Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Mar 2022
Research article |
| 03 Mar 2022
| 03 Mar 2022
Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry
Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Geoffrey T. Lebon
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, 98115, USA
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, & Ecosystem Studies,
University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, Washington, USA
Christen D. Harrington
Alaska Marine Highway, Department of Transportation, Ketchikan, AK,
99901, USA
Yuichiro Takeshita
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, 95039, USA
Allison Bidlack
Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center, University of Alaska Southeast,
Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
Related authors
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Natalie M. Monacci, Jessica N. Cross, Wiley Evans, Jeremy T. Mathis, and Hongjie Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As carbon dioxide is released into the air through human-generated activity, about one third dissolves into the surface water of oceans, lowering pH and increasing acidity. This is known as ocean acidification. We merged 10 years of ocean carbon data and made them publicly available for adaptation planning during a time of change. The data confirmed that Alaska is already experiencing the effects of ocean acidification due to naturally cold water, high productivity, and circulation patterns.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Katja Fennel, Simone Alin, Leticia Barbero, Wiley Evans, Timothée Bourgeois, Sarah Cooley, John Dunne, Richard A. Feely, Jose Martin Hernandez-Ayon, Xinping Hu, Steven Lohrenz, Frank Muller-Karger, Raymond Najjar, Lisa Robbins, Elizabeth Shadwick, Samantha Siedlecki, Nadja Steiner, Adrienne Sutton, Daniela Turk, Penny Vlahos, and Zhaohui Aleck Wang
Biogeosciences, 16, 1281–1304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We review and synthesize available information on coastal ocean carbon fluxes around North America (NA). There is overwhelming evidence, compiled and discussed here, that the NA coastal margins act as a sink. Our synthesis shows the great diversity in processes driving carbon fluxes in different coastal regions, highlights remaining gaps in observations and models, and discusses current and anticipated future trends with respect to carbon fluxes and acidification.
Cale A. Miller, Katie Pocock, Wiley Evans, and Amanda L. Kelley
Ocean Sci., 14, 751–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-751-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-751-2018, 2018
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Natalie M. Monacci, Jessica N. Cross, Wiley Evans, Jeremy T. Mathis, and Hongjie Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As carbon dioxide is released into the air through human-generated activity, about one third dissolves into the surface water of oceans, lowering pH and increasing acidity. This is known as ocean acidification. We merged 10 years of ocean carbon data and made them publicly available for adaptation planning during a time of change. The data confirmed that Alaska is already experiencing the effects of ocean acidification due to naturally cold water, high productivity, and circulation patterns.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Chiho Sukigara, Ryuichiro Inoue, Kanako Sato, Yoshihisa Mino, Takeyoshi Nagai, Andrea J. Fassbender, Yuichiro Takeshita, Stuart Bishop, and Eitarou Oka
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-9, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the physical changes in the ocean from winter to spring and the corresponding biological activities, two automated floats were used to conduct observations in the western North Pacific from January to April 2018. During the observation, repeated storms passed and mixed the ocean surface layer. Afterwards, active biological activity was observed. Using data from the float, we observed the formation, decomposition, and settling of particulate organic matter.
Wiley H. Wolfe, Kenisha M. Shipley, Philip J. Bresnahan, Yuichiro Takeshita, Taylor Wirth, and Todd R. Martz
Ocean Sci., 17, 819–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-819-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-819-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the stability of a well-characterized seawater pH buffer, tris, during long-term storage in gas-impermeable bags. Tris is used to validate pH measurements; it is critical that we understand how its chemistry changes over time. Correspondingly, we prepared multiple batches of tris buffer in artificial seawater, stored the buffer in multiple types of gas impermeable bags, and analyzed its pH over the course of 300 d, discovering an average change of −0.006 yr−1.
Chiho Sukigara, Ryuichiro Inoue, Kanako Sato, Yoshihisa Mino, Takeyoshi Nagai, Andrea J. Fassbender, Yuichiro Takeshita, and Eitarou Oka
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-116, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We combined ship-borne water sampling with the use of two Argo floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors to determine the changes in primary productivity associated with the passage of storms and resultant disturbance in the subtropical western North Pacific. We found that the episodic influx of carbon to the surface facilitated by storms played a key role in promoting primary production. Particulate carbon transported to the twilight layer were not the major substrate for the respiration.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Katja Fennel, Simone Alin, Leticia Barbero, Wiley Evans, Timothée Bourgeois, Sarah Cooley, John Dunne, Richard A. Feely, Jose Martin Hernandez-Ayon, Xinping Hu, Steven Lohrenz, Frank Muller-Karger, Raymond Najjar, Lisa Robbins, Elizabeth Shadwick, Samantha Siedlecki, Nadja Steiner, Adrienne Sutton, Daniela Turk, Penny Vlahos, and Zhaohui Aleck Wang
Biogeosciences, 16, 1281–1304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We review and synthesize available information on coastal ocean carbon fluxes around North America (NA). There is overwhelming evidence, compiled and discussed here, that the NA coastal margins act as a sink. Our synthesis shows the great diversity in processes driving carbon fluxes in different coastal regions, highlights remaining gaps in observations and models, and discusses current and anticipated future trends with respect to carbon fluxes and acidification.
Cale A. Miller, Katie Pocock, Wiley Evans, and Amanda L. Kelley
Ocean Sci., 14, 751–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-751-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-751-2018, 2018
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Coastal Ocean
Temperature-enhanced effects of iron on Southern Ocean phytoplankton
Riverine nutrient impact on global ocean nitrogen cycle feedbacks and marine primary production in an Earth system model
The Northeast Greenland Shelf as a potential late-summer CO2 source to the atmosphere
Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP)
Estimates of carbon sequestration potential in an expanding Arctic fjord (Hornsund, Svalbard) affected by dark plumes of glacial meltwater
An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds
High metabolic zinc demand within native Amundsen and Ross Sea phytoplankton communities determined by stable isotope uptake rate measurements
Dissolved nitric oxide in the lower Elbe Estuary and the Port of Hamburg area
Variable contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to downstream nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions
Responses of microbial metabolic rates to non-equilibrated silicate vs calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement
Distribution of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in a eutrophic equatorial estuary: the Johor River and the East Johor Strait
Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification
Ocean alkalinity enhancement using sodium carbonate salts does not lead to measurable changes in Fe dynamics in a mesocosm experiment
Quantification and mitigation of bottom-trawling impacts on sedimentary organic carbon stocks in the North Sea
Influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement with olivine or steel slag on a coastal plankton community in Tasmania
Multi-model comparison of trends and controls of near-bed oxygen concentration on the northwest European continental shelf under climate change
Picoplanktonic methane production in eutrophic surface waters
Vertical mixing alleviates autumnal oxygen deficiency in the central North Sea
Hypoxia also occurs in small highly turbid estuaries: the example of the Charente (Bay of Biscay)
Assessing the impacts of simulated Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement on viability and growth of near-shore species of phytoplankton
Seasonality and response of ocean acidification and hypoxia to major environmental anomalies in the southern Salish Sea, North America (2014–2018)
The influence of zooplankton and oxygen on the particulate organic carbon flux in the Benguela Upwelling System
Oceanographic processes driving low-oxygen conditions inside Patagonian fjords
Above- and belowground plant mercury dynamics in a salt marsh estuary in Massachusetts, USA
Reviews and syntheses: Biological Indicators of Oxygen Stress in Water Breathing Animals
Variability and drivers of carbonate chemistry at shellfish aquaculture sites in the Salish Sea, British Columbia
Unusual Hemiaulus bloom influences ocean productivity in Northeastern US Shelf waters
Insights into carbonate environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea
UAV approaches for improved mapping of vegetation cover and estimation of carbon storage of small saltmarshes: examples from Loch Fleet, northeast Scotland
Iron “ore” nothing: benthic iron fluxes from the oxygen-deficient Santa Barbara Basin enhance phytoplankton productivity in surface waters
Marine anoxia initiates giant sulfur-oxidizing bacterial mat proliferation and associated changes in benthic nitrogen, sulfur, and iron cycling in the Santa Barbara Basin, California Borderland
Uncertainty in the evolution of northwestern North Atlantic circulation leads to diverging biogeochemical projections
The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Short-term variation in pH in seawaters around coastal areas of Japan: characteristics and forcings
Revisiting the applicability and constraints of molybdenum- and uranium-based paleo redox proxies: comparing two contrasting sill fjords
Influence of a small submarine canyon on biogenic matter export flux in the lower St. Lawrence Estuary, eastern Canada
Single-celled bioturbators: benthic foraminifera mediate oxygen penetration and prokaryotic diversity in intertidal sediment
Assessing impacts of coastal warming, acidification, and deoxygenation on Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) farming: a case study in the Hinase area, Okayama Prefecture, and Shizugawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
Multiple nitrogen sources for primary production inferred from δ13C and δ15N in the southern Sea of Japan
Influence of manganese cycling on alkalinity in the redox stratified water column of Chesapeake Bay
Estuarine flocculation dynamics of organic carbon and metals from boreal acid sulfate soils
Drivers of particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system
Impacts and uncertainties of climate-induced changes in watershed inputs on estuarine hypoxia
Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed
High metabolism and periodic hypoxia associated with drifting macrophyte detritus in the shallow subtidal Baltic Sea
Production and accumulation of reef framework by calcifying corals and macroalgae on a remote Indian Ocean cay
Zooplankton community succession and trophic links during a mesocosm experiment in the coastal upwelling off Callao Bay (Peru)
Temporal and spatial evolution of bottom-water hypoxia in the St Lawrence estuarine system
Significant nutrient consumption in the dark subsurface layer during a diatom bloom: a case study on Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan
Contrasts in dissolved, particulate, and sedimentary organic carbon from the Kolyma River to the East Siberian Shelf
Charlotte Eich, Mathijs van Manen, J. Scott P. McCain, Loay J. Jabre, Willem H. van de Poll, Jinyoung Jung, Sven B. E. H. Pont, Hung-An Tian, Indah Ardiningsih, Gert-Jan Reichart, Erin M. Bertrand, Corina P. D. Brussaard, and Rob Middag
Biogeosciences, 21, 4637–4663, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4637-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4637-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean (SO) is often limited by low iron (Fe) concentrations. Sea surface warming impacts Fe availability and can affect phytoplankton growth. We used shipboard Fe clean incubations to test how changes in Fe and temperature affect SO phytoplankton. Their abundances usually increased with Fe addition and temperature increase, with Fe being the major factor. These findings imply potential shifts in ecosystem structure, impacting food webs and elemental cycling.
Miriam Tivig, David P. Keller, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 21, 4469–4493, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4469-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4469-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biological production is highly dependent on the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus. Rivers are the main source of phosphorus to the oceans but poorly represented in global model oceans. We include dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus from river export in a global model ocean and find that the addition of riverine phosphorus affects marine biology on millennial timescales more than riverine nitrogen alone. Globally, riverine phosphorus input increases primary production rates.
Esdoorn Willcox, Marcos Lemes, Thomas Juul-Pedersen, Mikael Kristian Sejr, Johnna Marchiano Holding, and Søren Rysgaard
Biogeosciences, 21, 4037–4050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4037-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4037-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we measured the chemistry of seawater from samples obtained from different depths and locations off the east coast of the Northeast Greenland National Park to determine what is influencing concentrations of dissolved CO2. Historically, the region has always been thought to take up CO2 from the atmosphere, but we show that it is possible for the region to become a source in late summer. We discuss the variables that may be related to such changes.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Aaron James Ferderer, Julie LaRoche, and Kai Georg Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3665–3676, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is an emerging marine CO2 removal method, but its environmental effects are insufficiently understood. The OAE Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) provides funding for a standardized and globally replicated microcosm experiment to study the effects of OAE on plankton communities. Here, we provide a detailed manual for the OAEPIIP experiment. We expect OAEPIIP to help build scientific consensus on the effects of OAE on plankton.
Marlena Szeligowska, Déborah Benkort, Anna Przyborska, Mateusz Moskalik, Bernabé Moreno, Emilia Trudnowska, and Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
Biogeosciences, 21, 3617–3639, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The European Arctic is experiencing rapid regional warming, causing glaciers that terminate in the sea to retreat onto land. Due to this process, the area of a well-studied fjord, Hornsund, has increased by around 100 km2 (40%) since 1976. Combining satellite and in situ data with a mathematical model, we estimated that, despite some negative consequences of glacial meltwater release, such emerging coastal waters could mitigate climate change by increasing carbon uptake and storage by sediments.
Mallory C. Ringham, Nathan Hirtle, Cody Shaw, Xi Lu, Julian Herndon, Brendan R. Carter, and Matthew D. Eisaman
Biogeosciences, 21, 3551–3570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the oceans to store atmospheric CO2 as dissolved bicarbonate. We monitored CO2 uptake in seawater treated with NaOH to establish operational boundaries for carbon removal experiments. Results show that CO2 equilibration occurred on the order of weeks to months, was consistent with values expected from equilibration calculations, and was limited by mineral precipitation at high pH and CaCO3 saturation.
Riss M. Kell, Rebecca J. Chmiel, Deepa Rao, Dawn M. Moran, Matthew R. McIlvin, Tristan J. Horner, Nicole L. Schanke, Robert B. Dunbar, Giacomo R. DiTullio, and Mak A. Saito
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2085, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Southern Ocean phytoplankton play a pivotal role in regulating the uptake and sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This study describes a new stable zinc isotope uptake rate measurement method used to quantify zinc and cadmium uptake rates within native Southern Ocean phytoplankton communities. This data can better inform biogeochemical model predictions of primary production, carbon export, and atmospheric carbon dioxide flux.
Riel Carlo O. Ingeniero, Gesa Schulz, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 21, 3425–3440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research is the first to measure dissolved NO concentrations in temperate estuarine waters, providing insights into its distribution under varying conditions and enhancing our understanding of its production processes. Dissolved NO was supersaturated in the Elbe Estuary, indicating that it is a source of atmospheric NO. The observed distribution of dissolved NO most likely resulted from nitrification.
Weiyi Tang, Jeff Talbott, Timothy Jones, and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 21, 3239–3250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known to be hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the impact of WWTPs on the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O in downstream aquatic environments is less constrained. We found spatially and temporally variable but overall higher N2O concentrations and fluxes in waters downstream of WWTPs, pointing to the need for efficient N2O removal in addition to the treatment of nitrogen in WWTPs.
Laura Marin-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, and Ulf Riebesell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1776, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study exposed a natural community to two non-CO2 equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) deployments using different minerals. Adding alkalinity in this manner decreases dissolved CO2, essential for photosynthesis. While photosynthesis was not suppressed, bloom formation was delayed, potentially impacting marine food webs. The study emphasizes the need for further research on OAE without prior equilibration and its ecological implications
Amanda Y. L. Cheong, Kogila Vani Annammala, Ee Ling Yong, Yongli Zhou, Robert S. Nichols, and Patrick Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 2955–2971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured nutrients and dissolved organic matter for 1 year in a eutrophic tropical estuary to understand their sources and cycling. Our data show that the dissolved organic matter originates partly from land and partly from microbial processes in the water. Internal recycling is likely important for maintaining high nutrient concentrations, and we found that there is often excess nitrogen compared to silicon and phosphorus. Our data help to explain how eutrophication persists in this system.
Aaron Ferderer, Kai G. Schulz, Ulf Riebesell, Kirralee G. Baker, Zanna Chase, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising method of atmospheric carbon removal; however, its ecological impacts remain largely unknown. We assessed the effects of simulated silicate- and calcium-based mineral OAE on diatom silicification. We found that increased silicate concentrations from silicate-based OAE increased diatom silicification. In contrast, the enhancement of alkalinity had no effect on community silicification and minimal effects on the silicification of different genera.
David González-Santana, María Segovia, Melchor González-Dávila, Librada Ramírez, Aridane G. González, Leonardo J. Pozzo-Pirotta, Veronica Arnone, Victor Vázquez, Ulf Riebesell, and J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 2705–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a recent experiment off the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain), scientists explored a method called ocean alkalinization enhancement (OAE), where carbonate minerals were added to seawater. This process changed the levels of certain ions in the water, affecting its pH and buffering capacity. The researchers were particularly interested in how this could impact the levels of essential trace metals in the water.
Lucas Porz, Wenyan Zhang, Nils Christiansen, Jan Kossack, Ute Daewel, and Corinna Schrum
Biogeosciences, 21, 2547–2570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor sediments store a large amount of carbon, helping to naturally regulate Earth's climate. If disturbed, some sediment particles can turn into CO2, but this effect is not well understood. Using computer simulations, we found that bottom-contacting fishing gears release about 1 million tons of CO2 per year in the North Sea, one of the most heavily fished regions globally. We show how protecting certain areas could reduce these emissions while also benefitting seafloor-living animals.
Jiaying A. Guo, Robert F. Strzepek, Kerrie M. Swadling, Ashley T. Townsend, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement aims to increase atmospheric CO2 sequestration by adding alkaline materials to the ocean. We assessed the environmental effects of olivine and steel slag powder on coastal plankton. Overall, slag is more efficient than olivine in releasing total alkalinity and, thus, in its ability to sequester CO2. Slag also had less environmental effect on the enclosed plankton communities when considering its higher CO2 removal potential based on this 3-week experiment.
Giovanni Galli, Sarah Wakelin, James Harle, Jason Holt, and Yuri Artioli
Biogeosciences, 21, 2143–2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows that, under a high-emission scenario, oxygen concentration in deep water of parts of the North Sea and Celtic Sea can become critically low (hypoxia) towards the end of this century. The extent and frequency of hypoxia depends on the intensity of climate change projected by different climate models. This is the result of a complex combination of factors like warming, increase in stratification, changes in the currents and changes in biological processes.
Sandy E. Tenorio and Laura Farías
Biogeosciences, 21, 2029–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Time series studies show that CH4 is highly dynamic on the coastal ocean surface and planktonic communities are linked to CH4 accumulation, as found in coastal upwelling off Chile. We have identified the crucial role of picoplankton (> 3 µm) in CH4 recycling, especially with the addition of methylated substrates (trimethylamine and methylphosphonic acid) during upwelling and non-upwelling periods. These insights improve understanding of surface ocean CH4 recycling, aiding CH4 emission estimates.
Charlotte A. J. Williams, Tom Hull, Jan Kaiser, Claire Mahaffey, Naomi Greenwood, Matthew Toberman, and Matthew R. Palmer
Biogeosciences, 21, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen (O2) is a key indicator of ocean health. The risk of O2 loss in the productive coastal/continental slope regions is increasing. Autonomous underwater vehicles equipped with O2 optodes provide lots of data but have problems resolving strong vertical O2 changes. Here we show how to overcome this and calculate how much O2 is supplied to the low-O2 bottom waters via mixing. Bursts in mixing supply nearly all of the O2 to bottom waters in autumn, stopping them reaching ecologically low levels.
Sabine Schmidt and Ibrahima Iris Diallo
Biogeosciences, 21, 1785–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Along the French coast facing the Bay of Biscay, the large Gironde and Loire estuaries suffer from hypoxia. This prompted a study of the small Charente estuary located between them. This work reveals a minimum oxygen zone in the Charente estuary, which extends for about 25 km. Temperature is the main factor controlling the hypoxia. This calls for the monitoring of small turbid macrotidal estuaries that are vulnerable to hypoxia, a risk expected to increase with global warming.
Jessica L. Oberlander, Mackenzie E. Burke, Cat A. London, and Hugh L. MacIntyre
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-971, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-971, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
OAE is a promising negative emission technology that could restore the oceanic pH and carbonate system to a pre-industrial state. To our knowledge, this paper is the first to assess the potential impact of OAE on phytoplankton through an analysis of prior studies and the effects of simulated OAE on photosynthetic competence. Our findings suggest that there may be little if any significant impact on most phytoplankton studied to date if OAE is conducted in well-flushed, near-shore environments.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Samantha Siedlecki, and Dana Greeley
Biogeosciences, 21, 1639–1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new multi-stressor data product that allows us to characterize the seasonality of temperature, O2, and CO2 in the southern Salish Sea and delivers insights into the impacts of major marine heatwave and precipitation anomalies on regional ocean acidification and hypoxia. We also describe the present-day frequencies of temperature, O2, and ocean acidification conditions that cross thresholds of sensitive regional species that are economically or ecologically important.
Luisa Chiara Meiritz, Tim Rixen, Anja K. van der Plas, Tarron Lamont, and Niko Lahajnar
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-700, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-700, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The transport of particles through the water column and their subsequent burial on the seafloor is an important process for carbon storage and the mediation of carbon dioxide in the oceans. Our results from the Benguela Upwelling System distinguish between the northern and southern parts of the study area and between passive (gravitational) and active (zooplankton) transport processes. The decomposition of organic matter is doubtlessly an important factor for the size of oxygen minimum zones.
Pamela Linford, Iván Pérez-Santos, Paulina Montero, Patricio A. Díaz, Claudia Aracena, Elías Pinilla, Facundo Barrera, Manuel Castillo, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Mónica Alvarado, Gabriel Soto, Cécile Pujol, Camila Schwerter, Sara Arenas-Uribe, Pilar Navarro, Guido Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Robinson Altamirano, Javiera San Martín, and Camila Soto-Riquelme
Biogeosciences, 21, 1433–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Patagonian fjords comprise a world region where low-oxygen water and hypoxia conditions are observed. An in situ dataset was used to quantify the mechanism involved in the presence of these conditions in northern Patagonian fjords. Water mass analysis confirmed the contribution of Equatorial Subsurface Water in the advection of the low-oxygen water, and hypoxic conditions occurred when the community respiration rate exceeded the gross primary production.
Ting Wang, Buyun Du, Inke Forbrich, Jun Zhou, Joshua Polen, Elsie M. Sunderland, Prentiss H. Balcom, Celia Chen, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 21, 1461–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The strong seasonal increases of Hg in aboveground biomass during the growing season and the lack of changes observed after senescence in this salt marsh ecosystem suggest physiologically controlled Hg uptake pathways. The Hg sources found in marsh aboveground tissues originate from a mix of sources, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, where atmospheric GEM is the main source. Belowground plant tissues mostly take up Hg from soils. Overall, the salt marsh currently serves as a small net Hg sink.
Michael R. Roman, Andrew H. Altieri, Denise Breitburg, Erica Ferrer, Natalya D. Gallo, Shin-ichi Ito, Karin Limburg, Kenneth Rose, Moriaki Yasuhara, and Lisa A. Levin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-616, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-616, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen-depleted ocean waters have increased worldwide. In order to improve our understanding of the impacts of this oxygen loss on marine life it is essential that we develop reliable indicators that track the negative impacts of low oxygen. We review various indicators of oxygen stress for marine animals including their use, research needs and application to confront the challenges of ocean oxygen loss.
Eleanor Simpson, Debby Ianson, Karen E. Kohfeld, Ana C. Franco, Paul A. Covert, Marty Davelaar, and Yves Perreault
Biogeosciences, 21, 1323–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Shellfish aquaculture operates in nearshore areas where data on ocean acidification parameters are limited. We show daily and seasonal variability in pH and saturation states of calcium carbonate at nearshore aquaculture sites in British Columbia, Canada, and determine the contributing drivers of this variability. We find that nearshore locations have greater variability than open waters and that the uptake of carbon by phytoplankton is the major driver of pH and saturation state variability.
S. Alejandra Castillo Cieza, Rachel H. R. Stanley, Pierre Marrec, Diana N. Fontaine, E. Taylor Crockford, Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr., Arshia Mehta, Susanne Menden-Deuer, Emily E. Peacock, Tatiana A. Rynearson, Zoe O. Sandwith, Weifeng Zhang, and Heidi M. Sosik
Biogeosciences, 21, 1235–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The coastal ocean in the northeastern USA provides many services, including fisheries and habitats for threatened species. In summer 2019, a bloom occurred of a large unusual phytoplankton, the diatom Hemiaulus, with nitrogen-fixing symbionts. This led to vast changes in productivity and grazing rates in the ecosystem. This work shows that the emergence of one species can have profound effects on ecosystem function. Such changes may become more prevalent as the ocean warms due to climate change.
Claudine Hauri, Brita Irving, Sam Dupont, Rémi Pagés, Donna D. W. Hauser, and Seth L. Danielson
Biogeosciences, 21, 1135–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic marine ecosystems are highly susceptible to impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. We present pH and pCO2 time series (2016–2020) from the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory and analyze the drivers of the current conditions to get a better understanding of how climate change and ocean acidification could affect the ecological niches of organisms.
William Hiles, Lucy C. Miller, Craig Smeaton, and William E. N. Austin
Biogeosciences, 21, 929–948, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Saltmarsh soils may help to limit the rate of climate change by storing carbon. To understand their impacts, they must be accurately mapped. We use drone data to estimate the size of three saltmarshes in NE Scotland. We find that drone imagery, combined with tidal data, can reliably inform our understanding of saltmarsh size. When compared with previous work using vegetation communities, we find that our most reliable new estimates of stored carbon are 15–20 % smaller than previously estimated.
De'Marcus Robinson, Anh L. D. Pham, David J. Yousavich, Felix Janssen, Frank Wenzhöfer, Eleanor C. Arrington, Kelsey M. Gosselin, Marco Sandoval-Belmar, Matthew Mar, David L. Valentine, Daniele Bianchi, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 773–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present study suggests that high release of ferrous iron from the seafloor of the oxygen-deficient Santa Barabara Basin (California) supports surface primary productivity, creating positive feedback on seafloor iron release by enhancing low-oxygen conditions in the basin.
David J. Yousavich, De'Marcus Robinson, Xuefeng Peng, Sebastian J. E. Krause, Frank Wenzhöfer, Felix Janssen, Na Liu, Jonathan Tarn, Franklin Kinnaman, David L. Valentine, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 789–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Declining oxygen (O2) concentrations in coastal oceans can threaten people’s ways of life and food supplies. Here, we investigate how mats of bacteria that proliferate on the seafloor of the Santa Barbara Basin sustain and potentially worsen these O2 depletion events through their unique chemoautotrophic metabolism. Our study shows how changes in seafloor microbiology and geochemistry brought on by declining O2 concentrations can help these mats grow as well as how that growth affects the basin.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Lina Garcia Suarez, and Jasmin G. John
Biogeosciences, 21, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We downscaled two mid-century (~2075) ocean model projections to a high-resolution regional ocean model of the northwest North Atlantic (NA) shelf. In one projection, the NA shelf break current practically disappears; in the other it remains almost unchanged. This leads to a wide range of possible future shelf properties. More accurate projections of coastal circulation features would narrow the range of possible outcomes of biogeochemical projections for shelf regions.
Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a widely considered marine carbon dioxide removal method. OAE aims to accelerate chemical rock weathering, which is a natural process that slowly sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. This study shows that the addition of anthropogenic alkalinity via OAE can reduce the natural release of alkalinity and, therefore, reduce the efficiency of OAE for climate mitigation. However, the additionality problem could be mitigated via a variety of activities.
Tsuneo Ono, Daisuke Muraoka, Masahiro Hayashi, Makiko Yorifuji, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Omoto, Takehiro Tanaka, Tomohiro Okamura, Goh Onitsuka, Kenji Sudo, Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, and Masahide Wakita
Biogeosciences, 21, 177–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out parallel year-round observations of pH and related parameters in five stations around the Japan coast. It was found that short-term acidified situations with Omega_ar less than 1.5 occurred at four of five stations. Most of such short-term acidified events were related to the short-term low salinity event, and the extent of short-term pH drawdown at high freshwater input was positively correlated with the nutrient concentration of the main rivers that flow into the coastal area.
K. Mareike Paul, Martijn Hermans, Sami A. Jokinen, Inda Brinkmann, Helena L. Filipsson, and Tom Jilbert
Biogeosciences, 20, 5003–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seawater naturally contains trace metals such as Mo and U, which accumulate under low oxygen conditions on the seafloor. Previous studies have used sediment Mo and U contents as an archive of changing oxygen concentrations in coastal waters. Here we show that in fjords the use of Mo and U for this purpose may be impaired by additional processes. Our findings have implications for the reliable use of Mo and U to reconstruct oxygen changes in fjords.
Hannah Sharpe, Michel Gosselin, Catherine Lalande, Alexandre Normandeau, Jean-Carlos Montero-Serrano, Khouloud Baccara, Daniel Bourgault, Owen Sherwood, and Audrey Limoges
Biogeosciences, 20, 4981–5001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact of submarine canyon processes within the Pointe-des-Monts system on biogenic matter export and phytoplankton assemblages. Using data from three oceanographic moorings, we show that the canyon experienced two low-amplitude sediment remobilization events in 2020–2021 that led to enhanced particle fluxes in the deep-water column layer > 2.6 km offshore. Sinking phytoplankton fluxes were lower near the canyon compared to background values from the lower St. Lawrence Estuary.
Dewi Langlet, Florian Mermillod-Blondin, Noémie Deldicq, Arthur Bauville, Gwendoline Duong, Lara Konecny, Mylène Hugoni, Lionel Denis, and Vincent M. P. Bouchet
Biogeosciences, 20, 4875–4891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Benthic foraminifera are single-cell marine organisms which can move in the sediment column. They were previously reported to horizontally and vertically transport sediment particles, yet the impact of their motion on the dissolved fluxes remains unknown. Using microprofiling, we show here that foraminiferal burrow formation increases the oxygen penetration depth in the sediment, leading to a change in the structure of the prokaryotic community.
Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, Lawrence Patrick Cases Bernardo, Tsuneo Ono, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Oomoto, Masahide Wakita, and Takehiro Tanaka
Biogeosciences, 20, 4527–4549, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study of the current and future impacts of climate change on Pacific oyster farming in Japan. Future coastal warming and acidification may affect oyster larvae as a result of longer exposure to lower-pH waters. A prolonged spawning period may harm oyster processing by shortening the shipping period and reducing oyster quality. To minimize impacts on Pacific oyster farming, in addition to mitigation measures, local adaptation measures may be required.
Taketoshi Kodama, Atsushi Nishimoto, Ken-ichi Nakamura, Misato Nakae, Naoki Iguchi, Yosuke Igeta, and Yoichi Kogure
Biogeosciences, 20, 3667–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon and nitrogen are essential elements for organisms; their stable isotope ratios (13C : 12C, 15N : 14N) are useful tools for understanding turnover and movement in the ocean. In the Sea of Japan, the environment is rapidly being altered by human activities. The 13C : 12C of small organic particles is increased by active carbon fixation, and phytoplankton growth increases the values. The 15N : 14N variations suggest that nitrates from many sources contribute to organic production.
Aubin Thibault de Chanvalon, George W. Luther, Emily R. Estes, Jennifer Necker, Bradley M. Tebo, Jianzhong Su, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 20, 3053–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The intensity of the oceanic trap of CO2 released by anthropogenic activities depends on the alkalinity brought by continental weathering. Between ocean and continent, coastal water and estuaries can limit or favour the alkalinity transfer. This study investigate new interactions between dissolved metals and alkalinity in the oxygen-depleted zone of estuaries.
Joonas J. Virtasalo, Peter Österholm, and Eero Asmala
Biogeosciences, 20, 2883–2901, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2883-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2883-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We mixed acidic metal-rich river water from acid sulfate soils and seawater in the laboratory to study the flocculation of dissolved metals and organic matter in estuaries. Al and Fe flocculated already at a salinity of 0–2 to large organic flocs (>80 µm size). Precipitation of Al and Fe hydroxide flocculi (median size 11 µm) began when pH exceeded ca. 5.5. Mn transferred weakly to Mn hydroxides and Co to the flocs. Up to 50 % of Cu was associated with the flocs, irrespective of seawater mixing.
Moritz Baumann, Allanah Joy Paul, Jan Taucher, Lennart Thomas Bach, Silvan Goldenberg, Paul Stange, Fabrizio Minutolo, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 2595–2612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sinking velocity of marine particles affects how much atmospheric CO2 is stored inside our oceans. We measured particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system and assessed their physical and biochemical drivers. We found that sinking velocity was mainly influenced by particle size and porosity, while ballasting minerals played only a minor role. Our findings help us to better understand the particle sinking dynamics in this highly productive marine system.
Kyle E. Hinson, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Raymond G. Najjar, Maria Herrmann, Zihao Bian, Gopal Bhatt, Pierre St-Laurent, Hanqin Tian, and Gary Shenk
Biogeosciences, 20, 1937–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate impacts are essential for environmental managers to consider when implementing nutrient reduction plans designed to reduce hypoxia. This work highlights relative sources of uncertainty in modeling regional climate impacts on the Chesapeake Bay watershed and consequent declines in bay oxygen levels. The results demonstrate that planned water quality improvement goals are capable of reducing hypoxia levels by half, offsetting climate-driven impacts on terrestrial runoff.
Linquan Mu, Jaime B. Palter, and Hongjie Wang
Biogeosciences, 20, 1963–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Enhancing ocean alkalinity accelerates carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. We hypothetically added alkalinity to the Amazon River and examined the increment of the carbon uptake by the Amazon plume. We also investigated the minimum alkalinity addition in which this perturbation at the river mouth could be detected above the natural variability.
Karl M. Attard, Anna Lyssenko, and Iván F. Rodil
Biogeosciences, 20, 1713–1724, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aquatic plants produce a large amount of organic matter through photosynthesis that, following erosion, is deposited on the seafloor. In this study, we show that plant detritus can trigger low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia) in shallow coastal waters, making conditions challenging for most marine animals. We propose that the occurrence of hypoxia may be underestimated because measurements typically do not consider the region closest to the seafloor, where detritus accumulates.
M. James McLaughlin, Cindy Bessey, Gary A. Kendrick, John Keesing, and Ylva S. Olsen
Biogeosciences, 20, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1011-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1011-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs face increasing pressures from environmental change at present. The coral reef framework is produced by corals and calcifying algae. The Kimberley region of Western Australia has escaped land-based anthropogenic impacts. Specimens of the dominant coral and algae were collected from Browse Island's reef platform and incubated in mesocosms to measure calcification and production patterns of oxygen. This study provides important data on reef building and climate-driven effects.
Patricia Ayón Dejo, Elda Luz Pinedo Arteaga, Anna Schukat, Jan Taucher, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, Sabrina Dorschner, Wilhelm Hagen, Mariona Segura-Noguera, and Silke Lischka
Biogeosciences, 20, 945–969, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean upwelling regions are highly productive. With ocean warming, severe changes in upwelling frequency and/or intensity and expansion of accompanying oxygen minimum zones are projected. In a field experiment off Peru, we investigated how different upwelling intensities affect the pelagic food web and found failed reproduction of dominant zooplankton. The changes projected could severely impact the reproductive success of zooplankton communities and the pelagic food web in upwelling regions.
Mathilde Jutras, Alfonso Mucci, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, William A. Nesbitt, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Biogeosciences, 20, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The deep waters of the lower St Lawrence Estuary and gulf have, in the last decades, experienced a strong decline in their oxygen concentration. Below 65 µmol L-1, the waters are said to be hypoxic, with dire consequences for marine life. We show that the extent of the hypoxic zone shows a seven-fold increase in the last 20 years, reaching 9400 km2 in 2021. After a stable period at ~ 65 µmol L⁻¹ from 1984 to 2019, the oxygen level also suddenly decreased to ~ 35 µmol L-1 in 2020.
Sachi Umezawa, Manami Tozawa, Yuichi Nosaka, Daiki Nomura, Hiroji Onishi, Hiroto Abe, Tetsuya Takatsu, and Atsushi Ooki
Biogeosciences, 20, 421–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted repetitive observations in Funka Bay, Japan, during the spring bloom 2019. We found nutrient concentration decreases in the dark subsurface layer during the bloom. Incubation experiments confirmed that diatoms could consume nutrients at a substantial rate, even in darkness. We concluded that the nutrient reduction was mainly caused by nutrient consumption by diatoms in the dark.
Dirk Jong, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Philip Pika, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 20, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we want to highlight the importance of studying both land and ocean together, and water and sediment together, as these systems function as a continuum, and determine how organic carbon derived from permafrost is broken down and its effect on global warming. Although on the one hand it appears that organic carbon is removed from sediments along the pathway of transport from river to ocean, it also appears to remain relatively ‘fresh’, despite this removal and its very old age.
Cited articles
Amaya, D. J., Miller, A. J., Xie, S.-P., and Kosaka, Y.: Physical drivers
of the summer 2019 North Pacific marine heatwave, Nat. Commun., 11, 1903,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-41020-15820-w, 2020.
Asplund, M. E., Baden, S. P., Russ, S., Ellis, R. P., Gong, N., and
Hernroth, B. E.: Ocean acidification and host-pathogen interactions: blue
mussels, Mytilus edulis, encountering Vibrio tubiashii, Environ. Microbiol., 16, 1029–1039, 2013.
Barton, A., Hales, B., Waldbusser, G., Langdon, C., and Feely, R. A.: The
Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon
dioxide levels: Implications for near-term ocean acidification effects,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 698–710, 2012.
Barton, A., Waldbusser, G. G., Feely, R. A., Weisberg, S. B., Newton, J. A.,
Hales, B., Cudd, S., Eudeline, B., Langdon, C. J., Jefferds, I., King, T.,
Suhrbier, A., and McLaughlin, K.: Impacts of coastal acidification on the
Pacific Northwest shellfish industry and adaptation strategies implemented
in response, Oceanography, 28, 146–159, 2015.
Bates, N. R., Astor, Y. M., Church, M. J., Currie, K., Dore, J. E.,
Gonzalez-Davila, M., Lorenzoni, L., Muller-Karger, F., Olafsson, J., and
Santana-Casiano, J. M.: A time-series view of changing ocean chemistry due
to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and ocean acidification,
Oceanography, 27, 126–141,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.16, 2014.
Beamer, J. P., Hill, D. F., Arendt, A., and Liston, G. E.: High-resolution
modeling of coastal freshwater discharge and glacier mass balance in the
Gulf of Alaska watershed, Water Resour. Res., 52, 3888–3909, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018457, 2016.
Beckwith, S. T., Byrne, R. H., and Hallock, P.: Riverine Calcium End-Members
Improve Coastal Saturation State Calculations and Reveal Regionally Variable
Calcification Potential, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 169, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00169, 2019.
Bednarsek, N., Feely, R. A., Tolimieri, N., Hermann, A. J., Siedlecki, S.
A., Waldbusser, G. G., McElhany, P., Alin, S. R., Klinger, T., Moore-Maley,
B., and Pörtner, H. O.: Exposure history determines pteropod
vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast, Sci. Rep., 7, 4526, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-41017-03934-z, 2017.
Bednarsek, N., Feely, R. A., Beck, M. W., Alin, S., Siedlecki, S., Calosi,
P., Norton, E. C., Saenger, C., Štrus, J., Greeley, D., Nezlin, N. P.,
Roethler, M., and Spicer, J. I.: Exoskeleton dissolution with
mechanoreceptor damage in larval Dungeness crab related to severity of
present-day ocean acidification vertical gradients, Sci. Total
Environ., 716, 136610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136610, 2020.
Bednarsek, N., Newton, J. A., Beck, M. W., Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A.,
Christman, N. R., and Klinger, T.: Severe biological effects under
present-day estuarine acidification in the seasonally variable Salish Sea,
Sci. Total Environ., 765, 142689, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142689, 2021.
Berger, H. M., Siedlecki, S. A., Matassa, C. M., Alin, S. R., Kaplan, I. C.,
Hodgson, E. E., Pilcher, D. J., Norton, E. C., and Newton, J. A.:
Seasonality and Life History Complexity Determine Vulnerability of Dungeness
Crab to Multiple Climate Stressors, AGU Adv., 2, e2021AV000456, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000456, 2021.
Bidlack, A. L., Bisbing, S. M., Buma, B. J., Diefenderfer, H. L., Fellman,
J. B., Floyd, W. C., Giesbrecht, I., Lally, A., Lertzman, K. P., Perakis, S.
S., Butman, D. E., D'Amore, D. V., Fleming, S. W., Hood, E. W., Hunt, B. P.
V., Kiffney, P. M., McNicol, G., Menounos, B., and Tank, S. E.:
Climate-Mediated Changes to Linked Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems across
the Northeast Pacific Coastal Temperatre Rainforest Margin, BioScience, 71,
biaa171, doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa1171, 2021.
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Neill, C., van Ooijen, E., Plant, J. N.,
Hahn, J., Johnson, K. S., Yang, B., and Emerson, S. R.: Oxygen Optode
Sensors: Principle, Characterization, Calibration, and Application in the
Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 429, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00429, 2018.
Bond, N. A., Cronin, M. F., Freeland, H., and Mantua, N.: Causes and impacts
of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
42, 3414–3420, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063306, 2015.
Cai, W. J., Xu, Y.-Y., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Jönsson, B. F.,
Alin, S. R., Barbero, L., Cross, J. N., Azetsu-Scott, K., Fassbender, A. J.,
Carter, B. R., Jiang, L.-Q., Pepin, P., Chen, B., Hussain, N., Reimer, J.
J., Xue, L., Salisbury, J. E., Martín Hernández-Ayón, J.,
Langdon, C., Li, Q., Sutton, A. J., Chen, C.-T. A., and Gledhill, D. K.:
Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean
margins, Nat. Commun., 11, 2691, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-41020-16530-z,
2020.
Cai, W. J., Feely, R. A., Testa, J. M., Li, M., Evans, W., Alin, S. R., Xu,
Y.-Y., Pelletier, G., Ahmed, A., Greeley, D. J., Newton, J. A., and
Bednarsek, N.: Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers of Acidification in Large
Estuaries, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 13, 11–33, 2021.
Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. E.: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH, Nature,
425, 365, https://doi.org/10.1038/425365a, 2003.
Cantoni, C., Hopwood, M. J., Clarke, J. S., Chiggiato, J., Achterberg, E.
P., and Cozzi, S.: Glacial drivers of marine biogeochemistry indicate a
future shift to more corrosive conditions in an Arctic fjord, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 125, e2020JG005633, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005633,
2020.
Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Kouketsu, S., Sonnerup, R. E.,
Pardo, P. C., Sabine, C. L., Johnson, G. C., Sloyan, B. M., Murata, A.,
Mecking, S., Tilbrook, B., Speer, K., Talley, L. D., Millero, F. J.,
Wijffels, S. E., Macdonald, A. M., Gruber, N., and Bullister, J. L.: Pacific
Anthropogenic Carbon Between 1991 and 2017, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
33, 597–617, 2019a.
Carter, B. R., Williams, N. L., Evans, W., Fassbender, A. J., Barbero, L.,
Hauri, C., Feely, R. A., and Sutton, A. J.: Time-of-detection as a metric
for prioritizing between climate observation quality, frequency, and
duration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 3853–3861, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080773, 2019b.
Chan, F., Barth, J. A., Blanchette, C. A., Byrne, R. H., Chavez, F. P.,
Cheriton, O., Feely, R. A., Friederich, G., Gaylord, B., Gouchier, T.,
Hacker, S., Hill, T., Hofmann, G., McManus, M. A., Menge, B. A., Nielsen, K.
J., Russell, A., Sanford, E., Sevadjian, J., and Washburn, L.: Persistent
spatial structuring of coastal ocean acidification in the California Current
System, Sci. Rep., 7, 2526, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-41017-02777-y, 2017.
Dai, A. and Trenberth, K. E.: Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from
Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations, J. Hydrometeorol., 3, 660–687, 2002.
Dickson, A., Wesolowski, D. J., Palmer, D. A., and Mesmer, R. E.: Dissociation
constant of bisulfate ion in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at 250 ∘C,
J. Phys. Chem. 94, 7978–7985, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100383a042, 1990.
Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A.: Ocean
Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.,
1, 169–192, 2009.
Doney, S. C., Busch, D. S., Cooley, S. R., and Kroeker, K. J.: The Impacts
of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Relient Human Communities
Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Annu. Rev., 45, 83–112,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019, 2020.
Dosser, H. V., Waterman, S., Jackson, J. M., Hannah, C. G., Evans, W., and
Hunt, B. P. V.: Stark Physical and Biogeochemical Differences and
Implications for Ecosystem Stressors in the Northeast Pacific Coastal Ocean,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC017033, 2021.
Edwards, R. T., D'Amore, D. V., Biles, F. E., Fellman, J. B., Hood, E.,
Trubilowicz, J. W., and Floyd, W. C.: Riverine Dissolved Organic Carbon and
Freshwater Export in the Eastern Gulf of Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 126, e2020JG005725, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005725, 2020.
Ekstrom, J. A., Suatoni, L., Cooley, S. R., Pendleton, L. H., Waldbusser, G.
G., Cinner, J. E., Ritter, J., Langdon, C., van Hooidonk, R., Gledhill, D.,
Wellman, K., Beck, M. W., Brander, L. M., Rittschof, D., Doherty, C.,
Edwards, P. E. T., and Portela, R.: Vulnerability and adaptation of US
shellfisheries to ocean acidification, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 207–214,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2508, 2015.
Ericson, Y., Falck, E., Chierici, M., Fransson, A., and Kristiansen, S.:
Marine CO2 system variability in a high arctic tidewater-glacier fjord
system, Tempeljorden, Svalbard, Cont. Shelf Res., 181, 1–13, 2019.
Evans, W., Hales, B., Strutton, P. G., and Ianson, D.: Sea-air CO2
fluxes in the western Canadian coastal ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 101, 78–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.1001.1003, 2012.
Evans, W. and Mathis, J. T.: The Gulf of Alaska coastal ocean as an
atmospheric CO2 sink, Cont. Shelf Res., 65, 52–63, 2013.
Evans, W., Mathis, J. T., and Cross, J. N.: Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea, Biogeosciences, 11, 365–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-365-2014, 2014.
Evans, W., Mathis, J. T., Ramsay, J., and Hetrick, J.: On the Frontline:
Tracking Ocean Acidification in an Alaskan Shellfish Hatchery, PLoS One, 10,
e0130384, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130384, 2015.
Evans, W., Pocock, K., Hare, A., Weekes, C., Hales, B., Jackson, J.,
Gurney-Smith, H., Mathis, J. T., Alin, S. R., and Feely, R. A.: Marine
CO2 Patterns in the Northern Salish Sea, Front. Mar. Sci.,
5, 536, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00536, 2019.
Evans, W. and Lebon, G. T., Harrington, C. D., and Bidlack, A.: Surface underway measurements partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the water and atmosphere, sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature, oxygen and other parameters during the Alaska Marine Highway System M/V Columbia 135 service route transits along British Columbia coast, southeast Alaska coast, Gulf of Alaska and North Pacific Ocean from 2017-10-26 to 2019-10-04 (NCEI Accession 0209049), [indicate subset used], NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, [data set] https://doi.org/10.25921/jq11-2268, 2020.
Evans, W., Lebon, G. T., Harrington, C. D., Takeshita, Y., and Bidlack, A.: Marine CO2 system variability along the Inside Passage of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America determined from an Alaskan ferry [data set], https://doi.org/10.21966/m0es-7520, 2021.
Fabry, V. J., McClintock, J. B., Mathis, J. T., and Grebmeier, J. M.: Ocean
Acidification at High Latitudes: The Bellwether, Oceanography, 22, 160–171,
2009.
Fassbender, A. J., Sabine, C. L., and Palevsky, H. I.: Nonuniform ocean
acidification and attenuation of the ocean carbon sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8404–8413, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074389, 2017.
Fassbender, A. J., Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A., Sutton, A. J., Newton, J. A., Krembs, C., Bos, J., Keyzers, M., Devol, A., Ruef, W., and Pelletier, G.: Seasonal carbonate chemistry variability in marine surface waters of the US Pacific Northwest, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1367–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1367-2018, 2018a.
Fassbender, A. J., Rodgers, K. B., Palevsky, H. I., and Sabine, C. L.:
Seasonal Asymmetry in the Evolution of Surface Ocean pCO2 and pH
Thermodynamic Drivers and the Influence of Sea-Air CO2 Flux, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 1476–1497, 2018b.
Fassbender, A. J., Orr, J. C., and Dickson, A. G.: Technical note: Interpreting pH changes, Biogeosciences, 18, 1407–1415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021, 2021.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V.
J., and Millero, F. J.: Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3
System in the Oceans, Science, 305, 362–366, 2004a.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Schlitzer, R., Bullister, J. L., Mecking, S.,
and Greeley, D.: Oxygen Utilization and Organic Carbon Remineralization in
the Upper Water Column of the Pacific Ocean, J. Oceanogr., 60,
45–52, 2004b.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Hernandez-Ayon, M., Ianson, D., and Hales, B.:
Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive “Acidified” Water onto the Continental
Shelf, Science, 320, 1490–1492, 2008.
Feely, R. A., Doney, S. C., and Cooley, S. R.: Ocean Acidification: Present
Conditions and Future Changes in a High-CO2 World, Oceanography, 22,
36–47, 2009.
Feely, R. A., Alin, S. R., Newton, J., Sabine, C. L., Warner, M., Devol, A.,
Krembs, C., and Maloy, C.: The combined effects of ocean acidification,
mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized
estuary, Eastuar. Coast. Shelf S., 88, 442–449, 2010.
Feely, R. A., Alin, S. R., Carter, B., Bednarsek, N., Hales, B., Chan, F.,
Hill, T. M., Gaylord, B., Sanford, E., Byrne, R. H., Sabine, C. L., Greeley,
D., and Juranek, L.: Chemical and biological impacts of ocean acidification
along the west coast of North America, Eastuar. Coast. Shelf S.,
183, 260–270, 2016.
Feely, R. A., Okazaki, R. R., Cai, W. J., Bednarsek, N., Alin, S. R., Byrne,
R. H., and Fassbender, A.: The combined effects of acidification and hypoxia
on pH and aragonite saturation in the coastal waters of the California
current ecosystem and the northern Gulf of Mexico, Cont. Shelf Res., 152, 50–60, https://doi.org/10/1016/j.csr.2017.11.002, 2018.
Franco, A. C., Ianson, D., Ross, T., Hamme, R. C., Monahan, A. H.,
Christian, J. R., Davelaar, M., Johnson, W. K., Miller, L. A., Robert, M.,
and Tortell, P. D.: Anthropogenic and Climatic Contributions to Observed
Carbon System Trends in the Northeast Pacific, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
35, e2020GB006829, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006829, 2021.
Gobler, C. J. and Baumann, H.: Hypoxia and acidification in ocean
ecosystems: coupled dynamics and effects on marine life, Biol. Lett.,
12, 20150976, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0976, 2016.
Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., and Stocker, T. F.: An improved method for
detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 809–837, 1996.
Haigh, R., Ianson, D., Holt, C. A., Neate, H. E., and Edwards, A. M.:
Effects of Ocean Acidification on Temperature Coastal Marine Ecosystems and
Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific, PLoS ONE, 10, e0117533, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117533, 2015.
Hales, B., Cai, W.-J., Mitchell, B. G., Sabine, C. L., and Schofield, O.:
North American Continental Margins: A Synthesis and Planning Workshop,
Report of the North American Continental Margins Working Group for the U.S.
Carbon Cycle Scientific Steering Group and Interagency Working Group, edited
by: Hales, B., Cai, W.-J., Mitchell, B. G., Sabine, C. L., and Schofield,
O., U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program, Washington DC, 110 pp., 2008.
Hales, B., Suhrbier, A., Waldbusser, G. G., Feely, R. A., and Newton, J. A.:
The Carbonate Chemistry of the “Fattening Line”, Willapa Bay, 2011–2014,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 40, 173–186, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-12016-10136-12237, 2016.
Hare, A., Evans, W., Pocock, K., Weekes, C., and Gimenez, I.: Contrasting
marine carbonate systems in two fjords in British Columbia, Canada: seawater
buffering capacity and the response to anthropogenic CO2 invasion, PLoS
ONE, 15, e0238432, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238432, 2020.
Hauri, C., Schultz, C., Hedstrom, K., Danielson, S., Irving, B., Doney, S. C., Dussin, R., Curchitser, E. N., Hill, D. F., and Stock, C. A.: A regional hindcast model simulating ecosystem dynamics, inorganic carbon chemistry, and ocean acidification in the Gulf of Alaska, Biogeosciences, 17, 3837–3857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3837-2020, 2020.
Henson, S. A., Beaulieu, C., Ilyina, T., John, J. G., Long, M.,
Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Rapid emergence of
climate change in environmetal drivers of marine ecosystems, Nat. Commun., 8, 14682 ,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14682, 2017.
Holdsworth, A. M., Zhai, L., Lu, Y., and Christian, J. R.: Future Changes in
Oceanography and Biogeochemistry Along the Canadian Pacific Continental
Margin, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 602991, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.602991,
2021.
Ianson, D., Allen, S. E., Moore-Maley, B. L., Johannessen, S. C., and
Macdonald, R. W.: Vulnerability of a semienclosed estuarine sea to ocean
acidification in contrast with hypoxia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
5793–5801, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068996, 2016.
IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers, in: Global Warming of 1.5 ∘C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 ∘C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J. B. R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M. I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M., and Waterfield, T., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 32 pp., 2018.
Jackson, J., Thomson, R. E., Brown, L. N., Willis, P. G., and Borstad, G.
A.: Satellite chlorophyll off the British Columbia Coast, 1997–2010, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 4709–4728, 2015.
Jackson, J., Johnson, G. C., Dosser, H. V., and Ross, T.: Warming From
Recent Marine Heatwave Lingers in Deep British Columbia Fjord, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9757–9764, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078971, 2018.
Jiang, L.-Q., Feely, R. A., Carter, B. R., Greeley, D., Gledhill, D. K., and
Arzayus, K. M.: Climatological distribution of aragonite saturation state in
the global oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 1656–1673, 2015.
Jiang, L.-Q., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Lauvset, S. K., and Olsen, A.:
Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future, Sci. Rep., 9, 18624, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4, 2019.
Jin, P., Hutchins, D. A., and Gao, K.: The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on
Marine Food Quality and Its Potential Food Chain Consequences, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 543979, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.543979, 2020.
Johannessen, S. C., Macdonald, R. W., and Paton, D. W.: A sediment and
organic carbon budget for the greater Strait of Georgai, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 56, 845–860, 2003.
Johannessen, S. C., Masson, D., and Macdonald, R. W.: Oxygen in the deep
Strait of Georgia, 1951–2009: The roles of mixing, deep-water renewal, and
remineralization of organic carbon, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 211–222,
2014.
Johnson, K. S., Jannasch, H. W., Coletti, L. J., Elrod, V. A., Martz, T. R.,
Takeshita, Y., Carlson, R. J., and Connery, J. G.: Deep-Sea DuraFET: A
Pressure Tolerant pH Sensor Designed for Global Sensor Networks, Anal. Chem., 88, 3249–3256, 2016.
Juranek, L., Takahashi, T., Mathis, J., and Pickart, R.: Significant
Biologically Mediated CO2 Uptake in the Pacific Arctic During the Late
Open Water Season, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 821–843,
doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014568, 2019.
Kapsenberg, L. and Cyronak, T.: Ocean Acidification refugia in variable
environments, Glob. Change Biol., 25, 3201–3214, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14730, 2019.
Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R., L., Crim, R., Hendriks, I. E., Ramajo, L.,
Singh, G. S., Duarte, C. M., and Gattuso, J. P.: Impacts of ocean
acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and
interactions with warming, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 1884–1896, 2013.
Kroeker, K., Kindinger, T., Hirsh, H., Ward, M., Hill, T., Jellison, B., Koweek, D., Lummis, S., Rivest, E., Waldbusser, G., and Gaylord, B.: Reviews and Syntheses: Spatial and temporal patterns in metabolic fluxes inform potential for seagrass to locally mitigate ocean acidification, Biogeosciences Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-137, in review, 2021.
Kwiatkowski, L. and Orr, J. C.: Diverging seasonal extremes for ocean
acidification during the twenty-first century, Nat. Clim. Change, 8,
141–145, doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0054-0, 2018.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Stemmler, I., and Six,
K. D.: Strengthening seasonal marine CO2 variations due to increasing
atmospheric CO2, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 146–150, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0057-x,
2018.
Laruelle, G. G., Cai, W. J., Hu, X., Gruber, N., Mackenzie, F. T., and
Regnier, P.: Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink
for atmospheric carbon dioxide, Nat. Commun., 9, 454,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-41017-02738-z, 2018.
Lauvset, S. K., Carter, B. R., Perez, F. F., Jiang, L.-Q., Feely, R. A.,
Velo, A., and Olsen, A.: Processes Driving Global Interior Ocean pH
Distribution, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006229,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006229, 2020.
Lowe, A., Bos, J., and Ruesink, J.: Ecosystem metabolism drives pH
variability and modulates long-term ocean acidification in the Northeast
Pacific coastal ocean, Sci. Rep., 9, 963,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-41018-37764-41594, 2019.
Marshall, K. N., Kaplan, I. C., Hodgson, E. E., Hermann, A., Busch, D. S.,
McElhany, P., Essington, T. E., Harvey, C. J., and Fulton, E. A.: Risks of
ocean acidification in the California Current food web and fisheries:
ecosystem model projections, Glob. Change Biol., 23, 1525–1539, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13594,
2017.
Mathis, J. T., Cooley, S. R., Lucey, N., Colt, S., Ekstrom, J., Hurst, T.,
Hauri, C., Evans, W., Cross, J. N., and Feely, R. A.: Ocean acidification
risk assessment for Alaska's fishery sector, Prog. Oceanogr., 136,
71–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.001, 2015.
Matsumoto, K. and Gruber, N.: How accurate is the estimation of
anthropogenic carbon in the ocean?, An evaluation of the ΔC* method, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB3014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002397, 2005.
Matthews, H. D., Tokarska, K. B., Rogelj, J., Smith, C. J., MacDougall, A.
H., Haustein, K., Mengis, N., Sippel, S., Forster, P. M., and Knutti, R.: An
integrated approach to quantifying uncertainties in the remaining carbon
budget, Commun. Earth Environ., 7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00064-9,
2021.
Meinshausen, M., Nicholls, Z. R. J., Lewis, J., Gidden, M. J., Vogel, E., Freund, M., Beyerle, U., Gessner, C., Nauels, A., Bauer, N., Canadell, J. G., Daniel, J. S., John, A., Krummel, P. B., Luderer, G., Meinshausen, N., Montzka, S. A., Rayner, P. J., Reimann, S., Smith, S. J., van den Berg, M., Velders, G. J. M., Vollmer, M. K., and Wang, R. H. J.: The shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions to 2500, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3571–3605, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3571-2020, 2020.
Meire, L., Søgaard, D. H., Mortensen, J., Meysman, F. J. R., Soetaert, K., Arendt, K. E., Juul-Pedersen, T., Blicher, M. E., and Rysgaard, S.: Glacial meltwater and primary production are drivers of strong CO2 uptake in fjord and coastal waters adjacent to the Greenland Ice Sheet, Biogeosciences, 12, 2347–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2347-2015, 2015.
Mekkes, L., Renema, W., Bednaršek, N., Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A.,
Huisman, J., Roessingh, P., and Peijnenburg, K. T. C. A.: Pteropods make
thinner shellfs in the upwelling region of the California Current Ecosystem,
Sci. Rep., 11, 1731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-41021-81131-41599, 2021.
Morrison, J., Foreman, M. G. G., and Masson, D.: A Method for Estimating
Monthly Freshwater Discharge Affecting British Columbia Coastal Waters,
Atmos. Ocean, 50, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2011.637667, 2012.
Murray, J. W., Roberts, E., Howard, E., O'Donnell, M., Bantam, C.,
Carrington, E., Foy, M., Paul, B., and Fay, A.: An inland sea high
nitrate-low chlorophyll (HNLC) region with naturally high pCO2,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 60, 957–966, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10062, 2015.
Neal, E. G., Hood, E., and Smikrud, K.: Contribution of glacier runoff to
freshwater discharge into the Gulf of Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
37, L06404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042385, 2010.
Newton, J. A., Feely, R. A., Jewett, E. B., Williamson, P., and Mathis, J.:
Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network: Requirements and Governance
Plan, http://goa-on.org/docs/GOA-ON_2nd_edition_final.pdf (last access: May 2021), 2015.
O'Neel, S., Hood, E., Bidlack, A. L., Fleming, S. W., Arimitsu, M. L.,
Arendt, A., Burgess, E., Sergeant, C. J., Beaudreau, A. H., Timm, K.,
Hayward, G. D., Reynolds, J. H., and Pyare, S.: Icefield-to-Ocean Linkages
across the Northern Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforest Ecosystem,
BioScience, 65, 499–512, 2015.
Oliver, A. A., Tank, S. E., Giesbrecht, I., Korver, M. C., Floyd, W. C., Sanborn, P., Bulmer, C., and Lertzman, K. P.: A global hotspot for dissolved organic carbon in hypermaritime watersheds of coastal British Columbia, Biogeosciences, 14, 3743–3762, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3743-2017, 2017.
Orr, J. C., Epitalon, J.-M., Dickson, A. G., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Routine
uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system, Mar. Chem., 207, 84–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.006, 2018.
Osborne, E. B., Thunell, R. C., Gruber, N., Feely, R. A., and
Benitez-Nelson, C. R.: Decadal variability in twentieth-century ocean
acidification in the California Current Ecosystem, Nat. Geosci., 13, 43–49,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-41019-40499-z, 2020.
Pacella, S. R., Brown, C. A., Waldbusser, G. G., Labiosa, R. G., and Hales,
B.: Seagrass habitat metabolism increases short-term extremes and long-term
offset of CO2 under future ocean acidification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 15, 3870–3875, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703445115, 2018.
Pawlowicz, R., Riche, O., and Halverson, M.: The Circulation and Residence
Time of the Strait of Georgia using a Simple Mixing-box Approach,
Atmos. Ocean, 45, 1730-193, 2007.
Peck, V. L., Oakes, R. L., Harper, E. M., Manno, C., and Tarling, G. A.:
Pteropods counter mechanical damage and dissolution through extensive shell
repair, Nat. Commun., 9, 264, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-41017-026692-w, 2018.
Perez, F. F. and Fraga, F.: Association constant of fluoride and hydrogen
ions in seawater, Mar. Chem., 21, 161–168, 1987.
Pierrot, D., Neill, C., Sullivan, K., Castle, R., Wanninkhof, R., Lüger,
H., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Feely, R. A., and Cosca, C. E.:
Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO2 measuring systems and
data-reduction routines, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 512–522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.005, 2009.
Pilcher, D. J., Siedlecki, S. A., Hermann, A. J., Coyle, K. O., Mathis, J.
T., and Evans, W.: Simulated impact of high alkalinity glacial runoff on
CO2 uptake in the coastal Gulf of Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, Pages 880–890, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075910, 2016.
Raven, J. A., Gobler, C. J., and Juel Hansen, P.: Dynamic CO2 and pH
levels in coastal, estuarine, and inland waters: Theoretical and observed
effects on harmful algal blooms, Harmful Algae, 91, 101594,
doi/l10.1016/j.hal.2019.1003.1012, 2020.
Reisdorph, S. C. and Mathis, J. T.: The dynamic controls on carbonate
mineral saturation states and ocean acidification in a glacially dominated
estuary, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 144, 8–18, 2013.
Ricart, A. M., Ward, M., Hill, T. M., Sanford, E., Kroeker, K. J.,
Takeshita, Y., Merolla, S., Shukla, P., Ninokawa, A. T., Elsmore, K., and
Gaylord, B.: Coast-wide evidence of low pH amelioration by seagrass
ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 27, 2580–2591, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15594, 2021.
Rogelj, J., Shindell, D., Jiang, K., Fifita, S., Foster, P., Ginzburg, V., Handa, C., Kheshgi, H., Kobayashi, S., Kriegler, E., Mundaca, L., Séférian, R., and Vilariño, M.: Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5 ∘C in the context of sustainable development, in: Global Warming of 1.5 ∘C, An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 ∘C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (93–174), edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J. B. R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M. I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M., and Waterfield, T., IPCC/WMO, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf (last acces: May 2021), 2018.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Key, R. M., Bullister, J. L., Millero, F. J.,
Lee, K., Peng, T.-H., Tilbrook, B., Ono, T., and Wong, C. S.: Distribution
of anthropogenic CO2 in the Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1083, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001639, 2002.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J.
L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero,
F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: The Oceanic Sink
for Anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, 2004.
Salisbury, J. E., and Jönsson, B. F.: Rapid warming and salinity changes
in the Gulf of Maine alter surface ocean carbonate parameters and hide ocean
acidification, Biogeochemistry, 141, 401–418, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-10018-10505-10533, 2018.
Sarmiento, J. L. and Gruber, N.: Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics, Princeton
University Press, Princeton, ISBN: 9780691017075, 2006.
Sharp, J. D. and Byrne, R. H.: Interpreting measurements of total
alkalinity in marine and estuarine waters in the presence of proton-binding
organic matter, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 165,
103338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103338, 2020.
Sharp, J. D., Pierrot, D., Humphreys, M. P., Epitalon, J.-M., Orr, J. C.,
Lewis, E. R., and Wallace, D. W. R.: CO2SYSv3 for MATLAB (Version v3.2.0),
Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3950562, 2021.
Siedlecki, S. A., Pilcher, D. J., Hermann, A. J., Coyle, K., and Mathis, J.:
The Importance of Freshwater to Spatial Variability of Aragonite Saturation
State in the Gulf of Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122,
8482–8502, 2017.
St. Pierre, K. A., Oliver, A. A., Tank, S. E., Hunt, B. P. V., Giesbrecht,
I., Kellogg, C. T. E., Jackson, J. M., Lertzman, K. P., Floyd, W. C., and
Korver, M. C.: Terrestrial exports of dissolved and particulate organic
carbon affect nearshore ecosystems of the Pacific coastal temperate
rainforest, Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, 2657–2675, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11538, 2020.
St. Pierre, K. A., Hunt, B. P. V., Tank, S. E., Giesbrecht, I., Korver, M. C., Floyd, W. C., Oliver, A. A., and Lertzman, K. P.: Rain-fed streams dilute inorganic nutrients but subsidise organic-matter-associated nutrients in coastal waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences, 18, 3029–3052, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3029-2021, 2021.
Stabeno, P. J., Bond, N. A., Hermann, A. J., Kachel, N. B., Mordy, C. W.,
and Overland, J. E.: Meteorology and oceanography of the Northern Gulf of
Alaska, Cont. Shelf Res., 24, 859–897, 2004.
Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Maenner-Jones, S., Musielwicz, S., Osborne, J., Dietrich, C., Monacci, N., Cross, J., Bott, R., Kozyr, A., Andersson, A. J., Bates, N. R., Cai, W.-J., Cronin, M. F., De Carlo, E. H., Hales, B., Howden, S. D., Lee, C. M., Manzello, D. P., McPhaden, M. J., Meléndez, M., Mickett, J. B., Newton, J. A., Noakes, S. E., Noh, J. H., Olafsdottir, S. R., Salisbury, J. E., Send, U., Trull, T. W., Vandemark, D. C., and Weller, R. A.: Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 421–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019, 2019.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N.,
Tilbrook, B., Bates, N. R., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L.,
Olafsson, J., and Nojiri, Y.: Global sea-air CO2 flux based on
climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and
temperature effects, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1601–1622, 2002.
Takeshita, Y., Frieder, C. A., Martz, T. R., Ballard, J. R., Feely, R. A., Kram, S., Nam, S., Navarro, M. O., Price, N. N., and Smith, J. E.: Including high-frequency variability in coastal ocean acidification projections, Biogeosciences, 12, 5853–5870, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5853-2015, 2015.
Takeshita, Y., Johnson, K. S., Martz, T., Plant, J. N., and Sarmiento, J.
L.: Assessment of Autonomous pH Measurements for Determining Surface
Seawater Partial Pressure of CO2, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4003–4013, 2018.
Thomson, R. E.: Oceanography of the British Columbia coast, Canadian Special
Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, Department of Fisheries
and Oceans, Ottawa, ISBN: 0-660-10978-6, 1981.
Tilbrook, B., Jewett, E. B., DeGrandpre, M. D., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M.,
Feely, R. A., Gledhill, D. K., Hansson, L., Isenee, K., Kurz, M. L., Newton,
J. A., Siedlecki, S. A., Chai, F., Dupont, S., Graco, M., Calvo, E.,
Greeley, D., Kapsenberg, L., Lebrec, M., Pelejero, C., Schoo, K., and
Telszewski, M.: An Enhanced Ocean Acidification Observing Network: From
People to Technology to Data Synthesis and Information Exchange, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 337, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00337, 2019.
Tortell, P. D., Merzouk, A., Ianson, D., Pawlowicz, R., and Yelland, D. R.:
Influence of regional climate forcing on surface water pCO2, ΔO2/Ar
and dimethylsulfide (DMS) along the southern British Columbia coast,
Cont. Shelf Res., 47, 119–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.07.007, 2012.
Turk, D., Wang, H., Hu, X., Gledhill, D., Wang, Z. A., Jiang, L., and Cai,
W. J.: Time of Emergence of Surface Ocean Carbon Dioxide Trends in the North
American Coastal Margins in Support of Ocean Acidification Observing System
Design, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 91, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00091, 2019.
UNFCC: Adoption of the Paris Agreement FCCC/CP/2015/L.2019/Rev.2011.
2011–2032 (UNFCCC, Paris, France, 2015), https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf (last access: May 2021), 2015.
Uppström, L. R.: The boron/chlorinity ratio of deep-sea water from the
Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 21, 161–162,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6, 1974.
Waldbusser, G. G., Hales, B., Langdon, C. J., Haley, B. A., Schrader, P.,
Brunner, E. L., Gray, M. W., Miller, C. A., and Gimenez, I.:
Saturation-state sensitivity of marine bivalve larvae to ocean
acidification, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 273–280, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2479, 2014.
Wanninkhof, R. and Thoning, K.: Measurement of fugacity of CO2 in
surface water using continuous and discrete sampling methods, Mar. Chem., 44, 189–204, 1993.
Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D., Bates, N., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., and Sutton,
A.: Incorporation of Alternative Sensors in the SOCAT Database and
Adjustments to Dataset Quality Control Flags, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-data-system/oceans/Recommendationnewsensors.pdf (last access: May 2021),
2013.
Ward, N. D., Bianchi, T. S., Medeiros, P. M., Seidel, M., Richey, J. E.,
Keil, R. G., and Sawakuchi, H. O.: Where Carbon Goes When Water Flows:
Carbon Cycling across the Aquatic Continuum, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 7,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00007, 2017.
Ware, D. M. and Thomson, R. E.: Bottom-Up Ecosystem Trophic Dynamics
Determine Fish Production in the Northeast Pacific, Science, 308, 1280–1284,
2005.
Waters, J., Millero, F. J., and Woosley, R. J.: Corrigendum to “The free
proton concentration scale for seawater pH”, [MARCHE: 149(2013) 8-22],
Mar. Chem., 165, 66–67, 2014.
Weingartner, T. J., Eisner, L., Eckert, G. L., and Danielson, S. L.:
Southeast Alaska: oceanographic habitats and linkages, J. Biogeogr., 36, 387–400, 2009.
Whitney, F. A., Crawford, W. R., and Harrison, P. J.: Physical processes
that enhance nutrient transport and primary productivity in the coastal and
open ocean of the subartic NE Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 681–706,
2005.
Short summary
Information on the marine carbon dioxide system along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage has been limited. To address this gap, we instrumented an Alaskan ferry in order to characterize the marine carbon dioxide system in this region. Data over a 2-year period were used to assess drivers of the observed variability, identify the timing of severe conditions, and assess the extent of contemporary ocean acidification as well as future levels consistent with a 1.5 °C warmer climate.
Information on the marine carbon dioxide system along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage has...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint