Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-625-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-625-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 30 Jan 2024
| 30 Jan 2024
Evaluation of five models for constructing forest NPP–age relationships in China based on 3121 field survey samples
Peng Li
Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Academy of Carbon Neutrality, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Academy of Carbon Neutrality, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Jing M. Chen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
Mingzhu Xu
Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Academy of Carbon Neutrality, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Xudong Lin
Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Academy of Carbon Neutrality, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
Guirui Yu
Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Nianpeng He
Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Li Xu
Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Jiye Leng, Jing M. Chen, Wenyu Li, Xiangzhong Luo, Mingzhu Xu, Jane Liu, Rong Wang, Cheryl Rogers, Bolun Li, and Yulin Yan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1283–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1283-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1283-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We produced a long-term global two-leaf gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) dataset at the hourly time step by integrating a diagnostic process-based model with dynamic parameterizations. The new dataset provides us with a unique opportunity to study carbon and water fluxes at sub-daily time scales and advance our understanding of ecosystem functions in response to transient environmental changes.
Huajie Zhu, Mousong Wu, Fei Jiang, Michael Vossbeck, Thomas Kaminski, Xiuli Xing, Jun Wang, Weimin Ju, and Jing M. Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1955, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, Nanjing University Carbon Assimilation System (NUCAS) was developed. Data assimilation experiments were conducted to demonstrate the robustness and to investigate the feasibility and applicability of NUCAS. The assimilation of COS significantly improved the model performance in gross primary productivity, sensible heat, latent heat and even soil moisture, demonstrating that COS can provide strong constraints on parameters relevant to water, energy and carbon processes.
Yang Liu, Ronggao Liu, and Rong Shang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4505–4523, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface water has been changing significantly with high seasonal variation and abrupt change, making it hard to capture its interannual trend. Here we generated a global annual surface water cover frequency dataset during 2000–2020. The percentage of the time period when a pixel is covered by water in a year was estimated to describe the seasonal dynamics of surface water. This dataset can be used to analyze the interannual variation and change trend of highly dynamic inland water extent.
Jing M. Chen, Rong Wang, Yihong Liu, Liming He, Holly Croft, Xiangzhong Luo, Han Wang, Nicholas G. Smith, Trevor F. Keenan, I. Colin Prentice, Yongguang Zhang, Weimin Ju, and Ning Dong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4077–4093, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Green leaves contain chlorophyll pigments that harvest light for photosynthesis and also emit chlorophyll fluorescence as a byproduct. Both chlorophyll pigments and fluorescence can be measured by Earth-orbiting satellite sensors. Here we demonstrate that leaf photosynthetic capacity can be reliably derived globally using these measurements. This new satellite-based information overcomes a bottleneck in global ecological research where such spatially explicit information is currently lacking.
Fei Jiang, Weimin Ju, Wei He, Mousong Wu, Hengmao Wang, Jun Wang, Mengwei Jia, Shuzhuang Feng, Lingyu Zhang, and Jing M. Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3013–3037, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3013-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3013-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A 10-year (2010–2019) global monthly terrestrial NEE dataset (GCAS2021) was inferred from the GOSAT ACOS v9 XCO2 product. It shows strong carbon sinks over eastern N. America, the Amazon, the Congo Basin, Europe, boreal forests, southern China, and Southeast Asia. It has good quality and can reflect the impacts of extreme climates and large-scale climate anomalies on carbon fluxes well. We believe that this dataset can contribute to regional carbon budget assessment and carbon dynamics research.
Fei Jiang, Hengmao Wang, Jing M. Chen, Weimin Ju, Xiangjun Tian, Shuzhuang Feng, Guicai Li, Zhuoqi Chen, Shupeng Zhang, Xuehe Lu, Jane Liu, Haikun Wang, Jun Wang, Wei He, and Mousong Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1963–1985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1963-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1963-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 6-year inversion from 2010 to 2015 for the global and regional carbon fluxes using only the GOSAT XCO2 retrievals. We find that the XCO2 retrievals could significantly improve the modeling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and that the inferred interannual variations in the terrestrial carbon fluxes in most land regions have a better relationship with the changes in severe drought area or leaf area index, or are more consistent with the previous estimates about drought impact.
Yi Zheng, Ruoque Shen, Yawen Wang, Xiangqian Li, Shuguang Liu, Shunlin Liang, Jing M. Chen, Weimin Ju, Li Zhang, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2725–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2725-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2725-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately reproducing the interannual variations in vegetation gross primary production (GPP) is a major challenge. A global GPP dataset was generated by integrating the regulations of several major environmental variables with long-term changes. The dataset can effectively reproduce the spatial, seasonal, and particularly interannual variations in global GPP. Our study will contribute to accurate carbon flux estimates at long timescales.
Hengmao Wang, Fei Jiang, Jun Wang, Weimin Ju, and Jing M. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12067–12082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12067-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12067-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The differences in inverted global and regional carbon fluxes from GOSAT and OCO-2 XCO2 from 1 January to 31 December 2015 are studied. We find significant differences for inverted terrestrial carbon fluxes on both global and regional scales. Overall, GOSAT XCO2 has a better performance than OCO-2, and GOSAT data can effectively improve carbon flux estimates in the Northern Hemisphere, while OCO-2 data, with the specific version used in this study, show only slight improvement.
Zhiwei Xu, Guirui Yu, Qiufeng Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Ruili Wang, Ning Zhao, Nianpeng He, and Ziping Liu
Biogeosciences, 16, 3333–3349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3333-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3333-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Plant functional traits have increasingly been studied as determinants of ecosystem properties. While the relationships between biological community structures and ecological functions remain poorly understood at the large scale, we found that there was considerable variation in the profiles of different substrate uses along the NSTEC. The soil silt content and plant functional traits together shaped the biogeographical pattern of the soil microbial substrate use.
Xiaojin Qian, Liangyun Liu, Holly Croft, and Jingming Chen
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-228, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The leaf maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) is a key photosynthesis parameter. We attempt to investigate whether a universal and stable relationship exists between leaf Vcmax25 and chlorophyll content across different C3 plant types from a plant physiological perspective and verify it using field experiments. The results confirm that leaf chlorophyll can be a reliable proxy for estimating Vcmax25, providing an operational approach for the global mapping of Vcmax25 across different plant types.
Jun Wang, Ning Zeng, Meirong Wang, Fei Jiang, Jingming Chen, Pierre Friedlingstein, Atul K. Jain, Ziqiang Jiang, Weimin Ju, Sebastian Lienert, Julia Nabel, Stephen Sitch, Nicolas Viovy, Hengmao Wang, and Andrew J. Wiltshire
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10333–10345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the Mauna Loa CO2 records and TRENDY multi-model historical simulations, we investigate the different impacts of EP and CP El Niños on interannual carbon cycle variability. Composite analysis indicates that the evolutions of CO2 growth rate anomalies have three clear differences in terms of precursors (negative and neutral), amplitudes (strong and weak), and durations of peak (Dec–Apr and Oct–Jan) during EP and CP El Niños, respectively. We further discuss their terrestrial mechanisms.
Xiaoli Ren, Honglin He, Li Zhang, and Guirui Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1217–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1217-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1217-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A spatial radiation dataset of China from 1981 to 2010, including global radiation, diffuse radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and diffuse PAR, is generated and shared based on several estimation models and observations of the China Meteorology Administration and the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network. This is an integral and consistent radiation dataset for ecological modeling and the analysis of the effects of diffuse radiation on terrestrial ecosystem productivity.
Zhiwei Xu, Guirui Yu, Xinyu Zhang, Nianpeng He, Qiufeng Wang, Shengzhong Wang, Xiaofeng Xu, Ruili Wang, and Ning Zhao
Biogeosciences, 15, 1217–1228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1217-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1217-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Forest types with specific soil conditions supported the development of distinct soil microbial communities with variable functions. Our results indicate that the main controls on soil microbes and functions vary across forest ecosystems in different climatic zones. This information will add value to the modeling of microbial processes and will contribute to carbon cycling on a large scale.
Yang Liu, Ronggao Liu, Jan Pisek, and Jing M. Chen
Biogeosciences, 14, 1093–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1093-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1093-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Forest overstory and understory layers differ in carbon and water cycle regimes and phenology, as well as ecosystem functions. In this paper, overstory and understory LAI values were estimated separately for global needleleaf and deciduous broadleaf forests. This work would help us better understand the seasonal patterns of forest structure, evaluate the ecosystem functions and improve the modeling of the forest carbon and water cycles.
S. Zhang, X. Zheng, J. M. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Dan, X. Yi, L. Wang, and G. Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 805–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-805-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-805-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A Global Carbon Assimilation System based on the Ensemble Kalman filter (GCAS-EK) is developed for assimilating atmospheric CO2 data into an ecosystem model to simultaneously estimate the surface carbon fluxes and atmospheric CO2 distribution. This assimilation approach is similar to CarbonTracker, but with several new developments. The results showed that this assimilation approach can effectively reduce the biases and uncertainties of the carbon fluxes simulated by the ecosystem model.
H. Zheng, Y. Li, J. M. Chen, T. Wang, Q. Huang, W. X. Huang, L. H. Wang, S. M. Li, W. P. Yuan, X. Zheng, S. P. Zhang, Z. Q. Chen, and F. Jiang
Biogeosciences, 12, 1131–1150, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1131-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1131-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Ecological models often suffer from substantial biases due to inaccurate simulations of complex ecological processes. We introduce a set of scaling factors (parameters) for an ecological model on the basis of plant functional type (PFT) and latitudes. A global carbon assimilation system (GCAS-DOM) is developed by employing a dual optimization method (DOM) to invert the time-dependent ecological model parameter state and the net carbon flux state on 1 degree grid cells simultaneously.
F. Jiang, H. M. Wang, J. M. Chen, T. Machida, L. X. Zhou, W. M. Ju, H. Matsueda, and Y. Sawa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10133–10144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10133-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10133-2014, 2014
M. Liu, H. Wang, H. Wang, T. Oda, Y. Zhao, X. Yang, R. Zang, B. Zang, J. Bi, and J. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10873–10882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10873-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10873-2013, 2013
F. Jiang, H. W. Wang, J. M. Chen, L. X. Zhou, W. M. Ju, A. J. Ding, L. X. Liu, and W. Peters
Biogeosciences, 10, 5311–5324, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5311-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5311-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Remote Sensing: Terrestrial
Remote sensing reveals fire-driven enhancement of a C4 invasive alien grass on a small Mediterranean volcanic island
Divergent biophysical responses of western United States forests to wildfire driven by eco-climatic gradients
Synergistic use of Sentinel-2 and UAV-derived data for plant fractional cover distribution mapping of coastal meadows with digital elevation models
Data-based investigation of the effects of canopy structure and shadows on chlorophyll fluorescence in a deciduous oak forest
Reviews and syntheses: Remotely sensed optical time series for monitoring vegetation productivity
Geographically divergent trends in snow disappearance timing and fire ignitions across boreal North America
Dune belt restoration effectiveness assessed by UAV topographic surveys (northern Adriatic coast, Italy)
High-resolution data reveal a surge of biomass loss from temperate and Atlantic pine forests, contextualizing the 2022 fire season distinctiveness in France
Local environmental context drives heterogeneity of early succession dynamics in alpine glacier forefields
Riccardo Guarino, Daniele Cerra, Renzo Zaia, Alessandro Chiarucci, Pietro Lo Cascio, Duccio Rocchini, Piero Zannini, and Salvatore Pasta
Biogeosciences, 21, 2717–2730, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The severity and the extent of a large fire event that occurred on the small volcanic island of Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Italy) on 25–26 May 2022 were evaluated through remotely sensed data to assess the short-term effect of fire on local plant communities. For the first time, we documented the outstanding after-fire resilience of an invasive alien species, Saccharum biflorum, which is a rhizomatous C4 perennial grass introduced on the island in the nineteenth century.
Surendra Shrestha, Christopher A. Williams, Brendan M. Rogers, John Rogan, and Dominik Kulakowski
Biogeosciences, 21, 2207–2226, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2207-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2207-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we generated chronosequences of leaf area index (LAI) and surface albedo as a function of time since fire to demonstrate the differences in the characteristic trajectories of post-fire biophysical changes among seven forest types and 21 level III ecoregions of the western United States (US) using satellite data from different sources. We also demonstrated how climate played the dominant role in the recovery of LAI and albedo 10 and 20 years after wildfire events in the western US.
Ricardo Martínez Prentice, Miguel Villoslada, Raymond D. Ward, Thaisa F. Bergamo, Chris B. Joyce, and Kalev Sepp
Biogeosciences, 21, 1411–1431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1411-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1411-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Despite hosting a wide range of ecosystem services, coastal wetlands face threats from global changes. This study models the plant fractional cover of plant communities in Estonian coastal meadows with a synergistic use of drone, satellite imagery and digital elevation models. This approach highlights the significant contribution of digital elevation models to multispectral data, enabling the modelling of heterogeneous plant community distributions in such wetlands.
Hamadou Balde, Gabriel Hmimina, Yves Goulas, Gwendal Latouche, Abderrahmane Ounis, and Kamel Soudani
Biogeosciences, 21, 1259–1276, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that FyieldLIF was not correlated with SIFy at the diurnal timescale, and the diurnal patterns in SIF and PAR did not match under clear-sky conditions due to canopy structure. Φk was sensitive to canopy structure. RF models show that Φk can be predicted using reflectance in different bands. RF models also show that FyieldLIF was more sensitive to reflectance and radiation than SIF and SIFy, indicating that the combined effect of reflectance bands could hide the SIF physiological trait.
Lammert Kooistra, Katja Berger, Benjamin Brede, Lukas Valentin Graf, Helge Aasen, Jean-Louis Roujean, Miriam Machwitz, Martin Schlerf, Clement Atzberger, Egor Prikaziuk, Dessislava Ganeva, Enrico Tomelleri, Holly Croft, Pablo Reyes Muñoz, Virginia Garcia Millan, Roshanak Darvishzadeh, Gerbrand Koren, Ittai Herrmann, Offer Rozenstein, Santiago Belda, Miina Rautiainen, Stein Rune Karlsen, Cláudio Figueira Silva, Sofia Cerasoli, Jon Pierre, Emine Tanır Kayıkçı, Andrej Halabuk, Esra Tunc Gormus, Frank Fluit, Zhanzhang Cai, Marlena Kycko, Thomas Udelhoven, and Jochem Verrelst
Biogeosciences, 21, 473–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reviewed optical remote sensing time series (TS) studies for monitoring vegetation productivity across ecosystems. Methods were categorized into trend analysis, land surface phenology, and assimilation into statistical or dynamic vegetation models. Due to progress in machine learning, TS processing methods will diversify, while modelling strategies will advance towards holistic processing. We propose integrating methods into a digital twin to improve the understanding of vegetation dynamics.
Thomas D. Hessilt, Brendan M. Rogers, Rebecca C. Scholten, Stefano Potter, Thomas A. J. Janssen, and Sander Veraverbeke
Biogeosciences, 21, 109–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In boreal North America, snow and frozen ground prevail in winter, while fires occur in summer. Over the last 20 years, the northwestern parts have experienced earlier snow disappearance and more ignitions. This is opposite to the southeastern parts. However, earlier ignitions following earlier snow disappearance timing led to larger fires across the region. Snow disappearance timing may be a good proxy for ignition timing and may also influence important atmospheric conditions related to fires.
Regine Anne Faelga, Luigi Cantelli, Sonia Silvestri, and Beatrice Maria Sole Giambastiani
Biogeosciences, 20, 4841–4855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4841-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4841-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A dune restoration project on the northern Adriatic coast (Ravenna, Italy) was assessed using UAV monitoring. Structure-from-motion photogrammetry, elevation differencing, and statistical analysis were used to quantify dune development in terms of sand volume and vegetation cover change. Results show that the installed fence has been effective as there was significant sand accumulation, embryo dune development, and a decrease in blowout features due to increased vegetation colonization.
Lilian Vallet, Martin Schwartz, Philippe Ciais, Dave van Wees, Aurelien de Truchis, and Florent Mouillot
Biogeosciences, 20, 3803–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the ecological impact of the 2022 summer fire season in France by using high-resolution satellite data. The total biomass loss was 2.553 Mt, equivalent to a 17 % increase of the average natural mortality of all French forests. While Mediterranean forests had a lower biomass loss, there was a drastic increase in burned area and biomass loss over the Atlantic pine forests and temperate forests. This result revisits the distinctiveness of the 2022 fire season.
Arthur Bayle, Bradley Z. Carlson, Anaïs Zimmer, Sophie Vallée, Antoine Rabatel, Edoardo Cremonese, Gianluca Filippa, Cédric Dentant, Christophe Randin, Andrea Mainetti, Erwan Roussel, Simon Gascoin, Dov Corenblit, and Philippe Choler
Biogeosciences, 20, 1649–1669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier forefields have long provided ecologists with a model to study patterns of plant succession following glacier retreat. We used remote sensing approaches to study early succession dynamics as it allows to analyze the deglaciation, colonization, and vegetation growth within a single framework. We found that the heterogeneity of early succession dynamics is deterministic and can be explained well by local environmental context. This work has been done by an international consortium.
Cited articles
Alexandrov, G. A., Oikawa, T., and Esser, G.: Estimating terrestrial NPP: what the data say and how they may be interpreted?, Ecol. Modell., 117, 361–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00019-8, 1999.
Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C., and Gower, S. T.: Net primary production and net ecosystem production of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 473–487, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.0742.x, 2004.
Burkes, E. C., Will, R. E., Barron-Gafford, G. A., Teskey, R. O., and Shiver, B.: Biomass partitioning and growth efficiency of intensively managed Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii stands of different planting densities, Forest Sci., 49, 224–234, 2003.
Camenzind, T., Hättenschwiler, S., Treseder, K. K., Lehmann, A., and Rillig, M. C.: Nutrient limitation of soil microbial processes in tropical forests, Ecol. Monogr., 88, 4–21, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1279, 2018.
Chapin, F. S., III, Woodwell, G. M., Randerson, J. T., Rastetter, E. B., Lovett, G. M., Baldocchi, D. D., Clark, D. A., Harmon, M. E., and Schimel, D. S.: Reconciling carbon-cycle concepts, terminology, and methods, Ecosystems, 9, 1041–1050, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7, 2006.
Chen, J. M., Ju, W., Cihlar, J., Price, D., Liu, J., Chen, W., Pan, J., Black, A., and Barr, A.: Spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks in Canada's forests, Tellus B, 55, 622–641, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i2.16711, 2003.
Chen, J. M., Mo, G., Pisek, J., Liu, J., Deng, F., Ishizawa, M., and Chan, D.: Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003996, 2012.
Chen, W., Chen, J., and Cihlar, J.: An integrated terrestrial ecosystem carbon-budget model based on changes in disturbance, climate, and atmospheric chemistry, Ecol. Modell., 135, 55–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00371-9, 2000.
Chen, W., Chen, J. M., Price, D. T., and Cihlar, J.: Effects of stand age on net primary productivity of boreal black spruce forests in Ontario, Canada, Can. J. Forest Res., 32, 833–842, https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-165, 2002.
Dai, L., Wang, Y., Su, D., Zhou, L., Yu, D., Lewis, B. J., and Qi, L.: Major forest types and the evolution of sustainable forestry in China, Environ. Manag., 48, 1066–1078, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9706-4, 2011.
Dalgleish, S. A., Van Etten, E. J. B., Stock, W. D., and Knuckey, C.: Fuel dynamics and vegetation recovery after fire in a semiarid Australian shrubland, Int. J. Wildl. Fire, 24, 613–623, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF14128, 2015.
DesRochers, A. and Lieffers, V. J.: Root biomass of regenerating aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands of different densities in Alberta, Can. J. Forest Res., 31, 1012–1018, https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-037, 2001.
Ding, Z., Ji, B., Yao, H., Cheng, X., Yu, S., Sun, X., Liu, S., Xu, L., Zhou, Y., and Shi, Y.: An Analysis of the Factors Affecting Forest Mortality and Research on Forecasting Models in Southern China: A Case Study in Zhejiang Province, Forests, 14, 2199, https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112199, 2023.
Do, H. T. T., Zimmer, H. C., Vanclay, J. K., Grant, J. C., Trinh, B. N., Nguyen, H. H., and Nichols, J. D.: Site form classification – a practical tool for guiding site-specific tropical forest landscape restoration and management, Forestry, 95, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpab046, 2022.
Drake, J. E., Davis, S. C., Raetz, L. M., and Delucia, E. H.: Mechanisms of age-related changes in forest production: The influence of physiological and successional changes, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1522–1535, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02342.x, 2011.
Eggleston, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe, K.: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, V.4. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), ISBN 4-88788-032-4, 2006.
Fang, J., Yu, G., Liu, L., Hu, S., and Stuart Chapin, F.: Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 4015–4020, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700304115, 2018.
Fang, J., Chen, A., Peng, C., Zhao, S., and Ci, L.: Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998, Science, 292, 2320–2322, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058629, 2001a.
Fang, J., Ke, J., Tang, Z., and Chen, A.: Implications and estimations of four terrestrial productivity parameters, Acta Phytoecol. Sin., 25, 414–419, https://europepmc.org/article/cba/540929, 2001b.
Fisher, J. B., Badgley, G., and Blyth, E.: Global nutrient limitation in terrestrial vegetation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB3007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004252, 2012.
Gao, B., Taylor, A. R., Searle, E. B., Kumar, P., Ma, Z., Hume, A. M., and Chen, H. Y. H.: Carbon storage declines in old boreal forests irrespective of succession pathway, Ecosystems, 21, 1168–1182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0210-4, 2018.
Gough, C. M., Vogel, C. S., Schmid, H. P., and Curtis, P. S.: Controls on annual forest carbon storage: lessons from the past and predictions for the future, Bioscience, 58, 609–622, https://doi.org/10.1641/B580708, 2008.
Gower, S. T., McMurtrie, R. E., and Murty, D.: Aboveground net primary production decline with stand age: potential causes, Trend. Ecol. Evol., 11, 378–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10042-2, 1996.
Gower, S. T., Vogel, J. G., Norman, J. M., Kucharik, C. J., and Steele, S. J.: Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 29029–29041, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02317, 1997.
Gundersen, P., Thybring, E. E., Nord-Larsen, T., Vesterdal, L., Nadelhoffer, K. J., and Johannsen, V. K.: Old-growth forest carbon sinks overestimated, Nature, 591, E21–E23, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03266-z, 2021.
Guo, L., An, N., and Wang, K.: Journal of Geophysical Research, Nature, 175, 238, https://doi.org/10.1038/175238c0, 1955.
Harmon, M. E., Ferrell, W. K., and Franklin, J. F.: Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests, Science, 247, 699–702, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4943.699, 1990.
Hasenauer, S.: the significance of remote sensing in the good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry as specified by the kyoto protocol, Diploma Thesis, https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_119760.pdf (last access: 25 October 2023), 2004.
He, L., Chen, J. M., Pan, Y., Birdsey, R., and Kattge, J.: Relationships between net primary productivity and forest stand age in U.S. forests, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003942, 2012.
Hicke, J. A., Jenkins, J. C., and Ducey, O. M.: Spatial patterns of forest characteristics in the western United States derived from inventories, Ecol. Appl., 17, 2387–2402, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1951.1, 2007.
Kira, T. and Shidei, T.: Primary production and turnover of organic matter in different forest ecosystems of the western Pacific, Japn. J. Ecol., 17, 70–87, https://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.17.2_70, 1967.
Ji, Y., Zhou, G., Luo, T., Dan, Y., Zhou, L., and Lv, X.: Variation of net primary productivity and its drivers in China's forests during 2000–2018, Forest Ecosyst., 7, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-020-00229-0, 2020.
Ju, W., Chen, J. M., Black, T. A., Barr, A. G., Liu, J., and Chen, B.: Modelling multi-year coupled carbon and water fluxes in a boreal aspen forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 136–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.008, 2006.
Li, Z. and Zhou, T.: Optimization of forest age-dependent light-use efficiency and its implications on climate-vegetation interactions in China, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. – ISPRS Arch. 40, 449–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-449-2015, 2015.
Litton, C. M., Raich, J. W., and Ryan, M. G.: Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2089–2109, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01420.x, 2007.
Liu, H., Gong, P., Wang, J., Wang, X., Ning, G., and Xu, B.: Production of global daily seamless data cubes and quantification of global land cover change from 1985 to 2020 – iMap World 1.0, Remote Sens. Environ., 258, 112364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112364, 2021.
Liu, J., Chen, J. M., Cihlar, J., and Chen, W.: Net primary productivity distribution in the boreas region from a process model using satellite and surface data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 27735–27754, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900768, 1999.
Liu, J., Chen, J. M., Cihlar, J., and Chen, W.: Net primary productivity mapped for Canada at 1-km resolution, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 11, 115–129, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00278.x, 2002.
Liu, Y., Liu, R., and Chen, J. M.: Retrospective retrieval of long-term consistent global leaf area index (1981–2011) from combined AVHRR and MODIS data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002084, 2012a.
Liu Y., Yu G., Wang Q., and Zhang Y.: Huge carbon sequestration potential in global forests, J. Resour. Ecol., 3, 193–201, https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2012.03.001, 2012b.
Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A. D., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Piao, S. L., Schulze, E.-D., Wingate, L., Matteucci, G., Aragao, L., Aubinet, M., Beer, C., Bernhofer, C., Black, K. G., Bonal, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Chambers, J., Ciais, P., Cook, B., Davis, K. J., Dolman, A. J., Gielen, B., Goulden, M., Grace, J., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Griffis, T., Grünwald, T., Guidolotti, G., Hanson, P. J., Harding, R., Hollinger, D.Y., Hutyra, L. R., Kolari, P., Kruijt, B., Kutsch, W., Lagergren, F., Laurila, T., Law, B. E., Le maire, G., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Malhi, Y., Mateus, J., Migliavacca, M., Misson, L., Montagnani, L., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., Munger, J. W., Nikinmaa, E., Ollinger, S. V, Pita, G., Rebmann, C., Roupsard, O., Saigusa, N., Sanz, M. J., Seufert, G., Sierra, C., Smith, M.-L., Tang, J., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Janssens, I. A.: CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database, Glob. Change Biol. 13, 2509–2537, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x, 2007.
Ma, T., Liang, Y., Li, Z., Liu, Z., Liu, B., Wu, M. M., Lau, M. K., and Fang, Y.: Age-related patterns and climatic driving factors of drought-induced forest mortality in Northeast China, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 332, 109360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109360, 2023.
Mund, M., Kummetz, E., Hein, M., Bauer, G. A., and Schulze, E.-D.: Growth and carbon stocks of a spruce forest chronosequence in central Europe, Forest Ecol. Manag. 171, 275–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00788-5, 2002.
Odum, E. P.: The strategy of ecosystem development, Science, 164, 262–270, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3877.262, 1969.
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Pacala, S. W., McGuire, A. D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., and Hayes, D.: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests, Science, 333, 988–993, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609, 2011.
Peper, P. J., McPherson, G. E., and Mori, S. M.: Predictive equations for dimensions and leaf area of coastal southern California street trees, J. Arboricul., 27, 169–180, https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.019, 2001.
Ryan, M. G. and Waring, R. H.: Maintenance respiration and stand development in a subalpine Lodgepole pine forest, Ecology, 73, 2100–2108, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941458, 1992.
Ryan, M. G., Binkley, D., and Fownes, J. H.: Age-Related Decline in Forest Productivity: Pattern and Process, Adv. Ecol. Res., 27, 213–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60009-4, 1997.
Ryan, M. G., Binkley, D., Fownes, J. H., Giardina, C. P., and Senock, R. S.: An experimental test of the causes of forest growth decline with stand age, Ecol. Monogr., 74, 393–414, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-4037, 2004.
Salas-Eljatib, C.: An approach to quantify climate–productivity relationships: an example from a widespread nothofagus forest, Ecol. Appl., 31, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2285, 2021.
Semenzato, P., Cattaneo, D., and Dainese, M.: Growth prediction for five tree species in an Italian urban forest, Urban For. Urban Gree., 10, 169–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.05.001, 2011.
Shang, R., Zhu, Z., Zhang, J., Qiu, S., Yang, Z., Li, T., and Yang, X.: Near-real-time monitoring of land disturbance with harmonized Landsats 7–8 and Sentinel-2 data, Remote Sens. Environ., 278, 113073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113073, 2022.
Shang, R., Chen, J. M., Xu, M., Lin, X., Li, P., Yu, G., He, N., Xu, L., Gong, P., Liu, L., Liu, H., and Jiao, W.: China's current forest age structure will lead to weakened carbon sinks in the near future, Innov., 4, 100515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100515, 2023.
Sillett, S. C., Van Pelt, R., Koch, G. W., Ambrose, A. R., Carroll, A. L., Antoine, M. E., and Mifsud, B. M.: Increasing wood production through old age in tall trees, For. Ecol. Manage., 259, 976–994, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.003, 2010.
Song, X., Zeng, X., and Tian, D.: Allocation of forest net primary production varies by forest age and air temperature, Ecol. Evol., 8, 12163–12172, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4675, 2018.
Tang, J., Luyssaert, S., Richardson, A. D., Kutsch, W., and Janssens, I. A.: Steeper declines in forest photosynthesis than respiration explain age-driven decreases in forest growth, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 8856–8860, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320761111, 2014.
Tang, X., Wang, Y. P., Zhou, G., Zhang, D., Liu, S., Liu, S., Zhang, Q., Liu, J., and Yan, J.: Different patterns of ecosystem carbon accumulation between a young and an old-growth subtropical forest in Southern China, Plant Ecol., 212, 1385–1395, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-011-9914-2, 2011.
Tang, X., Zhao, X., Bai, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, W., Zhao, Y., Wan, H., Xie, Z., Shi, X., Wu, B., Wang, G., Yan, J., Ma, K., Du, S., Li, S., Han, S., Ma, Y., Hu, H., He, N., Yang, Y., Han, W., He, H., Yu, G., Fang, J., and Zhou, G.: Carbon pools in China's terrestrial ecosystems: new estimates based on an intensive field survey, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 4021–4026, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700291115, 2018.
Van Tuyl, S., Law, B. E., Turner, D. P., and Gitelman, A. I.: Variability in net primary production and carbon storage in biomass across Oregon forests – an assessment integrating data from forest inventories, intensive sites, and remote sensing, Forest Ecol. Manag., 209, 273–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.002, 2005.
Wang, B., Li, M., Fan, W., Yu, Y., and Chen, J. M.: Relationship between net primary productivity and forest stand age under different site conditions and its implications for regional carbon cycle study, Forests, 9, f9010005, https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010005, 2018.
Wang, S., Chen, J. M., Ju, W. M., Feng, X., Chen, M., Chen, P., and Yu, G.: Carbon sinks and sources in China's forests during 1901–2001, J. Environ. Manag., 85, 524–537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.09.019, 2007.
Wang, S., Zhou, L., Chen, J., Ju, W., Feng, X., and Wu, W.: Relationships between net primary productivity and stand age for several forest types and their influence on China's carbon balance, J. Environ. Manag., 92, 1651–1662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.024, 2011.
White, M. A., Thornton, P. E., Running, S. W., and Nemani, R. R.: Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of the BIOME–BGC terrestrial ecosystem model: net primary production controls, Earth Interact., 4, 1–85, https://doi.org/10.1175/1087-3562(2000)004<0003:pasaot>2.0.co;2, 2000.
Xia, J., Yuan, W., Lienert, S., Joos, F., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., and Tian, X.: Global patterns in net primary production allocation regulated by environmental conditions and forest stand age: a model-data comparison, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 2039–2059, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004777, 2019.
Xiaoyun, Z., Minghang, G., and Tibin, Z.: Joint control of net primary productivity by climate and soil nitrogen in the forests of eastern China, Forests, 9, f9060322, https://doi.org/10.3390/f9060322, 2018.
Xu, B., Guo, Z. Di, Piao, S. L., and Fang, J. Y.: Biomass carbon stocks in China's forests between 2000 and 2050: A prediction based on forest biomass-age relationships, Sci. China Life Sci., 53, 776–783, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-4030-4, 2010.
Xu, C. Y., Turnbull, M. H., Tissue, D. T., Lewis, J. D., Carson, R., Schuster, W. S. F., Whitehead, D., Walcroft, A. S., Li, J., and Griffin, K. L.: Age-related decline of stand biomass accumulation is primarily due to mortality and not to reduction in NPP associated with individual tree physiology, tree growth or stand structure in a Quercus-dominated forest, J. Ecol., 100, 428–440, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01933.x, 2012.
Yan, E. R., Wang, X. H., and Huang, J. J.: Shifts in plant nutrient use strategies under secondary forest succession, Plant Soil, 289, 187–197, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9128-x, 2006.
Yu, G., Chen, Z., Piao, S., Peng, C., Ciais, P., Wang, Q., Lia, X., and Zhu, X.: High carbon dioxide uptake by subtropical forest ecosystems in the East Asian monsoon region, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 4910–4915, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317065111, 2014.
Yu, Y., Chen, J. M., Yang, X., Fan, W., Li, M., and He, L.: Influence of site index on the relationship between forest net primary productivity and stand age, PLoS One, 12, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177084, 2017.
Zaehle, S., Sitch, S., Prentice, I. C., Liski, J., Cramer, W., Erhard, M., Hickler, T., and Smith, B.: The importance of age-related decline in forest NPP for modeling regional carbon balances, Ecol. Appl., 16, 1555–1574, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1555:TIOADI]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
Zerihun, A. and Montagu, K. D.: Belowground to aboveground biomass ratio and vertical root distribution responses of mature pinus radiata stands to phosphorus fertilization at planting, Can. J. Forest Res., 34, 1883–1894, https://doi.org/10.1139/X04-069, 2004.
Zha, T. S., Barr, A. G., Bernier, P. Y., Lavigne, M. B., Trofymow, J. A., Amiro, B. D., Arain, M. A., Bhatti, J. S., Black, T. A., and Margolis, H. A.: Gross and aboveground net primary production at Canadian forest carbon flux sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 174/175, 54–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.004, 2013.
Zhang, F., Chen, J. M., Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Shen, S., Ju, W., and He, L.: Attributing carbon changes in conterminous U.S. forests to disturbance and non-disturbance factors from 1901 to 2010, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001930, 2012.
Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Han, H., Shi, Z., and Yang, X.: Biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration in an age-sequence of Mongolian pine plantations in Horqin sandy land, China, Forests, 10, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020197, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Yao, Y., Wang, X., Liu, Y., and Piao, S.: Mapping spatial distribution of forest age in China, Earth Sp. Sci., 4, 108–116, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EA000177, 2017.
Zhao, M. and Zhou, G. S.: Estimation of biomass and net primary productivity of major planted forests in China based on forest inventory data, Forest Ecol. Manag., 207, 295–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.049, 2005.
Zhao, M. and Zhou, G. S.: Estimating net primary productivity of Chinese pine forests based on forest inventory data, Forestry, 79, 231–239, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpl002, 2006.
Zheng, J., Mao, F., Du, H., Li, X., Zhou, G., Dong, L., Zhang, M., Han, N., Liu, T., and Xing, L.: Spatiotemporal simulation of net ecosystem productivity and its response to climate change in subtropical forests, Forests, 10, f10080708, https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080708, 2019.
Short summary
The amount of carbon that forests gain from the atmosphere, called net primary productivity (NPP), changes a lot with age. These forest NPP–age relationships could be modeled from field survey data, but we are not sure which model works best. Here we tested five different models using 3121 field survey samples in China, and the semi-empirical mathematical (SEM) function was determined as the optimal. The relationships built by SEM can improve China's forest carbon modeling and prediction.
The amount of carbon that forests gain from the atmosphere, called net primary productivity...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint