Articles | Volume 19, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 07 Sep 2022
| 07 Sep 2022
The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach
Laique M. Djeutchouang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
SOCCO, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
MARIS, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,
7701, South Africa
Nicolette Chang
SOCCO, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Luke Gregor
Environmental Physics, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant
Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Marcello Vichi
MARIS, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,
7701, South Africa
Pedro M. S. Monteiro
SOCCO, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Related authors
No articles found.
Ashleigh Womack, Alberto Alberello, Marc de Vos, Alessandro Toffoli, Robyn Verrinder, and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 18, 205–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Synoptic events have a significant influence on the evolution of Antarctic sea ice. Our current understanding of the interactions between cyclones and sea ice remains limited. Using two ensembles of buoys, deployed in the north-eastern Weddell Sea region during winter and spring of 2019, we show how the evolution and spatial pattern of sea ice drift and deformation in the Antarctic marginal ice zone were affected by the balance between atmospheric and oceanic forcing and the local ice.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 16, 4087–4106, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the Antarctic is the largest in the world ocean. Antarctic sea ice has large year-to-year changes, and the MIZ represents its most variable component. Processes typical of the MIZ have also been observed in fully ice-covered ocean and are not captured by existing diagnostics. A new statistical method has been shown to address previous limitations in assessing the seasonal cycle of MIZ extent and to provide a probability map of sea ice state in the Southern Ocean.
Sebastian Skatulla, Riesna R. Audh, Andrea Cook, Ehlke Hepworth, Siobhan Johnson, Doru C. Lupascu, Keith MacHutchon, Rutger Marquart, Tommy Mielke, Emmanuel Omatuku, Felix Paul, Tokoloho Rampai, Jörg Schröder, Carina Schwarz, and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 16, 2899–2925, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2899-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2899-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
First-year sea ice has been sampled at the advancing outer edge of the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) along the Good Hope Line. Ice cores were extracted from five pancake ice floes and subsequently analysed for their physical and mechanical properties. Of particular interest was elucidating the transition of ice composition within the MIZ in terms of differences in mechanical stiffness and strength properties as linked to physical and textural characteristics at early-stage ice formation.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Wayne de Jager and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 16, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice motion can be used to better understand how weather and climate change affect the ice. Antarctic sea ice extent has shown large variability over the observed period, and dynamical features may also have changed. Our method allows for the quantification of rotational motion caused by wind and how this may have changed with time. Cyclonic motion dominates the Atlantic sector, particularly from 2015 onwards, while anticyclonic motion has remained comparatively small and unchanged.
Amanda R. Fay, Luke Gregor, Peter Landschützer, Galen A. McKinley, Nicolas Gruber, Marion Gehlen, Yosuke Iida, Goulven G. Laruelle, Christian Rödenbeck, Alizée Roobaert, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4693–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean is estimated using surface ocean carbon (pCO2) measurements and an equation including variables such as temperature and wind speed; the choices of these variables lead to uncertainties. We introduce the SeaFlux ensemble which provides carbon flux maps calculated in a consistent manner, thus reducing uncertainty by using common choices for wind speed and a set definition of "global" coverage.
Luke Gregor and Nicolas Gruber
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 777–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification (OA) has altered the ocean's carbonate chemistry, with consequences for marine life. Yet, no observation-based data set exists that permits us to study changes in OA. We fill this gap with a global data set of relevant surface ocean parameters over the period 1985–2018. This data set, OceanSODA-ETHZ, was created by using satellite and other data to extrapolate ship-based measurements of carbon dioxide and total alkalinity from which parameters for OA were computed.
Felix Paul, Tommy Mielke, Carina Nisters, Jörg Schröder, Tokoloho Rampai, Sebastian Skatulla, Riesna Audh, Ehlke Hepworth, Marcello Vichi, and Doru C. Lupascu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-362, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-362, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Frazil ice, consisting of loose disc-shaped ice crystals, is the very first sea ice that forms in the annual cycle in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the Antarctic. A sufficient number of frazil ice crystals forms the surface grease ice layer taking a fundamental role in the freezing processes in the MIZ. As soon as the ocean waves are damped, a closed ice cover can form. The viscous properties of frazil ice, which have a crucial influence on the growth of sea ice in the MIZ are investigated.
Mark Hague and Marcello Vichi
Biogeosciences, 18, 25–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the question of what causes the rapid spring growth of microscopic marine algae (phytoplankton) in the ice-covered ocean surrounding Antarctica. One prominent hypothesis proposes that the melting of sea ice is the primary cause, while our results suggest that this is only part of the explanation. In particular, we show that phytoplankton are able to start growing before the sea ice melts appreciably, much earlier than previously thought.
Luke Gregor, Alice D. Lebehot, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. Scheel Monteiro
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5113–5136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean plays a vital role in mitigating climate change by taking up atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Historically sparse ship-based measurements of surface ocean CO2 make direct estimates of CO2 exchange changes unreliable. We introduce a machine-learning ensemble approach to fill these observational gaps. Our method performs incrementally better relative to past methods, leading to our hypothesis that we are perhaps reaching the limitation of machine-learning algorithms' capability.
Alberto Alberello, Miguel Onorato, Luke Bennetts, Marcello Vichi, Clare Eayrs, Keith MacHutchon, and Alessandro Toffoli
The Cryosphere, 13, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-41-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-41-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Existing observations do not provide quantitative descriptions of the floe size distribution for pancake ice floes. This is important during the Antarctic winter sea ice expansion, when hundreds of kilometres of ice cover around the Antarctic continent are composed of pancake floes (D = 0.3–3 m). Here, a new set of images from the Antarctic marginal ice zone is used to measure the shape of individual pancakes for the first time and to infer their size distribution.
N. Precious Mongwe, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 14, 5551–5569, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5551-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5551-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use machine learning to extrapolate ship measurements of CO2 using satellite data. We present two ML methods new to this field. These methods perform well in the context of previous work and reproduce the decadal trends of previous estimates. To test the methods, we simulate the exact observed setup in biogeochemical ocean model output. We show that the new methods perform well in synthetic data. Lastly, we show that there is only a weak bias due to undersampling in the SOCAT v3 dataset.
Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin, Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi, Frédéric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Eugene F. Burger, Wei-Jun Cai, Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet, Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Jérôme Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Christopher W. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne Körtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Claire Lo Monaco, Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger, Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) has 14.5 million CO2 (carbon dioxide) values for the years 1957 to 2014 covering the global oceans and coastal seas. Version 3 is an update to version 2 with a longer record and 44 % more CO2 values. The CO2 measurements have been made on ships, fixed moorings and drifting buoys. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as model evaluation, thus informing climate negotiations.
Italo Epicoco, Silvia Mocavero, Francesca Macchia, Marcello Vichi, Tomas Lovato, Simona Masina, and Giovanni Aloisio
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2115–2128, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2115-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2115-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The present work aims at evaluating the scalability performance of a high-resolution global ocean biogeochemistry model (PELAGOS025) on massive parallel architectures and the benefits in terms of the time-to-solution reduction. The outcome of the analysis demonstrated that the lack of scalability is due to several factors such as the I/O operations, the memory contention, and the load unbalancing due to the memory structure of the biogeochemistry model component.
C. Laufkötter, M. Vogt, N. Gruber, M. Aita-Noguchi, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, E. Buitenhuis, S. C. Doney, J. Dunne, T. Hashioka, J. Hauck, T. Hirata, J. John, C. Le Quéré, I. D. Lima, H. Nakano, R. Seferian, I. Totterdell, M. Vichi, and C. Völker
Biogeosciences, 12, 6955–6984, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6955-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6955-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze changes in marine net primary production (NPP) and its drivers for the 21st century in 9 marine ecosystem models under the RCP8.5 scenario. NPP decreases in 5 models and increases in 1 model; 3 models show no significant trend. The main drivers include stronger nutrient limitation, but in many models warming-induced increases in phytoplankton growth outbalance the nutrient effect. Temperature-driven increases in grazing and other loss processes cause a net decrease in biomass and NPP.
L. Visinelli, S. Masina, M. Vichi, and A. Storto
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-5399-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-5399-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
L. Bopp, L. Resplandy, J. C. Orr, S. C. Doney, J. P. Dunne, M. Gehlen, P. Halloran, C. Heinze, T. Ilyina, R. Séférian, J. Tjiputra, and M. Vichi
Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Sea Exchange
High-frequency continuous measurements reveal strong diel and seasonal cycling of pCO2 and CO2 flux in a mesohaline reach of the Chesapeake Bay
Significant role of physical transport in the marine carbon monoxide (CO) cycle: observations in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), the western North Pacific, and the Bering Sea in summer
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatologies, fluxes and trends – Part A: Differences between seawater DMS estimations
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatologies, fluxes, and trends – Part B: Sea-air fluxes
Central Arctic Ocean surface–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and CH4 constrained by direct measurements
Spatial and seasonal variability in volatile organic sulfur compounds in seawater and the overlying atmosphere of the Bohai and Yellow seas
Estimating marine carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific using a neural network approach
Sea–air methane flux estimates derived from marine surface observations and instantaneous atmospheric measurements in the northern Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay
Global analysis of the controls on seawater dimethylsulfide spatial variability
Air–sea gas exchange in a seagrass ecosystem – results from a 3He ∕ SF6 tracer release experiment
Concentrations of dissolved dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol and other trace gases in context of microbial communities from the temperate Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean
Marine nitrogen fixation as a possible source of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific
Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Winter season Southern Ocean distributions of climate-relevant trace gases
How biogenic polymers control surfactant dynamics in the surface microlayer: insights from a coastal Baltic Sea study
Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux
Physical mechanisms for biological carbon uptake during the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)
Wintertime process study of the North Brazil Current rings reveals the region as a larger sink for CO2 than expected
New constraints on biological production and mixing processes in the South China Sea from triple isotope composition of dissolved oxygen
Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans
Sea ice concentration impacts dissolved organic gases in the Canadian Arctic
Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers
An empirical MLR for estimating surface layer DIC and a comparative assessment to other gap-filling techniques for ocean carbon time series
Derivation of seawater pCO2 from net community production identifies the South Atlantic Ocean as a CO2 source
Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea
Enhancement of the North Atlantic CO2 sink by Arctic Waters
Global ocean dimethyl sulfide climatology estimated from observations and an artificial neural network
Atmospheric deposition of organic matter at a remote site in the central Mediterranean Sea: implications for the marine ecosystem
Underway seawater and atmospheric measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Southern Ocean
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), marine biogenic aerosols and the ecophysiology of coral reefs
Spatial variations in CO2 fluxes in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada) and results of a water mixing model
Gas exchange estimates in the Peruvian upwelling regime biased by multi-day near-surface stratification
Insights from year-long measurements of air–water CH4 and CO2 exchange in a coastal environment
On the role of climate modes in modulating the air–sea CO2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems
Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study
Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades
Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2
Effect of wind speed on the size distribution of gel particles in the sea surface microlayer: insights from a wind–wave channel experiment
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models
Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry mediates nonlinear interactions between nutrient supply, temperature, and atmospheric CO2
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean
Constraints on global oceanic emissions of N2O from observations and models
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis
Phytoplankton growth response to Asian dust addition in the northwest Pacific Ocean versus the Yellow Sea
Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation
Changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling region between 2005 and 2012
Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions
A. Whitman Miller, Jim R. Muirhead, Amanda C. Reynolds, Mark S. Minton, and Karl J. Klug
Biogeosciences, 21, 3717–3734, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High frequency pCO2 measurements reveal net neutral CO2 flux in a mesohaline reach of the Chesapeake Bay. Net off-gassing to the atmosphere begins in June when water temperatures rise above ~26ºC, continuing through November when temperatures fall below ~10ºC. Dissolved CO2 concentrations follow day–night cycles and are especially pronounced in warm waters. From December through May, the river is largely an uninterrupted sink for CO2 (i.e. CO2 is drawn out of the atmosphere into the river).
Young Shin Kwon, Tae Siek Rhee, Hyun-Cheol Kim, and Hyoun-Woo Kang
Biogeosciences, 21, 1847–1865, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Delving into CO dynamics from the East Sea to the Bering Sea, our study unveils the influence of physical transport on CO budgets. By measuring CO concentrations and parameters, we elucidate the interplay between biological and physical processes, highlighting the role of lateral transport in shaping CO distributions. Our findings underscore the importance of considering both biogeochemical and physical drivers in understanding marine carbon fluxes.
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa Marandino, Martí Galí, Thomas Bell, and Rafel Simo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-173, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-173, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur into the atmosphere and leads to the formation of CCN. DMS emissions, and hence the quantification of its impacts, have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in DMS seawater products, which can affect the DMS fluxes.
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa Marandino, Marti Gali, Thomas Bell, Mingxi Yang, and Rafel Simo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-175, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur into the atmosphere and leads to the formation of CCN. DMS emissions, and hence the quantification of its impacts, have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in the effect of flux parameterisations used in models.
John Prytherch, Sonja Murto, Ian Brown, Adam Ulfsbo, Brett F. Thornton, Volker Brüchert, Michael Tjernström, Anna Lunde Hermansson, Amanda T. Nylund, and Lina A. Holthusen
Biogeosciences, 21, 671–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We directly measured methane and carbon dioxide exchange between ocean or sea ice and the atmosphere during an icebreaker-based expedition to the central Arctic Ocean (CAO) in summer 2021. These measurements can help constrain climate models and carbon budgets. The methane measurements, the first such made in the CAO, are lower than previous estimates and imply that the CAO is an insignificant contributor to Arctic methane emission. Gas exchange rates are slower than previous estimates.
Juan Yu, Lei Yu, Zhen He, Gui-Peng Yang, Jing-Guang Lai, and Qian Liu
Biogeosciences, 21, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-161-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-161-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distributions of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs) (DMS, COS, and CS2) in the seawater and atmosphere of the Bohai and Yellow Seas were evaluated. Seasonal variations in VSCs were found and showed summer > spring. The COS concentrations exhibited positive correlation with DOC concentrations in seawater during summer. VSCs concentrations in seawater decreased with the depth. Sea-to-air fluxes of COS, DMS, and CS2 indicated that these marginal seas are sources of atmospheric VSCs.
Patrick J. Duke, Roberta C. Hamme, Debby Ianson, Peter Landschützer, Mohamed M. M. Ahmed, Neil C. Swart, and Paul A. Covert
Biogeosciences, 20, 3919–3941, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is both impacted by climate change and helps mitigate its effects through taking up carbon from the atmosphere. We used a machine learning approach to investigate what controls open-ocean carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean. Marine heatwaves that lasted 2–3 years increased uptake, while the upwelling strength of the Alaskan Gyre controlled uptake over 10-year time periods. The trend from 1998–2019 suggests carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean is increasing.
Judith Vogt, David Risk, Evelise Bourlon, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Evan N. Edinger, and Owen A. Sherwood
Biogeosciences, 20, 1773–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The release of the greenhouse gas methane from Arctic submarine sources could exacerbate climate change in a positive feedback. Continuous monitoring of atmospheric methane levels over a 5100 km voyage in the western margin of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay revealed above-global averages likely affected by both onshore and offshore methane sources. Instantaneous sea–air methane fluxes were near zero at all measured stations, including a persistent cold-seep location.
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences, 20, 1813–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales of up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
Ryo Dobashi and David T. Ho
Biogeosciences, 20, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are productive ecosystems and bury much carbon. Understanding their role in the global carbon cycle requires knowledge of air–sea CO2 fluxes and hence the knowledge of gas transfer velocity (k). In this study, k was determined from the dual tracer technique in Florida Bay. The observed gas transfer velocity was lower than previous studies in the coastal and open oceans at the same wind speeds, most likely due to wave attenuation by seagrass and limited wind fetch in this area.
Valérie Gros, Bernard Bonsang, Roland Sarda-Estève, Anna Nikolopoulos, Katja Metfies, Matthias Wietz, and Ilka Peeken
Biogeosciences, 20, 851–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are both sources and sinks for trace gases important for atmospheric chemistry and marine ecology. Here, we quantified selected trace gases (including the biological metabolites dissolved dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and isoprene) along a 2500 km transect from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. In the context of phytoplankton and bacterial communities, our study suggests that methanethiol (rarely measured before) might substantially influence ocean–atmosphere cycling.
Tsukasa Dobashi, Yuzo Miyazaki, Eri Tachibana, Kazutaka Takahashi, Sachiko Horii, Fuminori Hashihama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Yoko Iwamoto, Shu-Kuan Wong, and Koji Hamasaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 439–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols is important for biogeochemical cycling of bioelements. Our shipboard measurements suggested that reactive nitrogen produced and exuded by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in surface seawater likely contributed to the formation of WSON aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific. This study provides new implications for the role of marine microbial activity in the formation of WSON aerosols in the ocean surface.
Lukas Eickhoff, Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, and Thomas Koop
Biogeosciences, 20, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice is an important process in Earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere, in particular in polar regions. Our research focuses on the influence of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and of molecules produced by it upon heterogenous ice nucleation. For that purpose, we studied the freezing of tiny droplets containing the diatoms in a microfluidic device. Together with previous studies, our results suggest a common freezing behaviour of various sea ice diatoms.
Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza, Erik Nilsson, Marcus B. Wallin, Erik Sahlée, and Anna Rutgersson
Biogeosciences, 19, 5645–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global carbon cycle and is highly relevant for the Earth's climate. In this study, we used 9 years of in situ measurements to evaluate the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, using this long record, we assessed the effect of atmospheric and water-side mechanisms controlling the efficiency of the air–sea CO2 exchange under different wind-speed conditions.
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Hana Jurikova, Osamu Abe, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Mao-Chang Liang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the isotopic composition of oxygen dissolved in seawater in the South China Sea. This tells us about the origin of oxygen in the water column, distinguishing between biological oxygen produced by phytoplankton communities and atmospheric oxygen entering seawater through gas exchange. We found that the East Asian Monsoon plays an important role in determining the amount of oxygen produced vs. consumed by the phytoplankton, as well as in inducing vertical water mass mixing.
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, and Frédéric Chevallier
Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea CO2 fluxes and associated uncertainty over the open ocean to coastal shelves are estimated with a new ensemble-based reconstruction of pCO2 trained on observation-based data. The regional distribution and seasonality of CO2 sources and sinks are consistent with those suggested in previous studies as well as mechanisms discussed therein. The ensemble-based uncertainty field allows identifying critical regions where improvements in pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux estimates should be a priority.
Charel Wohl, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, Brent Else, Brian J. Butterworth, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 1021–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of five different organic gases in seawater in the high Arctic during summer. We found higher concentrations near the surface of the water column (top 5–10 m) and in areas of partial ice cover. This suggests that sea ice influences the concentrations of these gases. These gases indirectly exert a slight cooling effect on the climate, and it is therefore important to measure the levels accurately for future climate predictions.
Alain de Verneil, Zouhair Lachkar, Shafer Smith, and Marina Lévy
Biogeosciences, 19, 907–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arabian Sea is a natural CO2 source to the atmosphere, but previous work highlights discrepancies between data and models in estimating air–sea CO2 flux. In this study, we use a regional ocean model, achieve a flux closer to available data, and break down the seasonal cycles that impact it, with one result being the great importance of monsoon winds. As demonstrated in a meta-analysis, differences from data still remain, highlighting the great need for further regional data collection.
Jesse M. Vance, Kim Currie, John Zeldis, Peter W. Dillingham, and Cliff S. Law
Biogeosciences, 19, 241–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring is needed to detect changes in our environment. Time series of ocean carbon have aided our understanding of seasonal cycles and provided evidence for ocean acidification. Data gaps are inevitable, yet no standard method for filling gaps exists. We present a regression approach here and compare it to seven other common methods to understand the impact of different approaches when assessing seasonal to climatic variability in ocean carbon.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 93–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2 fields, which are key to assessing the ocean carbon sink. Our analysis shows that the net community production (NCP), the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, was more accurate than chlorophyll a within a neural network scheme. The improved pCO2 estimates, based on NCP, identified the South Atlantic Ocean as a net CO2 source, compared to a CO2 sink using chlorophyll a.
Birthe Zäncker, Michael Cunliffe, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 18, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
Jon Olafsson, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Taro Takahashi, Magnus Danielsen, and Thorarinn S. Arnarson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic north of 50° N is an intense ocean sink area for atmospheric CO2. Observations in the vicinity of Iceland reveal a previously unrecognized Arctic contribution to the North Atlantic CO2 sink. Sustained CO2 influx to waters flowing from the Arctic Ocean is linked to their excess alkalinity derived from sources in the changing Arctic. The results relate to the following question: will the North Atlantic continue to absorb CO2 in the future as it has in the past?
Wei-Lei Wang, Guisheng Song, François Primeau, Eric S. Saltzman, Thomas G. Bell, and J. Keith Moore
Biogeosciences, 17, 5335–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide, a volatile compound produced as a byproduct of marine phytoplankton activity, can be emitted to the atmosphere via gas exchange. In the atmosphere, DMS is oxidized to cloud condensation nuclei, thus contributing to cloud formation. Therefore, oceanic DMS plays an important role in regulating the planet's climate by influencing the radiation budget. In this study, we use an artificial neural network model to update the global DMS climatology and estimate the sea-to-air flux.
Yuri Galletti, Silvia Becagli, Alcide di Sarra, Margherita Gonnelli, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Damiano M. Sferlazzo, Rita Traversi, Stefano Vestri, and Chiara Santinelli
Biogeosciences, 17, 3669–3684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first data about atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the island of Lampedusa. It also shows the implications for the surface marine layer by studying the impact of atmospheric organic carbon deposition in the marine ecosystem. It is a preliminary study, but it is pioneering and important for having new data that can be crucial in order to understand the impact of atmospheric deposition on the marine carbon cycle in a global climate change scenario.
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
Rebecca L. Jackson, Albert J. Gabric, Roger Cropp, and Matthew T. Woodhouse
Biogeosciences, 17, 2181–2204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs are a strong source of atmospheric sulfur through stress-induced emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS). This biogenic sulfur can influence aerosol and cloud properties and, consequently, the radiative balance over the ocean. DMS emissions may therefore help to mitigate coral physiological stress via increased low-level cloud cover and reduced sea surface temperature. The importance of DMS in coral physiology and climate is reviewed and the implications for coral bleaching are discussed.
Louise Delaigue, Helmuth Thomas, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the first compilation and analysis of the surface water pCO2 distribution in the Saguenay Fjord, the southernmost subarctic fjord in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus fills a significant knowledge gap in current regional estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions.
Tim Fischer, Annette Kock, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 16, 2307–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated air–sea gas exchange in oceanic upwelling regions for the case of nitrous oxide off Peru. In this region, routine concentration measurements from ships at 5 m or 10 m depth prove to overestimate surface (bulk) concentration. Thus, standard estimates of gas exchange will show systematic error. This is due to very shallow stratified layers that inhibit exchange between surface water and waters below and can exist for several days. Maximum bias occurs in moderate wind conditions.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
Riley X. Brady, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael A. Alexander, Michael Jacox, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 16, 329–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, 2019
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Akinori Ito, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, Maarten C. Krol, Natalie M. Mahowald, Rachel A. Scanza, Douglas S. Hamilton, Matthew S. Johnson, Nicholas Meskhidze, Jasper F. Kok, Cecile Guieu, Alex R. Baker, Timothy D. Jickells, Manmohan M. Sarin, Srinivas Bikkina, Rachel Shelley, Andrew Bowie, Morgane M. G. Perron, and Robert A. Duce
Biogeosciences, 15, 6659–6684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The first atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition model intercomparison is presented in this study, as a result of the deliberations of the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP; http://www.gesamp.org/) Working Group 38. We conclude that model diversity over remote oceans reflects uncertainty in the Fe content parameterizations of dust aerosols, combustion aerosol emissions and the size distribution of transported aerosol Fe.
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
Amanda R. Fay, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Galen A. McKinley, David R. Munro, Colm Sweeney, Alison R. Gray, Peter Landschützer, Britton B. Stephens, Taro Takahashi, and Nancy Williams
Biogeosciences, 15, 3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is highly under-sampled and since this region dominates the ocean sink for CO2, understanding change is critical. Here we utilize available observations to evaluate how the seasonal cycle, variability, and trends in surface ocean carbon in the well-sampled Drake Passage region compare to that of the broader subpolar Southern Ocean. Results indicate that the Drake Passage is representative of the broader region; however, additional winter observations would improve comparisons.
Cui-Ci Sun, Martin Sperling, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic gel particles such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) are important components in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Their potential role in air–sea gas exchange and in primary organic aerosol emission has generated considerable research interest. Our wind wave channel experiment revealed how wind speed controls the accumulation and size distribution of biogenic gel particles in the SML.
N. Precious Mongwe, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
Allison R. Moreno, George I. Hagstrom, Francois W. Primeau, Simon A. Levin, and Adam C. Martiny
Biogeosciences, 15, 2761–2779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the missing links between variable marine elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton physiology and carbon cycling, we embed four environmentally controlled stoichiometric models into a five-box ocean model. As predicted each model varied in its influence on the biological pump. Surprisingly, we found that variation can lead to nonlinear controls on atmospheric CO2 and carbon export, suggesting the need for further studies of ocean C : P and the impact on ocean carbon cycling.
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
Erik T. Buitenhuis, Parvadha Suntharalingam, and Corinne Le Quéré
Biogeosciences, 15, 2161–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thanks to decreases in CFC concentrations, N2O is now the third-most important greenhouse gas, and the dominant contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion. Here we estimate the ocean–atmosphere N2O flux. We find that an estimate based on observations alone has a large uncertainty. By combining observations and a range of model simulations we find that the uncertainty is much reduced to 2.45 ± 0.8 Tg N yr−1, and better constrained and at the lower end of the estimate in the latest IPCC report.
Sayaka Yasunaka, Eko Siswanto, Are Olsen, Mario Hoppema, Eiji Watanabe, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Akihiko Murata, Siv K. Lauvset, Rik Wanninkhof, Taro Takahashi, Naohiro Kosugi, Abdirahman M. Omar, Steven van Heuven, and Jeremy T. Mathis
Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping pCO2 in the surface water using a self-organizing map technique. The addition of Chl a as a parameter enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2 via better representation of its decline in spring. The uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C y−1 was determined to be significant.
Alizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 15, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, 2018
Chao Zhang, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Zongbo Shi, Jinhui Shi, Yang Yu, Ling Meng, and Xinyu Guo
Biogeosciences, 15, 749–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares the response of phytoplankton growth in the northwest Pacific to those in the Yellow Sea. In general, larger positive responses of phytoplankton induced by combined nutrients (in the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific) than those induced by a single nutrient (in the Kuroshio Extension and the Yellow Sea) from the dust are observed. We also emphasize the importance of an increase in bioavailable P stock for phytoplankton growth following dust addition.
Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Nicolas Gruber, Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 14, 4545–4561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, 2017
Melchor González-Dávila, J. Magdalena Santana Casiano, and Francisco Machín
Biogeosciences, 14, 3859–3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling is shown to be sensitive to climate change forcing on upwelling processes, which strongly affects the CO2 surface distribution, ocean acidification rates, and air–sea CO2 exchange. We confirmed an upwelling intensification, an increase in the CO2 outgassing, and an important decrease in the pH of the surface waters. Upwelling areas are poorly studied and VOS lines are shown as one of the most significant contributors to our knowledge of the ocean's response.
Rachel Hussherr, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Michel Gosselin, Michel Starr, Lisa A. Miller, Tereza Jarniková, Nina Schuback, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and its synthesis of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), as well as its modulation, by two contrasting light regimes in the Arctic. The light regimes tested had no significant impact on either the phytoplankton or DMS concentration, whereas both variables decreased linearly with the decrease in pH. Thus, a rapid decrease in surface water pH could alter the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production in the Arctic.
Cited articles
Aumont, O., Ethé, C., Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., and Gehlen, M.:
PISCES-v2: An ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies,
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2465–2513,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, 2015.
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Sabine, C. L., Metzl, N., Hankin,
S., Koyuk, H., Kozyr, A., Malczyk, J., Manke, A., and Telszewski, M.: Global
data products help assess changes to ocean carbon sink, Eos,
93, 125–126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO120001, 2012.
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Bushinsky, S. M., Landschützer, P., Rödenbeck, C., Gray, A. R.,
Baker, D., Mazloff, M. R., Resplandy, L., Johnson, K. S., and Sarmiento, J.
L.: Reassessing Southern Ocean Air-Sea CO2 Flux Estimates With the Addition
of Biogeochemical Float Observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33,
1370–1388, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006176, 2019.
Canadell, J. G., Monteiro, P. M. S., Costa, M. H., da Cunha, L. C.,,
Cox, P. M., Eliseev, A. V., Henson, S., Ishii, M., Jaccard, S., Koven, C.,
Lohila, A., Patra, P. K., Piao, S., Rogelj, J., Syampungani, S., Zaehle, S.,
and Zickfeld, K.: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and
Feedbacks, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of
Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 673–816, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.007, 2021.
Chapman, C. C., Lea, M. A., Meyer, A., Sallée, J. B., and Hindell, M.:
Defining Southern Ocean fronts and their influence on biological and
physical processes in a changing climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 10,
209–219, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0705-4, 2020.
Denvil-Sommer, A., Gehlen, M., Vrac, M., and Mejia, C.: LSCE-FFNN-v1: A
two-step neural network model for the reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2
over the global ocean, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2091–2105,
https://doi.org/10.5194/GMD-12-2091-2019, 2019.
DeVries, T., Holzer, M., and Primeau, F.: Recent increase in oceanic carbon
uptake driven by weaker upper-ocean overturning, Nature, 542, 215–218,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21068, 2017.
Djeutchouang, L. M., Chang, N., Gregor, L., Vichi, M., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: OSSE dataset for assessing the sensitivity of
pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5788736,
2021.
Djeutchouang, L. M., Chang, N., Gregor, L., Vichi, M., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: SOCCO-OSSE analysis scripts, Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7036049, 2022.
Fay, A. R. and McKinley, G. A.: Global trends in surface ocean pCO2 from
in situ data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 541–557,
https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20051, 2013.
Fay, A. R. and McKinley, G. A.: Global open-ocean biomes: mean and temporal
variability, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 273–284,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-273-2014, 2014.
Fay, A. R., Lovenduski, N. S., McKinley, G. A., Munro, D. R., Sweeney, C.,
Gray, A. R., Landschützer, P., Stephens, B. B., Takahashi, T., and
Williams, N.: Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand
variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2, Biogeosciences, 15,
3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018.
Fay, A. R., Gregor, L., Landschützer, P., McKinley, G. A., Gruber, N., Gehlen, M., Iida, Y., Laruelle, G. G., Rödenbeck, C., Roobaert, A., and Zeng, J.: SeaFlux: harmonization of air–sea CO2 fluxes from surface pCO2 data products using a standardized approach, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4693–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, 2021.
Frery, J., Habrard, A., Sebban, M., Caelen, O., and He-Guelton, L.:
Efficient Top Rank Optimization with Gradient Boosting for Supervised
Anomaly Detection BT – Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in
Databases, 10534 LNAI, 20–35,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71249-9_2, 2017.
Frölicher, T. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Paynter, D. J., Dunne, J. P., Krasting, J. P., and Winton, M.: Dominance of the Southern
Ocean in Anthropogenic Carbon and Heat Uptake in CMIP5 Models, J. Clim., 28, 862–886, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00117.1, 2015.
Gentemann, C. L., Scott, J. P., Mazzini, P. L. F., Pianca, C., Akella, S.,
Minnett, P. J., Cornillon, P., Fox-Kemper, B., Cetinić, I., Chin, T. M.,
Gomez-Valdes, J., Vazquez-Cuervo, J., Tsontos, V., Yu, L., Jenkins, R., De
Halleux, S., Peacock, D., and Cohen, N.: Saildrone: Adaptively Sampling the
Marine Environment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E744–E762,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0015.1, 2020.
Gloege, L., McKinley, G. A., Landschützer, P., Fay, A. R.,
Frölicher, T. L., Fyfe, J. C., Ilyina, T., Jones, S., Lovenduski, N. S.,
Rodgers, K. B., Schlunegger, S., and Takano, Y.: Quantifying Errors in
Observationally Based Estimates of Ocean Carbon Sink Variability, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 35, e2020GB006788,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006788, 2021.
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and Courville, A.: Deep Learning, Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning series, Illustrated
edition, edited by: Dietterich, T., Bishop, C., Heckerman, D., Jordan, M., and Kearns, M., The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 978-0262035613,
2016.
Grare, L., Statom, N. M., Pizzo, N., and Lenain, L.: Instrumented Wave
Gliders for Air-Sea Interaction and Upper Ocean Research, Front. Mar. Sci., 8,
1–21, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.664728, 2021.
Gray, A. R., Johnson, K. S., Bushinsky, S. M., Riser, S. C., Russell, J. L.,
Talley, L. D., Wanninkhof, R., Williams, N. L., and Sarmiento, J. L.:
Autonomous Biogeochemical Floats Detect Significant Carbon Dioxide
Outgassing in the High-Latitude Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 9049–9057, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078013, 2018.
Gregor, L. and Gruber, N.: OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 777–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021, 2021.
Gregor, L., Kok, S., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: Empirical methods for the
estimation of Southern Ocean CO2: Support vector and random forest
regression, Biogeosciences, 14, 5551–5569,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5551-2017, 2017.
Gregor, L., Kok, S., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018.
Gregor, L., Lebehot, A. D., Kok, S., and Scheel Monteiro, P. M.: A
comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO2
estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – Have we
hit the wall?, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5113–5136,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019, 2019.
Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset,
S. K., Monaco, C. lo, Mathis, J. T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R.: The
oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007, Science, 363, 1193–1199,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153, 2019.
Hauck, J., Völker, C., Wolf-Gladrow, D. A., Laufkötter, C., Vogt,
M., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Buitenhuis, E. T., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J.,
Gruber, N., Hashioka, T., John, J., Quéré, C. Le, Lima, I. D.,
Nakano, H., Séférian, R., and Totterdell, I.: On the Southern Ocean
CO2 uptake and the role of the biological carbon pump in the 21st century,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 1451–1470,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005140, 2015.
Hauck, J., Zeising, M., Le Quéré, C., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E.,
Bopp, L., Chau, T. T. T., Gürses, Ö., Ilyina, T., Landschützer,
P., Lenton, A., Resplandy, L., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., and
Séférian, R.: Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink
Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 852,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.571720, 2020.
Hine, R., Willcox, S., Hine, G., and Richardson, T.: The wave glider: A
wave-powered autonomous marine vehicle, MTS/IEEE Biloxi – Marine Technology
for Our Future: Global and Local Challenges, Oceans, 2009, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2009.5422129, 2009.
Holte, J., Talley, L. D., Gilson, J., and Roemmich, D.: An Argo mixed layer
climatology and database, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5618–5626,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073426, 2017.
Iida, Y., Kojima, A., Takatani, Y., Nakano, T., Sugimoto, H., Midorikawa,
T., and Ishii, M.: Trends in pCO2 and sea–air CO2 flux over the global open
oceans for the last two decades, J. Oceanogr., 71, 637–661,
2015.
Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Coletti, L. J., Jannasch, H. W., Sakamoto, C. M., Riser, S. C., Swift, D. D., Williams, N. L., Boss,
E., Haëntjens, N., Talley, L. D., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float
array, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 122, 6416–6436, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012838, 2017.
Jones, S. D., Le Quéré, C., Rödenbeck, C., Manning, A. C., and
Olsen, A.: A statistical gap-filling method to interpolate global monthly
surface ocean carbon dioxide data, J. Adv. Model. Earth
Syst., 7, 1554–1575, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000416, 2015.
Ke, G., Meng, Q., Finley, T., Wang, T., Chen, W., Ma, W., Ye, Q., and Liu,
T. Y.: LightGBM: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree,
Adv. Neur. Inf. Process. Syst., 30, 3147–3155,
2017.
Keppler, L. and Landschützer, P.: Regional Wind Variability Modulates
the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink, Sci. Rep., 9, 7384,
https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-019-43826-Y, 2019.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Nakaoka,
S., Payne, M. R., Sasse, T. P., and Zeng, J.: A neural network-based
estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean
carbon sink, Biogeosciences, 10, 7793–7815,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013, 2013.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., and Schuster, U.: Recent
variability of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
28, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004853, 2014.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Haumann, F. A., Rödenbeck, C., Bakker,
D. C. E., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Metzl, N., Sweeney, C., Takahashi,
T., Tilbrook, B., and Wanninkhof, R.: The reinvigoration of the Southern
Ocean carbon sink, Science, 349, 1221–1224,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2620, 2015.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C. E. E.: Decadal
variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 30, 1396–1417, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005359, 2016.
Lenton, A., Matear, R. J., and Tilbrook, B.: Design of an observational
strategy for quantifying the Southern Ocean uptake of CO2, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 20, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002620,
2006.
Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B., Law, R. M., Bakker, D., Doney, S. C., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Hoppema, M., Lovenduski, N. S., Matear, R. J., McNeil, B. I., Metzl, N., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Monteiro, P. M. S., Rödenbeck, C., Sweeney, C., and Takahashi, T.: Sea–air CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the period 1990–2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 4037–4054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013, 2013.
Le Quéré, C., Rödenbeck, C., Buitenhuis, E. T., Conway, T. J.,
Langenfelds, R., Gomez, A., Labuschagne, C., Ramonet, M., Nakazawa, T.,
Metzl, N., Gillett, N., and Heimann, M.: Saturation of the southern ocean
CO2 sink due to recent climate change, Science, 316, 1735–1738,
2007.
Majkut, J. D., Carter, B. R., Frölicher, T. L., Dufour, C. O., Rodgers,
K. B., and Sarmiento, J. L.: An observing system simulation for Southern
Ocean carbon dioxide uptake, Philos. T. R. Soc.
A, 372, 20130046,
https://doi.org/10.1098/RSTA.2013.0046, 2014.
Maritorena, S., d'Andon, O. H. F., Mangin, A., and Siegel, D. A.: Merged
satellite ocean color data products using a bio-optical model:
Characteristics, benefits and issues, Remote Sens. Environ., 114,
1791–1804, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2010.04.002, 2010.
McKinley, G. A., Fay, A. R., Eddebbar, Y. A., Gloege, L., and Lovenduski, N.
S.: External Forcing Explains Recent Decadal Variability of the Ocean Carbon
Sink, AGU Adv., 1, e2019AV000149, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000149,
2020.
Meinig, C., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Jenkins, R., and Tabisola, H. M.: The use
of Saildrones to examine spring conditions in the Bering Sea: Vehicle
specification and mission performance, OCEANS 2015 – MTS/IEEE Washington, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2015.7404348, 2016.
Meinig, C., Burger, E. F., Cohen, N., Cokelet, E. D., Cronin, M. F., Cross,
J. N., De Halleux, S., Jenkins, R., Jessup, A. T., Mordy, C. W.,
Lawrence-Slavas, N., Sutton, A. J., Zhang, D., and Zhang, C.: Public private
partnerships to advance regional ocean observing capabilities: A saildrone
and NOAA-PMEL case study and future considerations to expand to global scale
observing, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00448, 2019.
Mongwe, N. P., Chang, N., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: The seasonal cycle as a
mode to diagnose biases in modelled CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean, Ocean
Model., 106, 90–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.09.006, 2016.
Mongwe, N. P., Vichi, M., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models, Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018.
Monteiro, P. M. S., Schuster, U., Hood, M., Lenton, A., Metzl, N., Olsen,
A., Rogers, K., Sabine, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Yoder, J.,
Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.: Global Sea Surface Carbon Observing System: Assessment of Changing
Sea Surface CO2 and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes, in: Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information
for Society, 2, 702–714, https://doi.org/10.5270/OCEANOBS09.CWP.64, 2010.
Monteiro, P. M. S. S., Gregor, L., Lévy, M., Maenner, S., Sabine, C. L.,
and Swart, S.: Intraseasonal variability linked to sampling alias in air-sea
CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
8507–8514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066009, 2015.
Munro, D. R., Lovenduski, N. S., Takahashi, T., Stephens, B. B., Newberger,
T., and Sweeney, C.: Recent evidence for a strengthening CO2 sink in the
Southern Ocean from carbonate system measurements in the Drake Passage
(2002–2015), Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7623–7630,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065194, 2015.
Nicholson, S.-A., Whitt, D. B., Fer, I., du Plessis, M. D., Lebéhot, A.
D., Swart, S., Sutton, A. J., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: Storms drive
outgassing of CO2 in the subpolar Southern Ocean, Nat. Commun.,
13, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27780-w, 2022.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth, T., and Nowlin, W. D.: On the meridional extent and
fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 641–673,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W, 1995.
Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Kozyr, A., Malczyk, J., Manke, A., Metzl, N., Sabine, C. L., Akl, J., Alin, S. R., Bates, N., Bellerby, R. G. J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P. J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F. P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Fassbender, A. J., Feely, R. A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hood, M., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C. W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, S. D., Key, R. M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A. M., Padin, X. A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., Ríos, A. F., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Tjiputra, J., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Weiss, R., Wong, C. S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 125–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-125-2013, 2013.
Ritter, R., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Fay, A. R., Iida, Y., Jones,
S., Nakaoka, S., Park, G. H., Peylin, P., Rödenbeck, C., Rodgers, K. B.,
Shutler, J. D., and Zeng, J.: Observation-Based Trends of the Southern Ocean
Carbon Sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12339–12348,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074837, 2017.
Rödenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Metzl, N., Olsen, A., Sabine, C., Cassar, N., Reum, F., Keeling, R. F., and Heimann, M.: Interannual sea–air CO2 flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme, Biogeosciences, 11, 4599–4613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4599-2014, 2014.
Rödenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Gruber, N., Iida, Y., Jacobson, A. R., Jones, S., Landschützer, P., Metzl, N., Nakaoka, S., Olsen, A., Park, G.-H., Peylin, P., Rodgers, K. B., Sasse, T. P., Schuster, U., Shutler, J. D., Valsala, V., Wanninkhof, R., and Zeng, J.: Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – first results of the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM), Biogeosciences, 12, 7251–7278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015, 2015.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R.,
Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T. H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, 2004.
Sabine, C., Sutton, A., McCabe, K., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Alin, S., Feely,
R., Jenkins, R., Maenner, S., Meinig, C., Thomas, J., Ooijen, E. VAN,
Passmore, A., and Tilbrook, B.: Evaluation of a New Carbon Dioxide System
for Autonomous Surface Vehicles, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol., 37, 1305–1317, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0010.1, 2020.
Sabine, C. L., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Metzl, N., Kozyr, A., Fassbender, A., Manke, A., Malczyk, J., Akl, J., Alin, S. R., Bellerby, R. G. J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P. J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F. P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Feely, R. A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C. W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Key, R. M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A. M., Padin, X. A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., Ríos, A. F., Salisbury, J., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Watson, A. J., Weiss, R., Wong, C. S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) gridded data products, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 145–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-145-2013, 2013.
Stow, C. A., Jolliff, J., McGillicuddy, D. J., Doney, S. C., Allen, J. I.,
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Rose, K. A., and Wallhead, P.: Skill assessment for
coupled biological/physical models of marine systems, J. Mar.
Syst., 76, 4–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMARSYS.2008.03.011, 2009.
Sutton, A. J., Williams, N. L., and Tilbrook, B.: Constraining Southern
Ocean CO2 Flux Uncertainty Using Uncrewed Surface Vehicle Observations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091748, 2021.
Takahashi, T., Olafsson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W., and Sutherland,
S. C.: Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface
oceans: A comparative study, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 843–878,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02263, 1993.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A.,
Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson,
A., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Ishii,
M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., Körtzinger, A., Steinhoff, T., Hoppema,
M., Olafsson, J., Arnarson, T. S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A.,
Bellerby, R., Wong, C. S., Delille, B., Bates, N. R., and de Baar, H. J. W.:
Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net
sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 554–577,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DSR2.2008.12.009, 2009.
Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Hales, B., Chipman, D. W., Goddard, J. G.,
Newberger, T., Iannuzzi, R. A., and Sutherland, S. C.: The changing carbon
cycle in the southern ocean, Oceanography, 25, 26–37,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.71, 2012.
Talley, L. D., Rosso, I., Kamenkovich, I., Mazloff, M. R., Wang, J., Boss,
E., Gray, A. R., Johnson, K. S., Key, R. M., Riser, S. C., Williams, N. L.,
and Sarmiento, J. L.: Southern Ocean Biogeochemical Float Deployment
Strategy, With Example From the Greenwich Meridian Line (GO-SHIP A12),
J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 403–431,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014059, 2019.
Williams, N. L., Juranek, L. W., Feely, R. A., Johnson, K. S., Sarmiento, J.
L., Talley, L. D., Dickson, A. G., Gray, A. R., Wanninkhof, R., Russell, J.
L., Riser, S. C., and Takeshita, Y.: Calculating surface ocean pCO2 from
biogeochemical Argo floats equipped with pH: An uncertainty analysis, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 591–604, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005541,
2017.
Wu, Y., Hain, M. P., Humphreys, M. P., Hartman, S., and Tyrrell, T.: What
drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic
carbon concentration?, Biogeosciences, 16, 2661–2681,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2661-2019, 2019.
Short summary
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found that to significantly improve uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping in the Southern Ocean, it is essential to resolve the seasonal cycle (SC) of the meridional gradient of CO2 through high frequency (at least daily) observations that also span the region's meridional axis. We also showed that the estimated SC anomaly and mean annual CO2 are highly sensitive to seasonal sampling biases.
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint