demidova, N., Lim, J.-H.,
Allard, G., Running, S. W., Semerci, A., and Cobb, N.: A global overview of
drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks
for forests, For. Ecol. Manag., 259, 660–684,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001, 2010. a
Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D., and McDowell, N. G.: On underestimation of
global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought
in the Anthropocene, Ecosphere, 6, 129, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00203.1, 2015. a, b
Anderegg, W. R. L., Schwalm, C., Biondi, F., Camarero, J. J., Koch, G., Litvak,
M., Ogle, K., Shaw, J. D., Shevliakova, E., Williams, A. P., Wolf, A., Ziaco,
E., and Pacala, S.: Pervasive drought legacies in forest ecosystems and their
implications for carbon cycle models, Science, 349, 528–532,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1833, 2015. a, b
Anderegg, W. R. L., Trugman, A. T., Badgley, G., Konings, A. G., and Shaw, J.:
Divergent forest sensitivity to repeated extreme droughts, Nat. Clim. Change,
10, 1091–1095, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00919-1, 2020. a, b
Anyamba, A. and Tucker, C. J.: Historical perspective of AVHRR NDVI and
vegetation drought monitoring, in: Remote Sensing of Drought: Innovative
Monitoring Approaches, edited by: Wardlow, B. D., Anderson, M. C., and Verdin,
J. P., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA,
23–50, 2012. a, b
Bascietto, M., Bajocco, S., Mazzenga, F., and Matteucci, G.: Assessing spring
frost effects on beech forests in Central Apennines from remotely-sensed
data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 248, 240–250,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.007, 2018. a
Bastos, A., Ciais, P., Park, T., Zscheischler, J., Yue, C., Barichivich, J.,
Myneni, R. B., Peng, S., Piao, S., and Zhu, Z.: Was the extreme Northern
Hemisphere greening in 2015 predictable?, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 044016,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa67b5, 2017. a
Bastos, A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J., Fan, L.,
Wigneron, J. P., Weber, U., Reichstein, M., Fu, Z., Anthoni, P., Arneth, A.,
Haverd, V., Jain, A. K., Joetzjer, E., Knauer, J., Lienert, S., Loughran, T.,
McGuire, P. C., Tian, H., Viovy, N., and Zaehle, S.: Direct and seasonal
legacy effects of the 2018 heat wave and drought on European ecosystem
productivity, Sci. Adv., 6, eaba2724, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba2724,
2020a. a, b, c
Bastos, A., Fu, Z., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J.,
Weber, U., Reichstein, M., Anthoni, P., Arneth, A., Haverd, V., Jain, A.,
Joetzjer, E., Knauer, J., Lienert, S., Loughran, T., McGuire, P. C.,
Obermeier, W., Padrón, R. S., Shi, H., Tian, H., Viovy, N., and Zaehle, S.:
Impacts of extreme summers on European ecosystems: a comparative analysis of
2003, 2010 and 2018, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 20190507,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0507, 2020b. a
Biedermann, P. H., Müller, J., Grégoire, J.-C., Gruppe, A., Hagge, J.,
Hammerbacher, A., Hofstetter, R. W., Kandasamy, D., Kolarik, M., Kostovcik,
M., Krokene, P., Sallé, A., Six, D. L., Turrini, T., Vanderpool, D.,
Wingfield, M. J., and Bässler, C.: Bark beetle population dynamics in the
Anthropocene: challenges and solutions, Trends Ecol. Evol., 34, 914–924,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.002, 2019. a
Bigler, C. and Vitasse, Y.: Premature leaf discoloration of European deciduous
trees is caused by drought and heat in late spring and cold spells in early
fall, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 307, 108492,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108492, 2021. a
Bose, A. K., Gessler, A., Bolte, A., Bottero, A., Buras, A., Cailleret, M.,
Camarero, J. J., Haeni, M., Hereş, A., Hevia, A., Lévesque, M., Linares,
J. C., Martinez‐Vilalta, J., Matías, L., Menzel, A., Sánchez‐Salguero,
R., Saurer, M., Vennetier, M., Ziche, D., and Rigling, A.: Growth and
resilience responses of Scots pine to extreme droughts across Europe depend
on predrought growth conditions, Glob. Chang. Biol., 26, 4521–4537,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15153, 2020. a, b
Bose, A. K., Scherrer, D., Camarero, J. J., Ziche, D., Babst, F., Bigler, C.,
Bolte, A., Dorado-Liñán, I., Etzold, S., Fonti, P., Forrester, D. I.,
Gavinet, J., Gazol, A., de Andrés, E. G., Karger, D. N., Lebourgeois, F.,
Lévesque, M., Martínez-Sancho, E., Menzel, A., Neuwirth, B., Nicolas, M.,
Sanders, T. G., Scharnweber, T., Schröder, J., Zweifel, R., Gessler, A., and
Rigling, A.: Climate sensitivity and drought seasonality determine
post-drought growth recovery of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur in Europe,
Sci. Total Environ., 784, 147222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147222,
2021. a
Brodribb, T. J., Powers, J., Cochard, H., and Choat, B.: Hanging by a thread?
Forests and drought, Science, 368, 261–266, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7631,
2020. a, b, c
Buras, A., Schunk, C., Zeiträg, C., Herrmann, C., Kaiser, L., Lemme, H.,
Straub, C., Taeger, S., Gößwein, S., Klemmt, H.-J., and Menzel, A.: Are
Scots pine forest edges particularly prone to drought-induced mortality?,
Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 025001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa0b4, 2018. a
Camarero, J. J., Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado, and Gazol, A.: Climate windows of
intra-annual growth and post-drought recovery in Mediterranean trees, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 308–309, 108606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108606,
2021. a
Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J., Allard, V.,
Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F.,
Noblet, N. D., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grünwald, T., Heinesch,
B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci,
G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S.,
Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T., and
Valentini, R.: Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the
heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529–533, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972,
2005. a, b
Cindrić, K., Prtenjak, M. T., Herceg-Bulić, I., Mihajlović, D., and
Pasarić, Z.: Analysis of the extraordinary 2011/2012 drought in Croatia,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 123, 503–522, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1368-8, 2016. a
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service: Europe’s summer wildfire
emissions highest in 15 years,
https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/europes-summer-wildfire-emissions-highest-15-years,
last access: 21 October 2022. a
Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, [data set], https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp##!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels?tab=form (last access: 27 November 2022), 2018. a
Didan, K.: MOD13Q1 MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN
Grid V006, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD13Q1.006, 2015. a
EFFIS: EFFIS Estimates for European Union,
https://effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/apps/effis.statistics/estimates,
last access: 21 October 2022. a
Etzold, S., Wunder, J., Braun, S., Rohner, B., Bigler, C., Abegg, M., and
Rigling, A.: Mortalität von Waldbäumen: Ursache und Trends, in: Wald im
Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien, edited by: Pluess, A. R.,
Augustin, S., and Brang, P., Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart,
Wien, 177–197, 2016. a
Etzold, S., Ziemińska, K., Rohner, B., Bottero, A., Bose, A. K., Ruehr, N. K.,
Zingg, A., and Rigling, A.: One century of forest monitoring data in
Switzerland reveals species- and site-specific trends of climate-induced tree
mortality, Front. Plant Sci., 10, 307, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00307, 2019. a
Feichtinger, L. M., Eilmann, B., Buchmann, N., and Rigling, A.: Growth
adjustments of conifers to drought and to century-long irrigation, For. Ecol.
Manage., 334, 96–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.008, 2014. a
Feichtinger, L. M., Eilmann, B., Buchmann, N., and Rigling, A.: Trait-specific
responses of Scots pine to irrigation on a short vs long time scale, Tree
Physiol., 35, 160–171, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu114, 2015. a
Fischer, E. M., Seneviratne, S. I., Vidale, P. L., Lüthi, D., and Schär, C.:
Soil moisture-atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat
wave, J. Climate, 20, 5081–5099, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4288.1, 2007. a
Forzieri, G., Girardello, M., Ceccherini, G., Spinoni, J., Feyen, L., Hartmann,
H., Beck, P. S. A., Camps-Valls, G., Chirici, G., Mauri, A., and Cescatti,
A.: Emergent vulnerability to climate-driven disturbances in European
forests, Nat. Commun., 12, 1081, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21399-7, 2021. a
Frei, E. R., Gossner, M. M., Vitasse, Y., Queloz, V., Dubach, V., Gessler, A.,
Ginzler, C., Hagedorn, F., Meusburger, K., Moor, M., Vives, E. S., Rigling,
A., Uitentuis, I., von Arx, G., and Wohlgemuth, T.: European beech dieback
after premature leaf senescence during the 2018 drought in northern
Switzerland, Plant Biol., 24, 1132–1145, https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13467, 2022. a
Gessler, A., Bottero, A., Marshall, J., and Arend, M.: The way back: recovery
of trees from drought and its implication for acclimation, New Phytol., 228,
1704–1709, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16703, 2020. a
Gouveia, C., Trigo, R. M., and DaCamara, C. C.: Drought and vegetation stress monitoring in Portugal using satellite data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 185–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-185-2009, 2009. a
Grossiord, C., Granier, A., Ratcliffe, S., Bouriaud, O., Bruelheide, H.,
Checko, E., Forrester, D. I., Dawud, S. M., Finer, L., Pollastrini, M.,
Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Valladares, F., Bonal, D., and Gessler, A.: Tree
diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 14812–14815,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411970111, 2014. a
Grossiord, C., Buckley, T. N., Cernusak, L. A., Novick, K. A., Poulter, B.,
Siegwolf, R. T., Sperry, J. S., and McDowell, N. G.: Plant responses to
rising vapor pressure deficit, New Phytol., 226, 1550–1566,
https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16485, 2020. a
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A.,
Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., Loveland, T. R.,
Kommareddy, A., Egorov, A., Chini, L., Justice, C. O., and Townshend, J.
R. G.: High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change,
Science, 342, 850–853, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693, 2013. a
Harpold, A. A., Molotch, N. P., Musselman, K. N., Bales, R. C., Kirchner,
P. B., Litvak, M., and Brooks, P. D.: Soil moisture response to snowmelt
timing in mixed-conifer subalpine forests, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2782–2798,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10400, 2015. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons,
A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati,
G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G. D., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M.,
Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P.,
Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J. N.: The ERA5 global
reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803,
2020. a
Hermann, M.: Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based low forest greenness events in Europe in 2002–2022 (1.0), [data set], https://doi.org/20.500.11850/505559, 2022. a
Hlásny, T., Trombik, J., Bošeľa, M., Merganič, J., Marušák, R., Šebeň,
V., Štěpánek, P., Kubišta, J., and Trnka, M.: Climatic drivers of forest
productivity in Central Europe, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 234, 258–273,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.12.024, 2017. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in:
Climate Change 2021, edited by Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A.,
Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L.,
Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R.,
Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge
University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021. a, b
Jakoby, O., Lischke, H., and Wermelinger, B.: Climate change alters elevational
phenology patterns of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus),
Glob. Chang. Biol., 25, 4048–4063, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14766, 2019. a
Kannenberg, S. A., Novick, K. A., Alexander, M. R., Maxwell, J. T., Moore, D.
J. P., Phillips, R. P., and Anderegg, W. R. L.: Linking drought legacy
effects across scales: From leaves to tree rings to ecosystems, Glob. Chang.
Biol., 25, 2978–2992, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14710, 2019. a
Kennedy, R. E., Yang, Z., and Cohen, W. B.: Detecting trends in forest
disturbance and recovery using yearly Landsat time series: 1. LandTrendr –
Temporal segmentation algorithms, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 2897–2910,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.008, 2010. a
Kittl, B.: Drought 2018: Beech trees with early discoloured foliage tend to die
in subsequent years,
https://www.wsl.ch/en/newsseiten/2022/09/drought-2018-beech-trees-with-early-discoloured-foliage-tend-to-die-in-subsequent-years.html,
last access: 25 October 2022. a
McDowell, N. G., Allen, C. D., Anderson-Teixeira, K., Aukema, B. H.,
Bond-Lamberty, B., Chini, L., Clark, J. S., Dietze, M., Grossiord, C.,
Hanbury-Brown, A., Hurtt, G. C., Jackson, R. B., Johnson, D. J., Kueppers,
L., Lichstein, J. W., Ogle, K., Poulter, B., Pugh, T. A. M., Seidl, R.,
Turner, M. G., Uriarte, M., Walker, A. P., and Xu, C.: Pervasive shifts in
forest dynamics in a changing world, Science, 368, eaaz9463,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9463, 2020. a
Meehl, G. A. and Tebaldi, C.: More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting
heat waves in the 21st century, Science, 305, 994–997,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1098704, 2004. a
Messori, G., Wu, M., Vico, G., and Galfi, V. M.: Atmospheric jet stream
variability reflects vegetation activity in Europe, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
322, 109008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109008, 2022. a
Mohr, S., Wilhelm, J., Wandel, J., Kunz, M., Portmann, R., Punge, H. J.,
Schmidberger, M., Quinting, J. F., and Grams, C. M.: The role of large-scale
dynamics in an exceptional sequence of severe thunderstorms in Europe
May–June 2018, Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 325–348,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-325-2020, 2020. a
Nagel, T. A., Mikac, S., Dolinar, M., Klopcic, M., Keren, S., Svoboda, M.,
Diaci, J., Boncina, A., and Paulic, V.: The natural disturbance regime in
forests of the Dinaric Mountains: A synthesis of evidence, For. Ecol. Manag.,
388, 29–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.047, 2017. a
Neumann, M., Mues, V., Moreno, A., Hasenauer, H., and Seidl, R.: Climate
variability drives recent tree mortality in Europe, Glob. Chang. Biol., 23,
4788–4797, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13724, 2017. a
Ogaya, R., Liu, D., Barbeta, A., and Peñuelas, J.: Stem mortality and forest
dieback in a 20-years experimental drought in a Mediterranean Holm Oak
forest, Front. For. Glob., 2, 89, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00089, 2020. a
Orth, R., Zscheischler, J., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Record dry summer in 2015
challenges precipitation projections in Central Europe, Sci. Rep., 6,
28334, 28334, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28334, 2016. a, b, c
Pausas, J. G. and Ribeiro, E.: The global fire-productivity relationship, Glob.
Ecol. Biogeogr., 22, 728–736, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12043, 2013. a
Pfahl, S. and Wernli, H.: Quantifying the relevance of atmospheric blocking for
co-located temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere on (sub-)daily
time scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052261,
2012a. a, b
Pfahl, S. and Wernli, H.: Quantifying the relevance of cyclones for
precipitation extremes, J. Climate, 25, 6770–6780,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00705.1, 2012b. a
Rigling, A., Brühlhart, H., Bräker, O. U., Forster, T., and Schweingruber,
F. H.: Effects of irrigation on diameter growth and vertical resin duct
production in Pinus sylvestris L. on dry sites in the central Alps,
Switzerland, For. Ecol. Manag., 175, 285–296,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00136-6, 2003. a
Rigling, A., Bigler, C., Eilmann, B., Feldmeyer-Christe, E., Gimmi, U.,
Ginzler, C., Graf, U., Mayer, P., Vacchiano, G., Weber, P., Wohlgemuth, T.,
Zweifel, R., and Dobbertin, M.: Driving factors of a vegetation shift from
Scots pine to pubescent oak in dry Alpine forests, Glob. Chang. Biol., 19,
229–240, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12038, 2013. a
Rita, A., Camarero, J. J., Nolè, A., Borghetti, M., Brunetti, M., Pergola, N.,
Serio, C., Vicente‐Serrano, S. M., Tramutoli, V., and Ripullone, F.: The
impact of drought spells on forests depends on site conditions: The case of
2017 summer heat wave in southern Europe, Glob. Chang. Biol., 26, 851–863,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14825, 2020. a
Russo, A., Gouveia, C. M., Dutra, E., Soares, P. M. M., and Trigo, R. M.: The
synergy between drought and extremely hot summers in the Mediterranean,
Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 014011, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf09e, 2019. a, b
Röthlisberger, M. and Martius, O.: Quantifying the local effect of Northern
Hemisphere atmospheric blocks on the persistence of summer hot and dry
spells, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10101–10111,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083745, 2019. a
Röthlisberger, M., Pfahl, S., and Martius, O.: Regional-scale jet waviness
modulates the occurrence of midlatitude weather extremes, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 10989–10997, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070944, 2016. a, b
Röthlisberger, M., Sprenger, M., Flaounas, E., Beyerle, U., and Wernli, H.:
The substructure of extremely hot summers in the Northern Hemisphere, Weather
Clim. Dynam., 1, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-45-2020, 2020. a
Rüdisühli, S., Sprenger, M., Leutwyler, D., Schär, C., and Wernli, H.:
Attribution of precipitation to cyclones and fronts over Europe in a
kilometer-scale regional climate simulation, Weather Clim. Dynam., 1,
675–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-675-2020, 2020. a, b
Salomón, R. L., Peters, R. L., Zweifel, R., Sass-Klaassen, U. G. W.,
Stegehuis, A. I., Smiljanic, M., Poyatos, R., Babst, F., Cienciala, E.,
Fonti, P., Lerink, B. J. W., Lindner, M., Martinez-Vilalta, J., Mencuccini,
M., Nabuurs, G.-J., van der Maaten, E., von Arx, G., Bär, A., Akhmetzyanov,
L., Balanzategui, D., Bellan, M., Bendix, J., Berveiller, D., Blaženec, M.,
Čada, V., Carraro, V., Cecchini, S., Chan, T., Conedera, M., Delpierre, N.,
Delzon, S., Ľubica Ditmarová, Dolezal, J., Dufrêne, E., Edvardsson, J.,
Ehekircher, S., Forner, A., Frouz, J., Ganthaler, A., Gryc, V., Güney, A.,
Heinrich, I., Hentschel, R., Janda, P., Ježík, M., Kahle, H.-P., Knüsel,
S., Krejza, J., Łukasz Kuberski, Kučera, J., Lebourgeois, F., Mikoláš,
M., Matula, R., Mayr, S., Oberhuber, W., Obojes, N., Osborne, B., Paljakka,
T., Plichta, R., Rabbel, I., Rathgeber, C. B. K., Salmon, Y., Saunders, M.,
Scharnweber, T., Sitková, Z., Stangler, D. F., Stereńczak, K., Stojanović,
M., Střelcová, K., Světlík, J., Svoboda, M., Tobin, B., Trotsiuk, V.,
Urban, J., Valladares, F., Vavrčík, H., Vejpustková, M., Walthert, L.,
Wilmking, M., Zin, E., Zou, J., and Steppe, K.: The 2018 European heatwave
led to stem dehydration but not to consistent growth reductions in forests,
Nat. Commun., 13, 28, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27579-9, 2022. a
Santos, J. A., Pfahl, S., Pinto, J. G., and Wernli, H.: Mechanisms underlying
temperature extremes in Iberia: a Lagrangian perspective, Tellus A: Dyn.
Meteorol., 67, 26 032, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.26032, 2015. a, b
Scherrer, D., Bader, M. K.-F., and Körner, C.: Drought-sensitivity ranking of
deciduous tree species based on thermal imaging of forest canopies, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 1632–1640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.06.019, 2011. a
Schubert, S. D., Stewart, R. E., Wang, H., Barlow, M., Berbery, E. H., Cai, W.,
Hoerling, M. P., Kanikicharla, K. K., Koster, R. D., Lyon, B., Mariotti, A.,
Mechoso, C. R., Müller, O. V., Rodriguez-Fonseca, B., Seager, R.,
Seneviratne, S. I., Zhang, L., and Zhou, T.: Global meteorological drought: a
synthesis of current understanding with a focus on SST drivers of
precipitation deficits, J. Climate, 29, 3989–4019,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0452.1, 2016. a
Schuldt, B., Buras, A., Arend, M., Vitasse, Y., Beierkuhnlein, C., Damm, A.,
Gharun, M., Grams, T. E., Hauck, M., Hajek, P., Hartmann, H., Hiltbrunner,
E., Hoch, G., Holloway-Phillips, M., Körner, C., Larysch, E., Lübbe, T.,
Nelson, D. B., Rammig, A., Rigling, A., Rose, L., Ruehr, N. K., Schumann, K.,
Weiser, F., Werner, C., Wohlgemuth, T., Zang, C. S., and Kahmen, A.: A first
assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central
European forests, Basic Appl. Ecol., 45, 86–103,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003, 2020. a, b, c
Schultz, J.: The Ecozones of the World, Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28527-X, 2005. a, b
Seftigen, K., Frank, D. C., Björklund, J., Babst, F., and Poulter, B.: The
climatic drivers of normalized difference vegetation index and
tree‐ring‐based estimates of forest productivity are spatially coherent
but temporally decoupled in Northern Hemispheric forests, Glob. Ecol.
Biogeogr., 27, 1352–1365, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12802, 2018. a
Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M.-J., Rammer, W., and Verkerk, P. J.: Increasing forest
disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage, Nat. Clim. Change,
4, 806–810, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2318, 2014. a
Seidl, R., Thom, D., Kautz, M., Martin-Benito, D., Peltoniemi, M., Vacchiano,
G., Wild, J., Ascoli, D., Petr, M., Honkaniemi, J., Lexer, M. J., Trotsiuk,
V., Mairota, P., Svoboda, M., Fabrika, M., Nagel, T. A., and Reyer, C. P. O.:
Forest disturbances under climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 395–402,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303, 2017. a, b
Seidl, R., Honkaniemi, J., Aakala, T., Aleinikov, A., Angelstam, P., Bouchard,
M., Boulanger, Y., Burton, P. J., Grandpré, L. D., Gauthier, S., Hansen,
W. D., Jepsen, J. U., Jõgiste, K., Kneeshaw, D. D., Kuuluvainen, T.,
Lisitsyna, O., Makoto, K., Mori, A. S., Pureswaran, D. S., Shorohova, E.,
Shubnitsina, E., Taylor, A. R., Vladimirova, N., Vodde, F., and Senf, C.:
Globally consistent climate sensitivity of natural disturbances across boreal
and temperate forest ecosystems, Ecography, 43, 967–978,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04995, 2020. a, b
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B.,
Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., and Teuling, A. J.: Investigating soil
moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 99, 125–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004, 2010. a, b
Senf, C.: Ccorneliussenf/MappingForestDisturbancesEurope 1.0 (1.0), Zenodo, [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3925446, 2020. a
Senf, C. and Seidl, R.: Persistent impacts of the 2018 drought on forest disturbance regimes in Europe, Biogeosciences, 18, 5223–5230, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5223-2021, 2021b. a
Senf, C. and Seidl, R.: Storm and fire disturbances in Europe: Distribution and
trends, Glob. Chang. Biol., 27, 3605–3619, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15679,
2021c. a, b
Senf, C., Buras, A., Zang, C. S., Rammig, A., and Seidl, R.: Excess forest
mortality is consistently linked to drought across Europe, Nat. Commun., 11,
6200, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19924-1, 2020. a, b, c, d
Sommerfeld, A., Senf, C., Buma, B., D’Amato, A. W., Després, T.,
Díaz-Hormazábal, I., Fraver, S., Frelich, L. E., Álvaro G. Gutiérrez,
Hart, S. J., Harvey, B. J., He, H. S., Hlásny, T., Holz, A., Kitzberger, T.,
Kulakowski, D., Lindenmayer, D., Mori, A. S., Müller, J., Paritsis, J.,
Perry, G. L. W., Stephens, S. L., Svoboda, M., Turner, M. G., Veblen, T. T.,
and Seidl, R.: Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the
temperate forest biome, Nat. Commun., 9, 4355,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06788-9, 2018. a
Sousa, P. M., Trigo, R. M., Barriopedro, D., Soares, P. M. M., and Santos,
J. A.: European temperature responses to blocking and ridge regional
patterns, Clim. Dynam., 50, 457–477, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3620-2, 2018. a
Spensberger, C., Madonna, E., Boettcher, M., Grams, C. M., Papritz, L.,
Quinting, J. F., Röthlisberger, M., Sprenger, M., and Zschenderlein, P.:
Dynamics of concurrent and sequential Central European and Scandinavian
heatwaves, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 2998–3013, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3822,
2020. a
Sprenger, M., Fragkoulidis, G., Binder, H., Croci-Maspoli, M., Graf, P., Grams,
C. M., Knippertz, P., Madonna, E., Schemm, S., Škerlak, B., and Wernli, H.:
Global Climatologies of Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Features based on
ERA-Interim, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1739–1748,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00299.1, 2017. a
Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Boeck, H. J. D., Lemoine, N. P., Mänd, P.,
Kröel-Dulay, G., Schmidt, I. K., Jentsch, A., Stampfli, A., Anderegg, W. R.,
Bahn, M., Kreyling, J., Wohlgemuth, T., Lloret, F., Classen, A. T., Gough,
C. M., and Smith, M. D.: Mean annual precipitation predicts primary
production resistance and resilience to extreme drought, Sci. Total Environ.,
636, 360–366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.290, 2018. a
Tague, C. L., Moritz, M., and Hanan, E.: The changing water cycle: The
eco‐hydrologic impacts of forest density reduction in Mediterranean
(seasonally dry) regions, WIREs Water, 6, e1350, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1350,
2019. a
Temperli, C., Bugmann, H., and Elkin, C.: Cross-scale interactions among bark
beetles, climate change, and wind disturbances: a landscape modeling
approach, Ecol. Monogr., 83, 383–402, https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1503.1, 2013. a
Thom, D., Rammer, W., Garstenauer, R., and Seidl, R.: Legacies of past land use have a stronger effect on forest carbon exchange than future climate change in a temperate forest landscape, Biogeosciences, 15, 5699–5713, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5699-2018, 2018. a
Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., van der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J.,
Briffa, K. R., and Sheffield, J.: Global warming and changes in drought, Nat.
Clim. Change, 4, 17–22, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2067, 2014. a
Trotsiuk, V., Hartig, F., Cailleret, M., Babst, F., Forrester, D. I.,
Baltensweiler, A., Buchmann, N., Bugmann, H., Gessler, A., Gharun, M.,
Minunno, F., Rigling, A., Rohner, B., Stillhard, J., Thürig, E., Waldner,
P., Ferretti, M., Eugster, W., and Schaub, M.: Assessing the response of
forest productivity to climate extremes in Switzerland using model–data
fusion, Glob. Chang. Biol., 26, 2463–2476, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15011, 2020. a
Tucker, C. J.: Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring
vegetation, Remote Sens. Environ., 8, 127–150,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(79)90013-0, 1979. a
Turco, M., von Hardenberg, J., AghaKouchak, A., Llasat, M. C., Provenzale, A.,
and Trigo, R. M.: On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires
in Mediterranean Europe, Sci. Rep., 7, 81, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9,
2017. a, b
Vanoni, M., Bugmann, H., Nötzli, M., and Bigler, C.: Quantifying the effects
of drought on abrupt growth decreases of major tree species in Switzerland,
Ecol. Evol., 6, 3555–3570, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2146, 2016. a
Varol, T. and Ertuğrul, M.: Analysis of the forest fires in the Antalya region
of Turkey using the Keetch–Byram drought index, J. For. Res., 27, 811–819,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-016-0235-0, 2016. a
Vitasse, Y., Bottero, A., Cailleret, M., Bigler, C., Fonti, P., Gessler, A.,
Lévesque, M., Rohner, B., Weber, P., Rigling, A., and Wohlgemuth, T.:
Contrasting resistance and resilience to extreme drought and late spring
frost in five major European tree species, Glob. Chang. Biol., 25,
3781–3792, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14803, 2019. a, b
Wernli, H. and Schwierz, C.: Surface Cyclones in the ERA-40 Dataset
(1958–2001). Part I: Novel Identification Method and Global Climatology, J.
Atmos. Sci., 63, 2486–2507, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3766.1, 2006. a, b
Williams, A. P., Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Griffin, D., Woodhouse, C. A.,
Meko, D. M., Swetnam, T. W., Rauscher, S. A., Seager, R., Grissino-Mayer,
H. D., Dean, J. S., Cook, E. R., Gangodagamage, C., Cai, M., and McDowell,
N. G.: Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and
tree mortality, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 292–297, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1693,
2013. a, b
Wolf, G., Brayshaw, D. J., Klingaman, N. P., and Czaja, A.: Quasi‐stationary
waves and their impact on European weather and extreme events, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 2431–2448, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3310, 2018. a
Wolf, S., Eugster, W., Ammann, C., Häni, M., Zielis, S., Hiller, R., Stieger,
J., Imer, D., Merbold, L., and Buchmann, N.: Contrasting response of
grassland versus forest carbon and water fluxes to spring drought in
Switzerland, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 035007,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035007, 2013. a
Yuan, W., Zheng, Y., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Lombardozzi, D., Wang, Y., Ryu, Y.,
Chen, G., Dong, W., Hu, Z., Jain, A. K., Jiang, C., Kato, E., Li, S.,
Lienert, S., Liu, S., Nabel, J. E., Qin, Z., Quine, T., Sitch, S., Smith,
W. K., Wang, F., Wu, C., Xiao, Z., and Yang, S.: Increased atmospheric vapor
pressure deficit reduces global vegetation growth, Sci. Adv., 5, eaax1396,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1396, 2019. a
Zang, C. S., Buras, A., Esquivel‐Muelbert, A., Jump, A. S., Rigling, A., and
Rammig, A.: Standardized drought indices in ecological research: Why one size
does not fit all, Glob. Chang. Biol., 26, 322–324, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14809,
2020.
a
Zhang, Y., Keenan, T. F., and Zhou, S.: Exacerbated drought impacts on global
ecosystems due to structural overshoot, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 5, 1490–1498,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01551-8, 2021. a, b, c, d
Zschenderlein, P., Fink, A. H., Pfahl, S., and Wernli, H.: Processes
determining heat waves across different European climates, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 2973–2989, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3599, 2019. a, b, c
Short summary
This study examines the multi-annual meteorological history of low-forest-greenness events in Europe's temperate and Mediterranean biome in 2002–2022. We systematically identify anomalies in temperature, precipitation, and weather systems as event precursors, with noteworthy differences between the two biomes. We also quantify the impact of the most extensive event in 2022 (37 % coverage), underlining the importance of understanding the forest–meteorology interaction in a changing climate.
This study examines the multi-annual meteorological history of low-forest-greenness events in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint