Articles | Volume 21, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3869-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3869-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Coupled otolith and foraminifera oxygen and carbon stable isotopes evidence paleoceanographic changes and fish metabolic responses
Konstantina Agiadi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geology, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
Iuliana Vasiliev
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Geanina Butiseacă
Palaeoanthropology Working Group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
George Kontakiotis
Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
Danae Thivaiou
Natural History Museum of Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
Evangelia Besiou
Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
Stergios Zarkogiannis
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
Efterpi Koskeridou
Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
Assimina Antonarakou
Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
Andreas Mulch
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Konstantina Agiadi, Niklas Hohmann, Elsa Gliozzi, Danae Thivaiou, Francesca R. Bosellini, Marco Taviani, Giovanni Bianucci, Alberto Collareta, Laurent Londeix, Costanza Faranda, Francesca Bulian, Efterpi Koskeridou, Francesca Lozar, Alan Maria Mancini, Stefano Dominici, Pierre Moissette, Ildefonso Bajo Campos, Enrico Borghi, George Iliopoulos, Assimina Antonarakou, George Kontakiotis, Evangelia Besiou, Stergios D. Zarkogiannis, Mathias Harzhauser, Francisco Javier Sierro, Angelo Camerlenghi, and Daniel García-Castellanos
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4767–4775, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4767-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4767-2024, 2024
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We present a dataset of 23032 fossil occurrences of marine organisms from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene (~11 to 3.6 million years ago) from the Mediterranean Sea. This dataset will allow us, for the first time, to quantify the biodiversity impact of the Messinian salinity crisis, a major geological event that possibly changed global and regional climate and biota.
Konstantina Agiadi, Efterpi Koskeridou, and Danae Thivaiou
Foss. Rec., 24, 233–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-233-2021, 2021
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Climate and connection between marine basins have formed the modern Mediterranean fish fauna. Here, we present new data for the early stages of the fish fauna, 20–23 million years ago, when the Mediterranean Sea was starting to take its actual shape, and we show its relationship to the fish faunas of the surrounding seas. Two new fish species are described: Ariosoma mesohellenica and Gnathophis elongatus.
Konstantina Agiadi, Niklas Hohmann, Elsa Gliozzi, Danae Thivaiou, Francesca R. Bosellini, Marco Taviani, Giovanni Bianucci, Alberto Collareta, Laurent Londeix, Costanza Faranda, Francesca Bulian, Efterpi Koskeridou, Francesca Lozar, Alan Maria Mancini, Stefano Dominici, Pierre Moissette, Ildefonso Bajo Campos, Enrico Borghi, George Iliopoulos, Assimina Antonarakou, George Kontakiotis, Evangelia Besiou, Stergios D. Zarkogiannis, Mathias Harzhauser, Francisco Javier Sierro, Angelo Camerlenghi, and Daniel García-Castellanos
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4767–4775, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4767-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4767-2024, 2024
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We present a dataset of 23032 fossil occurrences of marine organisms from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene (~11 to 3.6 million years ago) from the Mediterranean Sea. This dataset will allow us, for the first time, to quantify the biodiversity impact of the Messinian salinity crisis, a major geological event that possibly changed global and regional climate and biota.
Veronica Peverelli, Alfons Berger, Martin Wille, Thomas Pettke, Benita Putlitz, Andreas Mulch, Edwin Gnos, and Marco Herwegh
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 879–898, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-879-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-879-2024, 2024
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We used U–Pb dating and Pb–Sr–O–H isotopes of hydrothermal epidote to characterize fluid circulation in the Aar Massif (central Swiss Alps). Our data support the hypothesis that Permian fluids exploited syn-rift extensional faults. In the Miocene during the Alpine orogeny, fluid sources were meteoric, sedimentary, and/or metamorphic water. Likely, Miocene shear zones were exploited for fluid circulation, with implications for the Sr isotope budget of the granitoids.
Armelle Ballian, Maud J. M. Meijers, Isabelle Cojan, Damien Huyghe, Miguel Bernecker, Katharina Methner, Mattia Tagliavento, Jens Fiebig, and Andreas Mulch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2093, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2093, 2024
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During the Middle Miocene, the Earth transitioned from a warm period to a colder one, significantly impacting global ecosystems and climate patterns. We present a climate record (23–13 Ma) from northern Mediterranean soil carbonates in France, revealing dynamic temperature changes and suggesting early Mediterranean-like climate periods. Our climate record aligns well with terrestrial European and global marine records, enhancing our understanding of Miocene climate dynamics around the Alps.
Daniel Boateng, Sebastian G. Mutz, Armelle Ballian, Maud J. M. Meijers, Katharina Methner, Svetlana Botsyun, Andreas Mulch, and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 1183–1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-1183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-1183-2023, 2023
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We present model-based topographic sensitivity experiments that provide valuable constraints for interpreting past proxies and records of climate and tectonic processes. The study uses a climate model to quantify the response of regional climate and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation to diachronous surface uplift scenarios across the European Alps. The results suggest that isotopic signal changes can be measured in geologic archives using stable isotope paleoaltimetry.
Wout Krijgsman, Iuliana Vasiliev, Anouk Beniest, Timothy Lyons, Johanna Lofi, Gabor Tari, Caroline P. Slomp, Namik Cagatay, Maria Triantaphyllou, Rachel Flecker, Dan Palcu, Cecilia McHugh, Helge Arz, Pierre Henry, Karen Lloyd, Gunay Cifci, Özgür Sipahioglu, Dimitris Sakellariou, and the BlackGate workshop participants
Sci. Dril., 31, 93–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-93-2022, 2022
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BlackGate seeks to MSP drill a transect to study the impact of dramatic hydrologic change in Mediterranean–Black Sea connectivity by recovering the Messinian to Holocene (~ 7 Myr) sedimentary sequence in the North Aegean, Marmara, and Black seas. These archives will reveal hydrographic, biotic, and climatic transitions studied by a broad scientific community spanning the stratigraphic, tectonic, biogeochemical, and microbiological evolution of Earth’s most recent saline and anoxic giant.
Olaf Klaus Lenz, Mara Montag, Volker Wilde, Katharina Methner, Walter Riegel, and Andreas Mulch
Clim. Past, 18, 2231–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2231-2022, 2022
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We describe different carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) in an upper Paleocene to lower Eocene lignite succession (Schöningen, DE). The combination with a new stratigraphic framework allows for a correlation of distinct CIEs with long- and short-term thermal events of the last natural greenhouse period on Earth. Furthermore, changes in the peat-forming wetland vegetation are correlated with a CIE that can be can be related to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM).
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U–Pb dating by the in situ laser ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) technique requires reference materials of the same nature as the samples to be analysed. Here, we have explored the suitability of using carbonate materials as a reference for sulfates, since there is no sulfate reference material. The results we obtained are satisfactory, and thus, from now on, the sulfates can also be analysed.
Angelica Feurdean, Andrei-Cosmin Diaconu, Mirjam Pfeiffer, Mariusz Gałka, Simon M. Hutchinson, Geanina Butiseaca, Natalia Gorina, Spassimir Tonkov, Aidin Niamir, Ioan Tantau, Hui Zhang, and Sergey Kirpotin
Clim. Past, 18, 1255–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1255-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1255-2022, 2022
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We used palaeoecological records from peatlands in southern Siberia. We showed that warmer climate conditions have lowered the water level and increased the fuel amount and flammability, consequently also increasing the frequency and severity of fires as well as the composition of tree types.
Emilija Krsnik, Katharina Methner, Marion Campani, Svetlana Botsyun, Sebastian G. Mutz, Todd A. Ehlers, Oliver Kempf, Jens Fiebig, Fritz Schlunegger, and Andreas Mulch
Solid Earth, 12, 2615–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, 2021
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Konstantina Agiadi, Efterpi Koskeridou, and Danae Thivaiou
Foss. Rec., 24, 233–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-233-2021, 2021
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Katharina Methner, Olaf Lenz, Walter Riegel, Volker Wilde, and Andreas Mulch
Clim. Past, 15, 1741–1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1741-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1741-2019, 2019
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We describe the presence of a carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in Paleogene lignites (Schöningen, DE) and assess paleoenvironmental changes in midlatitudinal late Paleocene–early Eocene peat mire records along the paleo-North Sea coast (Schöningen, Cobham, Vasterival). These records share major characteristics of a reduced CIE (~ -1.3 ‰) in terms of bulk organic matter, increased fire activity (pre-CIE), minor plant species changes, and drowning of near-coastal mires during the CIE.
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Ideas and perspectives: Human impacts alter the marine fossil record
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Serpulid microbialitic bioherms from the upper Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) of the central Paratethys Sea (NW Hungary) – witnesses of a microbial sea
Massive corals record deforestation in Malaysian Borneo through sediments in river discharge
Calcification response of planktic foraminifera to environmental change in the western Mediterranean Sea during the industrial era
Nature and origin of variations in pelagic carbonate production in the tropical ocean since the mid-Miocene (ODP Site 927)
Variation in calcification of Reticulofenestra coccoliths over the Oligocene–Early Miocene
The influence of near-surface sediment hydrothermalism on the TEX86 tetraether-lipid-based proxy and a new correction for ocean bottom lipid overprinting
Testing the effect of bioturbation and species abundance upon discrete-depth individual foraminifera analysis
Test-size evolution of the planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia menardii in the eastern tropical Atlantic since the Late Miocene
Distribution of coccoliths in surface sediments across the Drake Passage and calcification of Emiliania huxleyi morphotypes
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Biogeosciences, 21, 2177–2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2177-2024, 2024
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The youngest fossil record is a crucial source of data on the history of marine ecosystems and their long-term alteration by humans. However, human activities that reshape ecosystems also alter sedimentary and biological processes that control the formation of the geological archives recording those impacts. Thus, humans have been transforming the marine fossil record in ways that affect our ability to reconstruct past ecological and climate dynamics.
Wanli Xiang, Jan-Peter Duda, Andreas Pack, Mark van Zuilen, and Joachim Reitner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1007, 2024
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We investigated the formation of early Archean (~3.5–3.4 Ga) carbonates in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, demonstrating the presence of an oceanic crust-, an organo-carbonate-, and a microbial carbonate factory. Notably, (a)biotic organic matter as well as hydrothermal fluids were centrally involved in carbonate precipitation. Since carbonates are widespread in the Archean, they may have constituted major carbon sinks that modulated early Earth’s carbon cycle and, hence, climate system.
Mara Cipriani, Carmine Apollaro, Daniela Basso, Pietro Bazzicalupo, Marco Bertolino, Valentina Alice Bracchi, Fabio Bruno, Gabriele Costa, Rocco Dominici, Alessandro Gallo, Maurizio Muzzupappa, Antonietta Rosso, Rossana Sanfilippo, Francesco Sciuto, Giovanni Vespasiano, and Adriano Guido
Biogeosciences, 21, 49–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-49-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-49-2024, 2024
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Who constructs the build-ups of the Mediterranean Sea? What is the role of skeletal and soft-bodied organisms in these bioconstructions? Do bacteria play a role in their formation? In this research, for the first time, the coralligenous of the Mediterranean shelf is studied from a geobiological point of view with an interdisciplinary biological and geological approach, highlighting important biotic relationships that can be used in interpreting the fossil build-up systems.
Mathias Harzhauser, Oleg Mandic, and Werner E. Piller
Biogeosciences, 20, 4775–4794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4775-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4775-2023, 2023
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Bowl-shaped spirorbid microbialite bioherms formed during the late Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) in the central Paratethys Sea under a warm, arid climate. The microbialites and the surrounding sediment document a predominance of microbial activity in the shallow marine environments of the sea at that time. Modern microbialites are not analogues for these unique structures, which reflect a series of growth stages with an initial “start-up stage”, massive “keep-up stage” and termination of growth.
Walid Naciri, Arnoud Boom, Matthew Payne, Nicola Browne, Noreen J. Evans, Philip Holdship, Kai Rankenburg, Ramasamy Nagarajan, Bradley J. McDonald, Jennifer McIlwain, and Jens Zinke
Biogeosciences, 20, 1587–1604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1587-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1587-2023, 2023
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In this study, we tested the ability of massive boulder-like corals to act as archives of land use in Malaysian Borneo to palliate the lack of accurate instrumental data on deforestation before the 1980s. We used mass spectrometry to measure trace element ratios in coral cores to use as a proxy for sediment in river discharge. Results showed an extremely similar increase between our proxy and the river discharge instrumental record, demonstrating the use of these corals as reliable archives.
Thibauld M. Béjard, Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, José A. Flores, Javier P. Tarruella, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Isabel Cacho, Neghar Haghipour, Aidan Hunter, and Francisco J. Sierro
Biogeosciences, 20, 1505–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, 2023
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The Mediterranean Sea is undergoing a rapid and unprecedented environmental change. Planktic foraminifera calcification is affected on different timescales. On seasonal and interannual scales, calcification trends differ according to the species and are linked mainly to sea surface temperatures and carbonate system parameters, while comparison with pre/post-industrial assemblages shows that all three species have reduced their calcification between 10 % to 35 % according to the species.
Pauline Cornuault, Thomas Westerhold, Heiko Pälike, Torsten Bickert, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 20, 597–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, 2023
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We generated high-resolution records of carbonate accumulation rate from the Miocene to the Quaternary in the tropical Atlantic Ocean to characterize the variability in pelagic carbonate production during warm climates. It follows orbital cycles, responding to local changes in tropical conditions, as well as to long-term shifts in climate and ocean chemistry. These changes were sufficiently large to play a role in the carbon cycle and global climate evolution.
José Guitián, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, José-Abel Flores, Iván Hernández-Almeida, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 19, 5007–5019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, 2022
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The effect of environmental conditions on the degree of calcification of marine phytoplankton remains unclear. This study implements a new microscopic approach to quantify the calcification of ancient coccolithophores, using North Atlantic sediments. Results show significant differences in the thickness and shape factor of coccoliths for samples with minimum dissolution, providing the first evaluation of phytoplankton physiology adaptation to million-year-scale variable environmental conditions.
Jeremy N. Bentley, Gregory T. Ventura, Clifford C. Walters, Stefan M. Sievert, and Jeffrey S. Seewald
Biogeosciences, 19, 4459–4477, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4459-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4459-2022, 2022
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We demonstrate the TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of 86 carbon atoms) paleoclimate proxy can become heavily impacted by the ocean floor archaeal community. The impact results from source inputs, their diagenetic and catagenetic alteration, and further overprint by the additions of lipids from the ocean floor sedimentary archaeal community. We then present a method to correct the overprints by using IPLs (intact polar lipids) extracted from both water column and subsurface archaeal communities.
Bryan C. Lougheed and Brett Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 1195–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1195-2022, 2022
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Measurements on sea-dwelling shelled organisms called foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediment cores have been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) variation. To evaluate the method, we use a computer model to simulate millions of single foraminifera and how they become mixed in the sediment after being deposited on the seafloor. We compare the SST inferred from the single foraminifera in the sediment core to the true SST in the water, thus quantifying method uncertainties.
Thore Friesenhagen
Biogeosciences, 19, 777–805, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-777-2022, 2022
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Size measurements of the planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia menardii and related forms are used to investigate the shell-size evolution for the last 8 million years in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. Long-term changes in the shell size coincide with major climatic, palaeogeographic and palaeoceanographic changes and suggest the occurrence of a new G. menardii type in the Atlantic Ocean ca. 2 million years ago.
Nele Manon Vollmar, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 19, 585–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, 2022
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We studied recent (sub-)fossil remains of a type of algae (coccolithophores) off southernmost Chile and across the Drake Passage, adding to the scarce knowledge that exists in the Southern Ocean, a rapidly changing environment. We found that those can be used to reconstruct the surface ocean conditions in the north but not in the south. We also found variations in shape in the dominant species Emiliania huxleyi depending on the location, indicating subtle adaptations to environmental conditions.
Catherine V. Davis, Karen Wishner, Willem Renema, and Pincelli M. Hull
Biogeosciences, 18, 977–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-977-2021, 2021
Práxedes Muñoz, Lorena Rebolledo, Laurent Dezileau, Antonio Maldonado, Christoph Mayr, Paola Cárdenas, Carina B. Lange, Katherine Lalangui, Gloria Sanchez, Marco Salamanca, Karen Araya, Ignacio Jara, Gabriel Easton, and Marcel Ramos
Biogeosciences, 17, 5763–5785, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5763-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5763-2020, 2020
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We analyze marine sedimentary records to study temporal changes in oxygen and productivity in marine waters of central Chile. We observed increasing oxygenation and decreasing productivity from 6000 kyr ago to the modern era that seem to respond to El Niño–Southern Oscillation activity. In the past centuries, deoxygenation and higher productivity are re-established, mainly in the northern zones of Chile and Peru. Meanwhile, in north-central Chile the deoxygenation trend is maintained.
Luka Šupraha and Jorijntje Henderiks
Biogeosciences, 17, 2955–2969, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2955-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2955-2020, 2020
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The cell size, degree of calcification and growth rates of coccolithophores impact their role in the carbon cycle and may also influence their adaptation to environmental change. Combining insights from culture experiments and the fossil record, we show that the selection for smaller cells over the past 15 Myr has been a common adaptive trait among different lineages. However, heavily calcified species maintained a more stable biogeochemical output than the ancestral lineage of E. huxleyi.
Niels J. de Winter, Clemens V. Ullmann, Anne M. Sørensen, Nicolas Thibault, Steven Goderis, Stijn J. M. Van Malderen, Christophe Snoeck, Stijn Goolaerts, Frank Vanhaecke, and Philippe Claeys
Biogeosciences, 17, 2897–2922, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2897-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2897-2020, 2020
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In this study, we present a detailed investigation of the chemical composition of 12 specimens of very well preserved, 78-million-year-old oyster shells from southern Sweden. The chemical data show how the oysters grew, the environment in which they lived and how old they became and also provide valuable information about which chemical measurements we can use to learn more about ancient climate and environment from such shells. In turn, this can help improve climate reconstructions and models.
Hannah M. Palmer, Tessa M. Hill, Peter D. Roopnarine, Sarah E. Myhre, Katherine R. Reyes, and Jonas T. Donnenfield
Biogeosciences, 17, 2923–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2923-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2923-2020, 2020
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Modern climate change is causing expansions of low-oxygen zones, with detrimental impacts to marine life. To better predict future ocean oxygen change, we study past expansions and contractions of low-oxygen zones using microfossils of seafloor organisms. We find that, along the San Diego margin, the low-oxygen zone expanded into more shallow water in the last 400 years, but the conditions within and below the low-oxygen zone did not change significantly in the last 1500 years.
Yuanyuan Hong, Moriaki Yasuhara, Hokuto Iwatani, and Briony Mamo
Biogeosciences, 16, 585–604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-585-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-585-2019, 2019
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This study analyzed microfaunal assemblages in surface sediments from 52 sites in Hong Kong marine waters. We selected 18 species for linear regression modeling to statistically reveal the relationship between species distribution and environmental factors. These results show environmental preferences of commonly distributed species on Asian coasts, providing a robust baseline for past environmental reconstruction of the broad Asian region using microfossils in sediment cores.
Jorge Domingo Carrillo-Briceño, Zoneibe Luz, Austin Hendy, László Kocsis, Orangel Aguilera, and Torsten Vennemann
Biogeosciences, 16, 33–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-33-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-33-2019, 2019
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By combining taxonomy and geochemistry, we corroborated the described paleoenvironments from a Neogene fossiliferous deposit of South America. Shark teeth specimens were used for taxonomic identification and as proxies for geochemical analyses. With a multidisciplinary approach we refined the understanding about the paleoenvironmental setting and the paleoecological characteristics of the studied groups, in our case, for the bull shark and its incursions into brackish waters.
Anna Binczewska, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Irina Polovodova Asteman, Matthias Moros, Amandine Tisserand, Eystein Jansen, and Andrzej Witkowski
Biogeosciences, 15, 5909–5928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5909-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5909-2018, 2018
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Primary productivity is an important factor in the functioning and structuring of the coastal ecosystem. Thus, two sediment cores from the Skagerrak (North Sea) were investigated in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of primary productivity changes during the last millennium and identify associated forcing factors (e.g. anthropogenic, climate). The cores were dated and analysed for palaeoproductivity proxies and palaeothermometers.
Sami A. Jokinen, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Tom Jilbert, Jérôme Kaiser, Olaf Dellwig, Helge W. Arz, Jari Hänninen, Laura Arppe, Miia Collander, and Timo Saarinen
Biogeosciences, 15, 3975–4001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3975-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3975-2018, 2018
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Oxygen deficiency is a major environmental problem deteriorating seafloor habitats especially in the coastal ocean with large human impact. Here we apply a wide set of chemical and physical analyses to a 1500-year long sediment record and show that, although long-term climate variability has modulated seafloor oxygenation in the coastal northern Baltic Sea, the oxygen loss over the 20th century is unprecedentedly severe, emphasizing the need to reduce anthropogenic nutrient input in the future.
Saúl González-Lemos, José Guitián, Miguel-Ángel Fuertes, José-Abel Flores, and Heather M. Stoll
Biogeosciences, 15, 1079–1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1079-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1079-2018, 2018
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Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide affect ocean chemistry and the ability of marine organisms to manufacture shells from calcium carbonate. We describe a technique to obtain more reproducible measurements of the thickness of calcium carbonate shells made by microscopic marine algae called coccolithophores, which will allow researchers to compare how the shell thickness responds to variations in ocean chemistry in the past and present.
Ulrich Kotthoff, Jeroen Groeneveld, Jeanine L. Ash, Anne-Sophie Fanget, Nadine Quintana Krupinski, Odile Peyron, Anna Stepanova, Jonathan Warnock, Niels A. G. M. Van Helmond, Benjamin H. Passey, Ole Rønø Clausen, Ole Bennike, Elinor Andrén, Wojciech Granoszewski, Thomas Andrén, Helena L. Filipsson, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Caroline P. Slomp, and Thorsten Bauersachs
Biogeosciences, 14, 5607–5632, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5607-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5607-2017, 2017
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We present reconstructions of paleotemperature, paleosalinity, and paleoecology from the Little Belt (Site M0059) over the past ~ 8000 years and evaluate the applicability of numerous proxies. Conditions were lacustrine until ~ 7400 cal yr BP. A transition to brackish–marine conditions then occurred within ~ 200 years. Salinity proxies rarely allowed quantitative estimates but revealed congruent results, while quantitative temperature reconstructions differed depending on the proxies used.
Shuichang Zhang, Xiaomei Wang, Huajian Wang, Emma U. Hammarlund, Jin Su, Yu Wang, and Donald E. Canfield
Biogeosciences, 14, 2133–2149, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2133-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2133-2017, 2017
Liza M. Roger, Annette D. George, Jeremy Shaw, Robert D. Hart, Malcolm Roberts, Thomas Becker, Bradley J. McDonald, and Noreen J. Evans
Biogeosciences, 14, 1721–1737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1721-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1721-2017, 2017
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The shell compositions of bivalve species from south Western Australia are described here to better understand the factors involved in their formation. The shell composition can be used to reconstruct past environmental conditions, but certain species manifest an offset compared to the environmental parameters measured. As shown here, shells that experience the same conditions can present different compositions in relation to structure, organic composition and environmental conditions.
Johan Vellekoop, Lineke Woelders, Sanem Açikalin, Jan Smit, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Ismail Ö. Yilmaz, Henk Brinkhuis, and Robert P. Speijer
Biogeosciences, 14, 885–900, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-885-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-885-2017, 2017
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The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, ~ 66 Ma, is characterized by a mass extinction. We studied groups of both surface-dwelling and bottom-dwelling organisms to unravel the oceanographic consequences of these extinctions. Our integrated records indicate that a reduction of the transport of organic matter to the sea floor resulted in enhanced recycling of nutrients in the upper water column and decreased food supply at the sea floor in the first tens of thousands of years after the extinctions.
Johan Renaudie
Biogeosciences, 13, 6003–6014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6003-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6003-2016, 2016
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Marine planktonic diatoms are today both the main silica and carbon exporter to the deep sea. However, 50 million years ago, radiolarians were the main silica exporter and diatoms were a rare, geographically restricted group. Quantification of their rise to dominance suggest that diatom abundance is primarily controlled by the continental weathering and has a negative feedback, observable on a geological timescale, on the carbon cycle.
Jelena Vidović, Rafał Nawrot, Ivo Gallmetzer, Alexandra Haselmair, Adam Tomašových, Michael Stachowitsch, Vlasta Ćosović, and Martin Zuschin
Biogeosciences, 13, 5965–5981, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5965-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5965-2016, 2016
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We studied the ecological history of the Gulf of Trieste. Before the 20th century, the only activity here was ore mining, releasing high amounts of mercury into its northern part, Panzano Bay. Mercury did not cause changes to microorganisms, as it is not bioavailable. In the 20th century, agriculture caused nutrient enrichment in the bay and increased diversity of microorganisms. Industrial activities increased the concentrations of pollutants, causing only minor changes to microorganisms.
Aurélie Penaud, Frédérique Eynaud, Antje Helga Luise Voelker, and Jean-Louis Turon
Biogeosciences, 13, 5357–5377, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5357-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5357-2016, 2016
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This paper presents new analyses conducted at high resolution in the Gulf of Cadiz over the last 50 ky. Palaeohydrological changes in these subtropical latitudes are discussed through dinoflagellate cyst assemblages but also dinocyst transfer function results, implying sea surface temperature and salinity as well as annual productivity reconstructions. This study is thus important for our understanding of past and future productivity regimes, also implying consequences on the biological pump.
William Hardy, Aurélie Penaud, Fabienne Marret, Germain Bayon, Tania Marsset, and Laurence Droz
Biogeosciences, 13, 4823–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4823-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4823-2016, 2016
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Our approach is based on a multi-proxy study from a core collected off the Congo River and discusses surface oceanic conditions (upwelling cells, river-induced upwelling), land–sea interactions and terrestrial erosion and in particular enables us to spatially constrain the migration of atmospheric systems. This paper thus presents new data highlighting, with the highest resolution ever reached in this region, the great correlation between phytoplanktonic organisms and monsoonal mechanisms.
Philippine Campagne, Xavier Crosta, Sabine Schmidt, Marie Noëlle Houssais, Olivier Ther, and Guillaume Massé
Biogeosciences, 13, 4205–4218, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4205-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4205-2016, 2016
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Diatoms and biomarkers have been recently used for palaeoclimate reconstructions in the Southern Ocean. Few sediment-based ecological studies have investigated their relationships with environmental conditions. Here, we compare high-resolution sedimentary records with meteorological data to study relationships between our proxies and recent atmospheric and sea surface changes. Our results indicate that coupled wind pattern and sea surface variability act as the proximal forcing at that scale.
Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Appy Sluijs, Nina M. Papadomanolaki, A. Guy Plint, Darren R. Gröcke, Martin A. Pearce, James S. Eldrett, João Trabucho-Alexandre, Ireneusz Walaszczyk, Bas van de Schootbrugge, and Henk Brinkhuis
Biogeosciences, 13, 2859–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, 2016
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Over the past decades large changes have been observed in the biogeographical dispersion of marine life resulting from climate change. To better understand present and future trends it is important to document and fully understand the biogeographical response of marine life during episodes of environmental change in the geological past.
Here we investigate the response of phytoplankton, the base of the marine food web, to a rapid cold spell, interrupting greenhouse conditions during the Cretaceous.
Thomas C. Brachert, Markus Reuter, Stefan Krüger, Julia Kirkerowicz, and James S. Klaus
Biogeosciences, 13, 1469–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1469-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1469-2016, 2016
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We present stable isotope proxy data and calcification records from fossil reef corals. The corals investigated derive from the Florida carbonate platform and are of middle Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. From the data we infer an environment subject to intermittent upwelling on annual to decadal timescales. Calcification rates were enhanced during periods of upwelling. This is likely an effect of dampened SSTs during the upwelling.
B. A. A. Hoogakker, D. J. R. Thornalley, and S. Barker
Biogeosciences, 13, 211–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-211-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-211-2016, 2016
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Models predict a decrease in future ocean O2, driven by surface water warming and freshening in the polar regions, causing a reduction in ocean circulation. Here we assess this effect in the past, focussing on the response of deep and intermediate waters from the North Atlantic during large-scale ice rafting and millennial-scale cooling events of the last glacial.
Our assessment agrees with the models but also highlights the importance of biological processes driving ocean O2 change.
M. Hermoso, I. Z. X. Chan, H. L. O. McClelland, A. M. C. Heureux, and R. E. M. Rickaby
Biogeosciences, 13, 301–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-301-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-301-2016, 2016
B. Metcalfe, W. Feldmeijer, M. de Vringer-Picon, G.-J. A. Brummer, F. J. C. Peeters, and G. M. Ganssen
Biogeosciences, 12, 4781–4807, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4781-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4781-2015, 2015
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Iron biogeochemical budgets during the natural ocean fertilisation experiment KEOPS-2 showed that complex circulation and transport pathways were responsible for differences in the mode and strength of iron supply, with vertical supply dominant on the plateau and lateral supply dominant in the plume. The exchange of iron between dissolved, biogenic and lithogenic pools was highly dynamic, resulting in a decoupling of iron supply and carbon export and controlling the efficiency of fertilisation.
J. P. D'Olivo, M. T. McCulloch, S. M. Eggins, and J. Trotter
Biogeosciences, 12, 1223–1236, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1223-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1223-2015, 2015
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The boron isotope composition in the skeleton of massive Porites corals from the central Great Barrier Reef is used to reconstruct the seawater pH over the 1940-2009 period. The long-term decline in the coral-reconstructed seawater pH is in close agreement with estimates based on the CO2 uptake by surface waters due to rising atmospheric levels. We also observed a significant relationship between terrestrial runoff data and the inshore coral boron isotopes records.
J. Schönfeld, W. Kuhnt, Z. Erdem, S. Flögel, N. Glock, M. Aquit, M. Frank, and A. Holbourn
Biogeosciences, 12, 1169–1189, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1169-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1169-2015, 2015
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Today’s oceans show distinct mid-depth oxygen minima while whole oceanic basins became transiently anoxic in the Mesozoic. To constrain past bottom-water oxygenation, we compared sediments from the Peruvian OMZ with the Cenomanian OAE 2 from Morocco. Corg accumulation rates in laminated OAE 2 sections match Holocene rates off Peru. Laminated deposits are found at oxygen levels of < 7µmol kg-1; crab burrows appear at 10µmol kg-1 today, both defining threshold values for palaeoreconstructions.
S. C. Löhr and M. J. Kennedy
Biogeosciences, 11, 4971–4983, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4971-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4971-2014, 2014
R. Hoffmann, J. A. Schultz, R. Schellhorn, E. Rybacki, H. Keupp, S. R. Gerden, R. Lemanis, and S. Zachow
Biogeosciences, 11, 2721–2739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2721-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2721-2014, 2014
T. J. Algeo, P. A. Meyers, R. S. Robinson, H. Rowe, and G. Q. Jiang
Biogeosciences, 11, 1273–1295, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1273-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1273-2014, 2014
C. Berger, K. J. S. Meier, H. Kinkel, and K.-H. Baumann
Biogeosciences, 11, 929–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, 2014
T. Caley, S. Zaragosi, J. Bourget, P. Martinez, B. Malaizé, F. Eynaud, L. Rossignol, T. Garlan, and N. Ellouz-Zimmermann
Biogeosciences, 10, 7347–7359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7347-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7347-2013, 2013
N. Preto, C. Agnini, M. Rigo, M. Sprovieri, and H. Westphal
Biogeosciences, 10, 6053–6068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6053-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6053-2013, 2013
I. Polovodova Asteman, K. Nordberg, and H. L. Filipsson
Biogeosciences, 10, 1275–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1275-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1275-2013, 2013
J.-E. Tesdal, E. D. Galbraith, and M. Kienast
Biogeosciences, 10, 101–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-101-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-101-2013, 2013
L. Durantou, A. Rochon, D. Ledu, G. Massé, S. Schmidt, and M. Babin
Biogeosciences, 9, 5391–5406, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5391-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5391-2012, 2012
C. A. Grove, J. Zinke, T. Scheufen, J. Maina, E. Epping, W. Boer, B. Randriamanantsoa, and G.-J. A. Brummer
Biogeosciences, 9, 3063–3081, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3063-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3063-2012, 2012
D. Wall-Palmer, M. B. Hart, C. W. Smart, R. S. J. Sparks, A. Le Friant, G. Boudon, C. Deplus, and J. C. Komorowski
Biogeosciences, 9, 309–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-309-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-309-2012, 2012
S. F. Rella and M. Uchida
Biogeosciences, 8, 3545–3553, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3545-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3545-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Agiadi, K. and Albano, P. G.: Holocene fish assemblages provide baseline data for the rapidly changing eastern Mediterranean, Holocene, 30, 1438–1450, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620932969, 2020.
Agiadi, K. and Karakitsios, V.: Quaternary climatic variability modulates Bregmaceros Mediterranean distribution range, Proc. 10th Hell. Symp. Oceanogr. Fish. Athens, 7–11 May 2012, Athens, Greece, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 1–6, 2012.
Agiadi, K., Koskeridou, E., Triantaphyllou, M., Girone, A., and Karakitsios, V.: Fish otoliths from the Pliocene Heraklion Basin (Crete Island, Eastern Mediterranean), Geobios, 46, 461–472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2013.07.004, 2013.
Agiadi, K., Antonarakou, A., Kontakiotis, G., Kafousia, N., Moissette, P., Cornée, J.-J., Manoutsoglou, E., and Karakitsios, V.: Connectivity controls on the late Miocene eastern Mediterranean fish fauna, Int. J. Earth Sci., 106, 1147–1159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-016-1355-7, 2017.
Agiadi, K., Vasileiou, G., Koskeridou, E., Moissette, P., and Cornee, J.-J.: Coastal fish otoliths from the early Pleistocene of Rhodes (eastern Mediterranean), Geobios, 55, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2019.06.006, 2019.
Agiadi, K., Azzarone, M., Hua, Q., Kaufman, D. S., Thivaiou, D., and Albano, P. G.: The taphonomic clock in fish otoliths, Paleobiology, 48, 154–170, https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2021.30, 2022.
Agiadi, K., Vasiliev, I., Butiseacă, G., Kontakiotis, G., Thivaiou, D., Besiou, E., Zarkogiannis, S., Koskeridou, E., Antonarakou, A., and Mulch, A.: Dataset for Agiadi et al._Coupled otolith and foraminifera oxygen and carbon stable isotopes evidence paleoceanographic changes and fish metabolic responses, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10602427, 2024.
Antonarakou, A., Kontakiotis, G., Vasilatos, C., Besiou, E., Zarkogiannis, S., Drinia, H., Mortyn, P. G., Tsaparas, N., Makri, P., and Karakitsios, V.: Evaluating the Effect of Marine Diagenesis on Late Miocene Pre-Evaporitic Sedimentary Successions of Eastern Mediterranean Sea, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 221, 012051, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012051, 2019.
Bulian, F., Sierro, F. J., Ledesma, S., Jiménez-Espejo, F. J., and Bassetti, M.-A.: Messinian West Alboran Sea record in the proximity of Gibraltar: Early signs of Atlantic-Mediterranean gateway restriction, Mar. Geol., 434, 106430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106430, 2021.
Bulian, F., Kouwenhoven, T. J., Jiménez-Espejo, F. J., Krijgsman, W., Andersen, N., and Sierro, F. J.: Impact of the Mediterranean-Atlantic connectivity and the late Miocene carbon shift on deep-sea communities in the Western Alboran Basin, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 589, 110841, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110841, 2022.
Bulian, F., Jiménez-Espejo, F. J., Andersen, N., Larrasoaña, J. C., and Sierro, F. J.: Mediterranean water in the Atlantic Iberian margin reveals early isolation events during the Messinian Salinity Crisis, Glob. Planet. Change, 231, 104297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104297, 2023.
Burton, T., Killen, S. S., Armstrong, J. D., and Metcalfe, N. B.: What causes intraspecific variation in resting metabolic rate and what are its ecological consequences?, P. R. Soc. B, 278, 3465–3473, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1778, 2011.
Butiseacă, G. A., van der Meer, M. T. J., Kontakiotis, G., Agiadi, K., Thivaiou, D., Besiou, E., Antonarakou, A., Mulch, A., and Vasiliev, I.: Multiple Crises Preceded the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis: Aridification and Vegetation Changes Revealed by Biomarkers and Stable Isotopes, Glob. Planet. Change, 217, 103951, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103951, 2022.
Campana, S. E.: Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 188, 263–297, 1999.
Chung, M.-T., Trueman, C. N., Godiksen, J. A., Holmstrup, M. E., and Grønkjær, P.: Field metabolic rates of teleost fishes are recorded in otolith carbonate, Commun. Biol., 2, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-018-0266-5, 2019a.
Chung, M.-T., Trueman, C. N., Godiksen, J. A., Grønkjær, P., Chung, M.-T., Trueman, C. N., Godiksen, J. A., and Grønkjær, P.: Otolith δ13C values as a metabolic proxy: approaches and mechanical underpinnings, Mar. Freshw. Res., 70, 1747–1756, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18317, 2019b.
Clarke, A., and Johnston, N. M.: Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish, J. Anim. Ecol., 68, 893–905, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00337.x, 1999.
Cook, P. K., Languille, M.-A., Dufour, E., Mocuta, C., Tombret, O., Fortuna, F., and Bertrand, L.: Biogenic and diagenetic indicators in archaeological and modern otoliths: Potential and limits of high definition synchrotron micro-XRF elemental mapping, Chem. Geol. 414, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.08.017, 2015.
Cornée, J.-J., Quillévéré, F., Moissette, P., Fietzke, J., López-Otálvaro, G. E., Melinte-Dobrinescu, M., Philippon, M., Hinsbergen, D. J. J. van, Agiadi, K., Koskeridou, E., and Münch, P.: Tectonic motion in oblique subduction forearcs: insights from the revisited Middle and Upper Pleistocene deposits of Rhodes, Greece, J. Geol. Soc., 176, 78–96, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-090, 2019.
Darnaude, A. M., Sturrock, A., Trueman, C. N., Mouillot, D., EIMF, Campana, S. E., and Hunter, E.: Listening in on the past: What can otolith δ18O values really tell us about the environmental history of fishes?, PLOS ONE, 9, e108539, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108539, 2014.
Dietl, G. P., Kidwell, S. M., Brenner, M., Burney, D. A., Flessa, K. W., Jackson, S. T., and Koch, P. L.: Conservation Paleobiology: leveraging knowledge of the Past to inform conservation and restoration, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 43, 79–103, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133349, 2015.
Donelson, J. M., Sunday, J. M., Figueira, W. F., Gaitan-Espitia, J. D., Hobday, A. J., Johnson, C. R., Leis, J. M., Ling, S. D., Marshall, D., Pandolfi, J. M., Pecl, G., Rodgers, G. G., Booth, D. J., and Munday, P. L.: Understanding interactions between plasticity, adaptation and range shifts in response to marine environmental change, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 374, 1768, 20180186, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0186, 2019.
Drury, A. J., Westerhold, T., Hodell, D., and Röhl, U.: Reinforcing the North Atlantic backbone: revision and extension of the composite splice at ODP Site 982, Clim. Past, 14, 321–338, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-321-2018, 2018.
Dufour, E., Cappetta, H., Denis, A., Dauphin, Y., and Mariotti, A.: La diagenese des otolithes par la comparaison des donnees microstructurales, mineralogiques et geochimiques: Application aux fossiles du Pliocene du Sud-Est de la France, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 171, 521–532, 2000.
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Short summary
Seven million years ago, the marine gateway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean started to close, and, as a result, water circulation ceased. To find out how this phenomenon affected the fish living in the Mediterranean Sea, we examined the changes in the isotopic composition of otoliths of two common fish species. Although the species living at the surface fared pretty well, the bottom-water fish starved and eventually became extinct in the Mediterranean.
Seven million years ago, the marine gateway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic...
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