Articles | Volume 19, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 May 2022
Research article |
| 25 May 2022
| 25 May 2022
Data-based estimates of interannual sea–air CO2 flux variations 1957–2020 and their relation to environmental drivers
Christian Rödenbeck
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Tim DeVries
Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
Judith Hauck
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Corinne Le Quéré
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Ralph F. Keeling
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
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Cited
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018 T. DeVries et al. 10.1029/2023GB007780
- Global Carbon Budget 2023 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
- Global Carbon Budget 2022 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022
- A detectable change in the air-sea CO2 flux estimate from sailboat measurements J. Behncke et al. 10.1038/s41598-024-53159-0
- Accelerating CO2 Outgassing in the Equatorial Pacific from Satellite Remote Sensing Y. Shang et al. 10.3390/rs17020247
- Observation-constrained estimates of the global ocean carbon sink from Earth system models J. Terhaar et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022
- Air–Sea CO2 Exchange Over the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea M. Zarghamipour et al. 10.1007/s41742-024-00586-6
- Global air-sea CO2 flux inversion based on multi-source data fusion and machine learning Y. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115963
- Constraining the trend in the ocean CO2 sink during 2000–2022 N. Mayot et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-52641-7
- A machine-learning reconstruction of sea surface pCO2 in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin from 1993 to 2021 Z. Wu et al. 10.5194/essd-17-43-2025
- A Synthesis of Global Coastal Ocean Greenhouse Gas Fluxes L. Resplandy et al. 10.1029/2023GB007803
- Variability in the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1959 to 2020 by Correcting Models With Observations V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2022GL098632
- Sub-monthly Processes Contribute Significantly to CO2 Uptake in the South China Sea X. Wang et al. 10.1007/s00376-025-4439-0
- Observed amplification of the seasonal CO2 cycle at the Southern Ocean Time Series E. Shadwick et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1281854
- Enhanced global carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature linked to internal climate variability N. Li et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adl6155
- Effect of thermal and non-thermal processes on the variability of ocean surface pCO2 and buffering capacity in the north Indian Ocean R. Peter et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103442
- Ocean biogeochemistry in the coupled ocean–sea ice–biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1–REcoM3 Ö. Gürses et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4883-2023
- Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes S. Bansal et al. 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2
- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Air-sea CO2 flux in the Gulf of Mexico from observations and multiple machine-learning data products Z. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103244
- The Southern Ocean carbon sink has been overestimated in the past three decades G. Zhong et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01566-6
- Composite model-based estimate of the ocean carbon sink from 1959 to 2022 J. Terhaar 10.5194/bg-22-1631-2025
- The Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle 1985–2018: Mean, Seasonal Cycle, Trends, and Storage J. Hauck et al. 10.1029/2023GB007848
- The impact of long-lived cycle mesoscale eddies on air–sea CO2 flux in the South Atlantic: focus on the full life cycle of the eddy X. Liu et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adb59d
- Seasonal Variability of the Surface Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Synthesis K. Rodgers et al. 10.1029/2023GB007798
- Sparse observations induce large biases in estimates of the global ocean CO 2 sink: an ocean model subsampling experiment J. Hauck et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0063
- A Comprehensive Assessment of Anthropogenic and Natural Sources and Sinks of Australasia's Carbon Budget Y. Villalobos et al. 10.1029/2023GB007845
- Global Carbon Budget 2024 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-17-965-2025
- Long-term trends of pH and inorganic carbon in the Eastern North Atlantic: the ESTOC site M. González-Dávila & J. Santana-Casiano 10.3389/fmars.2023.1236214
- ENSO Significantly Changes the Carbon Sink and Source Pattern in the Pacific Ocean with Regional Differences X. Tang et al. 10.3390/rs16244652
- The Four-Dimensional Carbon Cycle of the Southern Ocean A. Gray 10.1146/annurev-marine-041923-104057
- Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc195
- Impact of SST and ocean dynamics on the interannual variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the tropical Pacific Q. Sun & Y. Du 10.1007/s00382-025-07598-8
- An Assessment of CO2 Uptake in the Arctic Ocean From 1985 to 2018 S. Yasunaka et al. 10.1029/2023GB007806
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018 T. DeVries et al. 10.1029/2023GB007780
- Global Carbon Budget 2023 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
- Global Carbon Budget 2022 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022
- A detectable change in the air-sea CO2 flux estimate from sailboat measurements J. Behncke et al. 10.1038/s41598-024-53159-0
- Accelerating CO2 Outgassing in the Equatorial Pacific from Satellite Remote Sensing Y. Shang et al. 10.3390/rs17020247
- Observation-constrained estimates of the global ocean carbon sink from Earth system models J. Terhaar et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022
- Air–Sea CO2 Exchange Over the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea M. Zarghamipour et al. 10.1007/s41742-024-00586-6
- Global air-sea CO2 flux inversion based on multi-source data fusion and machine learning Y. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115963
- Constraining the trend in the ocean CO2 sink during 2000–2022 N. Mayot et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-52641-7
- A machine-learning reconstruction of sea surface pCO2 in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin from 1993 to 2021 Z. Wu et al. 10.5194/essd-17-43-2025
- A Synthesis of Global Coastal Ocean Greenhouse Gas Fluxes L. Resplandy et al. 10.1029/2023GB007803
- Variability in the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1959 to 2020 by Correcting Models With Observations V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2022GL098632
- Sub-monthly Processes Contribute Significantly to CO2 Uptake in the South China Sea X. Wang et al. 10.1007/s00376-025-4439-0
- Observed amplification of the seasonal CO2 cycle at the Southern Ocean Time Series E. Shadwick et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1281854
- Enhanced global carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature linked to internal climate variability N. Li et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adl6155
- Effect of thermal and non-thermal processes on the variability of ocean surface pCO2 and buffering capacity in the north Indian Ocean R. Peter et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103442
- Ocean biogeochemistry in the coupled ocean–sea ice–biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1–REcoM3 Ö. Gürses et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4883-2023
- Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes S. Bansal et al. 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2
- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Air-sea CO2 flux in the Gulf of Mexico from observations and multiple machine-learning data products Z. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103244
- The Southern Ocean carbon sink has been overestimated in the past three decades G. Zhong et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01566-6
- Composite model-based estimate of the ocean carbon sink from 1959 to 2022 J. Terhaar 10.5194/bg-22-1631-2025
- The Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle 1985–2018: Mean, Seasonal Cycle, Trends, and Storage J. Hauck et al. 10.1029/2023GB007848
- The impact of long-lived cycle mesoscale eddies on air–sea CO2 flux in the South Atlantic: focus on the full life cycle of the eddy X. Liu et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adb59d
- Seasonal Variability of the Surface Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Synthesis K. Rodgers et al. 10.1029/2023GB007798
- Sparse observations induce large biases in estimates of the global ocean CO 2 sink: an ocean model subsampling experiment J. Hauck et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0063
- A Comprehensive Assessment of Anthropogenic and Natural Sources and Sinks of Australasia's Carbon Budget Y. Villalobos et al. 10.1029/2023GB007845
- Global Carbon Budget 2024 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-17-965-2025
- Long-term trends of pH and inorganic carbon in the Eastern North Atlantic: the ESTOC site M. González-Dávila & J. Santana-Casiano 10.3389/fmars.2023.1236214
- ENSO Significantly Changes the Carbon Sink and Source Pattern in the Pacific Ocean with Regional Differences X. Tang et al. 10.3390/rs16244652
- The Four-Dimensional Carbon Cycle of the Southern Ocean A. Gray 10.1146/annurev-marine-041923-104057
- Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc195
- Impact of SST and ocean dynamics on the interannual variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the tropical Pacific Q. Sun & Y. Du 10.1007/s00382-025-07598-8
- An Assessment of CO2 Uptake in the Arctic Ocean From 1985 to 2018 S. Yasunaka et al. 10.1029/2023GB007806
Latest update: 26 Jul 2025
Short summary
The ocean is an important part of the global carbon cycle, taking up about a quarter of the anthropogenic CO2 emitted by burning of fossil fuels and thus slowing down climate change. However, the CO2 uptake by the ocean is, in turn, affected by variability and trends in climate. Here we use carbon measurements in the surface ocean to quantify the response of the oceanic CO2 exchange to environmental conditions and discuss possible mechanisms underlying this response.
The ocean is an important part of the global carbon cycle, taking up about a quarter of the...
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