Articles | Volume 14, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4023-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4023-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Sep 2017
Research article |
| 15 Sep 2017
Modelling past, present and future peatland carbon accumulation across the pan-Arctic region
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University,
Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
Paul A. Miller
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University,
Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
Benjamin Smith
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University,
Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
Related authors
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Nitin Chaudhary, Paul A. Miller, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 14, 2571–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We incorporated peatland dynamics into
Arcticversion of dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to understand the long-term evolution of northern peatlands and effects of climate change on peatland carbon balance. We found that the Stordalen mire may be expected to sequester more carbon before 2050 due to milder and wetter climate conditions, a longer growing season and CO2 fertilization effect, turning into a C source after 2050 because of higher decomposition rates in response to warming soils.
A. Ekici, S. Chadburn, N. Chaudhary, L. H. Hajdu, A. Marmy, S. Peng, J. Boike, E. Burke, A. D. Friend, C. Hauck, G. Krinner, M. Langer, P. A. Miller, and C. Beer
The Cryosphere, 9, 1343–1361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares the performance of different land models in estimating soil thermal regimes at distinct cold region landscape types. Comparing models with different processes reveal the importance of surface insulation (snow/moss layer) and soil internal processes (heat/water transfer). The importance of model processes also depend on site conditions such as high/low snow cover, dry/wet soil types.
Jalisha T. Kallingal, Johan Lindström, Paul A. Miller, Janne Rinne, Maarit Raivonen, and Marko Scholze
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2299–2324, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By unlocking the mysteries of CH4 emissions from wetlands, our work improved the accuracy of the LPJ-GUESS vegetation model using Bayesian statistics. Via assimilation of long-term real data from a wetland, we significantly enhanced CH4 emission predictions. This advancement helps us better understand wetland contributions to atmospheric CH4, which are crucial for addressing climate change. Our method offers a promising tool for refining global climate models and guiding conservation efforts
Fredrik Lagergren, Robert G. Björk, Camilla Andersson, Danijel Belušić, Mats P. Björkman, Erik Kjellström, Petter Lind, David Lindstedt, Tinja Olenius, Håkan Pleijel, Gunhild Rosqvist, and Paul A. Miller
Biogeosciences, 21, 1093–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Fennoscandian boreal and mountain regions harbour a wide range of ecosystems sensitive to climate change. A new, highly resolved high-emission climate scenario enabled modelling of the vegetation development in this region at high resolution for the 21st century. The results show dramatic south to north and low- to high-altitude shifts of vegetation zones, especially for the open tundra environments, which will have large implications for nature conservation, reindeer husbandry and forestry.
Jalisha Theanutti Kallingal, Marko Scholze, Paul Anthony Miller, Johan Lindström, Janne Rinne, Mika Aurela, Patrik Vestin, and Per Weslien
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-373, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-373, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs an Adaptive MCMC algorithm (GRaB-AM) to constrain process parameters in the wetlands emission module of the LPJ-GUESS model, using CH4 EC flux observations from 14 diverse wetlands. We aim to derive a single set of parameters capable of representing the diversity of northern wetlands. By reducing uncertainties in model parameters and improving simulation accuracy, our research contributes to more reliable projections of future wetland CH4 emissions and their climate impact.
Tuula Aalto, Aki Tsuruta, Jarmo Mäkelä, Jurek Mueller, Maria Tenkanen, Eleanor Burke, Sarah Chadburn, Yao Gao, Vilma Mannisenaho, Thomas Kleinen, Hanna Lee, Antti Leppänen, Tiina Markkanen, Stefano Materia, Paul Miller, Daniele Peano, Olli Peltola, Benjamin Poulter, Maarit Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, David Wårlind, and Sönke Zaehle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wetland methane responses to temperature and precipitation were studied in a boreal wetland-rich region in Northern Europe using ecosystem models, atmospheric inversions and up-scaled flux observations. The ecosystem models differed in their responses to temperature and precipitation and in their seasonality. However, multi-model means, inversions and up-scaled fluxes had similar seasonality, and they suggested co-limitation by temperature and precipitation.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Ralf Döscher, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, Peter Anthoni, Thomas Arsouze, Tommi Bergman, Raffaele Bernardello, Souhail Boussetta, Louis-Philippe Caron, Glenn Carver, Miguel Castrillo, Franco Catalano, Ivana Cvijanovic, Paolo Davini, Evelien Dekker, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, David Docquier, Pablo Echevarria, Uwe Fladrich, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Matthias Gröger, Jost v. Hardenberg, Jenny Hieronymus, M. Pasha Karami, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Torben Koenigk, Risto Makkonen, François Massonnet, Martin Ménégoz, Paul A. Miller, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Lars Nieradzik, Twan van Noije, Paul Nolan, Declan O'Donnell, Pirkka Ollinaho, Gijs van den Oord, Pablo Ortega, Oriol Tintó Prims, Arthur Ramos, Thomas Reerink, Clement Rousset, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Philippe Le Sager, Torben Schmith, Roland Schrödner, Federico Serva, Valentina Sicardi, Marianne Sloth Madsen, Benjamin Smith, Tian Tian, Etienne Tourigny, Petteri Uotila, Martin Vancoppenolle, Shiyu Wang, David Wårlind, Ulrika Willén, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Xavier Yepes-Arbós, and Qiong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2973–3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth system model EC-Earth3 is documented here. Key performance metrics show physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
H. E. Markus Meier, Madline Kniebusch, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Eduardo Zorita, Ragnar Elmgren, Kai Myrberg, Markus P. Ahola, Alena Bartosova, Erik Bonsdorff, Florian Börgel, Rene Capell, Ida Carlén, Thomas Carlund, Jacob Carstensen, Ole B. Christensen, Volker Dierschke, Claudia Frauen, Morten Frederiksen, Elie Gaget, Anders Galatius, Jari J. Haapala, Antti Halkka, Gustaf Hugelius, Birgit Hünicke, Jaak Jaagus, Mart Jüssi, Jukka Käyhkö, Nina Kirchner, Erik Kjellström, Karol Kulinski, Andreas Lehmann, Göran Lindström, Wilhelm May, Paul A. Miller, Volker Mohrholz, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Markus Quante, Marcus Reckermann, Anna Rutgersson, Oleg P. Savchuk, Martin Stendel, Laura Tuomi, Markku Viitasalo, Ralf Weisse, and Wenyan Zhang
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 457–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge about the effects of global warming on past and future changes in the climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere.
Adrian Gustafson, Paul A. Miller, Robert G. Björk, Stefan Olin, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 6329–6347, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6329-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6329-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed model simulations of vegetation change for a historic period and a range of climate change scenarios at a high spatial resolution. Projected treeline advance continued at the same or increased rates compared to our historic simulation. Temperature isotherms advanced faster than treelines, revealing a lag in potential vegetation shifts that was modulated by nitrogen availability. At the year 2100 projected treelines had advanced by 45–195 elevational metres depending on the scenario.
Alexandra Pongracz, David Wårlind, Paul A. Miller, and Frans-Jan W. Parmentier
Biogeosciences, 18, 5767–5787, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5767-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5767-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that the introduction of a multi-layer snow scheme in the LPJ-GUESS DGVM improved simulations of high-latitude soil temperature dynamics and permafrost extent compared to observations. In addition, these improvements led to shifts in carbon fluxes that contrasted within and outside of the permafrost region. Our results show that a realistic snow scheme is essential to accurately simulate snow–soil–vegetation relationships and carbon–climate feedbacks.
Matthias Gröger, Christian Dieterich, Jari Haapala, Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Stefan Hagemann, Jaromir Jakacki, Wilhelm May, H. E. Markus Meier, Paul A. Miller, Anna Rutgersson, and Lichuan Wu
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 939–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate studies are typically pursued by single Earth system component models (e.g., ocean models and atmosphere models). These models are driven by prescribed data which hamper the simulation of feedbacks between Earth system components. To overcome this, models were developed that interactively couple model components and allow an adequate simulation of Earth system interactions important for climate. This article reviews recent developments of such models for the Baltic Sea region.
Marielle Saunois, Ann R. Stavert, Ben Poulter, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Peter A. Raymond, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Sander Houweling, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Ciais, Vivek K. Arora, David Bastviken, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Lori Bruhwiler, Kimberly M. Carlson, Mark Carrol, Simona Castaldi, Naveen Chandra, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick M. Crill, Kristofer Covey, Charles L. Curry, Giuseppe Etiope, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Michaela I. Hegglin, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Gustaf Hugelius, Misa Ishizawa, Akihiko Ito, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Katherine M. Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds, Goulven G. Laruelle, Licheng Liu, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe McNorton, Paul A. Miller, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Vaishali Naik, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Simon O'Doherty, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Glen P. Peters, Catherine Prigent, Ronald Prinn, Michel Ramonet, Pierre Regnier, William J. Riley, Judith A. Rosentreter, Arjo Segers, Isobel J. Simpson, Hao Shi, Steven J. Smith, L. Paul Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Francesco N. Tubiello, Aki Tsuruta, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Thomas S. Weber, Michiel van Weele, Guido R. van der Werf, Ray F. Weiss, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch, Yi Yin, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1561–1623, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. We have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. This is the second version of the review dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down and bottom-up estimates.
Nitin Chaudhary, Paul A. Miller, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 14, 2571–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We incorporated peatland dynamics into
Arcticversion of dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to understand the long-term evolution of northern peatlands and effects of climate change on peatland carbon balance. We found that the Stordalen mire may be expected to sequester more carbon before 2050 due to milder and wetter climate conditions, a longer growing season and CO2 fertilization effect, turning into a C source after 2050 because of higher decomposition rates in response to warming soils.
Wenli Wang, Annette Rinke, John C. Moore, Duoying Ji, Xuefeng Cui, Shushi Peng, David M. Lawrence, A. David McGuire, Eleanor J. Burke, Xiaodong Chen, Bertrand Decharme, Charles Koven, Andrew MacDougall, Kazuyuki Saito, Wenxin Zhang, Ramdane Alkama, Theodore J. Bohn, Philippe Ciais, Christine Delire, Isabelle Gouttevin, Tomohiro Hajima, Gerhard Krinner, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Paul A. Miller, Benjamin Smith, Tetsuo Sueyoshi, and Artem B. Sherstiukov
The Cryosphere, 10, 1721–1737, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1721-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1721-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The winter snow insulation is a key process for air–soil temperature coupling and is relevant for permafrost simulations. Differences in simulated air–soil temperature relationships and their modulation by climate conditions are found to be related to the snow model physics. Generally, models with better performance apply multilayer snow schemes.
Almut Arneth, Risto Makkonen, Stefan Olin, Pauli Paasonen, Thomas Holst, Maija K. Kajos, Markku Kulmala, Trofim Maximov, Paul A. Miller, and Guy Schurgers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5243–5262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5243-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5243-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We study the potentially contrasting effects of enhanced ecosystem CO2 release in response to warmer temperatures vs. emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their formation of secondary organic aerosol through a combination of measurements and modelling at a remote location in Eastern Siberia. The study aims to highlight the number of potentially opposing processes and complex interactions between vegetation physiology, soil processes and trace-gas exchanges in the climate system.
S. Peng, P. Ciais, G. Krinner, T. Wang, I. Gouttevin, A. D. McGuire, D. Lawrence, E. Burke, X. Chen, B. Decharme, C. Koven, A. MacDougall, A. Rinke, K. Saito, W. Zhang, R. Alkama, T. J. Bohn, C. Delire, T. Hajima, D. Ji, D. P. Lettenmaier, P. A. Miller, J. C. Moore, B. Smith, and T. Sueyoshi
The Cryosphere, 10, 179–192, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-179-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-179-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soil temperature change is a key indicator of the dynamics of permafrost. Using nine process-based ecosystem models with permafrost processes, a large spread of soil temperature trends across the models. Air temperature and longwave downward radiation are the main drivers of soil temperature trends. Based on an emerging observation constraint method, the total boreal near-surface permafrost area decrease comprised between 39 ± 14 × 103 and 75 ± 14 × 103 km2 yr−1 from 1960 to 2000.
M. A. Rawlins, A. D. McGuire, J. S. Kimball, P. Dass, D. Lawrence, E. Burke, X. Chen, C. Delire, C. Koven, A. MacDougall, S. Peng, A. Rinke, K. Saito, W. Zhang, R. Alkama, T. J. Bohn, P. Ciais, B. Decharme, I. Gouttevin, T. Hajima, D. Ji, G. Krinner, D. P. Lettenmaier, P. Miller, J. C. Moore, B. Smith, and T. Sueyoshi
Biogeosciences, 12, 4385–4405, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4385-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4385-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We used outputs from nine models to better understand land-atmosphere CO2 exchanges across Northern Eurasia over the period 1960-1990. Model estimates were assessed against independent ground and satellite measurements. We find that the models show a weakening of the CO2 sink over time; the models tend to overestimate respiration, causing an underestimate in NEP; the model range in regional NEP is twice the multimodel mean. Residence time for soil carbon decreased, amid a gain in carbon storage.
A. Ekici, S. Chadburn, N. Chaudhary, L. H. Hajdu, A. Marmy, S. Peng, J. Boike, E. Burke, A. D. Friend, C. Hauck, G. Krinner, M. Langer, P. A. Miller, and C. Beer
The Cryosphere, 9, 1343–1361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares the performance of different land models in estimating soil thermal regimes at distinct cold region landscape types. Comparing models with different processes reveal the importance of surface insulation (snow/moss layer) and soil internal processes (heat/water transfer). The importance of model processes also depend on site conditions such as high/low snow cover, dry/wet soil types.
J. Tang, P. A. Miller, A. Persson, D. Olefeldt, P. Pilesjö, M. Heliasz, M. Jackowicz-Korczynski, Z. Yang, B. Smith, T. V. Callaghan, and T. R. Christensen
Biogeosciences, 12, 2791–2808, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2791-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2791-2015, 2015
W. Zhang, C. Jansson, P. A. Miller, B. Smith, and P. Samuelsson
Biogeosciences, 11, 5503–5519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5503-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5503-2014, 2014
A. Arneth, S. Olin, R. Makkonen, P. Paasonen, T. Holst, M. Kajos, M. Kulmala, T. Maximov, P. A. Miller, and G. Schurgers
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-19149-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-19149-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Models, Holocene/Anthropocene
Frost matters: incorporating late-spring frost into a dynamic vegetation model regulates regional productivity dynamics in European beech forests
Coupling numerical models of deltaic wetlands with AirSWOT, UAVSAR, and AVIRIS-NG remote sensing data
Meteorological history of low-forest-greenness events in Europe in 2002–2022
Modelling long-term alluvial-peatland dynamics in temperate river floodplains
Variable particle size distributions reduce the sensitivity of global export flux to climate change
Climate change will cause non-analog vegetation states in Africa and commit vegetation to long-term change
Uncertainties, sensitivities and robustness of simulated water erosion in an EPIC-based global gridded crop model
Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections
The capacity of northern peatlands for long-term carbon sequestration
Towards a more complete quantification of the global carbon cycle
Modeling seasonal and vertical habitats of planktonic foraminifera on a global scale
An enhanced forest classification scheme for modeling vegetation–climate interactions based on national forest inventory data
Sensitivity of woody carbon stocks to bark investment strategy in Neotropical savannas and forests
Biogenic sediments from coastal ecosystems to beach–dune systems: implications for the adaptation of mixed and carbonate beaches to future sea level rise
Modelling Holocene peatland dynamics with an individual-based dynamic vegetation model
Effects of climate change and land management on soil organic carbon dynamics and carbon leaching in northwestern Europe
Quantifying regional, time-varying effects of cropland and pasture on vegetation fire
HESFIRE: a global fire model to explore the role of anthropogenic and weather drivers
Impact of human population density on fire frequency at the global scale
Evaluation of biospheric components in Earth system models using modern and palaeo-observations: the state-of-the-art
A high-resolution and harmonized model approach for reconstructing and analysing historic land changes in Europe
Analyzing precipitationsheds to understand the vulnerability of rainfall dependent regions
A new concept for simulation of vegetated land surface dynamics – Part 1: The event driven phenology model
Alternative methods to predict actual evapotranspiration illustrate the importance of accounting for phenology – Part 2: The event driven phenology model
The influence of land cover change in the Asian monsoon region on present-day and mid-Holocene climate
Sensitivity of Holocene atmospheric CO2 and the modern carbon budget to early human land use: analyses with a process-based model
Side effects and accounting aspects of hypothetical large-scale Southern Ocean iron fertilization
Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects of large-scale forest cover changes in the MPI earth system model
Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis
Impact of atmospheric and terrestrial CO2 feedbacks on fertilization-induced marine carbon uptake
Benjamin F. Meyer, Allan Buras, Konstantin Gregor, Lucia S. Layritz, Adriana Principe, Jürgen Kreyling, Anja Rammig, and Christian S. Zang
Biogeosciences, 21, 1355–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Late-spring frost (LSF), critically low temperatures when trees have already flushed their leaves, results in freezing damage leaving trees with reduced ability to perform photosynthesis. Forests with a high proportion of susceptible species like European beech are particularly vulnerable. However, this process is rarely included in dynamic vegetation models (DVMs). We show that the effect on simulated productivity and biomass is substantial, warranting more widespread inclusion of LSF in DVMs.
Luca Cortese, Carmine Donatelli, Xiaohe Zhang, Justin A. Nghiem, Marc Simard, Cathleen E. Jones, Michael Denbina, Cédric G. Fichot, Joshua P. Harringmeyer, and Sergio Fagherazzi
Biogeosciences, 21, 241–260, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that numerical models in coastal areas can greatly benefit from the spatial information provided by remote sensing. Three Delft3D numerical models in coastal Louisiana are calibrated using airborne SAR and hyperspectral remote sensing products from the recent NASA Delta-X mission. The comparison with the remote sensing allows areas where the models perform better to be spatially verified and yields more representative parameters for the entire area.
Mauro Hermann, Matthias Röthlisberger, Arthur Gessler, Andreas Rigling, Cornelius Senf, Thomas Wohlgemuth, and Heini Wernli
Biogeosciences, 20, 1155–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the multi-annual meteorological history of low-forest-greenness events in Europe's temperate and Mediterranean biome in 2002–2022. We systematically identify anomalies in temperature, precipitation, and weather systems as event precursors, with noteworthy differences between the two biomes. We also quantify the impact of the most extensive event in 2022 (37 % coverage), underlining the importance of understanding the forest–meteorology interaction in a changing climate.
Ward Swinnen, Nils Broothaerts, and Gert Verstraeten
Biogeosciences, 18, 6181–6212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a new modelling framework specifically designed to simulate alluvial peat growth, taking into account the river dynamics. The results indicate that alluvial peat growth is strongly determined by the number, spacing and movement of the river channels in the floodplain, rather than by environmental changes or peat properties. As such, the amount of peat that can develop in a floodplain is strongly determined by the characteristics and dynamics of the local river network.
Shirley W. Leung, Thomas Weber, Jacob A. Cram, and Curtis Deutsch
Biogeosciences, 18, 229–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A global model is constrained with empirical relationships to quantify how shifts in sinking-particle sizes modulate particulate organic carbon export production changes in a warming ocean. Including the effect of dynamic particle sizes on remineralization reduces the magnitude of predicted 100-year changes in export production by ~14 %. Projections of future export could thus be improved by considering dynamic phytoplankton and particle-size-dependent remineralization depths.
Mirjam Pfeiffer, Dushyant Kumar, Carola Martens, and Simon Scheiter
Biogeosciences, 17, 5829–5847, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5829-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5829-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Lags caused by delayed vegetation response to changing environmental conditions can lead to disequilibrium vegetation states. Awareness of this issue is relevant for ecosystem conservation. We used the aDGVM vegetation model to quantify the difference between transient and equilibrium vegetation states in Africa during the 21st century for two potential climate trajectories. Lag times increased over time and vegetation was non-analog to any equilibrium state due to multi-lag composite states.
Tony W. Carr, Juraj Balkovič, Paul E. Dodds, Christian Folberth, Emil Fulajtar, and Rastislav Skalsky
Biogeosciences, 17, 5263–5283, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5263-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5263-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We generate 30-year mean water erosion estimates in global maize and wheat fields based on daily simulation outputs from an EPIC-based global gridded crop model. Evaluation against field data confirmed the robustness of the outputs for the majority of global cropland and overestimations at locations with steep slopes and strong rainfall. Additionally, we address sensitivities and uncertainties of model inputs to improve water erosion estimates in global agricultural impact studies.
Lester Kwiatkowski, Olivier Torres, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Matthew Chamberlain, James R. Christian, John P. Dunne, Marion Gehlen, Tatiana Ilyina, Jasmin G. John, Andrew Lenton, Hongmei Li, Nicole S. Lovenduski, James C. Orr, Julien Palmieri, Yeray Santana-Falcón, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Charles A. Stock, Alessandro Tagliabue, Yohei Takano, Jerry Tjiputra, Katsuya Toyama, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, and Tilo Ziehn
Biogeosciences, 17, 3439–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess 21st century projections of marine biogeochemistry in the CMIP6 Earth system models. These models represent the most up-to-date understanding of climate change. The models generally project greater surface ocean warming, acidification, subsurface deoxygenation, and euphotic nitrate reductions but lesser primary production declines than the previous generation of models. This has major implications for the impact of anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems.
Georgii A. Alexandrov, Victor A. Brovkin, Thomas Kleinen, and Zicheng Yu
Biogeosciences, 17, 47–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-47-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-47-2020, 2020
Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Guang Zeng, Fabiano Ximenes, Donna L. Giltrap, and John R. Zeldis
Biogeosciences, 16, 831–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-831-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-831-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Globally, C is added to the atmosphere from fossil fuels and deforestation, balanced by ocean uptake and atmospheric increase. The difference (residual sink) is equated to plant uptake. But this omits cement carbonation; transport to oceans by dust; riverine organic C and volatile organics; and increased C in plastic, bitumen, wood, landfills, and lakes. Their inclusion reduces the residual sink from 3.6 to 2.1 GtC yr-1 and thus the inferred ability of the biosphere to alter human C emissions.
Kerstin Kretschmer, Lukas Jonkers, Michal Kucera, and Michael Schulz
Biogeosciences, 15, 4405–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4405-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4405-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fossil shells of planktonic foraminifera are widely used to reconstruct past climate conditions. To do so, information about their seasonal and vertical habitat is needed. Here we present an updated version of a planktonic foraminifera model to better understand species-specific habitat dynamics under climate change. This model produces spatially and temporally coherent distribution patterns, which agree well with available observations, and can thus aid the interpretation of proxy records.
Titta Majasalmi, Stephanie Eisner, Rasmus Astrup, Jonas Fridman, and Ryan M. Bright
Biogeosciences, 15, 399–412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-399-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-399-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Forest management shapes forest structure and in turn surface–atmosphere interactions. We used Fennoscandian forest maps and inventory data to develop a classification system for forest structure. The classification was integrated with the ESA Climate Change Initiative land cover map to achieve complete surface representation. The result is an improved product for modeling surface–atmosphere exchanges in regions with intensively managed forests.
Anna T. Trugman, David Medvigy, William A. Hoffmann, and Adam F. A. Pellegrini
Biogeosciences, 15, 233–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Tree fire tolerance strategies may significantly impact woody carbon stability and the existence of tropical savannas under global climate change. We used a numerical ecosystem model to test the impacts of fire survival strategy under differing fire and rainfall regimes. We found that the high survival rate of large fire-tolerant trees reduced carbon losses with increasing fire frequency, and reduced the range of conditions leading to either complete tree loss or complete grass loss.
Giovanni De Falco, Emanuela Molinaroli, Alessandro Conforti, Simone Simeone, and Renato Tonielli
Biogeosciences, 14, 3191–3205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3191-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3191-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the contribution of carbonate sediments, produced in seagrass meadows and in photophilic algal communities, to the sediment budget of a beach–dune system. The contribution to the beach sediment budget represents a further ecosystem service provided by seagrass. The dependence of the beach sediment budget on carbonate production associated with coastal ecosystems has implications for the adaptation of carbonate beaches to the seagrass decline and sea level rise.
Nitin Chaudhary, Paul A. Miller, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 14, 2571–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We incorporated peatland dynamics into
Arcticversion of dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to understand the long-term evolution of northern peatlands and effects of climate change on peatland carbon balance. We found that the Stordalen mire may be expected to sequester more carbon before 2050 due to milder and wetter climate conditions, a longer growing season and CO2 fertilization effect, turning into a C source after 2050 because of higher decomposition rates in response to warming soils.
Maria Stergiadi, Marcel van der Perk, Ton C. M. de Nijs, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Biogeosciences, 13, 1519–1536, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1519-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1519-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled the effects of changes in climate and land management on soil organic carbon (SOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in sandy and loamy soils under forest, grassland, and arable land. Climate change causes a decrease in both SOC and DOC for the agricultural systems, whereas for the forest systems, SOC slightly increases. A reduction in fertilizer application leads to a decrease in SOC and DOC levels under arable land but has a negligible effect under grassland.
S. S. Rabin, B. I. Magi, E. Shevliakova, and S. W. Pacala
Biogeosciences, 12, 6591–6604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6591-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6591-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
People worldwide use fire to manage agriculture, but often also suppress fire in the landscape surrounding their fields. Here, we estimate the net result of these effects of cropland and pasture on fire at a regional, monthly level. Pasture is shown, for the first time, to contribute strongly to global patterns of burning. Our results could be used to improve representations of burning in global vegetation and climate models, improving our understanding of how people affect the Earth system.
Y. Le Page, D. Morton, B. Bond-Lamberty, J. M. C. Pereira, and G. Hurtt
Biogeosciences, 12, 887–903, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-887-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-887-2015, 2015
W. Knorr, T. Kaminski, A. Arneth, and U. Weber
Biogeosciences, 11, 1085–1102, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1085-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1085-2014, 2014
A. M. Foley, D. Dalmonech, A. D. Friend, F. Aires, A. T. Archibald, P. Bartlein, L. Bopp, J. Chappellaz, P. Cox, N. R. Edwards, G. Feulner, P. Friedlingstein, S. P. Harrison, P. O. Hopcroft, C. D. Jones, J. Kolassa, J. G. Levine, I. C. Prentice, J. Pyle, N. Vázquez Riveiros, E. W. Wolff, and S. Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 10, 8305–8328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8305-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8305-2013, 2013
R. Fuchs, M. Herold, P. H. Verburg, and J. G. P. W. Clevers
Biogeosciences, 10, 1543–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1543-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1543-2013, 2013
P. W. Keys, R. J. van der Ent, L. J. Gordon, H. Hoff, R. Nikoli, and H. H. G. Savenije
Biogeosciences, 9, 733–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-733-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-733-2012, 2012
V. Kovalskyy and G. M. Henebry
Biogeosciences, 9, 141–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-141-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-141-2012, 2012
V. Kovalskyy and G. M. Henebry
Biogeosciences, 9, 161–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-161-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-161-2012, 2012
A. Dallmeyer and M. Claussen
Biogeosciences, 8, 1499–1519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1499-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1499-2011, 2011
B. D. Stocker, K. Strassmann, and F. Joos
Biogeosciences, 8, 69–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-69-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-69-2011, 2011
A. Oschlies, W. Koeve, W. Rickels, and K. Rehdanz
Biogeosciences, 7, 4017–4035, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-4017-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-4017-2010, 2010
S. Bathiany, M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, T. Raddatz, and V. Gayler
Biogeosciences, 7, 1383–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1383-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1383-2010, 2010
M. Steinacher, F. Joos, T. L. Frölicher, L. Bopp, P. Cadule, V. Cocco, S. C. Doney, M. Gehlen, K. Lindsay, J. K. Moore, B. Schneider, and J. Segschneider
Biogeosciences, 7, 979–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010, 2010
A. Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 6, 1603–1613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1603-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1603-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Aerts, R., Verhoeven, J. T. A., and Whigham, D. F.: Plant-mediated controls on nutrient cycling in temperate fens and bogs, Ecology, 80, 2170–2181, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2170:pmconc]2.0.co;2, 1999.
Alexandrov, G. A., Brovkin, V. A., and Kleinen, T.: The influence of climate on peatland extent in Western Siberia since the Last Glacial Maximum, Sci. Rep., 6, 24784, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24784, 2016.
Ali, A. A., Ghaleb, B., Garneau, M., Asnong, H., and Loisel, J.: Recent peat accumulation rates in minerotrophic peatlands of the Bay James region, Eastern Canada, inferred by 210Pb and 137Cs radiometric techniques, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 66, 1350–1358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.02.091, 2008.
Anderson, D. E.: A reconstruction of Holocene climatic changes from peat bogs in north-west Scotland, Boreas, 27, 208–224, 1998.
Anderson, D. E.: Carbon accumulation and C ∕ N ratios of peat bogs in North-West Scotland, Scot. Geogr. J., 118, 323–341, https://doi.org/10.1080/00369220218737155, 2002.
Andrews, T., Gregory, J. M., Webb, M. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Forcing, feedbacks and climate sensitivity in CMIP5 coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051607, 2012.
Bauer, I. E.: Modelling effects of litter quality and environment on peat accumulation over different time-scales, J. Ecol., 92, 661–674, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00905.x, 2004.
Beilman, D. W.: Plant community and diversity change due to localized permafrost dynamics in bogs of western Canada, Can. J. Bot., 79, 983–993, 2001.
Beilman, D. W., Vitt, D. H., Bhatti, J. S., and Forest, S.: Peat carbon stocks in the southern Mackenzie River Basin: uncertainties revealed in a high-resolution case study, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1221–1232, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01565.x, 2008.
Beilman, D. W., MacDonald, G. M., Smith, L. C., and Reimer, P. J.: Carbon accumulation in peatlands of West Siberia over the last 2000 years, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gb003112, 2009.
Berger, A. and Loutr, M. F.: Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 10, 297–317, 2003.
Bernard, J. M. and Fiala, K.: Distribution and Standing Crop of Living and Dead Roots in Three Wetland Carex Species, B. Torrey Bot. Club, 113, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.2307/2996226, 1986.
Bleuten, W., Borren, W., Glaser, P. H., Tsuchihara, T., Lapshina, E. D., Makila, M., Siegel, D., Joosten, H., and Wassen, M. J.: Hydrological processes, nutrient flows and patterns of fens and bogs, in: Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, edited by: Verheven, J. T. A., Beltman, B., Bobbink, R., and Whigham, D. F., Ecological Studies, Analysis and Synthesis, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Berlin, 2006.
Blyakharchuk, T. A. and Sulerzhitsky, L. D.: Holocene vegetational and climatic changes in the forest zone of Western Siberia according to pollen records from the extrazonal palsa bog Bugristoye, Holocene, 9, 621–628, https://doi.org/10.1191/095968399676614561, 1999.
Borren, W. and Bleuten, W.: Simulating Holocene carbon accumulation in a western Siberian watershed mire using a three-dimensional dynamic modeling approach, Water Resour. Res., 42, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr004885, 2006.
Borren, W., Bleuten, W., and Lapshina, E. D.: Holocene peat and carbon accumulation rates in the southern taiga of western Siberia, Quaternary Res., 61, 42-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.09.002, 2004.
Botch, M. S., Kobak, K. I., Vinson, T. S., and Kolchugina, T. P.: Carbon pools and accumulation in peatlands of the former soviet-union, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 37–46, https://doi.org/10.1029/94gb03156, 1995.
Bragazza, L., Buttler, A., Robroek, B. J. M., Albrecht, R., Zaccone, C., Jassey, V. E. J., and Signarbieux, C.: Persistent high temperature and low precipitation reduce peat carbon accumulation, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 4114–4123, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13319, 2016.
Bunbury, J., Finkelstein, S. A., and Bollmann, J.: Holocene hydro-climatic change and effects on carbon accumulation inferred from a peat bog in the Attawapiskat River watershed, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada, Quaternary Res., 78, 275–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.05.013, 2012.
Charman, D. J.: Patterned fen development in northern Scotland: Hypothesis testing and comparison with ombrotrophic blanket peats, J. Quaternary Sci., 10, 327–342, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3390100403, 1995.
Charman, D. J., Beilman, D. W., Blaauw, M., Booth, R. K., Brewer, S., Chambers, F. M., Christen, J. A., Gallego-Sala, A., Harrison, S. P., Hughes, P. D. M., Jackson, S. T., Korhola, A., Mauquoy, D., Mitchell, F. J. G., Prentice, I. C., van der Linden, M., De Vleeschouwer, F., Yu, Z. C., Alm, J., Bauer, I. E., Corish, Y. M. C., Garneau, M., Hohl, V., Huang, Y., Karofeld, E., Le Roux, G., Loisel, J., Moschen, R., Nichols, J. E., Nieminen, T. M., MacDonald, G. M., Phadtare, N. R., Rausch, N., Sillasoo, U., Swindles, G. T., Tuittila, E. S., Ukonmaanaho, L., Valiranta, M., van Bellen, S., van Geel, B., Vitt, D. H., and Zhao, Y.: Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium, Biogeosciences, 10, 929–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-929-2013, 2013.
Charman, D. J., Amesbury, M. J., Hinchliffe, W., Hughes, P. D. M., Mallon, G., Blake, W. H., Daley, T. J., Gallego-Sala, A. V., and Mauquoy, D.: Drivers of Holocene peatland carbon accumulation across a climate gradient in northeastern North America, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 121, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.012, 2015.
Chaudhary, N., Miller, P. A., and Smith, B.: Modelling Holocene peatland dynamics with an individual-based dynamic vegetation model, Biogeosciences, 14, 2571–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, 2017a.
Chaudhary, N., Miller, P. A., and Smith, B.: Biotic and abiotic drivers of peatland growth and microtopography: a model demonstration, Ecosystems, in press, 2017b.
Christensen, T. R., Johansson, T. R., Akerman, H. J., Mastepanov, M., Malmer, N., Friborg, T., Crill, P., and Svensson, B. H.: Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: Effects on vegetation and methane emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018680, 2004.
Clymo, R. S.: The limits to peat bog growth, P. T. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 303, 605–654, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0002, 1984.
Clymo, R. S.: Peat growth, Quaternary Landscapes. Eds Shane LCK, Cushing EJ. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 76-1121991, 1991.
Clymo, R. S.: Models of peat growth, Suo (Helsinki), 43, 127–136, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66760-2_9, 1992.
Clymo, R. S., Turunen, J., and Tolonen, K.: Carbon accumulation in peatland, Oikos, 81, 368–388, https://doi.org/10.2307/3547057, 1998.
Collins, W. J., Bellouin, N., Doutriaux-Boucher, M., Gedney, N., Halloran, P., Hinton, T., Hughes, J., Jones, C. D., Joshi, M., Liddicoat, S., Martin, G., O'Connor, F., Rae, J., Senior, C., Sitch, S., Totterdell, I., Wiltshire, A., and Woodward, S.: Development and evaluation of an Earth-System model-HadGEM2, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 1051–1075, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-1051-2011, 2011.
Dyke, A. S., Giroux, D., and Robertson, L.: Paleovegetation Maps, Northern North America, 18000 to 1000 BP, Geol. Surv. Can. Open File 4682, Ottawa, Canada, 2004.
Ekici, A., Chadburn, S., Chaudhary, N., Hajdu, L. H., Marmy, A., Peng, S., Boike, J., Burke, E., Friend, A. D., Hauck, C., Krinner, G., Langer, M., Miller, P. A., and Beer, C.: Site-level model intercomparison of high latitude and high altitude soil thermal dynamics in tundra and barren landscapes, The Cryosphere, 9, 1343–1361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, 2015.
Elina, G., Kuznecov, O. L., and Maksimov, A. I.: StrukturnoFunktsional'naja Organizatsija i Dinamika Bolotnyh Ekosistem Karelii, Nauka, Leningrad, Russia, 128 pp., 1984.
Euskirchen, E. S., McGuire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. W., Zhuang, Q., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R. J., Dye, D. G., Kimball, J. S., McDonald, K. C., Melillo, J. M., Romanovsky, V. E., and Smith, N. V.: Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 731–750, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01113.x, 2006.
Fan, Z. S., McGuire, A. D., Turetsky, M. R., Harden, J. W., Waddington, J. M., and Kane, E. S.: The response of soil organic carbon of a rich fen peatland in interior Alaska to projected climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 604–620, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12041, 2013.
Franzén, L. G.: Increased decomposition of subsurface peat in Swedish raised bogs: are temperate peatlands still net sinks of carbon?, Mires and Peat, 1, 1–16, 2006.
Frolking, S. and Roulet, N. T.: Holocene radiative forcing impact of northern peatland carbon accumulation and methane emissions, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1079–1088, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01339.x, 2007.
Frolking, S., Roulet, N. T., Moore, T. R., Richard, P. J. H., Lavoie, M., and Muller, S. D.: Modeling northern peatland decomposition and peat accumulation, Ecosystems, 4, 479–498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0105-1, 2001.
Frolking, S., Roulet, N. T., Tuittila, E., Bubier, J. L., Quillet, A., Talbot, J., and Richard, P. J. H.: A new model of Holocene peatland net primary production, decomposition, water balance, and peat accumulation, Earth Syst. Dynam., 1, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-1-1-2010, 2010.
Gao, Y. and Couwenberg, J.: Carbon accumulation in a permafrost polygon peatland: steady long-term rates in spite of shifts between dry and wet conditions, Glob. Chang Biol., 21, 803–815, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12742, 2015.
Garneau, M., van Bellen, S., Magnan, G., Beaulieu-Audy, V., Lamarre, A., and Asnong, H.: Holocene carbon dynamics of boreal and subarctic peatlands from Quebec, Canada, Holocene, 24, 1043–1053, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614538076, 2014.
Gerten, D., Schaphoff, S., Haberlandt, U., Lucht, W., and Sitch, S.: Terrestrial vegetation and water balance – hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model, J. Hydrol., 286, 249–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.029, 2004.
Gorham, E.: Northern peatlands – role in the carbon-cycle and probable responses to climatic warming, Ecol. Appl., 1, 182–195, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941811, 1991.
Gorham, E., Janssens, J. A., and Glaser, P. H.: Rates of peat accumulation during the postglacial period in 32 sites from Alaska to Newfoundland, with special emphasis on northern Minnesota, Can. J. Bot., 81, 429–438, https://doi.org/10.1139/b03-036, 2003.
Gorham, E., Lehman, C., Dyke, A., Janssens, J., and Dyke, L.: Temporal and spatial aspects of peatland initiation following deglaciation in North America, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 300–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.008, 2007.
Halsey, L. A., Vitt, D. H., and Bauer, I. E.: Peatland initiation during the Holocene in continental western Canada, Climate Change, 40, 315–342, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005425124749, 1998.
Heinemeyer, A., Croft, S., Garnett, M. H., Gloor, E., Holden, J., Lomas, M. R., and Ineson, P.: The MILLENNIA peat cohort model: predicting past, present and future soil carbon budgets and fluxes under changing climates in peatlands, Clim. Res., 45, 207–226, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00928, 2010.
Hilbert, D. W., Roulet, N., and Moore, T.: Modelling and analysis of peatlands as dynamical systems, J. Ecol., 88, 230–242, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00438.x, 2000.
Hillel, D.: Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics (First), Academic Press, San Diego, 1998.
Holmquist, J. R. and MacDonald, G. M.: Peatland succession and long-term apparent carbon accumulation in central and northern Ontario, Canada, Holocene, 24, 1075–1089, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614538074, 2014.
Ise, T., Dunn, A. L., Wofsy, S. C., and Moorcroft, P. R.: High sensitivity of peat decomposition to climate change through water-table feedback, Nat. Geosci., 1, 763–766, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo331, 2008.
Jones, M. C. and Yu, Z. C.: Rapid deglacial and early Holocene expansion of peatlands in Alaska, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 7347–7352, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911387107, 2010.
Kaufman, D. S., Ager, T. A., Anderson, N. J., Anderson, P. M., Andrews, J. T., Bartlein, P. J., Brubaker, L. B., Coats, L. L., Cwynar, L. C., Duvall, M. L., Dyke, A. S., Edwards, M. E., Eisner, W. R., Gajewski, K., Geirsdottir, A., Hu, F. S., Jennings, A. E., Kaplan, M. R., Kerwin, M. N., Lozhkin, A. V., MacDonald, G. M., Miller, G. H., Mock, C. J., Oswald, W. W., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Porinchu, D. F., Ruhland, K., Smol, J. P., Steig, E. J., and Wolfe, B. B.: Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0–180° W), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 529–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.09.007, 2004.
Kivinen, E. and Pakarinen, P.: Geographical distribution of peat resources and major peatland complex types in the world, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Series A III, 132, 5–28, 1981.
Klarqvist, M., Bolin, E., and Nilsson, M.: Factors controlling peat growth and carbon accumulation rates in boreal mires during the Holocene, in: Peat Growth and Carbon Accumulation Rates during the Holocene in Boreal Mires, edited by: Klarqvist, M., Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Silvestria 203, Paper IV, 31 pp., 2001a.
Klarqvist, M., Bolin, E., and M., N.: Long-term decline in apparent peat carbon accumulation in boreal mires in northern Sweden, in: Peat Growth and Carbon Accumulation Rates during the Holocene in Boreal Mires, edited by: Klarqvist, M., Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Silvestria 203, Paper III, 22 pp., 2001b.
Klein, E. S., Yu, Z., and Booth, R. K.: Recent increase in peatland carbon accumulation in a thermokarst lake basin in southwestern Alaska, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 392, 186–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.009, 2013.
Klein, F., Goosse, H., Mairesse, A., and de Vernal, A.: Model-data comparison and data assimilation of mid-Holocene Arctic sea ice concentration, Clim. Past, 10, 1145–1163, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1145-2014, 2014.
Kleinen, T., Brovkin, V., and Schuldt, R. J.: A dynamic model of wetland extent and peat accumulation: results for the Holocene, Biogeosciences, 9, 235–248, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-235-2012, 2012.
Korhola, A., Ruppel, M., Seppa, H., Valiranta, M., Virtanen, T., and Weckstrom, J.: The importance of northern peatland expansion to the late-Holocene rise of atmospheric methane, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 611–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.12.010, 2010.
Korhola, A., Tolonen, K., Turunen, J., and Jungner, H.: Estimating long-term carbon accumulation rates in boreal peatlands by radiocarbon dating, Radiocarbon, 37, 575–584, 1995.
Kuhry, P. and Turunen, J.: The Postglacial Development of Boreal and Subarctic Peatlands, in: Boreal Peatland Ecosystems, edited by: Wieder, R. K. and Vitt, D. H., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006.
Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., and Admiral, S. W.: Annual cycle of CO2 exchange at a bog peatland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3071–3081, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900588, 2001.
Lamarre, A., Garneau, M., and Asnong, H.: Holocene paleohydrological reconstruction and carbon accumulation of a permafrost peatland using testate amoeba and macrofossil analyses, Kuujjuarapik, subarctic Quebec, Canada, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 186, 131–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.04.009, 2012.
Loisel, J. and Garneau, M.: Late Holocene paleoecohydrology and carbon accumulation estimates from two boreal peat bogs in eastern Canada: Potential and limits of multi-proxy archives, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 291, 493–533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.020, 2010.
Loisel, J. and Yu, Z. C.: Recent acceleration of carbon accumulation in a boreal peatland, south central Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jg001978, 2013.
Loisel, J., Yu, Z. C., Beilman, D. W., Camill, P., Alm, J., Amesbury, M. J., Anderson, D., Andersson, S., Bochicchio, C., Barber, K., Belyea, L. R., Bunbury, J., Chambers, F. M., Charman, D. J., De Vleeschouwer, F., Fialkiewicz-Koziel, B., Finkelstein, S. A., Galka, M., Garneau, M., Hammarlund, D., Hinchcliffe, W., Holmquist, J., Hughes, P., Jones, M. C., Klein, E. S., Kokfelt, U., Korhola, A., Kuhry, P., Lamarre, A., Lamentowicz, M., Large, D., Lavoie, M., MacDonald, G., Magnan, G., Makila, M., Mallon, G., Mathijssen, P., Mauquoy, D., McCarroll, J., Moore, T. R., Nichols, J., O'Reilly, B., Oksanen, P., Packalen, M., Peteet, D., Richard, P. J. H., Robinson, S., Ronkainen, T., Rundgren, M., Sannel, A. B. K., Tarnocai, C., Thom, T., Tuittila, E. S., Turetsky, M., Valiranta, M., van der Linden, M., van Geel, B., van Bellen, S., Vitt, D., Zhao, Y., and Zhou, W. J.: A database and synthesis of northern peatland soil properties and Holocene carbon and nitrogen accumulation, Holocene, 24, 1028–1042, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614538073, 2014.
Loranty, M. M. and Goetz, S. J.: Shrub expansion and climate feedbacks in Arctic tundra, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/011005, 2012.
MacDonald, G. M., Beilman, D. W., Kremenetski, K. V., Sheng, Y., Smith, L. C., and Velichko, A. A.: Rapid early development of circumarctic peatlands and atmospheric CH4 and CO2 variations, Science, 314, 285–288, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131722, 2006.
Makila, M.: Holocene lateral expansion, peat growth and carbon accumulation on Haukkasuo, a raised bog in southeastern Finland, Boreas, 26, 1–14, 1997.
Makila, M.: Carbon Accumulation in Pristine and Drained Mires Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper, 49, 171–177, 2011.
Makila, M. and Moisanen, M.: Holocene lateral expansion and carbon accumulation of Luovuoma, a northern fen in Finnish Lapland, Boreas, 36, 198–210, https://doi.org/10.1080/03009480600994460, 2007.
Makila, M., Saarnisto, M., and Kankainen, T.: Aapa mires as a carbon sink and source during the Holocene, J. Ecol., 89, 589–599, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00586.x, 2001.
Malmer, N. and Wallen, B.: The dynamics of peat accumulation on bogs: mass balance of hummocks and hollows and its variation throughout a millennium, Ecography, 22, 736–750, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00523.x, 1999.
Malmer, N., Johansson, T., Olsrud, M., and Christensen, T. R.: Vegetation, climatic changes and net carbon sequestration in a North-Scandinavian subarctic mire over 30 years, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1895–1909, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01042.x, 2005.
McGuire, A. D., Christensen, T. R., Hayes, D., Heroult, A., Euskirchen, E., Kimball, J. S., Koven, C., Lafleur, P., Miller, P. A., Oechel, W., Peylin, P., Williams, M., and Yi, Y.: An assessment of the carbon balance of Arctic tundra: comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions, Biogeosciences, 9, 3185–3204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3185-2012, 2012.
Miller, P. A. and Smith, B.: Modelling Tundra Vegetation Response to Recent Arctic Warming, Ambio, 41, 281–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0306-1, 2012.
Miller, P. A., Giesecke, T., Hickler, T., Bradshaw, R. H. W., Smith, B., Seppa, H., Valdes, P. J., and Sykes, M. T.: Exploring climatic and biotic controls on Holocene vegetation change in Fennoscandia, J. Ecol., 96, 247–259, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01342.x, 2008.
Mitchell, T. D. and Jones, P. D.: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693–712, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1181, 2005.
Morris, P. J., Baird, A. J., and Belyea, L. R.: The DigiBog peatland development model 2: ecohydrological simulations in 2D, Ecohydrology, 5, 256–268, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.229, 2012.
Moss, R. H., Edmonds, J. A., Hibbard, K. A., Manning, M. R., Rose, S. K., van Vuuren, D. P., Carter, T. R., Emori, S., Kainuma, M., Kram, T., Meehl, G. A., Mitchell, J. F. B., Nakicenovic, N., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., Stouffer, R. J., Thomson, A. M., Weyant, J. P., and Wilbanks, T. J.: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment, Nature, 463, 747–756, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08823, 2010.
Ovenden, L.: Peat Accumulation in Northern Wetlands, Quaternary Res., 33, 377–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90063-Q, 1990.
Packalen, M. S. and Finkelstein, S. A.: Quantifying Holocene variability in carbon uptake and release since peat initiation in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada, Holocene, 24, 1063–1074, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614540728, 2014.
Piao, S., Sitch, S., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Peylin, P., Wang, X., Ahlstrom, A., Anav, A., Canadell, J. G., Cong, N., Huntingford, C., Jung, M., Levis, S., Levy, P. E., Li, J., Lin, X., Lomas, M. R., Lu, M., Luo, Y., Ma, Y., Myneni, R. B., Poulter, B., Sun, Z., Wang, T., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 2117–2132, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12187, 2013.
Robinson, S. D. and Moore, T. R.: Carbon and peat accumulation over the past 1200 years in a landscape with discontinuous permafrost, northwestern Canada, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 591–601, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900008, 1999.
Robinson, S. D. and Moore, T. R.: The influence of permafrost and fire upon carbon accumulation in high boreal peatlands, Northwest Territories, Canada, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 32, 155–166, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552447, 2000.
Roulet, N. T., Lafleur, P. M., Richard, P. J. H., Moore, T. R., Humphreys, E. R., and Bubier, J.: Contemporary carbon balance and late Holocene carbon accumulation in a northern peatland, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01292.x, 2007.
Rydin, H. and Jeglum, J. K.: The Biology of Peatlands, 2e, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Sannel, A. B. K. and Kuhry, P.: Holocene peat growth and decay dynamics in sub-arctic peat plateaus, west-central Canada, Boreas, 38, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00048.x, 2009.
Schlesinger, W. H.: Evidence from Chronosequence Studies for a Low Carbon-Storage Potential of Soils, Nature, 348, 232–234, https://doi.org/10.1038/348232a0, 1990.
Schuldt, R. J., Brovkin, V., Kleinen, T., and Winderlich, J.: Modelling Holocene carbon accumulation and methane emissions of boreal wetlands – an Earth system model approach, Biogeosciences, 10, 1659–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1659-2013, 2013.
Shaw, A. J., Cox, C. J., and Boles, S. B.: Polarity of peatmoss (Sphagnum) evolution: who says bryophytes have no roots?, Am. J. Bot., 90, 1777–1787, https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.12.1777, 2003.
Sitch, S., Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., Arneth, A., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., Kaplan, J. O., Levis, S., Lucht, W., Sykes, M. T., Thonicke, K., and Venevsky, S.: Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 161–185, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x, 2003.
Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., and Sykes, M. T.: Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 10, 621–637, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.t01-1-00256.x, 2001.
Smith, B., Warlind, D., Arneth, A., Hickler, T., Leadley, P., Siltberg, J., and Zaehle, S.: Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model, Biogeosciences, 11, 2027–2054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2027-2014, 2014.
Stocker, B. D., Spahni, R., and Joos, F.: DYPTOP: a cost-efficient TOPMODEL implementation to simulate sub-grid spatio-temporal dynamics of global wetlands and peatlands, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 3089–3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-3089-2014, 2014.
Sturm, M., Schimel, J., Michaelson, G., Welker, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Liston, G. E., Fahnestock, J., and Romanovsky, V. E.: Winter biological processes could help convert arctic tundra to shrubland, Bioscience, 55, 17–26, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0017:wbpchc]2.0.co;2, 2005.
Swindles, G. T., Morris, P. J., Mullan, D., Watson, E. J., Turner, T. E., Roland, T. P., Amesbury, M. J., Kokfelt, U., Schoning, K., Pratte, S., Gallego-Sala, A., Charman, D. J., Sanderson, N., Garneau, M., Carrivick, J. L., Woulds, C., Holden, J., Parry, L., and Galloway, J. M.: The long-term fate of permafrost peatlands under rapid climate warming, Sci. Rep., 5, 111–122, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17951, 2015.
Tang, J., Miller, P. A., Persson, A., Olefeldt, D., Pilesjo, P., Heliasz, M., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Yang, Z., Smith, B., Callaghan, T. V., and Christensen, T. R.: Carbon budget estimation of a subarctic catchment using a dynamic ecosystem model at high spatial resolution, Biogeosciences, 12, 2791–2808, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2791-2015, 2015.
Tolonen, K. and Turunen, J.: Accumulation rates of carbon in mires in Finland and implications for climate change, Holocene, 6, 171–178, https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369600600204, 1996.
Turetsky, M. R., Wieder, R. K., Vitt, D. H., Evans, R. J., and Scott, K. D.: The disappearance of relict permafrost in boreal north America: Effects on peatland carbon storage and fluxes, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1922–1934, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01381.x, 2007.
Turunen, J., Tahvanainen, T., Tolonen, K., and Pitkanen, A.: Carbon accumulation in West Siberian mires, Russia, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 285–296, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001312, 2001.
Turunen, J., Tomppo, E., Tolonen, K., and Reinikainen, A.: Estimating carbon accumulation rates of undrained mires in Finland – application to boreal and subarctic regions, Holocene, 12, 69–80, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl522rp, 2002.
Turunen, J., Roulet, N. T., Moore, T. R., and Richard, P. J. H.: Nitrogen deposition and increased carbon accumulation in ombrotrophic peatlands in eastern Canada, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002154, 2004.
van Bellen, S., Dallaire, P.-L., Garneau, M., and Bergeron, Y.: Quantifying spatial and temporal Holocene carbon accumulation in ombrotrophic peatlands of the Eastmain region, Quebec, Canada, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003877, 2011.
Vardy, S. R., Warner, B. G., Turunen, J., and Aravena, R.: Carbon accumulation in permafrost peatlands in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada, Holocene, 10, 273–280, https://doi.org/10.1191/095968300671749538, 2000.
Vitt, D. H., Halsey, L. A., Bauer, I. E., and Campbell, C.: Spatial and temporal trends in carbon storage of peatlands of continental western Canada through the Holocene, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 683–693, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-097, 2000.
Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I. C.: Integrating peatlands and permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: 1. Evaluation and sensitivity of physical land surface processes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, Gb3014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003412, 2009a.
Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I. C.: Integrating peatlands and permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: 2. Evaluation and sensitivity of vegetation and carbon cycle processes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, Gb3015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003413, 2009b.
Wolfe, B. B., Edwards, T. W. D., Aravena, R., Forman, S. L., Warner, B. G., Velichko, A. A., and MacDonald, G. M.: Holocene paleohydrology and paleoclimate at treeline, north-central Russia, inferred from oxygen isotope records in lake sediment cellulose, Quaternary Res., 53, 319–329, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2124, 2000.
Wu, Y. Q., Verseghy, D. L., and Melton, J. R.: Integrating peatlands into the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) v3.6 and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v2.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2639–2663, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2639-2016, 2016.
Yu, Z. C.: Holocene carbon accumulation of fen peatlands in boreal western Canada: A complex ecosystem response to climate variation and disturbance, Ecosystems, 9, 1278–1288, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-0174-2, 2006.
Yu, Z. C.: Northern peatland carbon stocks and dynamics: a review, Biogeosciences, 9, 4071–4085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4071-2012, 2012.
Yu, Z. C., Vitt, D. H., Campbell, I. D., and Apps, M. J.: Understanding Holocene peat accumulation pattern of continental fens in western Canada, Can. J. Bot., 81, 267–282, https://doi.org/10.1139/b03-016, 2003.
Yu, Z. C., Beilman, D. W., and Jones, M. C.: Sensitivity of Northern Peatland Carbon Dynamics to Holocene Climate Change, in: Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands, edited by: Baird, A. J., Belyea, L. R., Comas, X., Reeve, A. S., and Slater, L. D., Geophysical Monograph Series, 2009.
Yu, Z. C., Loisel, J., Charman, D. J., Beilman, D. W., and Camill, P.: Holocene peatland carbon dynamics in the circum-Arctic region: An introduction, Holocene, 24, 1021–1027, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614540730, 2014a.
Yu, Z. C., Vitt, D. H., and Wieder, R. K.: Continental fens in western Canada as effective carbon sinks during the Holocene, Holocene, 24, 1090–1104, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614538075, 2014b.
Zoltai, S. C.: Permafrost Distribution in Peatlands of West-Central Canada during the Holocene Warm Period 6000 Years Bp, Geogr. Phys. Quatern., 49, 45–54, 1995.
Short summary
We employed an individual- and patch-based dynamic global ecosystem model to quantify long-term C accumulation rates and to assess the effects of historical and projected climate change on peatland C balances across the pan-Arctic. We found that peatlands in Scandinavia, Europe, Russia and central and eastern Canada will become C sources, while Siberia, far eastern Russia, Alaska and western and northern Canada will increase their sink capacity by the end of the 21st century.
We employed an individual- and patch-based dynamic global ecosystem model to quantify long-term...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint