Articles | Volume 14, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3743-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3743-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
A global hotspot for dissolved organic carbon in hypermaritime watersheds of coastal British Columbia
Allison A. Oliver
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405,
Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G
2E9, Canada
Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Suzanne E. Tank
University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405,
Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G
2E9, Canada
Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Ian Giesbrecht
Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser
University, TASC 1 – Room 8405, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6,
Canada
Maartje C. Korver
Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
William C. Floyd
Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 2100
Labieux Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6E9, Canada
Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5,
Canada
Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Paul Sanborn
Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern
British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Chuck Bulmer
BC Ministry of Forests Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 3401
Reservoir Rd, Vernon, BC, V1B 2C7, Canada
Ken P. Lertzman
School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser
University, TASC 1 – Room 8405, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6,
Canada
Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Krysten Rutherford, Laura Bianucci, and William Floyd
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6083–6104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nearshore ocean models often lack complete information about freshwater fluxes due to numerous ungauged rivers and streams. We tested a simple rain-based hydrological model as inputs into an ocean model of Quatsino Sound, Canada, with the aim of improving the representation of the land–ocean connection in the nearshore model. Through multiple tests, we found that the performance of the ocean model improved when providing 60 % or more of the freshwater inputs from the simple runoff model.
Laura Bianucci, Jennifer M. Jackson, Susan E. Allen, Maxim V. Krassovski, Ian J. W. Giesbrecht, and Wendy C. Callendar
Ocean Sci., 20, 293–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-293-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-293-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
While the deeper waters in the coastal ocean show signs of climate-change-induced warming and deoxygenation, some fjords can keep cool and oxygenated waters in the subsurface. We use a model to investigate how these subsurface waters created during winter can linger all summer in Bute Inlet, Canada. We found two main mechanisms that make this fjord retentive: the typical slow subsurface circulation in such a deep, long fjord and the further speed reduction when the cold waters are present.
Hayley F. Drapeau, Suzanne E. Tank, Maria Cavaco, Jessica A. Serbu, Vincent St.Louis, and Maya P. Bhatia
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-121, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-121, 2023
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
From glacial headwaters to 100 km downstream, we found clear organic matter gradients in Canadian Rocky Mountain rivers. In contrast, microbial communities exhibited overall cohesion, indicating that species dispersal may be an over-riding control on community dynamics in these connected rivers. Identification of glacial-specific microbes suggest that glaciers seed headwater microbial communities; these findings show the importance of glacial waters and microbiomes in changing mountain systems.
Maartje C. Korver, Emily Haughton, William C. Floyd, and Ian J. W. Giesbrecht
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4231–4250, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4231-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The central coastline of the northeast Pacific coastal temperate rainforest contains many small streams that are important for the ecology of the region but are sparsely monitored. Here we present the first 5 years (2013–2019) of streamflow and weather data from seven small streams, using novel automated methods with estimations of measurement uncertainties. These observations support regional climate change monitoring and provide a scientific basis for environmental management decisions.
Sarah Shakil, Suzanne E. Tank, Jorien E. Vonk, and Scott Zolkos
Biogeosciences, 19, 1871–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1871-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1871-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw-driven landslides in the western Arctic are increasing organic carbon delivered to headwaters of drainage networks in the western Canadian Arctic by orders of magnitude. Through a series of laboratory experiments, we show that less than 10 % of this organic carbon is likely to be mineralized to greenhouse gases during transport in these networks. Rather most of the organic carbon is likely destined for burial and sequestration for centuries to millennia.
David Olefeldt, Mikael Hovemyr, McKenzie A. Kuhn, David Bastviken, Theodore J. Bohn, John Connolly, Patrick Crill, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Sarah A. Finkelstein, Hélène Genet, Guido Grosse, Lorna I. Harris, Liam Heffernan, Manuel Helbig, Gustaf Hugelius, Ryan Hutchins, Sari Juutinen, Mark J. Lara, Avni Malhotra, Kristen Manies, A. David McGuire, Susan M. Natali, Jonathan A. O'Donnell, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Aleksi Räsänen, Christina Schädel, Oliver Sonnentag, Maria Strack, Suzanne E. Tank, Claire Treat, Ruth K. Varner, Tarmo Virtanen, Rebecca K. Warren, and Jennifer D. Watts
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5127–5149, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands, lakes, and rivers are important sources of the greenhouse gas methane to the atmosphere. To understand current and future methane emissions from northern regions, we need maps that show the extent and distribution of specific types of wetlands, lakes, and rivers. The Boreal–Arctic Wetland and Lake Dataset (BAWLD) provides maps of five wetland types, seven lake types, and three river types for northern regions and will improve our ability to predict future methane emissions.
Steven V. Kokelj, Justin Kokoszka, Jurjen van der Sluijs, Ashley C. A. Rudy, Jon Tunnicliffe, Sarah Shakil, Suzanne E. Tank, and Scott Zolkos
The Cryosphere, 15, 3059–3081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3059-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3059-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate-driven landslides are transforming glacially conditioned permafrost terrain, coupling slopes with aquatic systems, and triggering a cascade of downstream effects. Nonlinear intensification of thawing slopes is primarily affecting headwater systems where slope sediment yields overwhelm stream transport capacity. The propagation of effects across watershed scales indicates that western Arctic Canada will be an interconnected hotspot of thaw-driven change through the coming millennia.
Kyra A. St. Pierre, Brian P. V. Hunt, Suzanne E. Tank, Ian Giesbrecht, Maartje C. Korver, William C. Floyd, Allison A. Oliver, and Kenneth P. Lertzman
Biogeosciences, 18, 3029–3052, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3029-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3029-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using 4 years of paired freshwater and marine water chemistry from the Central Coast of British Columbia (Canada), we show that coastal temperate rainforest streams are sources of organic nitrogen, iron, and carbon to the Pacific Ocean but not the inorganic nutrients easily used by marine phytoplankton. This distinction may have important implications for coastal food webs and highlights the need to sample all nutrients in fresh and marine waters year-round to fully understand coastal dynamics.
Scott Zolkos, Suzanne E. Tank, Robert G. Striegl, Steven V. Kokelj, Justin Kokoszka, Cristian Estop-Aragonés, and David Olefeldt
Biogeosciences, 17, 5163–5182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5163-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5163-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High-latitude warming thaws permafrost, exposing minerals to weathering and fluvial transport. We studied the effects of abrupt thaw and associated weathering on carbon cycling in western Canada. Permafrost collapse affected < 1 % of the landscape yet enabled carbonate weathering associated with CO2 degassing in headwaters and increased bicarbonate export across watershed scales. Weathering may become a driver of carbon cycling in ice- and mineral-rich permafrost terrain across the Arctic.
Katheryn Burd, Suzanne E. Tank, Nicole Dion, William L. Quinton, Christopher Spence, Andrew J. Tanentzap, and David Olefeldt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4455–4472, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4455-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4455-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigated whether climate change and wildfires are likely to alter water quality of streams in western boreal Canada, a region that contains large permafrost-affected peatlands. We monitored stream discharge and water quality from early snowmelt to fall in two streams, one of which drained a recently burned landscape. Wildfire increased the stream delivery of phosphorous and possibly increased the release of old natural organic matter previously stored in permafrost soils.
Cara A. Littlefair, Suzanne E. Tank, and Steven V. Kokelj
Biogeosciences, 14, 5487–5505, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5487-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5487-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first to examine how permafrost slumping affects dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mobilization in landscapes dominated by glacial tills. Unlike in previous studies, we find that slumping is associated with decreased DOC concentrations in downstream systems – an effect that appears to occur via adsorption to fine-grained sediments. This work adds significantly to our understanding of varying effects of permafrost thaw on organic carbon mobilization across diverse Arctic regions.
J. E. Vonk, S. E. Tank, W. B. Bowden, I. Laurion, W. F. Vincent, P. Alekseychik, M. Amyot, M. F. Billet, J. Canário, R. M. Cory, B. N. Deshpande, M. Helbig, M. Jammet, J. Karlsson, J. Larouche, G. MacMillan, M. Rautio, K. M. Walter Anthony, and K. P. Wickland
Biogeosciences, 12, 7129–7167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this review, we give an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding how permafrost thaw affects aquatic systems. We describe the general impacts of thaw on aquatic ecosystems, pathways of organic matter and contaminant release and degradation, resulting emissions and burial, and effects on ecosystem structure and functioning. We conclude with an overview of potential climate effects and recommendations for future research.
J. E. Vonk, S. E. Tank, P. J. Mann, R. G. M. Spencer, C. C. Treat, R. G. Striegl, B. W. Abbott, and K. P. Wickland
Biogeosciences, 12, 6915–6930, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6915-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6915-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We found that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in arctic soils and aquatic systems is increasingly degradable with increasing permafrost extent. Also, DOC seems less degradable when moving down the fluvial network in continuous permafrost regions, i.e. from streams to large rivers, suggesting that highly bioavailable DOC is lost in headwater streams. We also recommend a standardized DOC incubation protocol to facilitate future comparison on processing and transport of DOC in a changing Arctic.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Land - Sea Coupling
Distinct Impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on China’s Gross Primary Production
Atmospheric CO2 exchanges measured by eddy covariance over a temperate salt marsh and influence of environmental controlling factors
Characterization of the benthic biogeochemical dynamics after flood events in the Rhône River prodelta: a data–model approach
Recent inorganic carbon increase in a temperate estuary driven by water quality improvement and enhanced by droughts
Alkalinity and nitrate dynamics reveal dominance of anammox in a hyper-turbid estuary
Reconciling the paradox of soil organic carbon erosion by water
The dispersal of fluvially discharged and marine, shelf-produced particulate organic matter in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Carbon dynamics at the river–estuarine transition: a comparison among tributaries of Chesapeake Bay
From soil to sea: sources and transport of organic carbon traced by tetraether lipids in the monsoonal Godavari River, India
Dissolved organic matter characterization in soils and streams in a small coastal low-Arctic catchment
Regional-scale phytoplankton dynamics and their association with glacier meltwater runoff in Svalbard
Riverine nitrogen supply to the global ocean and its limited impact on global marine primary production: a feedback study using an Earth system model
Rain-fed streams dilute inorganic nutrients but subsidise organic-matter-associated nutrients in coastal waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean
Ideas and perspectives: Biogeochemistry – some key foci for the future
Spatio-temporal variations in lateral and atmospheric carbon fluxes from the Danube Delta
Technical note: Seamless gas measurements across the land–ocean aquatic continuum – corrections and evaluation of sensor data for CO2, CH4 and O2 from field deployments in contrasting environments
Enrichment of trace metals from acid sulfate soils in sediments of the Kvarken Archipelago, eastern Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea
Organic iron complexes enhance iron transport capacity along estuarine salinity gradients of Baltic estuaries
Particulate organic matter controls benthic microbial N retention and N removal in contrasting estuaries of the Baltic Sea
Export fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon to the northern Indian Ocean from the Indian monsoonal rivers
The ballast effect of lithogenic matter and its influences on the carbon fluxes in the Indian Ocean
Integrating multimedia models to assess nitrogen losses from the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico
Reconciling drainage and receiving basin signatures of the Godavari River system
Impacts of flocculation on the distribution and diagenesis of iron in boreal estuarine sediments
Sources, fluxes, and behaviors of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the Nakdong River Estuary, Korea
Effects of changes in nutrient loading and composition on hypoxia dynamics and internal nutrient cycling of a stratified coastal lagoon
Carbon degradation in agricultural soils flooded with seawater after managed coastal realignment
Nitrogen transformations along a shallow subterranean estuary
Modelling nutrient retention in the coastal zone of an eutrophic sea
Patterns and persistence of hydrologic carbon and nutrient export from collapsing upland permafrost
Modelling the impact of riverine DON removal by marine bacterioplankton on primary production in the Arctic Ocean
Seasonal response of air–water CO2 exchange along the land–ocean aquatic continuum of the northeast North American coast.
Quantification of iron-rich volcanogenic dust emissions and deposition over the ocean from Icelandic dust sources
Effects of seabird nitrogen input on biomass and carbon accumulation after 50 years of primary succession on a young volcanic island, Surtsey
Impact of river discharge, upwelling and vertical mixing on the nutrient loading and productivity of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf
Seasonal contribution of terrestrial organic matter and biological oxygen demand to the Baltic Sea from three contrasting river catchments
Antarctic ice sheet fertilises the Southern Ocean
Nutrient dynamics in tropical rivers, lagoons, and coastal ecosystems of eastern Hainan Island, South China Sea
Bioavailability of riverine dissolved organic matter in three Baltic Sea estuaries and the effect of catchment land use
Seasonal dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for two sub-tropical estuaries in south Florida, USA
Export of 134 Cs and 137 Cs in the Fukushima river systems at heavy rains by Typhoon Roke in September 2011
The fate of riverine nutrients on Arctic shelves
External forcings, oceanographic processes and particle flux dynamics in Cap de Creus submarine canyon, NW Mediterranean Sea
Radium-based estimates of cesium isotope transport and total direct ocean discharges from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident
Tracing inputs of terrestrial high molecular weight dissolved organic matter within the Baltic Sea ecosystem
The role of alkalinity generation in controlling the fluxes of CO2 during exposure and inundation on tidal flats
Coupling of fog and marine microbial content in the near-shore coastal environment
Spatialized N budgets in a large agricultural Mediterranean watershed: high loading and low transfer
Effects of water discharge and sediment load on evolution of modern Yellow River Delta, China, over the period from 1976 to 2009
Carbon isotopes and lipid biomarker investigation of sources, transport and degradation of terrestrial organic matter in the Buor-Khaya Bay, SE Laptev Sea
Ran Yan, Jun Wang, Weimin Ju, Xiuli Xing, Miao Yu, Meirong Wang, Jingye Tan, Xunmei Wang, Hengmao Wang, and Fei Jiang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1250, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1250, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study reveal that the effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on China's gross primary production (GPP) are basically opposite with obvious seasonal changes. In general, soil moisture primarily influences GPP in fall and summer, while temperature plays a vital role in winter and spring. Quantitatively, China's annual GPP displays modest positive anomalies during La Niña and negative anomalies in El Niño years, driven by significant seasonal variations.
Jérémy Mayen, Pierre Polsenaere, Éric Lamaud, Marie Arnaud, Pierre Kostyrka, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Philippe Geairon, Julien Gernigon, Romain Chassagne, Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, Aurore Regaudie de Gioux, and Philippe Souchu
Biogeosciences, 21, 993–1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-993-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-993-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We deployed an atmospheric eddy covariance system to measure continuously the net ecosystem CO2 exchanges (NEE) over a salt marsh and determine the major biophysical drivers. Our results showed an annual carbon sink mainly due to photosynthesis of the marsh plants. Our study also provides relevant information on NEE fluxes during marsh immersion by decreasing daytime CO2 uptake and night-time CO2 emissions at the daily scale, whereas the immersion did not affect the annual marsh C balance.
Eva Ferreira, Stanley Nmor, Eric Viollier, Bruno Lansard, Bruno Bombled, Edouard Regnier, Gaël Monvoisin, Christian Grenz, Pieter van Beek, and Christophe Rabouille
Biogeosciences, 21, 711–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-711-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-711-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides new insights by examining the short-term impact of winter floods on biogeochemical sediment processes near the Rhône River (NW Mediterranean Sea). This is the first winter monitoring of sediment and porewater in deltaic areas. The coupling of these data with a new model enables us to quantify the evolution of biogeochemical processes. It also provides new perspectives on the benthic carbon cycle in river deltas considering climate change, whereby flooding should intensify.
Louise C. V. Rewrie, Burkard Baschek, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Arne Körtzinger, Gregor Ollesch, and Yoana G. Voynova
Biogeosciences, 20, 4931–4947, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4931-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
After heavy pollution in the 1980s, a long-term inorganic carbon increase in the Elbe Estuary (1997–2020) was fueled by phytoplankton and organic carbon production in the upper estuary, associated with improved water quality. A recent drought (2014–2020) modulated the trend, extending the water residence time and the dry summer season into May. The drought enhanced production of inorganic carbon in the estuary but significantly decreased the annual inorganic carbon export to coastal waters.
Mona Norbisrath, Andreas Neumann, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Andreas Schöl, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 20, 4307–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) is the oceanic capacity to store CO2. Estuaries can be a TA source. Anaerobic metabolic pathways like denitrification (reduction of NO3− to N2) generate TA and are a major nitrogen (N) sink. Another important N sink is anammox that transforms NH4+ with NO2− into N2 without TA generation. By combining TA and N2 production, we identified a TA source, denitrification, occurring in the water column and suggest anammox as the dominant N2 producer in the bottom layer of the Ems.
Kristof Van Oost and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 20, 635–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The direction and magnitude of the net erosion-induced land–atmosphere C exchange have been the topic of a big scientific debate for more than a decade now. Many have assumed that erosion leads to a loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, whereas others have shown that erosion ultimately leads to a carbon sink. Here, we show that the soil carbon erosion source–sink paradox is reconciled when the broad range of temporal and spatial scales at which the underlying processes operate are considered.
Yord W. Yedema, Francesca Sangiorgi, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 20, 663–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial organic matter (TerrOM) is transported to the ocean by rivers, where its burial can potentially form a long-term carbon sink. This burial is dependent on the type and characteristics of the TerrOM. We used bulk sediment properties, biomarkers, and palynology to identify the dispersal patterns of plant-derived, soil–microbial, and marine OM in the northern Gulf of Mexico and show that plant-derived OM is transported further into the coastal zone than soil and marine-produced TerrOM.
Paul A. Bukaveckas
Biogeosciences, 19, 4209–4226, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Inland waters play an important role in the global carbon cycle by storing, transforming and transporting carbon from land to sea. Comparatively little is known about carbon dynamics at the river–estuarine transition. A study of tributaries of Chesapeake Bay showed that biological processes exerted a strong effect on carbon transformations. Peak carbon retention occurred during periods of elevated river discharge and was associated with trapping of particulate matter.
Frédérique M. S. A. Kirkels, Huub M. Zwart, Muhammed O. Usman, Suning Hou, Camilo Ponton, Liviu Giosan, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 19, 3979–4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3979-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) that is transferred to the ocean by rivers forms a long-term sink of atmospheric CO2 upon burial on the ocean floor. We here test if certain bacterial membrane lipids can be used to trace SOC through the monsoon-fed Godavari River basin in India. We find that these lipids trace the mobilisation and transport of SOC in the wet season but that these lipids are not transferred far into the sea. This suggests that the burial of SOC on the sea floor is limited here.
Niek Jesse Speetjens, George Tanski, Victoria Martin, Julia Wagner, Andreas Richter, Gustaf Hugelius, Chris Boucher, Rachele Lodi, Christian Knoblauch, Boris P. Koch, Urban Wünsch, Hugues Lantuit, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 19, 3073–3097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change and warming in the Arctic exceed global averages. As a result, permanently frozen soils (permafrost) which store vast quantities of carbon in the form of dead plant material (organic matter) are thawing. Our study shows that as permafrost landscapes degrade, high concentrations of organic matter are released. Partly, this organic matter is degraded rapidly upon release, while another significant fraction enters stream networks and enters the Arctic Ocean.
Thorben Dunse, Kaixing Dong, Kjetil Schanke Aas, and Leif Christian Stige
Biogeosciences, 19, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effect of glacier meltwater on phytoplankton dynamics in Svalbard. Phytoplankton forms the basis of the marine food web, and its seasonal dynamics depend on the availability of light and nutrients, both of which are affected by glacier runoff. We use satellite ocean color, an indicator of phytoplankton biomass, and glacier mass balance modeling to find that the overall effect of glacier runoff on marine productivity is positive within the major fjord systems of Svalbard.
Miriam Tivig, David P. Keller, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 18, 5327–5350, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen is one of the most important elements for life in the ocean. A major source is the riverine discharge of dissolved nitrogen. While global models often omit rivers as a nutrient source, we included nitrogen from rivers in our Earth system model and found that additional nitrogen affected marine biology not only locally but also in regions far off the coast. Depending on regional conditions, primary production was enhanced or even decreased due to internal feedbacks in the nitrogen cycle.
Kyra A. St. Pierre, Brian P. V. Hunt, Suzanne E. Tank, Ian Giesbrecht, Maartje C. Korver, William C. Floyd, Allison A. Oliver, and Kenneth P. Lertzman
Biogeosciences, 18, 3029–3052, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3029-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3029-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using 4 years of paired freshwater and marine water chemistry from the Central Coast of British Columbia (Canada), we show that coastal temperate rainforest streams are sources of organic nitrogen, iron, and carbon to the Pacific Ocean but not the inorganic nutrients easily used by marine phytoplankton. This distinction may have important implications for coastal food webs and highlights the need to sample all nutrients in fresh and marine waters year-round to fully understand coastal dynamics.
Thomas S. Bianchi, Madhur Anand, Chris T. Bauch, Donald E. Canfield, Luc De Meester, Katja Fennel, Peter M. Groffman, Michael L. Pace, Mak Saito, and Myrna J. Simpson
Biogeosciences, 18, 3005–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Better development of interdisciplinary ties between biology, geology, and chemistry advances biogeochemistry through (1) better integration of contemporary (or rapid) evolutionary adaptation to predict changing biogeochemical cycles and (2) universal integration of data from long-term monitoring sites in terrestrial, aquatic, and human systems that span broad geographical regions for use in modeling.
Marie-Sophie Maier, Cristian R. Teodoru, and Bernhard Wehrli
Biogeosciences, 18, 1417–1437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1417-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1417-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a 2-year monitoring study, we found that the freshwater system of the Danube Delta, Romania, releases carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere. The amount of carbon released depends on the freshwater feature (river branches, channels and lakes), season and hydrologic condition, affecting the exchange with the wetland. Spatial upscaling should therefore consider these factors. Furthermore, the Danube Delta increases the amount of carbon reaching the Black Sea via the Danube River.
Anna Rose Canning, Peer Fietzek, Gregor Rehder, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 1351–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes a novel, fully autonomous, multi-gas flow-through set-up for multiple gases that combines established, high-quality oceanographic sensors in a small and robust system designed for use across all salinities and all types of platforms. We describe the system and its performance in all relevant detail, including the corrections which improve the accuracy of these sensors, and illustrate how simultaneous multi-gas set-ups can provide an extremely high spatiotemporal resolution.
Joonas J. Virtasalo, Peter Österholm, Aarno T. Kotilainen, and Mats E. Åström
Biogeosciences, 17, 6097–6113, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers draining the acid sulphate soils of western Finland deliver large amounts of metals (e.g. Cd, Co, Cu, La, Mn, Ni, and Zn) to the coastal sea. To better understand metal enrichment in the sea floor, we analysed metal contents and grain size distribution in nine sediment cores, which increased in the 1960s and 1970s and stayed at high levels afterwards. The enrichment is visible more than 25 km out from the river mouths. Organic aggregates are suggested as the key seaward metal carriers.
Simon David Herzog, Per Persson, Kristina Kvashnina, and Emma Sofia Kritzberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 331–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-331-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-331-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fe concentrations in boreal rivers are increasing strongly in several regions in Northern Europe. This study focuses on how Fe speciation and interaction with organic matter affect stability of Fe across estuarine salinity gradients. The results confirm a positive relationship between the relative contribution of organically complexed Fe and stability. Moreover, organically complexed Fe was more prevalent at high flow conditions and more dominant further upstream in a catchment.
Ines Bartl, Dana Hellemann, Christophe Rabouille, Kirstin Schulz, Petra Tallberg, Susanna Hietanen, and Maren Voss
Biogeosciences, 16, 3543–3564, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3543-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3543-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Irrespective of variable environmental settings in estuaries, the quality of organic particles is an important factor controlling microbial processes that facilitate a reduction of land-derived nitrogen loads to the open sea. Through the interplay of biogeochemical processing, geomorphology, and hydrodynamics, organic particles may function as a carrier and temporary reservoir of nitrogen, which has a major impact on the efficiency of nitrogen load reduction.
Moturi S. Krishna, Rongali Viswanadham, Mamidala H. K. Prasad, Vuravakonda R. Kumari, and Vedula V. S. S. Sarma
Biogeosciences, 16, 505–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-505-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-505-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
An order-of-magnitude variability in DIC was found within the Indian estuaries due to significant variability in size of rivers, precipitation pattern and lithology in the catchments. Indian monsoonal estuaries annually export ∼ 10.3 Tg of DIC to the northern Indian Ocean, of which 75 % enters into the Bay of Bengal. Our results indicated that chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate minerals by soil CO2 is the major source of DIC in the Indian monsoonal rivers.
Tim Rixen, Birgit Gaye, Kay-Christian Emeis, and Venkitasubramani Ramaswamy
Biogeosciences, 16, 485–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-485-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-485-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Data obtained from sediment trap experiments in the Indian Ocean indicate that lithogenic matter ballast increases organic carbon flux rates on average by 45 % and by up to 62 % at trap locations in the river-influenced regions of the Indian Ocean. Such a strong lithogenic matter ballast effect implies that land use changes and the associated enhanced transport of lithogenic matter may significantly affect the CO2 uptake of the organic carbon pump in the receiving ocean areas.
Yongping Yuan, Ruoyu Wang, Ellen Cooter, Limei Ran, Prasad Daggupati, Dongmei Yang, Raghavan Srinivasan, and Anna Jalowska
Biogeosciences, 15, 7059–7076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7059-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7059-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Elevated levels of nutrients in surface water, which originate from deposition of atmospheric N, drainage from agricultural fields, and discharges from sewage treatment plants, cause explosive algal blooms that impair water quality. The complex cycling of nutrients through the land, air, and water requires an integrated multimedia modeling system linking air, land surface, and stream processes to assess their sources, transport, and transformation in large river basins for decision making.
Muhammed Ojoshogu Usman, Frédérique Marie Sophie Anne Kirkels, Huub Michel Zwart, Sayak Basu, Camilo Ponton, Thomas Michael Blattmann, Michael Ploetze, Negar Haghipour, Cameron McIntyre, Francien Peterse, Maarten Lupker, Liviu Giosan, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 15, 3357–3375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3357-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3357-2018, 2018
Tom Jilbert, Eero Asmala, Christian Schröder, Rosa Tiihonen, Jukka-Pekka Myllykangas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Aarno Kotilainen, Pasi Peltola, Päivi Ekholm, and Susanna Hietanen
Biogeosciences, 15, 1243–1271, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1243-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Iron is a common dissolved element in river water, recognizable by its orange-brown colour. Here we show that when rivers reach the ocean much of this iron settles to the sediments by a process known as flocculation. The iron is then used by microbes in coastal sediments, which are important hotspots in the global carbon cycle.
Shin-Ah Lee and Guebuem Kim
Biogeosciences, 15, 1115–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1115-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1115-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) delivered from riverine discharges significantly affects carbon and biogeochemical cycles in coastal waters. Our results show that the terrestrial concentrations of humic-like FDOM in river water were 60–80 % higher in the summer and fall, while the in situ production of protein-like FDOM was 70–80 % higher in the spring. Our results suggest that there are large seasonal changes in riverine fluxes of FDOM components to the ocean.
Yafei Zhu, Andrew McCowan, and Perran L. M. Cook
Biogeosciences, 14, 4423–4433, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4423-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4423-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 3-D coupled hydrodynamic–biogeochemical water quality model to investigate the effects of changes in catchment nutrient loading and composition on the phytoplankton dynamics, development of hypoxia and internal nutrient dynamics in a stratified coastal lagoon system. The results highlighted the need to reduce both total nitrogen and total phosphorus for water quality improvement in estuarine systems.
Kamilla S. Sjøgaard, Alexander H. Treusch, and Thomas B. Valdemarsen
Biogeosciences, 14, 4375–4389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4375-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4375-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Permanent flooding of low-lying coastal areas is a growing threat due to climate-change-related sea-level rise. To reduce coastal damage, buffer zones can be created by managed coastal realignment where existing dykes are breached and new dykes are built further inland. We studied the impacts on organic matter degradation in soils flooded with seawater by managed coastal realignment and suggest that most of the organic carbon present in coastal soils will be permanently preserved after flooding.
Mathilde Couturier, Gwendoline Tommi-Morin, Maude Sirois, Alexandra Rao, Christian Nozais, and Gwénaëlle Chaillou
Biogeosciences, 14, 3321–3336, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3321-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3321-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
At the land–ocean interface, subterranean estuaries (STEs) are a critical transition pathway of nitrogen. Environmental conditions in the groundwater lead to nitrogen transformation, altering the nitrogen species and concentrations exported to the coastal ocean. This study highlights the role of a STE in processing groundwater-derived N in a shallow boreal STE, far from anthropogenic pressures. Biogeochemical transformations provide new N species from terrestrial origin to the coastal ocean.
Elin Almroth-Rosell, Moa Edman, Kari Eilola, H. E. Markus Meier, and Jörgen Sahlberg
Biogeosciences, 13, 5753–5769, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5753-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5753-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Nutrients from land have been discussed to increase eutrophication in the open sea. This model study shows that the coastal zone works as an efficient filter. Water depth and residence time regulate the retention that occurs mostly in the sediment due to processes such as burial and denitrification. On shorter timescales the retention capacity might seem less effective when the land load of nutrients decreases, but with time the coastal zone can import nutrients from the open sea.
B. W. Abbott, J. B. Jones, S. E. Godsey, J. R. Larouche, and W. B. Bowden
Biogeosciences, 12, 3725–3740, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3725-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3725-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
As high latitudes warm, carbon and nitrogen stored in permafrost soil will be vulnerable to erosion and transport to Arctic streams and rivers. We sampled outflow from 83 permafrost collapse features in Alaska. Permafrost collapse caused substantial increases in dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen but decreased methane concentration by 90%. Upland thermokarst may be a dominant linkage transferring carbon and nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems as the Arctic warms.
V. Le Fouest, M. Manizza, B. Tremblay, and M. Babin
Biogeosciences, 12, 3385–3402, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3385-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3385-2015, 2015
G. G. Laruelle, R. Lauerwald, J. Rotschi, P. A. Raymond, J. Hartmann, and P. Regnier
Biogeosciences, 12, 1447–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1447-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1447-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and the land-ocean aquatic continuum (LOAC) of the northeast North American coast, which consists of rivers, estuaries, and the coastal ocean. Our analysis reveals significant variations of the flux intensity both in time and space across the study area. Ice cover, snowmelt, and the intensity of the estuarine filter are identified as important control factors of the CO2 exchange along the LOAC.
O. Arnalds, H. Olafsson, and P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova
Biogeosciences, 11, 6623–6632, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6623-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6623-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Iceland is one of the largest dust sources on Earth. Based on two separate methods, we estimate dust emissions to range between 30 and 40 million tons annually. Ocean deposition ranges between 5.5 and 13.8 million tons. Calculated iron deposition in oceans around Iceland ranges between 0.56 to 1.4 million tons, which are distributed over wide areas. Iron is a limiting nutrient for primary production in these waters, and dust is likely to affect oceanic Fe levels around Iceland.
N. I. W. Leblans, B. D. Sigurdsson, P. Roefs, R. Thuys, B. Magnússon, and I. A. Janssens
Biogeosciences, 11, 6237–6250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6237-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6237-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the influence of allochthonous N inputs on primary succession and soil development of a 50-year-old volcanic island, Surtsey. Seabirds increased the ecosystem N accumulation rate inside their colony to ~47 kg ha-1 y-1, compared to 0.7 kg ha-1 y-1 outside it. A strong relationship was found between total ecosystem N stock and both total above- and belowground biomass and SOC stock, which shows how fast external N input can boost primary succession and soil formation.
J.-É. Tremblay, P. Raimbault, N. Garcia, B. Lansard, M. Babin, and J. Gagnon
Biogeosciences, 11, 4853–4868, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4853-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4853-2014, 2014
H. E. Reader, C. A. Stedmon, and E. S. Kritzberg
Biogeosciences, 11, 3409–3419, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3409-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3409-2014, 2014
R. Death, J. L. Wadham, F. Monteiro, A. M. Le Brocq, M. Tranter, A. Ridgwell, S. Dutkiewicz, and R. Raiswell
Biogeosciences, 11, 2635–2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2635-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2635-2014, 2014
R. H. Li, S. M. Liu, Y. W. Li, G. L. Zhang, J. L. Ren, and J. Zhang
Biogeosciences, 11, 481–506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-481-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-481-2014, 2014
E. Asmala, R. Autio, H. Kaartokallio, L. Pitkänen, C. A. Stedmon, and D. N. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 10, 6969–6986, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6969-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6969-2013, 2013
C. Buzzelli, Y. Wan, P. H. Doering, and J. N. Boyer
Biogeosciences, 10, 6721–6736, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6721-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6721-2013, 2013
S. Nagao, M. Kanamori, S. Ochiai, S. Tomihara, K. Fukushi, and M. Yamamoto
Biogeosciences, 10, 6215–6223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6215-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6215-2013, 2013
V. Le Fouest, M. Babin, and J.-É. Tremblay
Biogeosciences, 10, 3661–3677, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3661-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3661-2013, 2013
A. Rumín-Caparrós, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Calafat, M. Canals, J. Martín, P. Puig, and R. Pedrosa-Pàmies
Biogeosciences, 10, 3493–3505, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3493-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3493-2013, 2013
M. A. Charette, C. F. Breier, P. B. Henderson, S. M. Pike, I. I. Rypina, S. R. Jayne, and K. O. Buesseler
Biogeosciences, 10, 2159–2167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2159-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2159-2013, 2013
B. Deutsch, V. Alling, C. Humborg, F. Korth, and C. M. Mörth
Biogeosciences, 9, 4465–4475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4465-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4465-2012, 2012
P. A. Faber, A. J. Kessler, J. K. Bull, I. D. McKelvie, F. J. R. Meysman, and P. L. M. Cook
Biogeosciences, 9, 4087–4097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4087-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4087-2012, 2012
M. E. Dueker, G. D. O'Mullan, K. C. Weathers, A. R. Juhl, and M. Uriarte
Biogeosciences, 9, 803–813, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-803-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-803-2012, 2012
L. Lassaletta, E. Romero, G. Billen, J. Garnier, H. García-Gómez, and J. V. Rovira
Biogeosciences, 9, 57–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-57-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-57-2012, 2012
J. Yu, Y. Fu, Y. Li, G. Han, Y. Wang, D. Zhou, W. Sun, Y. Gao, and F. X. Meixner
Biogeosciences, 8, 2427–2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2427-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2427-2011, 2011
E. S. Karlsson, A. Charkin, O. Dudarev, I. Semiletov, J. E. Vonk, L. Sánchez-García, A. Andersson, and Ö. Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 8, 1865–1879, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1865-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1865-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Ågren, A., Buffam, I., Jansson, M., and Laudon, H.: Importance of seasonality and small streams for the landscape regulation of dissolved organic carbon export, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000381, 2007.
Ågren, A., Buffam, I., Berggren, M., Bishop, K., Jansson, M., and Laudon, H.: Dissolved organic carbon characteristics in boreal streams in a forest-wetland gradient during the transition between winter and summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000674, 2008.
Akaike, H.: Likelihood of a model and information criteria, J. Econometrics, 16, 3–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90071-3, 1981.
Aitkenhead, J. A. and McDowell, W. H.: Soil C : N ratio as a predictor of annual riverine DOC flux at local and global scales, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900083, 2000.
Alaback, P. B.: Biodiversity patterns in relation to climate: The coastal temperate rainforests of North America, Ecol. Stud., 116, 105–133, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3970-3_7, 1996.
Algesten, G., Sobek, S., Bergström, A., Ågren, A., Tranvik, L., and Jansson, M.: Role of lakes for organic carbon cycling in the boreal zone, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 141–147, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00721.x, 2004.
Alvarez-Cobelas, M., Angeler, D., Sánchez-Carrillo, S., and Almendros, G.: A worldwide view of organic carbon export from catchments, Biogeochemistry, 107, 275–293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9553-z, 2012.
Amon, R. M. W. and Benner, R.: Bacterial utilization of different size classes of dissolved organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 41–51, 1996.
Aufdenkampe, A., Mayorga, E., Raymond, P., Melack, J., Doney, S., Alin, S., Aalto, R., and Yoo, K.: Riverine coupling of biogeochemical cycles between land, oceans, and atmosphere, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9, 53–60, https://doi.org/10.1890/100014, 2011.
Austnes, K., Evans, C. D., Eliot-Laize, C., Naden, P. S., and Old, G. H.: Effects of storm events on mobilisation and in-stream processing of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a Welsh peatland catchment, Biogeochemical, 99, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9399-4, 2010.
Banner, A., LePage, P., Moran, J., and de Groot, A. (Eds.): The HyP3 Project: pattern, process, and productivity in hypermaritime forests of coastal British Columbia – a synthesis of 7-year results, Special Report 10, Res. Br., British Columbia Ministry Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, 142 pp., available at: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/Srs10.htm (last access: 11 August 2017), 2005.
Battin, T. J., Kaplan, L. A., Findlay, S., Hopkinson, C. S., Marti, E., Packman, A. I., Newbold, D., and Sabater, F.: Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks, Nat. Geosci., 1, 95–100, 2008.
Bauer, J. E., Cai, W. J., Raymond, P. A., T. S., Bianchi, Hopkinson, C. S., and Regnier, P. A. G.: The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean, Nature, 504, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12857, 2013.
Berggren, M., Laudon, H., Haei, M., Ström, L., and Jansson, M.: Efficient aquatic bacterial metabolism of dissolved low-molecular-weight compounds from terrestrial sources, ISME J., 4, 408–416, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.120, 2010.
Boehme, J. and Coble, P.: Characterization of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter Using High-Energy Laser Fragmentation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3283–3290, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9911263, 2000.
Borken, W., Ahrens, B., Schultz, C., and Zimmermann, L.: Site-to-site variability and temporal trends of DOC concentrations and fluxes in temperate forest soils, Glob. Change Biol., 17: 2428–2443, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02390.x, 2011.
Borges, A. V., Darchambeau, F., Teodoru, C. R., Marwick, T. R., Tamooh, F., Geeraert, N., Omengo, F. O., Guérin, F., Lambert, T., Morana, C., Okuku, E., and Bouillon, S.: Globally significant greenhouse-gas emissions form African inland waters, Nat. Geosci., 8, 637–642, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2486, 2015.
Boyer, E. W., Hornberger, G. M., Bencala, K. E., and McKnight, D.: Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment, Ecol. Modell., 86, 183–188, 1996.
Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R.: Model selection and multimodel inference, 2nd Edn., Springer, New York, 2002.
Carmack, E., Winsor, P., and William, W.: The contiguous panarctic Riverine Coastal Domain: A unifying concept, Prog. Oceanogr., 139, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.014, 2015.
Castillo, M. M., Allan, J. D., Sinsabaugh, R. L., and Kling, G. W.: Seasonal and interannual variation of bacterial production in lowland rivers of the Orinoco basin, Freshwater Biol., 49, 1400–1414, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01277.x, 2004.
Clark, J. M., Lane, S. N., Chapman, P. J., and Adamson, J. K.: Export of dissolved organic carbon from an upland peatland during storm events: Implications for flux estimates, J. Hydrol., 347, 438–447, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.030, 2007.
Coble, P., Castillo, C., and Avril, B.: Distribution and optical properties of CDOM in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 Southwest Monsoon, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 45, 2195–2223, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00068-X, 1998.
Cole, J., Prairie, Y., Caraco, N., McDowell, W., Tranvik, L., Striegl, R., Duarte, C., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J., Middelburg, J., and Melack, J.: Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon Budget, Ecosystems, 10, 172–185, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8, 2007.
Cory, R. M. and McKnight, D. M.: Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidized and reduced quinines in dissolved organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8142–8149, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0506962, 2005.
Creed, I. F., Beall, F. D., Clair, T. A., Dillon, P. J., and Hesslein, R. H.: Predicting export of dissolved organic carbon from forested catchments in glaciated landscapes with shallow soils, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB4024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003294, 2008.
Creed, I. F., Sanford, S. E., Beall, F. D., Molot, L. A., and Dillon, P. J.: Cryptic wetlands: integrating hidden wetlands in regression models of the export of dissolved organic carbon from forested landscapes, Hydrol. Process., 17, 3629–3648, 2003.
D'Amore, D. V., Edwards, R. T., and Biles, F. E.: Biophysical controls on dissolved organic carbon concentrations of Alaskan coastal temperate rainforest streams, Aquat. Sci., 2, 381–393, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-015-0441-4, 2015a.
D'Amore, D. V., Edwards, R. T., Herendeen, P. A., Hood, E., and Fellman, J. B.: Dissolved organic carbon fluxes from hydropedologic units in Alaskan coastal temperate rainforest watersheds, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 79, 378–388, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.09.0380, 2015b.
D'Amore, D. V., Biles, F. E., Nay, M., and Rupp, T. S.: Watershed carbon budgets in the southeastern Alaskan coastal forest region, in: Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of Alaska, US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1826, 196 pp., 2016.
Dai, M., Yin, Z., Meng, F., Liu, Q., and Cai, W.J.: Spatial distribution of riverine DOC inputs to the ocean: an updated global synthesis, Curr. Opin. Sust., 4, 170–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.03.003, 2012.
Deirmendjian, L., Loustau, D., Augusto, L., Lafont, S., Chipeaux, C., Poirier, D., and Abril, G.: Hydrological and ecological controls on dissolved carbon concentrations in groundwater and carbon export to surface waters in a temperate pine forest watershed, Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-90, in review, 2017.
DellaSala, D. A.: Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World, Island Press, Washington, DC, 2011.
Emili, L. and Price, J.: Biogeochemical processes in the soil-groundwater system of a forest-peatland complex, north coast British Columbia, Canada, Northwest Sci., 88, 326–348, https://doi.org/10.3955/046.087.0406, 2013.
Fasching, C., Behounek, B., Singer, G., and Battin, T.: Microbial degradation of terrigenous dissolved organic matter and potential consequences for carbon cycling in brown-water streams, Sci. Rep., 4, 4981, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04981, 2014.
Fasching, C., Ulseth, A., Schelker, J., Steniczka, G., and Battin, T.: Hydrology controls dissolved organic matter export and composition in an Alpine stream and its hyporheic zone, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 558–571, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10232, 2016.
Fellman, J., Hood, E., D'Amore, D., Edwards, R., and White, D.: Seasonal changes in the chemical quality and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter exported from soils to streams in coastal temperate rainforest watersheds, Biogeochemistry, 95, 277–293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9336-6, 2009a.
Fellman, J., Hood, E., Edwards, R., and D'Amore, D.: Changes in the concentration, biodegradability, and fluorescent properties of dissolved organic matter during stormflows in coastal temperate watersheds, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000790, 2009b.
Fellman, J., Hood, E., and Spencer, R.: Fluorescence spectroscopy opens new windows into dissolved organic matter dynamics in freshwater ecosystems: A review, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 2452–2462, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2452, 2010.
Fellman, J., Nagorski, S., Pyare, S., Vermilyea, A. W., Scott, D., and Hood, E.: Stream temperature response to variable glacier cover in coastal watersheds of Southeast Alaska, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2062–2073, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9742, 2014
Finlay, J. C. and Kendall, C.: Stable isotope tracing of temporal and spatial variability in organic matter sources and variability in organic matter sources to freshwater ecosytems, in: Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science, edited by: Michener, R. and Lajtha, K., Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK, 2, 283–324, 2007.
Fitzgerald, D., Price, J., and Gibson, J.: Hillslope-swamp interactions and flow pathways in a hypermaritime rainforest, British Columbia, Hydrol. Process., 17, 3005–3022, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1279, 2003.
Gibson, J. J., Price, J. S., Aravena, R., Fitzgerald, D. F., and Maloney, D.: Runoff generation in a hypermaritime bog-forest upland, Hydrol. Process, 14, 2711–2730, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2711::AID-HYP88>3.0.CO;2-2, 2000.
Glatzel, S., Kalbitz, K., Dalva, M., and Moore, T.: Dissolved organic matter properties and their relationship to carbon dioxide efflux from restored peat bogs, Geoderma, 113, 397–411, 2003.
Gonzalez Arriola S., Frazer, G. W., and Giesbrecht, I.: LiDAR-derived watersheds and their metrics for Calvert Island, Hakai Institute, https://doi.org/10.21966/1.15311, 2015.
Gorham, E., Lehman, C., Dyke, A., Clymo, D., and Janssens, J.: Long-term carbon sequestration in North American peatlands, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 58, 77–82, 2012.
Graeber, D., Gelbrecht, J., Pusch, M., Anlanger, C., and von Schiller, D.: Agriculture has changed the amount and composition of dissolved organic matter in Central European headwater streams, Sci. Total Environ., 438, 435–446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.087, 2012.
Green, R. N.: Reconnaissance level terrestrial ecosystem mapping of priority landscape units of the coast EBM planning area: Phase 3, Prepared for British Columbia Ministry Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Ops., Blackwell and Associates, Vancouver, Canada, 2014.
Guillemette, F. and Giorgio, P.: Reconstructing the various facets of dissolved organic carbon bioavailability in freshwater ecosystems, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 734–748, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.2.0734, 2011.
Hansen, A. M., Kraus, T. E. C., Pellerin, B. A., Fleck, J. A., Downing, B. D., and Bergamaschi, B. A.: Optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM): Effects of biological and photolytic degradation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 1015–1032, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10270, 2016.
Harrell, F. E. and Dupont, C.: Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R package version 4.0-2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc, 2016.
Harrison, J., Caraco, N., and Seitzinger, S.: Global patterns and sources of dissolved organic matter export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002480, 2005.
Helms, J., Stubbins, A., Ritchie, J., Minor, E., Kieber, D., and Mopper, K.: Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 955–969, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.0955, 2008.
Helton, A., Wright, M., Bernhardt, E., Poole, G., Cory, R., and Stanford, J.: Dissolved organic carbon lability increases with water residence time in the alluvial aquifer of a river floodplain ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 693–706, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002832, 2015.
Hoffman, K. M., Gavin, D. G., Lertzman, K. P., Smith, D. J., and Starzomski, B. M.: 13 000 years of fire history derived from soil charcoal in a British Columbia coastal temperate rain forest, Ecosphere, 7, e01415, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1415, 2016.
Hope, D., Billett, M. F., and Cresser, M. S.: A review of the export of carbon in river water: Fluxes and processes, Environ. Pollut., 84, 301–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90142-2, 1994.
Hopkinson, C. S., Buffam, I., Hobbie, J., Vallino, J., and Perdue, M.: Terrestrial inputs of organic matter to coastal ecosystems: An intercomparison of chemical characteristics and bioavailability, Biogeochemistry, 43, 211–234, 1998.
Hudson, N., Baker, A., and Reynolds, D.: Fluorescence analysis of dissolved organic matter in natural, waste and polluted waters-a review, River Res. Appl., 23, 631–649, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1005, 2007.
Hurvich, C. M. and Tsai, C.: Regression and time series model selection in small samples, Biometrika, 76, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.2307/2336663, 1989.
IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, World Soil Resources Reports No. 106, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2015.
ISO Standard 9196: Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Flow measurements under ice conditions, International Organization for Standardization, available online at: www.iso.org (last access: 1 November 2016), 1992.
ISO Standard 748: Hydrometry – Measurement of liquid flow in open channels using current-meters or floats, International Organization for Standardization, available online at: www.iso.org (last access: 1 November 2016), 2007.
Johannessen, S. C., Potentier, G., Wright, C. A., Masson, D., and Macdonald, R. W.: Water column organic carbon in a Pacific marginal sea (Strait of Georgia, Canada), Mar. Environ. Res., 66, S49–S61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.07.008, 2008.
Johnson, M., Couto, E., Abdo, M., and Lehmann, J.: Fluorescence index as an indicator of dissolved organic carbon quality in hydrologic flowpaths of forested tropical watersheds, Biogeochemistry, 105, 149–157, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9595-x, 2011.
Johnson, P. C. D.: Extension of Nakagawa and Schielzeth's R2GLMM to random slopes models, Methods Ecol. Evol., 5, 944–946, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12225, 2014.
Judd, K., Crump, B., and Kling, G.: Variation in dissolved organic matter controls bacterial production and community composition, Ecology, 87, 2068–2079, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2068:VIDOMC]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
Kalbitz, K., Schmerwitz, J., Schwesig, D., and Matzner, E.: Biodegradation of soil-derived dissolved organic matter as related to its properties, Geoderma, 113, 273–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00365-8, 2003.
Kling, G., Kipphut, G., Miller, M., and O'Brien, W.: Integration of lakes and streams in a landscape perspective: the importance of material processing on spatial patterns and temporal coherence, Freshwater Biol., 43, 477–497, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00515.x, 2000.
Koehler, A.-K., Murphy, K., Kiely, G., and Sottocornola, M.: Seasonal variation of DOC concentration and annual loss of DOC from an Atlantic blanket bog in South Western Ireland, Biogeochemistry, 95, 231–242, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9333-9, 2009.
Lakowicz, J. R.: Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 2, Kluwer Academic, New York, 1999.
Larson, J. H., Frost, P. C., Zheng, Z., Johnston, C. A., Bridgham, S. D., Lodge, D. M., and Lamberti, G. A.: Effects of upstream lakes on dissolved organic matter in streams, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 60–69, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0060, 2007.
Leighty, W. W., Hamburg, S. P., and Caouette, J.: Effects of management on carbon sequestration in forest biomass in Southeast Alaska, Ecosystems, 9, 1051, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0028-3, 2006.
Lalonde, K., Middlestead, P., Gélinas, Y.: Automation of 13C/12C ratio measurement for freshwater and seawater DOC using high temperature combustion, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 816–829, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.816, 2014.
Lambert, T., Bouillon, S., Darchambeau, F., Massicotte, P., and Borges, A. V.: Shift in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in the Congo River network, Biogeosciences, 13, 5405–5420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5405-2016, 2016.
Leach, J., Larsson, A., Wallin, M., Nilsson, M., and Laudon, H.: Twelve year interannual and seasonal variability of stream carbon export from a boreal peatland catchment, J. Geophys. Res. 121, 1851–1866, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003357, 2016.
Legendre, P. and Durand, S.: rdaTest, Canonical redundancy analysis, R package version 1.11, available at: http://adn.biol.umontreal.ca/~numericalecology/Rcode/ (last access: 1 January 2017), 2014.
Lepistö, A., Futter, M .N., and Kortelainen, P.: Almost 50 years of monitoring shows that climate, not forestry, controls long-term organic carbon fluxes in a large boreal watershed, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 1225–1237, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12491, 2014.
Liaw, A. and Wiener, M.: Classification and Regression by randomForest, R News, 2, 18–22, 2002.
Lochmuller, C. H. and Saavedra, S. S.: Conformational changes in a soil fulvic acid measured by time dependent fluorescence depolarization, Anal. Chem., 38, 1978–1981, 1986.
Lorenz, D., Runkel, R., and De Cicco, L.: rloadest, River Load Estimation, R package version 0.4.2, available at: https://github.com/USGS-R/rloadest, 2015.
Ludwig, W., Probst, J., and Kempe, S.: Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 23–41, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GB02925, 1996.
Mann, P. J., Spencer, R. G. M., Dinga, B. J., Poulsen, J. R., Hernes, P. J., Fiske, G., Salter, M. E., Wang, Z. A., Hoering, K. A., Six, J., and Holmes, R. M.: The biogeochemistry of carbon across a gradient of sreams and rivers within the Congo Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 687–702, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002442, 2014.
Marschner, B. and Kalbitz, K.: Controls on bioavailability and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in soils, Geoderma, 113, 211–235, 2003.
Martin, S. L. and Soranno, P. A.: Lake landscape position: Relationships to hydrologic connectivity and landscape features, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 801–814, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.2.0801, 2006.
Masiello, C. A. and Druffel, E. R. M.: Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Santa Clara River, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 407–416, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001290, 2001.
Mayorga, E., Seitzinger, S., Harrison, J., Dumont, E., Beusen, A., Bouwman, A. F., Fekete, B., Kroeze, C., and Drecht, G.: Global Nutrient Export from WaterSheds 2 (NEWS 2): Model development and implementation, Environ. Model. Softw., 25, 837–853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.01.007, 2010.
McClelland, J., Townsend-Small, A., Holmes, R., Pan, F., Stieglitz, M., Khosh, M., and Peterson, B.: River export of nutrients and organic matter from the North Slope of Alaska to the Beaufort Sea, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1823–1839, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014722, 2014.
McKnight, D., Boyer, E., Westerhoff, P., Doran, P., Kulbe, T., and Andersen, D.: Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 38–48, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.1.0038, 2001.
McLaren, D., Fedje, D., Hay, M. B., Mackie, Q., Walker, I. J., Shugar, D. H., Eamer, J. B. R., Lian, O. B., and Neudorf, C.: A post-glacial sea level hinge on the central Pacific coast of Canada, Quaternary Sci. Rev.., 97, 148–169, 2014.
Meybeck, M.: Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers, Am. J. Sci., 282, 401–450, available from: http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1982/04.1982.01.Maybeck.pdf (last access: 11 August 2017), 1982.
Milliman, J. D. and Syvitski J. P. M.: Geomorphic tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers, J. Geol., 100, 525–544, 1992.
Moore, R. D.: Introduction to salt dilution gauging for streamflow measurement part III: Slug injection using salt in solution, Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin, 8, 1–6, 2005.
Morrison, J., Foreman, M. G. G., and Masson, D.: A method for estimating monthly freshwater discharge affecting British Columbia coastal waters, Atmos.-Ocean, 50, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2011.637667, 2012.
Mulholland, P. and Watts, J.: Transport of organic carbon to the oceans by rivers of North America: a synthesis of existing data, Tellus, 34, 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01805.x, 1982.
Murphy, K., Stedmon, C., Graeber, D., and Bro, R.: Fluorescence spectroscopy and multi-way techniques. PARAFAC, Anal. Methods, 5, 6557–6566, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41160E, 2013.
Murphy, K., Stedmon, C., Wenig, P., and Bro, R.: OpenFluor – A spectral database of auto-fluorescence by organic compounds in the environment, Anal. Methods, 6, 658–661, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41935E, 2014.
Naiman, R. J.: Characteristics of sediment and organic carbon export from pristine boreal forest watersheds, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 39, 1699–1718, https://doi.org/10.1139/f82-226, 1982.
Nakagawa, S. and Schielzeth, H.: A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models, Methods Ecol. Evol., 4, 133–142, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x, 2013.
Olefeldt, D., Roulet, N., Giesler, R., and Persson, A.: Total waterborne carbon export and DOC composition from ten nested subarctic peatland catchments-importance of peatland cover, groundwater influence, and inter-annual variability of precipitation patterns, Hydrol. Process., 27, 2280–2294, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9358, 2013.
Oliver, A. A., Tank, S. E. , Giesbrecht, I., Korver, M. C., Floyd, W. C., Sanborn, P., Bulmer, C., and Lertzman, K. P.: Aquatic carbon flux data package, https://doi.org/10.21966/1.321324, 2017
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., and R Core Team: nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models, R package version 3.1-128, 2016.
Pojar, J., Klinka, K., and Demarchi, D. A.: Chapter 6, Coastal Western Hemlock Zone, in: Special Report Series 6, Ecosystems of British Columbia, edited by: Meidiner, D. and Pojar, J., Ministry of Forests, British Columbia, Victoria, 330 pp., 1991.
Poulin, B., Ryan, J., and Aiken, G.: Effects of iron on optical properties of dissolved organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 10098–106, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502670r, 2014.
R Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 11 August 2017), 2013.
Raymond, P., Saiers, J., and Sobczak, W.: Hydrological and biogeochemical controls on watershed dissolved organic matter transport: pulse-shunt concept, Ecology, 97, 5–16, https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1684.1, 2016.
Regnier, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F., Gruber, N., Janssens, I., Laruelle, G., Lauerwald, R., Luyssaert, S., Andersson, A., Arndt, S., Arnosti, C., Borges, A., Dale, A., Gallego-Sala, A., Goddéris, Y., Goossens, N., Hartmann, J., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Joos, F., LaRowe, D., Leifeld, J., Meysman, F., Munhoven, G., Raymond, P., Spahni, R., Suntharalingam, P., and Thullner, M.: Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 597–607, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1830, 2013.
Roddick, J. R.: Geology, Rivers Inlet-Queens Sound, British Columbia, Open File 3278, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1996.
Royer, T. C.: Coastal fresh water discharge in the northeast, Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 2017–2021, 1982.
Runkel, R. L., Crawford, C. G., and Cohn, T. A.: Load Estimator (LOADEST): A FORTRAN program for estimating constituent loads in streams and rivers, U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Book 4, Chapter A5, 65 pp., 2004.
Sanderman, J., Lohse, K. A., Baldock, J. A., and Amundson, R.: Linking soils and streams: Sources and chemistry of dissolved organic matter in a small coastal watershed, Water Resourc. Res., 45, W03418, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006977, 2009.
Spencer, R., Butler, K., and Aiken, G.: Dissolved organic carbon and chromophoric dissolved organic matter properties of rivers in the USA, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, G03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001928, 2012.
Spencer, R. G., Hernes, P. J., Ruf, R., Baker, A., Dyda, R. Y., Stubbins, A., and Six, J.: Temporal controls on dissolved organic matter and lignin biogeochemistry in a pristine tropical river, Democratic Republic of Congo, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G03013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001180, 2010.
Stackpoole, S. M., Butman, D. E., Clow, D. W., Verdin, K. L., Gaglioti, B., and Striegl, R.: Carbon burial, transport, and emission from inland aquatic ecosystems in Alaska, in: Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of Alaska, edited by: Zhiliang, Z., and David, A., US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1826, 196 pp., 2016.
Stackpoole, S. M., Butman, D. E., Clow, D. W., Verdin, K. L., Gaglioti, B. V., Genet, H., and Striegl, R. G.: Inland waters and their role in the carbon cycle of Alaska, Ecol. Appl., 27, 1403–1420, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1552, 2017.
Stedmon, C. and Bro, R.: Characterizing dissolved organic matter fluorescence with parallel factor analysis: a tutorial, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 6, 572–579, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2008.6.572b, 2008.
Stedmon, C. and Markager, S.: Tracing the production and degradation of autochthonous fractions of dissolved organic matter by fluorescence analysis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1415–1426, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.5.1415, 2005.
Stedmon, C., Markager, S., Bro, R., Stedmon, C., Markager, S., and Bro, R.: Tracing dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments using a new approach to fluorescence spectroscopy, Mar. Chem., 82, 239–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(03)00072-0, 2003.
Stevenson, F. J.: Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions, 2, Jon Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, United States of America, 1994.
Symonds, M. R. E. and Moussalli, A.: A brief guide to model selection, multimodel inference, and model averaging in behavioural ecology using Akaike's information criterion, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 65, 13–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-1037-6, 2011.
Tallis, H.: Kelp and rivers subsidize rocky intertidal communities in the Pacific Northwest (USA), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 389, 8596, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08138, 2009.
Tank, S., Raymond, P., Striegl, R., McClelland, J., Holmes, R., Fiske, G., and Peterson, B.: A land-to-ocean perspective on the magnitude, source and implication of DIC flux from major Arctic rivers to the Arctic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB4018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004192, 2012.
Tank, S., Striegl, R. G., McClelland, J. W., and Kokelij, S. V.: Multi-decadal increases in dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity flux from the Mackenzie drainage basin to the Arctic Ocean, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054015, 2016.
Thompson, S. D., Nelson, T. A., Giesbrecht, I., Frazer, G., and Saunders, S. C.: Data-driven regionalization of forested and non-forested ecosystems in coastal British Columbia with LiDAR and RapidEye imagery, Appl. Geogr., 69, 35–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.02.002, 2016.
Trant, A. J., Niijland, W., Hoffman, K. M., Mathews, D. L., McLaren, D., Nelson, T. A., and Starzomski, B. M.: Intertidal resource use over millennia enhances forest productivity, Nat. Commun., 7, 12491, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12491, 2016.
van Hees, P., Jones, D., Finlay, R., Godbold, D., and Lundström, U.: The carbon we do not see-the impact of low molecular weight compounds on carbon dynamics and respiration in forest soils: a review, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.06.010, 2005.
Wallin, M., Weyhenmeyer, G., Bastviken, D., Chmiel, H., Peter, S., Sobek, S., and Klemedtsson, L.: Temporal control on concentration, character, and export of dissolved organic carbon in two hemiboreal headwater streams draining contrasting catchments, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 832–846, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002814, 2015.
Wang, T., Hamann, A., Spittlehouse, D. L., and Murdock, T. Q.: ClimateWNA- High resolution spatial climate data for Western North America, J. Appl. Meterol. Climatol., 51, 16–29, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-043.1, 2012.
Weishaar, J. L., Aiken, G. R., Bergamaschi, B. A., Fram, M. S., Fujii, R., and Mopper, K.: Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4702–4708, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030360x, 2003.
Whitney, F. A., Crawford, W. R., and Harrison, P. J.: Physical processes that enhance nutrient transport and primary productivity in the coastal and open ocean of the subarctic NE Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 681–706, 2005.
Wickland, K., Neff, J., and Aiken, G.: Dissolved Organic Carbon in Alaskan Boreal Forest: Sources, Chemical Characteristics, and Biodegradability, Ecosystems, 10, 1323–1340, 2007.
Wilson, H. F. and Xenopoulos, M. A.: Effects of agricultural land use on the composition of fluvial dissolved organic matter, Nat. Geosci., 2, 37–41, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo391, 2009.
Wolf, E. C., Mitchell, A. P., and Schoonmaker, P. K.: The Rain Forests of Home: An Atlas of People and Place, Ecotrust, Pacific GIS, Inforain, and Conservation International, Portland, Oregon, 24 pp., available at: http://www.inforain.org/pdfs/ctrf_atlas_orig.pdf, 1995.
Worrall, F., Burt, T., and Adamson, J.: Can climate change explain increases in DOC flux from upland peat catchements?, Sci. Total. Environ., 326, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.022, 2004.
Xenopoulos, M. A., Lodge, D. M., Frentress, J., Kreps, T. A., Bridgham, S. D., Grossman, E., and Jackson, C. J.: Regional comparisons of watershed determinants of dissolved organic carbon in temperate lakes from the Upper Great Lakes region and selected regions globally, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 2321–2334, 2003.
Yamashita, Y. and Jaffeì, R.: Characterizing the Interactions between Trace Metals and Dissolved Organic Matter Using Excitation–Emission Matrix and Parallel Factor Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7374–7379, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801357h, 2008.
Yamashita, Y., Kloeppel, B., Knoepp, J., Zausen, G., and Jaffé, R.: Effects of Watershed History on Dissolved Organic Matter Characteristics in Headwater Streams, Ecosystems, 14, 1110–1122, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9469-z, 2011.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(3663 KB) - Full-text XML
- Corrigendum
-
Supplement
(2411 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
Short summary
Rivers draining small watersheds of the outer coastal Pacific temperate rainforest export some of the highest yields of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the world directly to the ocean. This DOC is largely derived from soils and terrestrial plants. Rainfall, temperature, and watershed characteristics such as wetlands and lakes are important controls on DOC export. This region may be significant for carbon export and linking terrestrial carbon to marine ecosystems.
Rivers draining small watersheds of the outer coastal Pacific temperate rainforest export some...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint