Articles | Volume 21, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 04 Apr 2024
| 04 Apr 2024
Seasonality and response of ocean acidification and hypoxia to major environmental anomalies in the southern Salish Sea, North America (2014–2018)
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
Jan A. Newton
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, P.O. Box 355640, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1492 NE Boat St., Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
Richard A. Feely
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
Samantha Siedlecki
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
Dana Greeley
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
retired
Related authors
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Li-Qing Jiang, Tim P. Boyer, Christopher R. Paver, Hyelim Yoo, James R. Reagan, Simone R. Alin, Leticia Barbero, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3383–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we unveil a data product featuring ten coastal ocean acidification variables. These indicators are provided on 1°×1° spatial grids at 14 standardized depth levels, ranging from the surface to a depth of 500 m, along the North American ocean margins.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Dana Greeley, Beth Curry, Julian Herndon, and Mark Warner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 837–865, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Salish cruise data product provides 2008–2018 oceanographic data from the southern Salish Sea and nearby coastal sampling stations. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrient, and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 715 oceanographic profiles will facilitate further study of ocean acidification, hypoxia, and marine heatwave impacts in this region. Three subsets of the compiled datasets from 35 cruises are available with consistent formatting and multiple commonly used units.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Li-Qing Jiang, Richard A. Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Dana Greeley, Leticia Barbero, Simone Alin, Brendan R. Carter, Denis Pierrot, Charles Featherstone, James Hooper, Chris Melrose, Natalie Monacci, Jonathan D. Sharp, Shawn Shellito, Yuan-Yuan Xu, Alex Kozyr, Robert H. Byrne, Wei-Jun Cai, Jessica Cross, Gregory C. Johnson, Burke Hales, Chris Langdon, Jeremy Mathis, Joe Salisbury, and David W. Townsend
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, supporting about 90 % of the global fisheries yield and 80 % of known species of marine fish. Despite the large potential risks from ocean acidification (OA), internally consistent water column OA data products in the coastal ocean still do not exist. This paper is the first time we report a high quality OA data product in North America's coastal waters.
Samantha A. Siedlecki, Darren Pilcher, Evan M. Howard, Curtis Deutsch, Parker MacCready, Emily L. Norton, Hartmut Frenzel, Jan Newton, Richard A. Feely, Simone R. Alin, and Terrie Klinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 2871–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future ocean conditions can be simulated using projected trends in fossil fuel use paired with Earth system models. Global models generally do not include local processes important to coastal ecosystems. These coastal processes can alter the degree of change projected. Higher-resolution models that include local processes predict modified changes in carbon stressors when compared to changes projected by global models in the California Current System.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Samantha Siedlecki, Stanley Nmor, Gennadi Lessin, Kelly Kearney, Subhadeep Rakshit, Colleen Petrik, Jessica Luo, Cristina Schultz, Dalton Sasaki, Kayla Gillen, Anh Pham, Christopher Somes, Damian Brady, Jeremy Testa, Christophe Rabouille, Isa Elegbede, and Olivier Sulpis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1846, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Benthic biogeochemical models are essential for simulating seafloor carbon cycling and climate feedbacks, yet vary widely in structure and assumptions. This paper introduces SedBGC_MIP, a community initiative to compare existing models, refine key processes, and assess uncertainty. We highlight discrepancies through case studies and introduce needs including observational benchmarks. Ultimately, we seek to improve climate and resource projections.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Nina Bednaršek, Hanna van de Mortel, Greg Pelletier, Marisol García-Reyes, Richard A. Feely, and Andrew G. Dickson
Biogeosciences, 22, 473–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) are unknown. Our synthesis, based on 68 collected studies with 84 unique species, shows that 35 % of species respond positively, 26 % respond negatively, and 39 % show a neutral response to alkalinity addition. Biological thresholds were found from 50 to 500 µmol kg−1 NaOH addition. A precautionary approach is warranted to avoid potential risks, while current regulatory framework needs improvements to assure safe biological limits.
Li-Qing Jiang, Tim P. Boyer, Christopher R. Paver, Hyelim Yoo, James R. Reagan, Simone R. Alin, Leticia Barbero, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3383–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we unveil a data product featuring ten coastal ocean acidification variables. These indicators are provided on 1°×1° spatial grids at 14 standardized depth levels, ranging from the surface to a depth of 500 m, along the North American ocean margins.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Dana Greeley, Beth Curry, Julian Herndon, and Mark Warner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 837–865, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Salish cruise data product provides 2008–2018 oceanographic data from the southern Salish Sea and nearby coastal sampling stations. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrient, and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 715 oceanographic profiles will facilitate further study of ocean acidification, hypoxia, and marine heatwave impacts in this region. Three subsets of the compiled datasets from 35 cruises are available with consistent formatting and multiple commonly used units.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Fabian A. Gomez, Sang-Ki Lee, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Laure Resplandy, Samantha A. Siedlecki, Filippos Tagklis, and Joseph E. Salisbury
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2223–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a river chemistry and discharge dataset for 140 rivers in the United States, which integrates information from the Water Quality Database of the US Geological Survey (USGS), the USGS’s Surface-Water Monthly Statistics for the Nation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This dataset includes dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, two key properties to characterize the carbonate system, as well as nutrient concentrations, such as nitrate, phosphate, and silica.
Steve Widdicombe, Kirsten Isensee, Yuri Artioli, Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia, Claudine Hauri, Janet A. Newton, Mark Wells, and Sam Dupont
Ocean Sci., 19, 101–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification is a global perturbation of the ocean carbonate chemistry as a consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. While great progress has been made over the last decade for chemical monitoring, ocean acidification biological monitoring remains anecdotal. This is a consequence of a lack of standards, general methodological framework, and overall methodology. This paper presents methodology focusing on sensitive traits and rates of change.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
Li-Qing Jiang, Richard A. Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Dana Greeley, Leticia Barbero, Simone Alin, Brendan R. Carter, Denis Pierrot, Charles Featherstone, James Hooper, Chris Melrose, Natalie Monacci, Jonathan D. Sharp, Shawn Shellito, Yuan-Yuan Xu, Alex Kozyr, Robert H. Byrne, Wei-Jun Cai, Jessica Cross, Gregory C. Johnson, Burke Hales, Chris Langdon, Jeremy Mathis, Joe Salisbury, and David W. Townsend
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, supporting about 90 % of the global fisheries yield and 80 % of known species of marine fish. Despite the large potential risks from ocean acidification (OA), internally consistent water column OA data products in the coastal ocean still do not exist. This paper is the first time we report a high quality OA data product in North America's coastal waters.
Samantha A. Siedlecki, Darren Pilcher, Evan M. Howard, Curtis Deutsch, Parker MacCready, Emily L. Norton, Hartmut Frenzel, Jan Newton, Richard A. Feely, Simone R. Alin, and Terrie Klinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 2871–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future ocean conditions can be simulated using projected trends in fossil fuel use paired with Earth system models. Global models generally do not include local processes important to coastal ecosystems. These coastal processes can alter the degree of change projected. Higher-resolution models that include local processes predict modified changes in carbon stressors when compared to changes projected by global models in the California Current System.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Camilla S. Landa, Siv K. Lauvset, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, and Ryan J. Woosley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2020 is the second update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 946 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2019.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Cited articles
Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A., Dickson, A. G., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Juranek, L. W., Ohman, M. D., and Goericke, R.: Robust empirical relationships for estimating the carbonate system in the southern California Current System and application to CalCOFI hydrographic cruise data (2005–2011), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C05033, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007511, 2012.
Alin, S. R., Brainard, R. E., Price, N. N., Newton, J., Cohen, A., Peterson, W. T., DeCarlo, E. H., Shadwick, E. H., Noakes, S., and Bednaršek, N.: Characterizing the Natural System: Toward Sustained, Integrated Coastal Ocean Acidification Observing Networks to Facilitate Resource Management and Decision Support, Oceanography, 25, 92–107, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.34, 2015.
Alin, S. R., Newton, J., Greeley, D., Curry, B., Herndon, J., Kozyr, A., and Feely, R. A.: A compiled data product of profile, discrete biogeochemical measurements from 35 individual cruise data sets collected from a variety of ships in the southern Salish Sea and northern California Current System (Washington state marine waters) from 2008-02-04 to 2018-10-19 (NCEI Accession 0238424), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/zgk5-ep63, 2022.
Alin, S. R., Newton, J., Feely, R. A., Greeley, D., Herndon, J., and Kozyr, A.: A multi-stressor data product for marine heatwave, hypoxia, and ocean acidification research, including calculated inorganic carbon parameters from the southern Salish Sea and northern California Current System from 2008-02-04 to 2018-10-19 (NCEI Accession 0283266), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/5g29-q841, 2023.
Alin, S. R., Newton, J. A., Feely, R. A., Greeley, D., Curry, B., Herndon, J., and Warner, M.: A decade-long cruise time series (2008–2018) of physical and biogeochemical conditions in the southern Salish Sea, North America, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 837–865, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, 2024.
Allen, M., Poggiali, D., Whitaker, K., Marshall, T. R., van Langen, J., and Kievit, R. A.: Raincloud plots: a multi-platform tool for robust data visualization [version 2], Wellcome Open Res., 4, 52, https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15191.2, 2021.
Babson, A. L., Kawase, M., and MacCready, P.: Seasonal and Interannual Variability in the Circulation of Puget Sound, Washington: A Box Model Study, Atmos.-Ocean, 44, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.440103, 2006.
Banas, N. S., Conway-Cranos, L., Sutherland, D. A., MacCready, P., Kiffney, P., and Plummer, M.: Patterns of River Influence and Connectivity Among Subbasins of Puget Sound, with Application to Bacterial and Nutrient Loading, Estuar. Coast., 38, 735–753, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9853-y, 2015.
Barth, J. A., Pierce, S. D., Carter, B. R., Chan, F., Erofeev, A., Fisher, J. L., Feely, R. A., Jacobson, K., Keller, A., Morgan, C. A., Pohl, J., Rasmuson, L. K., and Simon, V.: Widespread and increasing near-bottom hypoxia in the coastal ocean off the United States Pacific Northwest, Sci. Rep., 14, 3798, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54476-0, 2024.
Bednaršek, N., Feely, R. A., Beck, M. W., Glippa, O., Kanerva, M., and Engström-Öst, J.: El Niño-Related Thermal Stress Coupled With Upwelling-Related Ocean Acidification Negatively Impacts Cellular to Population-Level Responses in Pteropods Along the California Current System With Implications for Increased Bioenergetic Costs, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 486, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00486, 2018.
Bednaršek, N., Feely, R. A., Howes, E. L., Hunt, B. P. V., Kessouri, F., León, P., Lischka, S., Maas, A. E., McLaughlin, K., Nezlin, N. P., Sutula, M., and Weisberg, S. B.: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Toward Synthesis of Thresholds of Ocean Acidification Impacts on Calcifying Pteropods and Interactions With Warming, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 227, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00227, 2019.
Bednaršek, N., Pelletier, G., Ahmed, A., and Feely, R. A.: Chemical Exposure Due to Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification Increases Risks for Estuarine Calcifiers in the Salish Sea: Biogeochemical Model Scenarios, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 580, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00580, 2020a.
Bednaršek, N., Feely, R. A., Beck, M. W., Alin, S. R., Siedlecki, S. A., Calosi, P., Norton, E. L., Saenger, C., Štrus, J., Greeley, D., Nezlin, N. P., Roethler, M., and Spicer, J. I.: Exoskeleton dissolution with mechanoreceptor damage in larval Dungeness crab related to severity of present-day ocean acidification vertical gradients, Sci. Total Environ., 716, 136610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136610, 2020b.
Bednaršek, N., Newton, J. A., Beck, M. W., Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A., Christman, N. R., and Klinger, T.: Severe biological effects under present-day estuarine acidification in the seasonally variable Salish Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 765, 142689, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142689, 2021a.
Bednaršek, N., Ambrose, R., Calosi, P., Childers, R. K., Feely, R. A., Litvin, S. Y., Long, W. C., Spicer, J. I., Štrus, J., Taylor, J., Kessouri, F., Roethler, M., Sutula, M., and Weisberg, S. B.: Synthesis of Thresholds of Ocean Acidification Impacts on Decapods, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 651102, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.651102, 2021b.
Berger, H. M., Siedlecki, S. A., Matassa, C. M., Alin, S. R., Kaplan, I. C., Hodgson, E. E., Pilcher, D. J., Norton, E. L., and Newton, J. A.: Seasonality and Life History Complexity Determine Vulnerability of Dungeness Crab to Multiple Climate Stressors, AGU Adv., 2, e2021AV000456, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000456, 2021.
Bond, N. A., Cronin, M. F., Freeland, H., and Mantua, N.: Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3414–3420, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063306, 2015.
Cai, W.-J., Hu, X., Huang, W.-J., Murrell, M. C., Lehrter, J. C., Lohrenz, S. E., Chou, W.-C., Zhai, W., Hollibaugh, J. T., Wang, Y., Zhao, P., Guo, X., Gundersen, K., Dai, M., and Gong, G.-C.: Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication, Nat. Geosci., 4, 766–770, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1297, 2011.
Cai, W.-J., Xu, Y.-Y., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Jönsson, B., Alin, S. R., Barbero, L., Cross, J. N., Azetsu-Scott, K., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Jiang, L.-Q., Pepin, P., Chen, B., Hussain, N., Reimer, J. J., Xue, L., Salisbury, J. E., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Langdon, C., Li, Q., Sutton, A. J., Chen, C.-T. A., and Gledhill, D. K.: Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins, Nat. Commun., 11, 2691, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16530-z, 2020.
Cai, W.-J., Feely, R. A., Testa, J. M., Li, M., Evans, W., Alin, S. R., Xu, Y.-Y., Pelletier, G., Ahmed, A., Greeley, D. J., Newton, J. A., and Bednaršek, N.: Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers of Acidification in Large Estuaries, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 13, 23–55, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-011004, 2021.
Chan, F., Barth, J. A., Lubchenco, J., Kirincich, A., Weeks, H., Peterson, W. T., and Menge, B. A.: Emergence of Anoxia in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (Supporting online material), Science, 319, 920–920, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149016, 2008.
Chavez, F., Pennington, J. T., Michisaki, R., Blum, M., Chavez, G., Friederich, J., Jones, B., Herlien, R., Kieft, B., Hobson, B., Ren, A., Ryan, J., Sevadjian, J., Wahl, C., Walz, K., Yamahara, K., Friederich, G., and Messié, M.: Climate Variability and Change: Response of a Coastal Ocean Ecosystem, Oceanography, 30, 128–145, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.429, 2017.
Chavez, F. P. and Messié, M.: A comparison of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 80–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032, 2009.
Connolly, T. P., Hickey, B. M., Geier, S. L., and Cochlan, W. P.: Processes influencing seasonal hypoxia in the northern California Current System, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C03021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005283, 2010.
Crozier, L. G., McClure, M. M., Beechie, T., Bograd, S. J., Boughton, D. A., Carr, M., Cooney, T. D., Dunham, J. B., Greene, C. M., Haltuch, M. A., Hazen, E. L., Holzer, D. M., Huff, D. D., Johnson, R. C., Jordan, C. E., Kaplan, I. C., Lindley, S. T., Mantua, N. J., Moyle, P. B., Myers, J. M., Nelson, M. W., Spence, B. C., Weitkamp, L. A., Williams, T. H., and Willis-Norton, E.: Climate vulnerability assessment for Pacific salmon and steelhead in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem, PLOS ONE, 14, e0217711, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217711, 2019.
Crozier, L. G., Burke, B. J., Chasco, B. E., Widener, D. L., and Zabel, R. W.: Climate change threatens Chinook salmon throughout their life cycle, Commun. Biol., 4, 222, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01734-w, 2021.
Davis, K. A., Banas, N. S., Giddings, S. N., Siedlecki, S. A., MacCready, P., Lessard, E. J., Kudela, R. M., and Hickey, B. M.: Estuary-enhanced upwelling of marine nutrients fuels coastal productivity in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 8778–8799, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010248, 2014.
Dickson, A. G.: Standard potential of the reaction: AgCI(s) + 1/2H2(g) = Ag(s) + HCI(aq), and the standard acidity constant of the ion HSO4 in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 22, 113–127, 1990.
Dickson, A. G. and Goyet, C.: Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water. Version 2, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10107773 (last access: 20 March 2024), 1994.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., Christian, J. R., Bargeron, C. P., and North Pacific Marine Science Organization (Eds.): Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, Sidney, BC, 1 pp., https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/Handbook_2007.html (last access: 20 March 2024), 2007.
Di Lorenzo, E.: North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), ENSO & NPGO [data set], http://www.o3d.org/npgo/, last access: 8 August 2019.
Engström-Öst, J., Glippa, O., Feely, R. A., Kanerva, M., Keister, J. E., Alin, S. R., Carter, B. R., McLaskey, A. K., Vuori, K. A., and Bednaršek, N.: Eco-physiological responses of copepods and pteropods to ocean warming and acidification, Sci. Rep., 9, 4748, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41213-1, 2019.
Evans, W., Pocock, K., Hare, A., Weekes, C., Hales, B., Jackson, J., Gurney-Smith, H., Mathis, J. T., Alin, S. R., and Feely, R. A.: Marine CO2 Patterns in the Northern Salish Sea, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 536, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00536, 2019.
Fassbender, A. J., Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A., Sutton, A. J., Newton, J. A., Krembs, C., Bos, J., Keyzers, M., Devol, A., Ruef, W., and Pelletier, G.: Seasonal carbonate chemistry variability in marine surface waters of the US Pacific Northwest, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1367–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1367-2018, 2018.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V. J., and Millero, F. J.: Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans, Science, 305, 362–366, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097329, 2004.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Ianson, D., and Hales, B.: Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive “Acidified” Water onto the Continental Shelf, Science, 320, 1490–1492, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155676, 2008.
Feely, R. A., Alin, S. R., Newton, J., Sabine, C. L., Warner, M., Devol, A., Krembs, C., and Maloy, C.: The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 88, 442–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.05.004, 2010.
Feely, R. A., Alin, S. R., Carter, B., Bednaršek, N., Hales, B., Chan, F., Hill, T. M., Gaylord, B., Sanford, E., Byrne, R. H., Sabine, C. L., Greeley, D., and Juranek, L.: Chemical and biological impacts of ocean acidification along the west coast of North America, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 183, 260–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.043, 2016.
Feely, R. A., Okazaki, R. R., Cai, W.-J., Bednaršek, N., Alin, S. R., Byrne, R. H., and Fassbender, A.: The combined effects of acidification and hypoxia on pH and aragonite saturation in the coastal waters of the California current ecosystem and the northern Gulf of Mexico, Cont. Shelf Res., 152, 50–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.11.002, 2018.
Feely, R. A., Carter, B. R., Alin, S. R., Greeley, D., and Bednaršek, N.: The combined effects of ocean acidification and respiration on habitat suitability for marine calcifiers along the west coast of North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 129, e2023JC019892, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019892, 2024.
Franco, A. C., Ianson, D., Ross, T., Hamme, R. C., Monahan, A. H., Christian, J. R., Davelaar, M., Johnson, W. K., Miller, L. A., Robert, M., and Tortell, P. D.: Anthropogenic and Climatic Contributions to Observed Carbon System Trends in the Northeast Pacific, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 35, e2020GB006829, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006829, 2021.
Froehlich, H. E., Essington, T. E., Beaudreau, A. H., and Levin, P. S.: Movement Patterns and Distributional Shifts of Dungeness Crab (Metacarcinus magister) and English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) During Seasonal Hypoxia, Estuar. Coast., 37, 449–460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9676-2, 2014.
Froehlich, H. E., Essington, T. E., and McDonald, P. S.: When does hypoxia affect management performance of a fishery? A management strategy evaluation of Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) fisheries in Hood Canal, Washington, USA, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 74, 922–932, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0269, 2017.
Gattuso, J., Epitalon, J., Lavigne, H., and Orr, J.: _seacarb: Seawater Carbonate Chemistry_, R package version 3.3.2, CRAN [code], https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=seacarb (last access: 1 February 2024), 2023.
Gentemann, C. L., Fewings, M. R., and García-Reyes, M.: Satellite sea surface temperatures along the West Coast of the United States during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heat wave: Coastal SSTs During “the Blob”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 312–319, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071039, 2017.
Giddings, S. N., MacCready, P., Hickey, B. M., Banas, N. S., Davis, K. A., Siedlecki, S. A., Trainer, V. L., Kudela, R. M., Pelland, N. A., and Connolly, T. P.: Hindcasts of potential harmful algal bloom transport pathways on the Pacific Northwest coast, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 2439–2461, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009622, 2014.
Grantham, B. A., Chan, F., Nielsen, K. J., Fox, D. S., Barth, J. A., Huyer, A., Lubchenco, J., and Menge, B. A.: Upwelling-driven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic changes in the northeast Pacific, Nature, 429, 749–754, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02605, 2004.
Hanson, M. B., Emmons, C. K., Ford, M. J., Everett, M., Parsons, K., Park, L. K., Hempelmann, J., Van Doornik, D. M., Schorr, G. S., Jacobsen, J. K., Sears, M. F., Sears, M. S., Sneva, J. G., Baird, R. W., and Barre, L.: Endangered predators and endangered prey: Seasonal diet of Southern Resident killer whales, PLOS ONE, 16, e0247031, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247031, 2021.
Hare, A., Evans, W., Pocock, K., Weekes, C., and Gimenez, I.: Contrasting marine carbonate systems in two fjords in British Columbia, Canada: Seawater buffering capacity and the response to anthropogenic CO2 invasion, PLOS ONE, 15, e0238432, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238432, 2020.
Hickey, B. and Banas, N.: Why is the Northern End of the California Current System So Productive?, Oceanography, 21, 90–107, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2008.07, 2008.
Hodgson, E. E., Essington, T. E., and Kaplan, I. C.: Extending Vulnerability Assessment to Include Life Stages Considerations, PLOS ONE, 11, e0158917, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158917, 2016.
Hunt, C. W., Salisbury, J. E., and Vandemark, D.: Controls on buffering and coastal acidification in a temperate estuary, Limnol. Oceanogr., 67, 1328–1342, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12085, 2022.
Huyer, A.: Coastal upwelling in the California current system, Prog. Oceanogr., 12, 259–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(83)90010-1, 1983.
Ianson, D., Allen, S. E., Moore-Maley, B. L., Johannessen, S. C., and Macdonald, R. W.: Vulnerability of a semienclosed estuarine sea to ocean acidification in contrast with hypoxia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5793–5801, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068996, 2016.
IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO: The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. 56, UNESCO, 196 pp., 2010.
Jackson, J. M., Johnson, G. C., Dosser, H. V., and Ross, T.: Warming From Recent Marine Heatwave Lingers in Deep British Columbia Fjord, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9757–9764, 2018.
Jacox, M. G., Bograd, S. J., Hazen, E. L., and Fiechter, J.: Sensitivity of the California Current nutrient supply to wind, heat, and remote ocean forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5950–5957, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065147, 2015.
Jacox, M. G., Hazen, E. L., Zaba, K. D., Rudnick, D. L., Edwards, C. A., Moore, A. M., and Bograd, S. J.: Impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño on the California Current System: Early assessment and comparison to past events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7072–7080, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069716, 2016.
Jarníková, T., Ianson, D., Allen, S. E., Shao, A. E., and Olson, E. M.: Anthropogenic Carbon Increase has Caused Critical Shifts in Aragonite Saturation Across a Sensitive Coastal System, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 36, e2021GB007024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007024, 2022.
Jiang, L.-Q., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Greeley, D., Barbero, L., Alin, S., Carter, B. R., Pierrot, D., Featherstone, C., Hooper, J., Melrose, C., Monacci, N., Sharp, J. D., Shellito, S., Xu, Y.-Y., Kozyr, A., Byrne, R. H., Cai, W.-J., Cross, J., Johnson, G. C., Hales, B., Langdon, C., Mathis, J., Salisbury, J., and Townsend, D. W.: Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA) – an internally consistent data product for discrete inorganic carbon, oxygen, and nutrients on the North American ocean margins, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021.
Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S., Barbero, L., Byrne, R. H., Carter, B. R., Dickson, A. G., Gattuso, J.-P., and Greeley, D.: Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 705638, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638, 2022.
Johannessen, S. C., Masson, D., and Macdonald, R. W.: Oxygen in the deep Strait of Georgia, 1951-2009: The roles of mixing, deep-water renewal, and remineralization of organic carbon, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 211–222, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.1.0211, 2014.
Juranek, L. W., Feely, R. A., Peterson, W. T., Alin, S. R., Hales, B., Lee, K., Sabine, C. L., and Peterson, J.: A novel method for determination of aragonite saturation state on the continental shelf of central Oregon using multi-parameter relationships with hydrographic data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040778, 2009.
Khangaonkar, T., Nugraha, A., Yun, S. K., Premathilake, L., Keister, J. E., and Bos, J.: Propagation of the 2014–2016 Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwave Through the Salish Sea, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 787604, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.787604, 2021.
Koehlinger, J. A., Newton, J., Mickett, J., Thompson, L., and Klinger, T.: Large and transient positive temperature anomalies in Washington's coastal nearshore waters during the 2013–2015 northeast Pacific marine heatwave, PLOS ONE, 18, e0280646, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280646, 2023.
Kwiatkowski, L. and Orr, J. C.: Diverging seasonal extremes for ocean acidification during the twenty-first century, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 141–145, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0054-0, 2018.
Lowe, A. T., Bos, J., and Ruesink, J.: Ecosystem metabolism drives pH variability and modulates long-term ocean acidification in the Northeast Pacific coastal ocean (Supplement), Sci. Rep., 9, 963, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37764-4, 2019.
Lueker, T. J., Dickson, A. G., and Keeling, C. D.: Ocean pCO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K1 and K2: validation based on laboratory measurements of CO2 in gas and seawater at equilibrium, Mar. Chem., 70, 105–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00022-0, 2000.
MacCready, P. and Geyer, W. R.: Estuarine Exchange Flow in the Salish Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 129, e2023JC020369, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020369, 2024.
MacCready, P., McCabe, R. M., Siedlecki, S. A., Lorenz, M., Giddings, S. N., Bos, J., Albertson, S., Banas, N. S., and Garnier, S.: Estuarine Circulation, Mixing, and Residence Times in the Salish Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016738, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016738, 2021.
Mantua, N.: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), PDO [data set], http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/, last access: 8 August 2019.
McClatchie, S., Jacox, M. G., Ohman, M. D., and Sala, L. M.: State of the California Current 2015–16: Comparisons with the 1997–98 El Niño, CalCOFI Report, Vol. 57, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/730558jh (last access: 20 March 2024), 2016.
McCullough, D., Spalding, S., Sturdevant, D., and Hicks, M.: Issue Paper 5 Summary of technical literature examining the physiological effects of temperature on salmonids. Prepared as part of EPA Region 10 Temperature Water Quality Criteria Guidance Development Project, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://critfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/epareport_dale.pdf (last access: 20 March 2024), 2001.
McLaskey, A., Keister, J., McElhany, P., Brady Olson, M., Shallin Busch, D., Maher, M., and Winans, A.: Development of Euphausia pacifica (krill) larvae is impaired under pCO2 levels currently observed in the Northeast Pacific, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 555, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11839, 2016.
McNeil, B. I. and Sasse, T. P.: Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle, Nature, 529, 383–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16156, 2016.
Mohamedali, T., Roberts, M., Sackmann, B., and Kolosseus, A.: Puget Sound Dissolved Oxygen Model Nutrient Load Summary for 1999–2008, Washington State Department of Ecology, https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/1103057.pdf (last access: 20 March 2024), 2011.
Moore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Kellogg, J. P., and Newton, J. A.: Local and large-scale climate forcing of Puget Sound oceanographic properties on seasonal to interdecadal timescales, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 1746–1758, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1746, 2008.
Morgan, C. A., Beckman, B. R., Weitkamp, L. A., and Fresh, K. L.: Recent Ecosystem Disturbance in the Northern California Current, Fisheries, 44, 465–474, https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh.10273, 2019.
NANOOS: NVS Climatology–OSU MODIS climate water temperature anomaly, http://nvs.nanoos.org/Climatology, last access: 8 August 2019.
Newton, J., Bassin, C., Devol, A., Kawase, M., Ruef, W., Warner, M., Hannafious, D., and Rose, R.: Hypoxia in Hood Canal: An overview of status and contributing factors, in: Proceedings of the 2007 Georgia Basin Puget Sound Research Conference, 26–29 March 2007, Vancouver, BC, Canada, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237254567_Hypoxia_in_Hood_Canal_An_overview_of_status_and_contributing_factors (last access: 20 March 2024) 2007.
Newton, J. A., Siegel, E., and Albertson, S. L.: Oceanographic Changes in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca during the 2000–01 Drought, Can. Water Resour. J. Rev. Can. Ressour. Hydr., 28, 715–728, https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2804715, 2003.
Newton, J., Bassin, C., Devol, A., Richey, J., Kawase, M., and Warner, M.: Chapter I. Overview and results synthesis, Hood Canal Dissolved Oxygen Program Integrated Assessment and Modeling Report 2011, Hood Canal Dissolved Oxygen Program, http://www.hoodcanal.washington.edu/documents/PSHCDOP/hcdop_iam_overview_ch_1_v2.pdf (last access: 20 March 2024), 2011.
Newton, J. A., Feely, R. A., Alin, S. R., and Krembs, C.: Chapter 3. Ocean Acidification in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in: Scientific Summary of Ocean Acidification in Washington State Marine Waters, edited by: Feely, R. A., Klinger, T., Newton, J. A., and Chadsey, M., NOAA OAR Special Report, 176, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/11135/noaa_11135_DS1.pdf (last access: 20 March 2024), 2012.
NOAA Climate Prediction Center: El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Cold and warm episodes by seasons (Oceanic Niño Index), NOAA [data set], https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php, last access: 8 August 2019.
NOAA Fisheries: Species directory–Pacific salmon and steelhead, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/pacific-salmon-and-steelhead, last access: 23 October 2022.
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory: Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, NOAA [data set], https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/gl_data.html, last access: 9 February 2022.
NOAA Pacific Fisheries Environmental Laboratory: Upwelling Indices, NOAA [data set], https://upwell.pfeg.noaa.gov/products/PFEL/modeled/indices/upwelling/upwelling.html, last access: 20 March 2024.
Orr, J. C., Epitalon, J.-M., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Comparison of ten packages that compute ocean carbonate chemistry, Biogeosciences, 12, 1483–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1483-2015, 2015.
Orr, J. C., Epitalon, J.-M., Dickson, A. G., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Routine uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system, Mar. Chem., 207, 84–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.006, 2018.
Ou, M., Hamilton, T. J., Eom, J., Lyall, E. M., Gallup, J., Jiang, A., Lee, J., Close, D. A., Yun, S.-S., and Brauner, C. J.: Responses of pink salmon to CO2-induced aquatic acidification, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 950–955, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2694, 2015.
Pacella, S. R., Brown, C. A., Waldbusser, G. G., Labiosa, R. G., and Hales, B.: Seagrass habitat metabolism increases short-term extremes and long-term offset of CO2 under future ocean acidification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 3870–3875, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703445115, 2018.
Pauley, G. B., Armstrong, D. A., Van Citter, R., and Thomas, G. L.: Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Pacific Southwest) – Dungeness Crab, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA224837 (last access: 20 March 2024), 1989.
Pawlowicz, R., Riche, O., and Halverson, M.: The circulation and residence time of the strait of Georgia using a simple mixing-box approach, Atmos.-Ocean, 45, 173–193, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.450401, 2007.
Perez, F. F. and Fraga, F.: Association constant of fluoride and hydrogen ions in seawater, Mar. Chem., 21, 161–168, 1987.
Peterson, J. O., Morgan, C. A., Peterson, W. T., and Lorenzo, E. D.: Seasonal and interannual variation in the extent of hypoxia in the northern California Current from 1998–2012, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 2279–2292, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.6.2279, 2013.
Peterson, W. T., Fisher, J. L., Strub, P. T., Du, X., Risien, C., Peterson, J., and Shaw, C. T.: The pelagic ecosystem in the Northern California Current off Oregon during the 2014–2016 warm anomalies within the context of the past 20 years, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 7267–7290, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012952, 2017.
PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup: Puget Sound marine waters: 2013 overview, edited by: Moore, S. K., Stark, K., Bos, J., Williams, P., Newton, J., and Dzinbal, K., Puget Sound Partnership, https://www.psp.wa.gov/psmarinewatersoverview.php (last access: 20 March 2024), 2014.
PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup: Puget Sound marine waters: 2014 overview, edited by: Moore, S. K., Wold, R., Stark, K., Bos, J., Williams, P., Dzinbal, K., Krembs, C., and Newton, J., Puget Sound Partnership, https://www.psp.wa.gov/psmarinewatersoverview.php (last access: 20 March 2024), 2015.
PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup: Puget Sound marine waters: 2015 overview, edited by: Moore, S. K., Wold, R., Stark, K., Bos, J., Williams, P., Dzinbal, K., Krembs, C., and Newton, J., Puget Sound Partnership, https://www.psp.wa.gov/psmarinewatersoverview.php (last access: 20 March 2024), 2016.
PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup: Puget Sound marine waters: 2016 overview, edited by: Moore, S. K., Wold, R., Stark, K., Bos, J., Williams, P., Hamel, N., Edwards, A., Krembs, C., and Newton, J., Puget Sound Partnership, https://www.psp.wa.gov/psmarinewatersoverview.php (last access: 20 March 2024), 2017.
PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup: Puget Sound marine waters: 2017 overview, edited by: Moore, S. K., Wold, R., Stark, K., Bos, J., Williams, P., Hamel, N., Kim, S., Brown, A., Krembs, C., and Newton, J., Puget Sound Partnership, https://www.psp.wa.gov/psmarinewatersoverview.php (last access: 20 March 2024), 2018.
PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup: Puget Sound marine waters: 2018 overview, edited by: Moore, S. K., Wold, R., Curry, B., Stark, K., Bos, J., Williams, P., Hamel, N., Apple, J., Kim, S., Brown, A., Krembs, C., and Newton, J., Puget Sound Partnership, https://www.psp.wa.gov/psmarinewatersoverview.php (last access: 20 March 2024), 2019.
PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup: Puget Sound marine waters: 2020 overview, edited by: Apple, J., Wold, R., Stark, K., Bos, J., Williams, P., Hamel, N., Yang, S., Selleck, J., Moore, S. K., Rice, J., Kantor, S., Krembs, C., Hannach, G., and Newton, J., Puget Sound Partnership, https://www.psp.wa.gov/psmarinewatersoverview.php (last access: 20 March 2024), 2021.
Rasmuson, L. K.: The Biology, Ecology and Fishery of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, in: Advances in Marine Biology, Vol. 65, Elsevier, 95–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-410498-3.00003-3, 2013.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: Supp Mat: The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403, 2004.
Scherer, C.: Beyond bar and box plots, GitHub [code], https://z3tt.github.io/beyond-bar-and-box-plots/, last access: 20 March 2024.
Siedlecki, S. A., Banas, N. S., Davis, K. A., Giddings, S., Hickey, B. M., MacCready, P., Connolly, T., and Geier, S.: Seasonal and interannual oxygen variability on the Washington and Oregon continental shelves, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 608–633, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010254, 2015.
Siedlecki, S., Bjorkstedt, E., Feely, R., Cross, J., and Newton, J.: Impact of the Blob on the Northeast Pacific Ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems, in: US CLIVAR Var., Vol. 14, edited by: Uhlenbrock, K. and Patterson, M., US Climate Variability and Predictability Program, https://usclivar.org/newsletters (last access: 20 March 2024), 2016a.
Siedlecki, S. A., Kaplan, I. C., Hermann, A. J., Nguyen, T. T., Bond, N. A., Newton, J. A., Williams, G. D., Peterson, W. T., Alin, S. R., and Feely, R. A.: Experiments with Seasonal Forecasts of ocean conditions for the Northern region of the California Current upwelling system, Sci. Rep., 6, 27203, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27203, 2016b.
Sobocinski, K.: The State of the Salish Sea, Salish Sea Institute, https://doi.org/10.25710/VFHB-3A69, 2021.
Sutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Cai, W.-J., Cronin, M. F., McPhaden, M. J., Morell, J. M., Newton, J. A., Noh, J.-H., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., Salisbury, J. E., Send, U., Vandemark, D. C., and Weller, R. A.: Using present-day observations to detect when anthropogenic change forces surface ocean carbonate chemistry outside preindustrial bounds, Biogeosciences, 13, 5065–5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5065-2016, 2016.
Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Maenner Jones, S., Musielewicz, S., Osborne, J., Dietrich, C., Monacci, N. M., Cross, J. N., Bott, R., and Kozyr, A.: Autonomous seawater partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and pH time series from 40 surface buoys between 2004 and 2017 (NCEI Accession 0173932), Version 1.1, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/V5DB8043, 2018.
Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Maenner-Jones, S., Musielwicz, S., Osborne, J., Dietrich, C., Monacci, N., Cross, J., Bott, R., Kozyr, A., Andersson, A. J., Bates, N. R., Cai, W.-J., Cronin, M. F., De Carlo, E. H., Hales, B., Howden, S. D., Lee, C. M., Manzello, D. P., McPhaden, M. J., Meléndez, M., Mickett, J. B., Newton, J. A., Noakes, S. E., Noh, J. H., Olafsdottir, S. R., Salisbury, J. E., Send, U., Trull, T. W., Vandemark, D. C., and Weller, R. A.: Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 421–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019, 2019.
Swain, D. L., Horton, D. E., Singh, D., and Diffenbaugh, N. S.: Trends in atmospheric patterns conducive to seasonal precipitation and temperature extremes in California, Sci. Adv., 2, e1501344, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501344, 2016.
timeanddate: Seattle, Washington, USA – sunrise, sunset, and daylength, timeanddate [data set], https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/usa/seattle?month=12, last access: 8 August 2019.
Uppstrom, L. R.: The boron/chlorinity ratio of the deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 21, 161–162, 1974.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: EPA Region 10 Guidance For Pacific Northwest State and Tribal Temperature Water Quality Standards, Region 10 Office of Water, Seattle, Washington, 2003.
Vaquer-Sunyer, R. and Duarte, C. M.: Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 15452–15457, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803833105, 2008.
Waldbusser, G. G. and Salisbury, J. E.: Ocean Acidification in the Coastal Zone from an Organism's Perspective: Multiple System Parameters, Frequency Domains, and Habitats, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 6, 221–247, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172238, 2014.
Waldbusser, G. G., Hales, B., Langdon, C. J., Haley, B. A., Schrader, P., Brunner, E. L., Gray, M. W., Miller, C. A., and Gimenez, I.: Saturation-state sensitivity of marine bivalve larvae to ocean acidification, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 273–280, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2479, 2015.
Wallace, R. B., Baumann, H., Grear, J. S., Aller, R. C., and Gobler, C. J.: Coastal ocean acidification: The other eutrophication problem, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 148, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.05.027, 2014.
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife: WDFW works to manage and restore Dungeness Crab in Washington waters, Medium, https://wdfw.medium.com/wdfw-works-to-manage-and-restore-dungeness-crab-in-washington-waters-4e507e00a813 (last access: 20 March 2024) 2020.
Waters, J., Millero, F. J., and Woosley, R. J.: Corrigendum to “The free proton concentration scale for seawater pH”, [MARCHE: 149 (2013) 8–22], Mar. Chem., 165, 66–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.07.004, 2014.
Williams, C. R., Dittman, A. H., McElhany, P., Busch, D. S., Maher, M. T., Bammler, T. K., MacDonald, J. W., and Gallagher, E. P.: Elevated CO2 impairs olfactory-mediated neural and behavioral responses and gene expression in ocean-phase coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Glob. Change Biol., 25, 963–977, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14532, 2019.
Windham-Myers, L., Cai, W.-J., Alin, S., Andersson, A., Crosswell, J., Dunton, K. H., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Herrmann, M., Hinson, A. L., Hopkinson, C. S., Howard, J., Hu, X., Knox, S. H., Kroeger, K., Lagomasino, D., Megonigal, P., Najjar, R., Paulsen, M.-L., Peteet, D., Pidgeon, E., Schäfer, K., Tzortziou, M., Wang, Z. A., Watson, E. B., Cavallaro, N., Shrestha, G., Birdse, R., Mayes, M. A., Najjar, R., Reed, S., Romero-Lankao, P., and Zhu, Z.: Chapter 15: Tidal Wetlands and Estuaries. Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report, U.S. Global Change Research Program, https://doi.org/10.7930/SOCCR2.2018.Ch15, 2018.
Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. A.: CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes, Elsevier Oceanography Series, 65, Amsterdam, 360 pp., 2001.
Short summary
We provide a new multi-stressor data product that allows us to characterize the seasonality of temperature, O2, and CO2 in the southern Salish Sea and delivers insights into the impacts of major marine heatwave and precipitation anomalies on regional ocean acidification and hypoxia. We also describe the present-day frequencies of temperature, O2, and ocean acidification conditions that cross thresholds of sensitive regional species that are economically or ecologically important.
We provide a new multi-stressor data product that allows us to characterize the seasonality of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint