Articles | Volume 15, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5519-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5519-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Sep 2018
Research article |
| 18 Sep 2018
| 18 Sep 2018
Management matters: testing a mitigation strategy for nitrous oxide emissions using legumes on intensively managed grassland
Kathrin Fuchs
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
Lukas Hörtnagl
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
Nina Buchmann
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
Werner Eugster
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
AgResearch – Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch
8140, New Zealand
Lutz Merbold
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI),
P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
Related authors
No articles found.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Jiaming Wen, Giulia Tagliabue, Micol Rossini, Francesco Pietro Fava, Cinzia Panigada, Lutz Merbold, Sonja Leitner, and Ying Sun
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2529, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2529, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), a tiny optical signal emitted from the core photosynthetic machinery, has emerged as a promising tool to evaluate vegetation growth from satellites. We find satellite SIF can capture intra-seasonal (i.e., from days to weeks) vegetation dynamics of dryland ecosystems, while greenness-based vegetation indices cannot. This study generates novel insights for developing effective real-time vegetation monitoring systems to inform climate risk management.
Liliana Scapucci, Ankit Shekhar, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Anastasiia Bolshakova, Lukas Hörtnagl, Mana Gharun, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 3571–3592, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forests face increased exposure to “compound soil and atmospheric drought” (CSAD) events due to global warming. We examined the impacts and drivers of CO2 fluxes during CSAD events at multiple layers of a deciduous forest over 18 years. Results showed reduced net ecosystem productivity and forest-floor respiration during CSAD events, mainly driven by soil and atmospheric drought. This unpredictability in forest CO2 fluxes jeopardises reforestation projects aimed at mitigating CO2 emissions.
Luana Krebs, Susanne Burri, Iris Feigenwinter, Mana Gharun, Philip Meier, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 2005–2028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores year-round forest-floor greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in a Swiss spruce forest. Soil temperature and snow depth affected forest-floor respiration, while CH4 uptake was linked to snow cover. Negligible N2O fluxes were observed. In 2022, a warm year, CO2 emissions notably increased. The study suggests rising forest-floor GHG emissions due to climate change, impacting carbon sink behavior. Thus, for future forest management, continuous year-round GHG flux measurements are crucial.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Jingfeng Xiao, Xing Li, and Nina Buchmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-423, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-423, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, Europe's forests faced unprecedented dry conditions. Our study aimed to understand how different forest types respond to extreme drought. Using meteorological data and satellite imagery, we compared 2022 with two previous extreme years, 2003 and 2018. Despite less severe drought in 2022, forests showed a 30 % greater decline in photosynthesis compared to 2018 and 60 % more than 2003. This suggests a concerning trend of declining forest resilience to more frequent droughts.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has rarely been investigated. We tested the effect of the warm winter in 2020 on the forest CO2 fluxes across 14 sites in Europe and found that in colder sites net ecosystem productivity (NEP) declined during the warm winter, while in the warmer sites NEP increased. Warming leads to increased respiration fluxes but if not translated into a direct warming of the soil might not enhance productivity, if the soil within the rooting zone remains frozen.
Elodie Salmon, Fabrice Jégou, Bertrand Guenet, Line Jourdain, Chunjing Qiu, Vladislav Bastrikov, Christophe Guimbaud, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Peylin, Sébastien Gogo, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Mika Aurela, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Jiquan Chen, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Housen Chu, Colin W. Edgar, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, David Holl, Janina Klatt, Olaf Kolle, Natalia Kowalska, Lars Kutzbach, Annalea Lohila, Lutz Merbold, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Torsten Sachs, and Klaudia Ziemblińska
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2813–2838, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A methane model that features methane production and transport by plants, the ebullition process and diffusion in soil, oxidation to CO2, and CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere has been embedded in the ORCHIDEE-PEAT land surface model, which includes an explicit representation of northern peatlands. This model, ORCHIDEE-PCH4, was calibrated and evaluated on 14 peatland sites. Results show that the model is sensitive to temperature and substrate availability over the top 75 cm of soil depth.
Qing Sun, Valentin H. Klaus, Raphaël Wittwer, Yujie Liu, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Anna K. Gilgen, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 19, 1853–1869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1853-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1853-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drought is one of the biggest challenges for future food production globally. During a simulated drought, pea and barley mainly relied on water from shallow soil depths, independent of different cropping systems.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Susan M. Natali, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kathleen Savage, Sara June Connon, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Darcy Peter, Christina Minions, Julia Nojeim, Roisin Commane, Craig A. Emmerton, Mathias Goeckede, Manuel Helbig, David Holl, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Pasi Kolari, Efrén López-Blanco, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Lutz Merbold, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Matthias Peichl, Torsten Sachs, Oliver Sonnentag, Masahito Ueyama, Carolina Voigt, Mika Aurela, Julia Boike, Gerardo Celis, Namyi Chae, Torben R. Christensen, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Sigrid Dengel, Han Dolman, Colin W. Edgar, Bo Elberling, Eugenie Euskirchen, Achim Grelle, Juha Hatakka, Elyn Humphreys, Järvi Järveoja, Ayumi Kotani, Lars Kutzbach, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Yojiro Matsuura, Gesa Meyer, Mats B. Nilsson, Steven F. Oberbauer, Sang-Jong Park, Roman Petrov, Anatoly S. Prokushkin, Christopher Schulze, Vincent L. St. Louis, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, William Quinton, Andrej Varlagin, Donatella Zona, and Viacheslav I. Zyryanov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 179–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of climate warming on carbon cycling across the Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) remain poorly understood due to the relatively limited distribution of ABZ flux sites. Fortunately, this flux network is constantly increasing, but new measurements are published in various platforms, making it challenging to understand the ABZ carbon cycle as a whole. Here, we compiled a new database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes to help facilitate large-scale assessments of the ABZ carbon cycle.
Andreas Riedl, Yafei Li, Jon Eugster, Nina Buchmann, and Werner Eugster
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 91–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-91-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-91-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this study was to develop a high-accuracy micro-lysimeter system for the quantification of non-rainfall water inputs that overcomes existing drawbacks. The micro-lysimeter system had a high accuracy and allowed us to quantify and distinguish between different types of non-rainfall water inputs, like dew and fog. Non-rainfall water inputs occurred frequently in a Swiss Alpine grassland ecosystem. These water inputs can be an important water source for grasslands during dry periods.
Yang Liu, Simon Schallhart, Ditte Taipale, Toni Tykkä, Matti Räsänen, Lutz Merbold, Heidi Hellén, and Petri Pellikka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14761–14787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14761-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14761-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the mixing ratio of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in a humid highland and dry lowland African ecosystem in Kenya. The mixing ratio of monoterpenoids was similar to that measured in the relevant ecosystems in western and southern Africa, while that of isoprene was lower. Modeling the emission factors (EFs) for BVOCs from the lowlands, the EFs for isoprene and β-pinene agreed well with what is assumed in the MEGAN, while those of α-pinene and limonene were higher.
Kyle B. Delwiche, Sara Helen Knox, Avni Malhotra, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Gavin McNicol, Sarah Feron, Zutao Ouyang, Dario Papale, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, You-Wei Cheah, Danielle Christianson, Ma. Carmelita R. Alberto, Pavel Alekseychik, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Sheel Bansal, David P. Billesbach, Gil Bohrer, Rosvel Bracho, Nina Buchmann, David I. Campbell, Gerardo Celis, Jiquan Chen, Weinan Chen, Housen Chu, Higo J. Dalmagro, Sigrid Dengel, Ankur R. Desai, Matteo Detto, Han Dolman, Elke Eichelmann, Eugenie Euskirchen, Daniela Famulari, Kathrin Fuchs, Mathias Goeckede, Sébastien Gogo, Mangaliso J. Gondwe, Jordan P. Goodrich, Pia Gottschalk, Scott L. Graham, Martin Heimann, Manuel Helbig, Carole Helfter, Kyle S. Hemes, Takashi Hirano, David Hollinger, Lukas Hörtnagl, Hiroki Iwata, Adrien Jacotot, Gerald Jurasinski, Minseok Kang, Kuno Kasak, John King, Janina Klatt, Franziska Koebsch, Ken W. Krauss, Derrick Y. F. Lai, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Giovanni Manca, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Trofim Maximov, Lutz Merbold, Bhaskar Mitra, Timothy H. Morin, Eiko Nemitz, Mats B. Nilsson, Shuli Niu, Walter C. Oechel, Patricia Y. Oikawa, Keisuke Ono, Matthias Peichl, Olli Peltola, Michele L. Reba, Andrew D. Richardson, William Riley, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Youngryel Ryu, Torsten Sachs, Ayaka Sakabe, Camilo Rey Sanchez, Edward A. Schuur, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Oliver Sonnentag, Jed P. Sparks, Ellen Stuart-Haëntjens, Cove Sturtevant, Ryan C. Sullivan, Daphne J. Szutu, Jonathan E. Thom, Margaret S. Torn, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Jessica Turner, Masahito Ueyama, Alex C. Valach, Rodrigo Vargas, Andrej Varlagin, Alma Vazquez-Lule, Joseph G. Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, George L. Vourlitis, Eric J. Ward, Christian Wille, Georg Wohlfahrt, Guan Xhuan Wong, Zhen Zhang, Donatella Zona, Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Benjamin Poulter, and Robert B. Jackson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3607–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important greenhouse gas, yet we lack knowledge about its global emissions and drivers. We present FLUXNET-CH4, a new global collection of methane measurements and a critical resource for the research community. We use FLUXNET-CH4 data to quantify the seasonality of methane emissions from freshwater wetlands, finding that methane seasonality varies strongly with latitude. Our new database and analysis will improve wetland model accuracy and inform greenhouse gas budgets.
Anna B. Harper, Karina E. Williams, Patrick C. McGuire, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Debbie Hemming, Anne Verhoef, Chris Huntingford, Lucy Rowland, Toby Marthews, Cleiton Breder Eller, Camilla Mathison, Rodolfo L. B. Nobrega, Nicola Gedney, Pier Luigi Vidale, Fred Otu-Larbi, Divya Pandey, Sebastien Garrigues, Azin Wright, Darren Slevin, Martin G. De Kauwe, Eleanor Blyth, Jonas Ardö, Andrew Black, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Kathrin Fuchs, Agnès de Grandcourt, Ivan Mammarella, Lutz Merbold, Leonardo Montagnani, Yann Nouvellon, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3269–3294, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated 10 representations of soil moisture stress in the JULES land surface model against site observations of GPP and latent heat flux. Increasing the soil depth and plant access to deep soil moisture improved many aspects of the simulations, and we recommend these settings in future work using JULES. In addition, using soil matric potential presents the opportunity to include parameters specific to plant functional type to further improve modeled fluxes.
Yafei Li, Franziska Aemisegger, Andreas Riedl, Nina Buchmann, and Werner Eugster
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2617–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2617-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2617-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During dry spells, dew and fog potentially play an increasingly important role in temperate grasslands. Research on the combined mechanisms of dew and fog inputs to ecosystems and distillation of water vapor from soil to plant surfaces is rare. Our results using stable water isotopes highlight the importance of dew and fog inputs to temperate grasslands during dry spells and reveal the complexity of the local water cycling in such conditions, including different pathways of dew and fog inputs.
Lutz Merbold, Charlotte Decock, Werner Eugster, Kathrin Fuchs, Benjamin Wolf, Nina Buchmann, and Lukas Hörtnagl
Biogeosciences, 18, 1481–1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1481-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1481-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigated the exchange of the three major greenhouse gases (GHGs) over a temperate grassland prior to and after restoration through tillage in central Switzerland. Our results show that irregular management events, such as tillage, have considerable effects on GHG emissions in the year of tillage while leading to enhanced carbon uptake and similar nitrogen losses via nitrous oxide in the years following tillage to those observed prior to tillage.
Mercedes Ibañez, Núria Altimir, Àngela Ribas, Werner Eugster, and Maria-Teresa Sebastià
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-173, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-173, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unravels the influence of forage species on ecosystem scale CO2 fluxes, and is the first long term dataset of a forage system in the Pyrenees. We found strong evidence that cereal legume mixtures enhanced system's CO2 sink capacity compared to cereal monocultures, by enhancing photosynthesis and voluntary regrowth, decisive for the net CO2 budget. This knowledge is crucial to develop climate change mitigation strategies, while ensuring productivity of forage systems.
Werner Eugster, James Laundre, Jon Eugster, and George W. Kling
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2681–2695, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2681-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2681-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring ambient methane concentrations requires expensive optical sensors. The first electrochemical analyzer that shows a response to ambient levels of methane is now available. We present the first long-term deployment of such sensors in an arctic environment (temperatures from −41 to 27 °C). We present a method based on these measurements to convert the signal to methane concentrations (corrected for the effects of air temperature and relative humidity) and ensure long-term stability.
Stefan Osterwalder, Werner Eugster, Iris Feigenwinter, and Martin Jiskra
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2057–2074, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2057-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2057-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Direct mercury (Hg) flux studies are crucial to improve our understanding of terrestrial Hg cycling and human Hg exposure. We tested a new system to measure Hg fluxes using the eddy covariance technique. Our Eddy Mercury system revealed a net Hg re-emission flux from a grassland. We concluded that the prevailing dry conditions resulted in low uptake of CO2 and Hg. Eddy Mercury has the potential to address some of the largest uncertainties in global Hg cycling through long-term flux measurements.
Sheila Wachiye, Lutz Merbold, Timo Vesala, Janne Rinne, Matti Räsänen, Sonja Leitner, and Petri Pellikka
Biogeosciences, 17, 2149–2167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2149-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2149-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Limited data on emissions in Africa translate into uncertainty during GHG budgeting. We studied annual CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions in four land-use types in Kenyan savanna using static chambers and gas chromatography. CO2 emissions varied between seasons and land-use types. Soil moisture and vegetation explained the seasonal variation, while soil temperature was insignificant. N2O and CH4 emissions did not vary at all sites. Our results are useful in climate change mitigation interventions.
Chris R. Flechard, Andreas Ibrom, Ute M. Skiba, Wim de Vries, Marcel van Oijen, David R. Cameron, Nancy B. Dise, Janne F. J. Korhonen, Nina Buchmann, Arnaud Legout, David Simpson, Maria J. Sanz, Marc Aubinet, Denis Loustau, Leonardo Montagnani, Johan Neirynck, Ivan A. Janssens, Mari Pihlatie, Ralf Kiese, Jan Siemens, André-Jean Francez, Jürgen Augustin, Andrej Varlagin, Janusz Olejnik, Radosław Juszczak, Mika Aurela, Daniel Berveiller, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Ulrich Dämmgen, Nicolas Delpierre, Vesna Djuricic, Julia Drewer, Eric Dufrêne, Werner Eugster, Yannick Fauvel, David Fowler, Arnoud Frumau, André Granier, Patrick Gross, Yannick Hamon, Carole Helfter, Arjan Hensen, László Horváth, Barbara Kitzler, Bart Kruijt, Werner L. Kutsch, Raquel Lobo-do-Vale, Annalea Lohila, Bernard Longdoz, Michal V. Marek, Giorgio Matteucci, Marta Mitosinkova, Virginie Moreaux, Albrecht Neftel, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Kim Pilegaard, Gabriel Pita, Francisco Sanz, Jan K. Schjoerring, Maria-Teresa Sebastià, Y. Sim Tang, Hilde Uggerud, Marek Urbaniak, Netty van Dijk, Timo Vesala, Sonja Vidic, Caroline Vincke, Tamás Weidinger, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Eiko Nemitz, and Mark A. Sutton
Biogeosciences, 17, 1583–1620, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1583-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1583-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Experimental evidence from a network of 40 monitoring sites in Europe suggests that atmospheric nitrogen deposition to forests and other semi-natural vegetation impacts the carbon sequestration rates in ecosystems, as well as the net greenhouse gas balance including other greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane. Excess nitrogen deposition in polluted areas also leads to other environmental impacts such as nitrogen leaching to groundwater and other pollutant gaseous emissions.
Chris R. Flechard, Marcel van Oijen, David R. Cameron, Wim de Vries, Andreas Ibrom, Nina Buchmann, Nancy B. Dise, Ivan A. Janssens, Johan Neirynck, Leonardo Montagnani, Andrej Varlagin, Denis Loustau, Arnaud Legout, Klaudia Ziemblińska, Marc Aubinet, Mika Aurela, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Julia Drewer, Werner Eugster, André-Jean Francez, Radosław Juszczak, Barbara Kitzler, Werner L. Kutsch, Annalea Lohila, Bernard Longdoz, Giorgio Matteucci, Virginie Moreaux, Albrecht Neftel, Janusz Olejnik, Maria J. Sanz, Jan Siemens, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Eiko Nemitz, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Ute M. Skiba, and Mark A. Sutton
Biogeosciences, 17, 1621–1654, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1621-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1621-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere to unfertilized terrestrial vegetation such as forests can increase carbon dioxide uptake and favour carbon sequestration by ecosystems. However the data from observational networks are difficult to interpret in terms of a carbon-to-nitrogen response, because there are a number of other confounding factors, such as climate, soil physical properties and fertility, and forest age. We propose a model-based method to untangle the different influences.
Carmen Emmel, Annina Winkler, Lukas Hörtnagl, Andrew Revill, Christof Ammann, Petra D'Odorico, Nina Buchmann, and Werner Eugster
Biogeosciences, 15, 5377–5393, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5377-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5377-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
It is of great interest to know whether croplands act as a net source or sink of atmospheric CO2 and if soil carbon (C) stocks are preserved over long timescales due to the role of C in soil fertility. For a cropland in Switzerland it was found that managing the field under the Swiss framework of the Proof of Ecological Performance (PEP) resulted in soil C losses of 18.0 %. Additional efforts are needed to bring Swiss management practices closer to the goal of preserving soil C in the long term.
Jannis von Buttlar, Jakob Zscheischler, Anja Rammig, Sebastian Sippel, Markus Reichstein, Alexander Knohl, Martin Jung, Olaf Menzer, M. Altaf Arain, Nina Buchmann, Alessandro Cescatti, Damiano Gianelle, Gerard Kiely, Beverly E. Law, Vincenzo Magliulo, Hank Margolis, Harry McCaughey, Lutz Merbold, Mirco Migliavacca, Leonardo Montagnani, Walter Oechel, Marian Pavelka, Matthias Peichl, Serge Rambal, Antonio Raschi, Russell L. Scott, Francesco P. Vaccari, Eva van Gorsel, Andrej Varlagin, Georg Wohlfahrt, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 15, 1293–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our work systematically quantifies extreme heat and drought event impacts on gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration globally across a wide range of ecosystems. We show that heat extremes typically increased mainly respiration whereas drought decreased both fluxes. Combined heat and drought extremes had opposing effects offsetting each other for respiration, but there were also strong reductions in GPP and hence the strongest reductions in the ecosystems carbon sink capacity.
Chunjing Qiu, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, Gerhard Krinner, Shushi Peng, Mika Aurela, Christian Bernhofer, Christian Brümmer, Syndonia Bret-Harte, Housen Chu, Jiquan Chen, Ankur R. Desai, Jiří Dušek, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Thomas Friborg, Mateusz Grygoruk, Sébastien Gogo, Thomas Grünwald, Birger U. Hansen, David Holl, Elyn Humphreys, Miriam Hurkuck, Gerard Kiely, Janina Klatt, Lars Kutzbach, Chloé Largeron, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Magnus Lund, Peter M. Lafleur, Xuefei Li, Ivan Mammarella, Lutz Merbold, Mats B. Nilsson, Janusz Olejnik, Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius, Walter Oechel, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Matthias Peichl, Norbert Pirk, Olli Peltola, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Daniel Rasse, Janne Rinne, Gaius Shaver, Hans Peter Schmid, Matteo Sottocornola, Rainer Steinbrecher, Torsten Sachs, Marek Urbaniak, Donatella Zona, and Klaudia Ziemblinska
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 497–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-497-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-497-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Northern peatlands store large amount of soil carbon and are vulnerable to climate change. We implemented peatland hydrological and carbon accumulation processes into the ORCHIDEE land surface model. The model was evaluated against EC measurements from 30 northern peatland sites. The model generally well reproduced the spatial gradient and temporal variations in GPP and NEE at these sites. Water table depth was not well predicted but had only small influence on simulated NEE.
Werner Eugster, Carmen Emmel, Sebastian Wolf, Nina Buchmann, Joseph P. McFadden, and Charles David Whiteman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14887–14904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14887-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14887-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of penumbral shading of the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 on near-surface meteorology across Switzerland (occultation 65.8–70.1 %) was investigated. Temperature effects at 184 weather stations are compared with temperature drops reported in the literature since 1834. A special focus is, however, put on wind direction effects observed at six flux sites (with 20 Hz data) and 165 meteorological stations (with 10 min resolution data). Results show the importance of local topography.
Fanny Kittler, Ina Burjack, Chiara A. R. Corradi, Martin Heimann, Olaf Kolle, Lutz Merbold, Nikita Zimov, Sergey Zimov, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 13, 5315–5332, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5315-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5315-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We compared growing season CO2 fluxes of a wet tussock tundra ecosystem from an area affected by decadal drainage and an undisturbed area on the Kolyma floodplain in northeastern Siberia. The results show systematically reduced CO2 uptake within the drained area, caused by increased respiration, and that the local permafrost ecosystem is capable of adapting to significantly different hydrologic conditions without losing its capacity to act as a net sink for CO2.
János Balogh, Marianna Papp, Krisztina Pintér, Szilvia Fóti, Katalin Posta, Werner Eugster, and Zoltán Nagy
Biogeosciences, 13, 5171–5182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5171-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5171-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In the dry grassland investigated in this study the components of the soil CO2 efflux decreased at different rates under drought conditions. During drought the contribution made by the heterotrophic components was the highest and the rhizospheric component was the most sensitive to soil drying. According to our results, the heterotrophic component of soil respiration is the major contributor to the respiration activities during drought events.
Gianluca Tramontana, Martin Jung, Christopher R. Schwalm, Kazuhito Ichii, Gustau Camps-Valls, Botond Ráduly, Markus Reichstein, M. Altaf Arain, Alessandro Cescatti, Gerard Kiely, Lutz Merbold, Penelope Serrano-Ortiz, Sven Sickert, Sebastian Wolf, and Dario Papale
Biogeosciences, 13, 4291–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have evaluated 11 machine learning (ML) methods and two complementary drivers' setup to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy exchanges between land ecosystems and atmosphere. Obtained results have shown high consistency among ML and high capability to estimate the spatial and seasonal variability of the target fluxes. The results were good for all the ecosystems, with limitations to the ones in the extreme environments (cold, hot) or less represented in the training data (tropics).
Inge Juszak, Werner Eugster, Monique M. P. D. Heijmans, and Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
Biogeosciences, 13, 4049–4064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4049-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4049-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in Arctic vegetation composition and structure feed back to climate and permafrost. Using field observations at a Siberian tundra site, we find that dwarf shrubs absorb more solar radiation than wet sedges and thus amplify surface warming, especially during snow melt. On the other hand, permafrost thaw was enhanced below sedges as a consequence of high soil moisture. Standing dead sedge leaves affected the radiation budget strongly and deserve more scientific attention.
Stephan Henne, Dominik Brunner, Brian Oney, Markus Leuenberger, Werner Eugster, Ines Bamberger, Frank Meinhardt, Martin Steinbacher, and Lukas Emmenegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3683–3710, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3683-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3683-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas emissions can be assessed by "top-down" methods that combine atmospheric observations, a transport model and a mathematical optimisation framework. Here, we apply such a top-down method to the methane emissions of Switzerland, utilising observations from the recently installed CarboCount-CH network. Our Swiss total emissions largely agree with those of the national "bottom-up" inventory, whereas regional differences suggest lower than reported emissions from manure handling.
J. Stieger, I. Bamberger, N. Buchmann, and W. Eugster
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 14055–14069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-14055-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-14055-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
At night, concentrations of methane and other trace gases in the near-surface atmosphere increase due to limited turbulent mixing and confluence of cold air from valley slopes towards the valley bottom. Here we used a tethered balloon sounding system to obtain time-height profiles of methane concentrations from which we compute methane emissions. These flux estimates serve as the first experimental validation of Swiss agricultural methane emissions at the farm scale.
L. Wingate, J. Ogée, E. Cremonese, G. Filippa, T. Mizunuma, M. Migliavacca, C. Moisy, M. Wilkinson, C. Moureaux, G. Wohlfahrt, A. Hammerle, L. Hörtnagl, C. Gimeno, A. Porcar-Castell, M. Galvagno, T. Nakaji, J. Morison, O. Kolle, A. Knohl, W. Kutsch, P. Kolari, E. Nikinmaa, A. Ibrom, B. Gielen, W. Eugster, M. Balzarolo, D. Papale, K. Klumpp, B. Köstner, T. Grünwald, R. Joffre, J.-M. Ourcival, M. Hellstrom, A. Lindroth, C. George, B. Longdoz, B. Genty, J. Levula, B. Heinesch, M. Sprintsin, D. Yakir, T. Manise, D. Guyon, H. Ahrends, A. Plaza-Aguilar, J. H. Guan, and J. Grace
Biogeosciences, 12, 5995–6015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5995-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5995-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The timing of plant development stages and their response to climate and management were investigated using a network of digital cameras installed across different European ecosystems. Using the relative red, green and blue content of images we showed that the green signal could be used to estimate the length of the growing season in broadleaf forests. We also developed a model that predicted the seasonal variations of camera RGB signals and how they relate to leaf pigment content and area well.
B. Oney, S. Henne, N. Gruber, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, and D. Brunner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11147–11164, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11147-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11147-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a detailed analysis of a new greenhouse gas measurement network
in the Swiss Plateau, situated between the Jura mountains and the Alps. We
find the network's measurements to be information rich and suitable
for studying surface carbon fluxes of the study region. However, we are
limited by the high-resolution (2km) atmospheric transport model's ability
to simulate meteorology at the individual measurement stations, especially
at those situated in rough terrain.
G. Wohlfahrt, C. Amelynck, C. Ammann, A. Arneth, I. Bamberger, A. H. Goldstein, L. Gu, A. Guenther, A. Hansel, B. Heinesch, T. Holst, L. Hörtnagl, T. Karl, Q. Laffineur, A. Neftel, K. McKinney, J. W. Munger, S. G. Pallardy, G. W. Schade, R. Seco, and N. Schoon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7413–7427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates. Here we present micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight sites in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial methanol exchange.
B. Wolf, L. Merbold, C. Decock, B. Tuzson, E. Harris, J. Six, L. Emmenegger, and J. Mohn
Biogeosciences, 12, 2517–2531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2517-2015, 2015
W. Eugster and L. Merbold
SOIL, 1, 187–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-187-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-187-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The eddy covariance (EC) method has become increasingly popular in soil science. The basic concept of this method and its use in different types of experimental designs in the field are given, and we indicate where progress in advancing and extending the field of applications is made. The greatest strengths of EC measurements in soil science are (1) their uninterrupted continuous measurement of gas concentrations and fluxes and (2) spatial integration over
small-scale heterogeneity in the soil.
L. Hörtnagl and G. Wohlfahrt
Biogeosciences, 11, 7219–7236, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7219-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7219-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) exchange of a temperate mountain grassland near Neustift, Austria, was measured during 2010–2012 over a time period of 22 months using the eddy covariance method. The meadow acted as a sink for both compounds during certain time periods, but was a clear source of CH4 and N2O on an annual timescale. Both gases contributed to an increase of the global warming potential (GWP), effectively reducing the sink strength in terms of CO2 equivalents.
H. N. Mbufong, M. Lund, M. Aurela, T. R. Christensen, W. Eugster, T. Friborg, B. U. Hansen, E. R. Humphreys, M. Jackowicz-Korczynski, L. Kutzbach, P. M. Lafleur, W. C. Oechel, F. J. W. Parmentier, D. P. Rasse, A. V. Rocha, T. Sachs, M. K. van der Molen, and M. P. Tamstorf
Biogeosciences, 11, 4897–4912, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4897-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4897-2014, 2014
L. Hörtnagl, I. Bamberger, M. Graus, T. M. Ruuskanen, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Walser, A. Unterberger, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5369–5391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, 2014
I. Bamberger, L. Hörtnagl, M. Walser, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt
Biogeosciences, 11, 2429–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2429-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2429-2014, 2014
M. Verma, M. A. Friedl, A. D. Richardson, G. Kiely, A. Cescatti, B. E. Law, G. Wohlfahrt, B. Gielen, O. Roupsard, E. J. Moors, P. Toscano, F. P. Vaccari, D. Gianelle, G. Bohrer, A. Varlagin, N. Buchmann, E. van Gorsel, L. Montagnani, and P. Propastin
Biogeosciences, 11, 2185–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2185-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2185-2014, 2014
R. V. Hiller, D. Bretscher, T. DelSontro, T. Diem, W. Eugster, R. Henneberger, S. Hobi, E. Hodson, D. Imer, M. Kreuzer, T. Künzle, L. Merbold, P. A. Niklaus, B. Rihm, A. Schellenberger, M. H. Schroth, C. J. Schubert, H. Siegrist, J. Stieger, N. Buchmann, and D. Brunner
Biogeosciences, 11, 1941–1959, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1941-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1941-2014, 2014
S. Zielis, S. Etzold, R. Zweifel, W. Eugster, M. Haeni, and N. Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 11, 1627–1635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1627-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1627-2014, 2014
P. Michna, W. Eugster, R. V. Hiller, M. J. Zeeman, and H. Wanner
Geogr. Helv., 68, 249–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-249-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-249-2013, 2013
W. Yuan, S. Liu, W. Cai, W. Dong, J. Chen, A. Arain, P. D. Blanken, A. Cescatti, G. Wohlfahrt, T. Georgiadis, L. Genesio, D. Gianelle, A. Grelle, G. Kiely, A. Knohl, D. Liu, M. Marek, L. Merbold, L. Montagnani, O. Panferov, M. Peltoniemi, S. Rambal, A. Raschi, A. Varlagin, and J. Xia
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-5475-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-5475-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
D. Imer, L. Merbold, W. Eugster, and N. Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 10, 5931–5945, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5931-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5931-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Greenhouse Gases
Physicochemical perturbation increases nitrous oxide production from denitrification in soils and sediments
Carbon degradation and mobilisation potentials of thawing permafrost peatlands in northern Norway inferred from laboratory incubations
Seasonal dynamics and regional distribution patterns of CO2 and CH4 in the north-eastern Baltic Sea
Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea
CO2 emissions of drained coastal peatlands in the Netherlands and potential emission reduction by water infiltration systems
Influence of wind strength and direction on diffusive methane fluxes and atmospheric methane concentrations above the North Sea
Using eddy covariance observations to determine the carbon sequestration characteristics of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Dynamics of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
Isotopomer labeling and oxygen dependence of hybrid nitrous oxide production
The emission of CO from tropical rainforest soils
Drought disrupts atmospheric carbon uptake in a Mediterranean saline lake
Nitrous oxide (N2O) in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania
Technical note: A low-cost, automatic soil-plant-atmosphere enclosure system to investigate CO2 and ET flux dynamics
Modelling CO2 and N2O emissions from soils in silvopastoral systems of the West African Sahelian band
Ensemble estimates of global wetland methane emissions over 2000–2020
A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides
Seasonal carbon fluxes from vegetation and soil in a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh
Assessing improvements in global ocean pCO2 machine learning reconstructions with Southern Ocean autonomous sampling
Timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying climate–carbon-cycle feedbacks for weak perturbations in CMIP5 models
Technical note: Preventing CO2 overestimation from mercuric or copper(II) chloride preservation of dissolved greenhouse gases in freshwater samples
Exploring temporal and spatial variation of nitrous oxide flux using several years of peatland forest automatic chamber data
Diurnal versus spatial variability of greenhouse gas emissions from an anthropogenically modified lowland river in Germany
Regional assessment and uncertainty analysis of carbon and nitrogen balances at cropland scale using the ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC
Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget
Tidal influence on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from tree stems and soils in mangrove forests
Lawns and meadows in urban green space – a comparison from perspectives of greenhouse gases, drought resilience and plant functional types
Large contribution of soil N2O emission to the global warming potential of a large-scale oil palm plantation despite changing from conventional to reduced management practices
Air temperature and precipitation constraining the modelled wetland methane emissions in a boreal region in Northern Europe
Identifying landscape hot and cold spots of soil greenhouse gas fluxes by combining field measurements and remote sensing data
Explainable machine learning for modelling of net ecosystem exchange in boreal forest
Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies
Spatial and temporal variability of methane emissions and environmental conditions in a hyper-eutrophic fishpond
Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden
Herbivore–shrub interactions influence ecosystem respiration and biogenic volatile organic compound composition in the subarctic
Methane emissions due to reservoir flushing: a significant emission pathway?
Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites
Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea
Technical note: Skirt chamber – an open dynamic method for the rapid and minimally intrusive measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands
Seasonal variability of nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions in a temperate estuary
Reviews and syntheses: Recent advances in microwave remote sensing in support of terrestrial carbon cycle science in Arctic–boreal regions
Simulated methane emissions from Arctic ponds are highly sensitive to warming
Water-table-driven greenhouse gas emission estimates guide peatland restoration at national scale
Relationships between greenhouse gas production and landscape position during short-term permafrost thaw under anaerobic conditions in the Lena Delta
Carbon emissions and radiative forcings from tundra wildfires in the Yukon–Kuskokwim River Delta, Alaska
Carbon monoxide (CO) cycling in the Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean
Post-flooding disturbance recovery promotes carbon capture in riparian zones
Meteorological responses of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of a subarctic landscape
Carbon emission and export from the Ket River, western Siberia
Evaluation of wetland CH4 in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model using satellite observations
Greenhouse gas fluxes in mangrove forest soil in an Amazon estuary
Nathaniel B. Weston, Cynthia Troy, Patrick J. Kearns, Jennifer L. Bowen, William Porubsky, Christelle Hyacinthe, Christof Meile, Philippe Van Cappellen, and Samantha B. Joye
Biogeosciences, 21, 4837–4851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas produced largely from microbial nitrogen cycling processes, and human activities have resulted in increases in atmospheric N2O. We investigate the role of physical and chemical disturbances to soils and sediments in N2O production. We demonstrate that physicochemical perturbation increases N2O production, microbial community adapts over time, and initial perturbation appears to confer resilience to subsequent disturbance.
Sigrid Trier Kjær, Sebastian Westermann, Nora Nedkvitne, and Peter Dörsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 4723–4737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost peatlands are thawing due to climate change, releasing large quantities of carbon that degrades upon thawing and is released as CO2, CH4 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We incubated thawed Norwegian permafrost peat plateaus and thermokarst pond sediment found next to permafrost for up to 350 d to measure carbon loss. CO2 production was initially the highest, whereas CH4 production increased over time. The largest carbon loss was measured at the top of the peat plateau core as DOC.
Silvie Lainela, Erik Jacobs, Stella-Theresa Luik, Gregor Rehder, and Urmas Lips
Biogeosciences, 21, 4495–4519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the variability of carbon dioxide and methane in the surface layer of the north-eastern basins of the Baltic Sea in 2018. We show that the shallower coastal areas have considerably higher spatial variability and seasonal amplitude of surface layer pCO2 and cCH4 than measured in the offshore areas of the Baltic Sea. Despite this high variability, caused mostly by coastal physical processes, the average annual air–sea CO2 fluxes differed only marginally between the sub-basins.
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Biogeosciences, 21, 4341–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the sea and the atmosphere was studied in the Archipelago Sea, Baltic Sea, in 2017–2021, using an eddy covariance technique. The sea acted as a net source of CO2 with an average yearly emission of 27.1 gC m-2 yr-1, indicating that the marine ecosystem respired carbon that originated elsewhere. The yearly CO2 emission varied between 18.2–39.2 gC m-2 yr-1, mostly due to the yearly variation of ecosystem carbon uptake.
Ralf C. H. Aben, Daniël van de Craats, Jim Boonman, Stijn H. Peeters, Bart Vriend, Coline C. F. Boonman, Ype van der Velde, Gilles Erkens, and Merit van den Berg
Biogeosciences, 21, 4099–4118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands cause high CO2 emissions. We assessed the effectiveness of subsurface water infiltration systems (WISs) in reducing CO2 emissions related to increases in water table depth (WTD) on 12 sites for up to 4 years. Results show WISs markedly reduced emissions by 2.1 t CO2-C ha-1 yr-1. The relationship between the amount of carbon above the WTD and CO2 emission was stronger than the relationship between WTD and emission. Long-term monitoring is crucial for accurate emission estimates.
Ingeborg Bussmann, Eric P. Achterberg, Holger Brix, Nicolas Brüggemann, Götz Flöser, Claudia Schütze, and Philipp Fischer
Biogeosciences, 21, 3819–3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and contributes to climate warming. However, the input of CH4 from coastal areas to the atmosphere is not well defined. Dissolved and atmospheric CH4 was determined at high spatial resolution in or above the North Sea. The atmospheric CH4 concentration was mainly influenced by wind direction. With our detailed study on the spatial distribution of CH4 fluxes we were able to provide a detailed and more realistic estimation of coastal CH4 fluxes.
Niu Zhu, Jinniu Wang, Dongliang Luo, Xufeng Wang, Cheng Shen, and Ning Wu
Biogeosciences, 21, 3509–3522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study delves into the vital role of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as carbon sinks in the context of climate change. Utilizing advanced eddy covariance systems, we uncover their significant carbon sequestration potential, observing distinct seasonal patterns influenced by temperature, humidity, and radiation. Notably, these forests exhibit robust carbon absorption, with potential implications for global carbon balance.
Jessica Ashley Valerie Breavington, Alexandra Steckbauer, Chuancheng Fu, Mongi Ennasri, and Carlos Manuel Duarte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1831, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1831, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mangroves are known for storing large amounts of carbon in their soils, but this is lower in the Red Sea due to challenging growth conditions. We collected soil cores over multiple seasons to measure soil properties, and the greenhouse gasses (GHG) of carbon dioxide and methane. We found that GHG emissions are generally a small offset to carbon storage but punctuated by periods of very high GHG emission and this variability is linked to multiple environmental and soil properties.
Colette L. Kelly, Nicole M. Travis, Pascale Anabelle Baya, Claudia Frey, Xin Sun, Bess B. Ward, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 3215–3238, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, accumulates in regions of the ocean that are low in dissolved oxygen. We used a novel combination of chemical tracers to determine how nitrous oxide is produced in one of these regions, the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean. Our experiments showed that the two most important sources of nitrous oxide under low-oxygen conditions are denitrification, an anaerobic process, and a novel “hybrid” process performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 21, 3183–3199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is regarded as an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit and take up CO, but, until now, uncertainty remains as to which process dominates in tropical rainforests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rainforest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rainforest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Ihab Alfadhel, Ignacio Peralta-Maraver, Isabel Reche, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Eva Rodríguez-Velasco, Andrew S. Kowalski, and Penélope Serrano-Ortiz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1562, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Inland saline lakes are crucial in the global carbon cycle, but increased droughts may alter their carbon exchange capacity. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a Mediterranean saline lake using the Eddy Covariance method under dry and wet conditions. We found the lake acts as a carbon sink during wet periods but not during droughts. These results highlight the importance of saline lakes in carbon sequestration and their vulnerability to climate change-induced droughts.
Johnathan D. Maxey, Neil D. Hartstein, Hermann W. Bange, and Mortiz Müller
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1731, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distribution of N2O in fjord-like estuaries is poorly described in the southern hemisphere. Our study describes N2O distribution and its drivers in one such system Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2022/2023. Results show the system is a sink for atmospheric N2O when river flow is high; and the system emits N2O when the river flow is low. N2O generated in basins is intercepted by the surface water and exported to the ocean during high river flow.
Wael Al Hamwi, Maren Dubbert, Joerg Schaller, Matthias Lueck, Marten Schmidt, and Mathias Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a fully automatic, low-cost soil-plant enclosure system to monitor CO2 and ET fluxes within greenhouse experiments. It operates in two modes: independent, using low-cost sensors, and dependent, connecting multiple chambers to a single gas analyzer via a low-cost multiplexer. This system offers precise and accurate measurements, cost and labor efficiency, and high temporal resolution, enabling comprehensive monitoring of plant-soil responses to various treatments and conditions.
Yélognissè Agbohessou, Claire Delon, Manuela Grippa, Eric Mougin, Daouda Ngom, Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Ousmane Ndiaye, Paulo Salgado, and Olivier Roupsard
Biogeosciences, 21, 2811–2837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of greenhouse gases in the Sahel are not well represented because they are considered weak compared to the rest of the world. However, natural areas in the Sahel emit carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides, which need to be assessed because of extended surfaces. We propose an assessment of such emissions in Sahelian silvopastoral systems and of how they are influenced by environmental characteristics. These results are essential to inform climate change strategies in the region.
Zhen Zhang, Benjamin Poulter, Joe R. Melton, William J. Riley, George H. Allen, David J. Beerling, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Philippe Ciais, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Akihiko Ito, Robert B. Jackson, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Sara Knox, Tingting Li, Xin Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle McDonald, Gavin McNicol, Paul A. Miller, Jurek Müller, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Ryan M. Riggs, Marielle Saunois, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Xiaoming Xu, Yuanzhi Yao, Xi Yi, Wenxin Zhang, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1584, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses global methane emissions from wetlands between 2000 and 2020 using multiple models. We found that wetland emissions increased by 6–7 Tg CH4 per year in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Rising temperatures primarily drove this increase, while changes in precipitation and CO2 levels also played roles. Our findings highlight the importance of wetlands in the global methane budget and the need for continuous monitoring to understand their impact on climate change.
Merit van den Berg, Thomas M. Gremmen, Renske J. E. Vroom, Jacobus van Huissteden, Jim Boonman, Corine J. A. van Huissteden, Ype van der Velde, Alfons J. P. Smolders, and Bas P. van de Riet
Biogeosciences, 21, 2669–2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands emit 3 % of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Paludiculture is a way to reduce CO2 emissions while at the same time generating an income for landowners. The side effect is the potentially high methane emissions. We found very high methane emissions for broadleaf cattail compared with narrowleaf cattail and water fern. The rewetting was, however, effective to stop CO2 emissions for all species. The highest potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions had narrowleaf cattail.
Lorena Carrasco-Barea, Dolors Verdaguer, Maria Gispert, Xavier D. Quintana, Hélène Bourhis, and Laura Llorens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1320, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide fluxes have been measured seasonally in four plant species in a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh highlighting the high carbon removal potential that these species have. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from soil showed high variability among the habitats studied and they were generally higher than those observed in tidal salt marshes. Our results are important to make more accurate predictions regarding carbon emissions from these ecosystems.
Thea H. Heimdal, Galen A. McKinley, Adrienne J. Sutton, Amanda R. Fay, and Lucas Gloege
Biogeosciences, 21, 2159–2176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of ocean carbon are limited in time and space. Machine learning algorithms are therefore used to reconstruct ocean carbon where observations do not exist. Improving these reconstructions is important in order to accurately estimate how much carbon the ocean absorbs from the atmosphere. In this study, we find that a small addition of observations from the Southern Ocean, obtained by autonomous sampling platforms, could significantly improve the reconstructions.
Guilherme L. Torres Mendonça, Julia Pongratz, and Christian H. Reick
Biogeosciences, 21, 1923–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying feedbacks by a theory of the climate–carbon system. Using simulations we show the predictive power of this theory and find that (1) this fraction generally decreases for increasing timescales and (2) at all timescales the total feedback is negative and the model spread in a single feedback causes the spread in the airborne fraction. Our study indicates that those are properties of the system, independently of the scenario.
François Clayer, Jan Erik Thrane, Kuria Ndungu, Andrew King, Peter Dörsch, and Thomas Rohrlack
Biogeosciences, 21, 1903–1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determination of dissolved greenhouse gas (GHG) in freshwater allows us to estimate GHG fluxes. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is used to preserve water samples prior to GHG analysis despite its environmental and health impacts and interferences with water chemistry in freshwater. Here, we tested the effects of HgCl2, two substitutes and storage time on GHG in water from two boreal lakes. Preservation with HgCl2 caused overestimation of CO2 concentration with consequences for GHG flux estimation.
Helena Rautakoski, Mika Korkiakoski, Jarmo Mäkelä, Markku Koskinen, Kari Minkkinen, Mika Aurela, Paavo Ojanen, and Annalea Lohila
Biogeosciences, 21, 1867–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current and future nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are difficult to estimate due to their high variability in space and time. Several years of N2O fluxes from drained boreal peatland forest indicate high importance of summer precipitation, winter temperature, and snow conditions in controlling annual N2O emissions. The results indicate increasing year-to-year variation in N2O emissions in changing climate with more extreme seasonal weather conditions.
Matthias Koschorreck, Norbert Kamjunke, Uta Koedel, Michael Rode, Claudia Schuetze, and Ingeborg Bussmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 1613–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from different sites at the river Elbe in Germany over 3 days to find out what is more important for quantification: small-scale spatial variability or diurnal temporal variability. We found that CO2 emissions were very different between day and night, while CH4 emissions were more different between sites. Dried out river sediments contributed to CO2 emissions, while the side areas of the river were important CH4 sources.
Odysseas Sifounakis, Edwin Haas, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Maria P. Papadopoulou
Biogeosciences, 21, 1563–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a full assessment of the carbon and nitrogen cycles of a cropland ecosystem. An uncertainty analysis and quantification of all carbon and nitrogen fluxes were deployed. The inventory simulations include greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, NH3 volatilization and NO3 leaching from arable land cultivation in Greece. The inventory also reports changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in arable soils.
Sarah M. Ludwig, Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane
Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when using eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when calculating carbon budgets. In this study we report eddy covariance carbon fluxes from heterogeneous tundra. We used the footprints of each flux observation to unmix the fluxes coming from components of the landscape. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon emissions in the landscape. Accurately scaling with landscape heterogeneity yielded half as much regional carbon uptake.
Zhao-Jun Yong, Wei‐Jen Lin, Chiao-Wen Lin, and Hsing-Juh Lin Lin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-533, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-533, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first to simultaneously measure mangrove CH4 emissions from both stems and soils throughout tidal cycles. The stems served as both net CO2 and CH4 sources. Compared to those of the soils, the stems exhibited markedly lower CH4 emissions, but no difference in CO2 emissions. Sampling only during low tides might overestimate the stem CO2 and CH4 emissions on a diurnal scale. This study also highlights species distinctness (with pneumatophores) in the emissions.
Justine Trémeau, Beñat Olascoaga, Leif Backman, Esko Karvinen, Henriikka Vekuri, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 21, 949–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied urban lawns and meadows in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. We found that meadows are more resistant to drought events but that they do not increase carbon sequestration compared with lawns. Moreover, the transformation from lawns to meadows did not demonstrate any negative climate effects in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Even though social and economic aspects also steer urban development, these results can guide planning to consider carbon-smart options.
Guantao Chen, Edzo Veldkamp, Muhammad Damris, Bambang Irawan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Marife D. Corre
Biogeosciences, 21, 513–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We established an oil palm management experiment in a large-scale oil palm plantation in Jambi, Indonesia. We recorded oil palm fruit yield and measured soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes. After 4 years of treatment, compared with conventional fertilization with herbicide weeding, reduced fertilization with mechanical weeding did not reduce yield and soil greenhouse gas emissions, which highlights the legacy effects of over a decade of conventional management prior to the start of the experiment.
Tuula Aalto, Aki Tsuruta, Jarmo Mäkelä, Jurek Mueller, Maria Tenkanen, Eleanor Burke, Sarah Chadburn, Yao Gao, Vilma Mannisenaho, Thomas Kleinen, Hanna Lee, Antti Leppänen, Tiina Markkanen, Stefano Materia, Paul Miller, Daniele Peano, Olli Peltola, Benjamin Poulter, Maarit Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, David Wårlind, and Sönke Zaehle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wetland methane responses to temperature and precipitation were studied in a boreal wetland-rich region in Northern Europe using ecosystem models, atmospheric inversions and up-scaled flux observations. The ecosystem models differed in their responses to temperature and precipitation and in their seasonality. However, multi-model means, inversions and up-scaled fluxes had similar seasonality, and they suggested co-limitation by temperature and precipitation.
Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Tobias Houska, David Kraus, Gretchen Maria Gettel, Ralf Kiese, Lutz Breuer, and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Biogeosciences, 20, 5029–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agricultural landscapes act as sinks or sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, or N2O. Various physicochemical and biological processes control the fluxes of these GHGs between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, fluxes depend on environmental conditions such as soil moisture, soil temperature, or soil parameters, which result in large spatial and temporal variations of GHG fluxes. Here, we describe an example of how this variation may be studied and analyzed.
Ekaterina Ezhova, Topi Laanti, Anna Lintunen, Pasi Kolari, Tuomo Nieminen, Ivan Mammarella, Keijo Heljanko, and Markku Kulmala
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2559, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2559, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
ML models are gaining popularity in biogeosciences. They are applied as gapfilling methods and used to upscale carbon fluxes to larger areas based on local measurements. In this study, we use Explainable ML methods to elucidate performance of machine learning models for carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal forest. We show that statistically equal models treat input variables differently. Explainable ML can help scientists to make informed solutions when applying ML models in their research.
Laurie C. Menviel, Paul Spence, Andrew E. Kiss, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Hakase Hayashida, Matthew H. England, and Darryn Waugh
Biogeosciences, 20, 4413–4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the ocean absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon, it is important to understand the impact of climate change on the flux of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we use a very high-resolution ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model to show that the capability of the Southern Ocean to uptake CO2 has decreased over the last 40 years due to a strengthening and poleward shift of the southern hemispheric westerlies. This trend is expected to continue over the coming century.
Petr Znachor, Jiří Nedoma, Vojtech Kolar, and Anna Matoušů
Biogeosciences, 20, 4273–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted intensive spatial sampling of the hypertrophic fishpond to better understand the spatial dynamics of methane fluxes and environmental heterogeneity in fishponds. The diffusive fluxes of methane accounted for only a minor fraction of the total fluxes and both varied pronouncedly within the pond and over the studied summer season. This could be explained only by the water depth. Wind substantially affected temperature, oxygen and chlorophyll a distribution in the pond.
Sofie Sjögersten, Martha Ledger, Matthias Siewert, Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, David Gee, Giles Foody, and Doreen S. Boyd
Biogeosciences, 20, 4221–4239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw in Arctic regions is increasing methane emissions, but quantification is difficult given the large and remote areas impacted. We show that UAV data together with satellite data can be used to extrapolate emissions across the wider landscape as well as detect areas at risk of higher emissions. A transition of currently degrading areas to fen type vegetation can increase emission by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the importance of quantifying areas at risk.
Cole G. Brachmann, Tage Vowles, Riikka Rinnan, Mats P. Björkman, Anna Ekberg, and Robert G. Björk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Herbivores change plant communities through grazing, altering the amount of CO2 and plant-specific chemicals (termed VOCs) emitted. We tested this effect by excluding herbivores and studying the CO2 and VOC emissions. Herbivores reduced CO2 emissions from a meadow community and altered VOC composition; however, community type had the strongest effect on the amount of CO2 and VOCs released. Herbivores can mediate greenhouse gas emissions, but the effect is marginal and community dependent.
Ole Lessmann, Jorge Encinas Fernández, Karla Martínez-Cruz, and Frank Peeters
Biogeosciences, 20, 4057–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a large dataset of seasonally resolved methane (CH4) pore water concentrations in a reservoir's sediment, we assess the significance of CH4 emissions due to reservoir flushing. In the studied reservoir, CH4 emissions caused by one flushing operation can represent 7 %–14 % of the annual CH4 emissions and depend on the timing of the flushing operation. In reservoirs with high sediment loadings, regular flushing may substantially contribute to the overall CH4 emissions.
Matti Räsänen, Risto Vesala, Petri Rönnholm, Laura Arppe, Petra Manninen, Markus Jylhä, Jouko Rikkinen, Petri Pellikka, and Janne Rinne
Biogeosciences, 20, 4029–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fungus-growing termites recycle large parts of dead plant material in African savannas and are significant sources of greenhouse gases. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes from their mounds and surrounding soils in open and closed habitats. The fluxes scale with mound volume. The results show that emissions from mounds of fungus-growing termites are more stable than those from other termites. The soil fluxes around the mound are affected by the termite colonies at up to 2 m distance from the mound.
Tim René de Groot, Anne Margriet Mol, Katherine Mesdag, Pierre Ramond, Rachel Ndhlovu, Julia Catherine Engelmann, Thomas Röckmann, and Helge Niemann
Biogeosciences, 20, 3857–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates methane dynamics in the Wadden Sea. Our measurements revealed distinct variations triggered by seasonality and tidal forcing. The methane budget was higher in warmer seasons but surprisingly high in colder seasons. Methane dynamics were amplified during low tides, flushing the majority of methane into the North Sea or releasing it to the atmosphere. Methanotrophic activity was also elevated during low tide but mitigated only a small fraction of the methane efflux.
Frederic Thalasso, Brenda Riquelme, Andrés Gómez, Roy Mackenzie, Francisco Javier Aguirre, Jorge Hoyos-Santillan, Ricardo Rozzi, and Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui
Biogeosciences, 20, 3737–3749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A robust skirt-chamber design to capture and quantify greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands is presented. Compared to standard methods, this design improves the spatial resolution of field studies in remote locations while minimizing intrusion.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Yoana G. Voynova, Hermann W. Bange, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 20, 3229–3247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. However, N2O emissions from estuaries underlie significant uncertainties due to limited data availability and high spatiotemporal variability. We found the Elbe Estuary (Germany) to be a year-round source of N2O, with the highest emissions in winter along with high nitrogen loads. However, in spring and summer, N2O emissions did not decrease alongside lower nitrogen loads because organic matter fueled in situ N2O production along the estuary.
Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Christophe Kinnard, and Alexandre Roy
Biogeosciences, 20, 2941–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This review supports the integration of microwave spaceborne information into carbon cycle science for Arctic–boreal regions. The microwave data record spans multiple decades with frequent global observations of soil moisture and temperature, surface freeze–thaw cycles, vegetation water storage, snowpack properties, and land cover. This record holds substantial unexploited potential to better understand carbon cycle processes.
Zoé Rehder, Thomas Kleinen, Lars Kutzbach, Victor Stepanenko, Moritz Langer, and Victor Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 20, 2837–2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use a new model to investigate how methane emissions from Arctic ponds change with warming. We find that emissions increase substantially. Under annual temperatures 5 °C above present temperatures, pond methane emissions are more than 3 times higher than now. Most of this increase is caused by an increase in plant productivity as plants provide the substrate microbes used to produce methane. We conclude that vegetation changes need to be included in predictions of pond methane emissions.
Julian Koch, Lars Elsgaard, Mogens H. Greve, Steen Gyldenkærne, Cecilie Hermansen, Gregor Levin, Shubiao Wu, and Simon Stisen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2387–2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Utilizing peatlands for agriculture leads to large emissions of greenhouse gases worldwide. The emissions are triggered by lowering the water table, which is a necessary step in order to make peatlands arable. Many countries aim at reducing their emissions by restoring peatlands, which can be achieved by stopping agricultural activities and thereby raising the water table. We estimate a total emission of 2.6 Mt CO2-eq for organic-rich peatlands in Denmark and a potential reduction of 77 %.
Mélissa Laurent, Matthias Fuchs, Tanja Herbst, Alexandra Runge, Susanne Liebner, and Claire C. Treat
Biogeosciences, 20, 2049–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigated the effect of different parameters (temperature, landscape position) on the production of greenhouse gases during a 1-year permafrost thaw experiment. For very similar carbon and nitrogen contents, our results show a strong heterogeneity in CH4 production, as well as in microbial abundance. According to our study, these differences are mainly due to the landscape position and the hydrological conditions established as a result of the topography.
Michael Moubarak, Seeta Sistla, Stefano Potter, Susan M. Natali, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 1537–1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tundra wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity with climate change. We show using a combination of field measurements and computational modeling that tundra wildfires result in a positive feedback to climate change by emitting significant amounts of long-lived greenhouse gasses. With these effects, attention to tundra fires is necessary for mitigating climate change.
Hanna I. Campen, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 20, 1371–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a climate-relevant trace gas emitted from the ocean. However, oceanic CO cycling is understudied. Results from incubation experiments conducted in the Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean) indicated that (i) pH did not affect CO cycling and (ii) enhanced CO production and consumption were positively correlated with coloured dissolved organic matter and nitrate concentrations. This suggests microbial CO uptake to be the driving factor for CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean.
Yihong Zhu, Ruihua Liu, Huai Zhang, Shaoda Liu, Zhengfeng Zhang, Fei-Hai Yu, and Timothy G. Gregoire
Biogeosciences, 20, 1357–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With global warming, the risk of flooding is rising, but the response of the carbon cycle of aquatic and associated riparian systems
to flooding is still unclear. Based on the data collected in the Lijiang, we found that flooding would lead to significant carbon emissions of fluvial areas and riparian areas during flooding, but carbon capture may happen after flooding. In the riparian areas, the surviving vegetation, especially clonal plants, played a vital role in this transformation.
Lauri Heiskanen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Aleksi Räsänen, Tarmo Virtanen, Sari Juutinen, Annalea Lohila, Juha Mikola, and Mika Aurela
Biogeosciences, 20, 545–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured and modelled the CO2 and CH4 fluxes of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the subarctic landscape for 2 years. The landscape was an annual CO2 sink and a CH4 source. The forest had the largest contribution to the landscape-level CO2 sink and the peatland to the CH4 emissions. The lakes released 24 % of the annual net C uptake of the landscape back to the atmosphere. The C fluxes were affected most by the rainy peak growing season of 2017 and the drought event in July 2018.
Artem G. Lim, Ivan V. Krickov, Sergey N. Vorobyev, Mikhail A. Korets, Sergey Kopysov, Liudmila S. Shirokova, Jan Karlsson, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
Biogeosciences, 19, 5859–5877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In order to quantify C transport and emission and main environmental factors controlling the C cycle in Siberian rivers, we investigated the largest tributary of the Ob River, the Ket River basin, by measuring spatial and seasonal variations in carbon CO2 and CH4 concentrations and emissions together with hydrochemical analyses. The obtained results are useful for large-scale modeling of C emission and export fluxes from permafrost-free boreal rivers of an underrepresented region of the world.
Robert J. Parker, Chris Wilson, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Toby R. Marthews, A. Anthony Bloom, Mark F. Lunt, Nicola Gedney, Simon J. Dadson, Joe McNorton, Neil Humpage, Hartmut Boesch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Paul I. Palmer, and Dai Yamazaki
Biogeosciences, 19, 5779–5805, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane, one of the most important climate gases. The JULES land surface model simulates these emissions. We use satellite data to evaluate how well JULES reproduces the methane seasonal cycle over different tropical wetlands. It performs well for most regions; however, it struggles for some African wetlands influenced heavily by river flooding. We explain the reasons for these deficiencies and highlight how future development will improve these areas.
Saúl Edgardo Martínez Castellón, José Henrique Cattanio, José Francisco Berrêdo, Marcelo Rollnic, Maria de Lourdes Ruivo, and Carlos Noriega
Biogeosciences, 19, 5483–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We seek to understand the influence of climatic seasonality and microtopography on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in an Amazonian mangrove. Topography and seasonality had a contrasting influence when comparing the two gas fluxes: CO2 fluxes were greater in high topography in the dry period, and CH4 fluxes were greater in the rainy season in low topography. Only CO2 fluxes were correlated with soil organic matter, the proportion of carbon and nitrogen, and redox potential.
Cited articles
Ammann, C., Spirig, C., Leifeld, J., and Neftel, A.: Assessment of the
nitrogen and carbon budget of two managed temperate grassland fields, Agr.
Ecosyst. Environ., 133, 150–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.006, 2009.
Basche, A. D., Miguez, F. E., Kaspar, T. C., and Castellano, M. J.: Do cover
crops increase or decrease nitrous oxide emissions? A meta-analysis, J. Soil
Water Conserv., 69, 471–482, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.69.6.471, 2014.
Bell, M. J., Hinton, N., Cloy, J. M., Topp, C. F. E., Rees, R. M., Cardenas,
L., Scott, T., Webster, C., Ashton, R. W., Whitmore, A. P., Williams, J. R.,
Balshaw, H., Paine, F., Goulding, K. W. T., and Chadwick, D. R.: Nitrous
oxide emissions from fertilised UK arable soils: Fluxes, emission factors and
mitigation, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 212, 134–147,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.003, 2015.
Biermann, T., Babel, W., Ma, W., Chen, X., Thiem, E., Ma, Y., and Foken, T.:
Turbulent flux observations and modelling over a shallow lake and a wet
grassland in the Nam Co basin, Tibetan Plateau, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 116,
301–316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0953-6, 2014.
Boddey, R. M., Peoples, M. B., Palmer, B., and Dart, P. J.: Use of the
15N natural abundance technique to quantify biological nitrogen
fixation by woody perennials, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 57, 235–270,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009890514844, 2000.
Bolan, N. S., Saggar, S., Luo, J., Bhandral, R., and Singh, J.: Gaseous
emissions of nitrogen from grazed pastures: Processes, measurements and
modelling, environmental implications, and mitigation, Vol. 84, Advances in
Agronomy, 37–120, Academic Press, San Diego, 2004.
Bouwman, A. F., Boumans, L. J. M., and Batjes, N. H.: Emissions of
N2O and NO from fertilized fields: Summary of available measurement
data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 6-1–6-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001811, 2002.
Burri, S., Sturm, P., Prechsl, U. E., Knohl, A., and Buchmann, N.: The impact
of extreme summer drought on the short-term carbon coupling of photosynthesis
to soil CO2 efflux in a temperate grassland, Biogeosciences, 11,
961–975, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-961-2014, 2014.
Butenschoen, O., Marhan, S., and Scheu, S.: Response of soil microorganisms
and endogeic earthworms to cutting of grassland plants in a laboratory
experiment, Appl. Soil Ecol., 38, 152–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.10.004,
2008.
Butterbach-Bahl, K., Baggs, E. M., Dannenmann, M., Kiese, R., and
Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do
we understand the processes and their controls?, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368,
20130122, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122, 2013.
Carlsson, G. and Huss-Danell, K.: Does nitrogen transfer between plants
confound 15N-based quantifications of N2 fixation?, Plant
Soil, 374, 345–358, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1802-1, 2014.
Carter, M. S. and Ambus, P.: Biologically fixed N2 as a source for
N2O production in a grass–clover mixture, measured by
15N2, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 74, 13–26,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-005-4111-0, 2006.
Conant, R. T., Paustian, K., Grosso, S. J. D., and Parton, W. J.: Nitrogen
pools and fluxes in grassland soils sequestering carbon, Nutr. Cycl.
Agroecosys., 71, 239–248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-5085-z, 2005.
Crews, T. E. and Peoples, M. B.: Can the synchrony of nitrogen supply and
crop demand be improved in legume and fertilizer-based agroecosystems? A
review, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 72, 101–120,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-6480-1, 2005.
de Klein, C. a. M. and Eckard, R. J.: Targeted technologies for nitrous oxide
abatement from animal agriculture, Aust. J. Exp. Agr., 48, 14–20,
https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07217, 2008.
Dewhurst, R. J., Fisher, W. J., Tweed, J. K. S., and Wilkins, R. J.:
Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1. Production
responses with different levels of concentrate, J. Dairy Sci., 86,
2598–2611, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73855-7, 2003.
Eugster, W. and Merbold, L.: Eddy covariance for quantifying trace gas fluxes
from soils, SOIL, 1, 187–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-187-2015, 2015.
Eugster, W. and Plüss, P.: A fault-tolerant eddy covariance system for
measuring CH4 fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 841–851,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.12.008, 2010.
Eugster, W. and Zeeman, M. J.: Micrometeorological techniques to measure
ecosystem-scale greenhouse gas fluxes for model validation and improvement,
Int. Congr. Ser., 1293, 66–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2006.05.001, 2006.
Finn, J. A., Kirwan, L., Connolly, J., Sebastià, M. T., Helgadottir, A.,
Baadshaug, O. H., Bélanger, G., Black, A., Brophy, C., Collins, R. P.,
Čop, J., Dalmannsdóttir, S., Delgado, I., Elgersma, A., Fothergill,
M., Frankow-Lindberg, B. E., Ghesquiere, A., Golinska, B., Golinski, P.,
Grieu, P., Gustavsson, A.-M., Höglind, M., Huguenin-Elie, O.,
Jørgensen, M., Kadziuliene, Z., Kurki, P., Llurba, R., Lunnan, T.,
Porqueddu, C., Suter, M., Thumm, U., and Lüscher, A.: Ecosystem function
enhanced by combining four functional types of plant species in intensively
managed grassland mixtures: a 3-year continental-scale field experiment,
edited by: Wilsey, B., J. Appl. Ecol., 50, 365–375,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12041, 2013.
Flechard, C. R., Ambus, P., Skiba, U., Rees, R. M., Hensen, A., van Amstel,
A., van den Pol-van Dasselaar, A., Soussana, J.-F., Jones, M., Clifton-Brown,
J., Raschi, A., Horvath, L., Neftel, A., Jocher, M., Ammann, C., Leifeld, J.,
Fuhrer, J., Calanca, P., Thalman, E., Pilegaard, K., Di Marco, C., Campbell,
C., Nemitz, E., Hargreaves, K. J., Levy, P. E., Ball, B. C., Jones, S. K.,
van de Bulk, W. C. M., Groot, T., Blom, M., Domingues, R., Kasper, G.,
Allard, V., Ceschia, E., Cellier, P., Laville, P., Henault, C., Bizouard, F.,
Abdalla, M., Williams, M., Baronti, S., Berretti, F., and Grosz, B.: Effects
of climate and management intensity on nitrous oxide emissions in grassland
systems across Europe, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 135–152,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.024, 2007.
Flessa, H.: Studie zur Vorbereitung einer effizienten und gut abgestimmten
Klimaschutzpolitik für den Agrarsektor, Johann Heinrich von
Thünen-Institut, Braunschweig, available at:
https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/dn050716.pdf (last access:
28 July 2018), 2012.
Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux
measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83–105,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1, 1996.
Foken, T., Gockede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B., and Munger, J.:
Post field data quality control, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology: A guide
for surface flux measurements and analysis, edited by: Lee, X., Massmann, W.,
and Law, B., 181–208, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004.
Fratini, G., Ibrom, A., Arriga, N., Burba, G., and Papale, D.: Relative
humidity effects on water vapour fluxes measured with closed-path
eddy-covariance systems with short sampling lines, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
165, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.018, 2012.
Fuchs, K.: Dataset from the Chamau Nitrous Oxide Mitigation Experiment
2015–2016, ETH Zurich Research Collection, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000289359,
last access: 14 September 2018.
Galloway, J. N., Aber, J. D., Erisman, J. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Howarth, R.
W., Cowling, E. B., and Cosby, B. J.: The Nitrogen Cascade, BioScience, 53,
341–356, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Garcia-Plazaola, J. I., Becerril, J. M., Arrese-Igor, C., Gonzalez-Murua, C.,
and Aparicio-Tejo, P. M.: The contribution of Rhizobium meliloti to
soil denitrification, Plant Soil, 157, 207–213, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011049,
1993.
Gourlez de la Motte, L., Mamadou, O., Beckers, Y., Bodson, B., Heinesch, B.,
and Aubinet, M.: Rotational and continuous grazing does not affect the total
net ecosystem exchange of a pasture grazed by cattle but modifies CO2
exchange dynamics, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 253, 157–165,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.011, 2018.
Guckert, A. and Hay, R. K. M.: The overwintering, spring growth, and yield in
mixed species swards of white clover in Europe, Ann. Bot., 88, 667–668,
https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1508, 2001.
Hofer, D., Suter, M., Buchmann, N., and Lüscher, A.: Nitrogen status of
functionally different forage species explains resistance to severe drought
and post-drought overcompensation, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 236, 312–322,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.11.022, 2017.
Horst, T. W.: A simple formula for attenuation of eddy fluxes measured with
first-order-response scalar sensors, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 82, 219–233,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000229130034, 1997.
Horst, T. W. and Lenschow, D. H.: Attenuation of scalar fluxes measured with
spatially-displaced sensors, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 130, 275–300,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-008-9348-0, 2009.
Hörtnagl, L., Barthel, M., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Butterbach-Bahl,
K., Díaz-Pinés, E., Zeeman, M., Klumpp, K., Kiese, R., Bahn, M.,
Hammerle, A., Lu, H., Ladreiter-Knauss, T., Burri, S., and Merbold, L.:
Greenhouse gas fluxes over managed grasslands in Central Europe, Glob. Change
Biol., 24, 1843–1872, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14079, 2018.
Huhtanen, P., Rinne, M., and Nousiainen, J.: Evaluation of the factors
affecting silage intake of dairy cows: a revision of the relative silage
dry-matter intake index, Animal, 1, 758–770, https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173110773673X,
2007.
Imer, D., Merbold, L., Eugster, W., and Buchmann, N.: Temporal and spatial
variations of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes at three
differently managed grasslands, Biogeosciences, 10, 5931–5945,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5931-2013, 2013.
IPCC (Ciais, P., Sabine, C., Bala, G., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Canadell, J.,
Chhabra, A., DeFries, R., Galloway, J., Heimann, M., Jones, C., Le
Quéré, C., Myneni, R. B., Piao, S., and Thornton, P.): Carbon and
Other Biogeochemical Cycles, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin,
D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia,
Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
and New York, NY, USA, 2013a.
IPCC (Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt,
J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T.,
Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H.): Anthropogenic and
Natural Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin,
D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia,
Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
and New York, NY, USA, 2013b.
IPCC (Smith P., Bustamante, M., Ahammad, H., Clark, H., Dong, H., Elsiddig,
E. A., Haberl, H., Harper, R., House, J., Jafari, M., Masera, O., Mbow, C.,
Ravindranath, N. H., Rice, C. W., Robledo Abad, C., Romanovskaya, A.,
Sperling, F., and Tubiello, F.): Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
(AFOLU), in: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution
of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona,
Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S.,
Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow,
C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
and New York, NY, USA, 2014.
Jensen, E. S., Peoples, M. B., Boddey, R. M., Gresshoff, P. M.,
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Alves, B. J. R., and Morrison, M. J.: Legumes for
mitigation of climate change and the provision of feedstock for biofuels and
biorefineries. A review, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 32, 329–364,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7, 2012.
Kirwan, L., Luescher, A., Sebastia, M. T., Finn, J. A., Collins, R. P.,
Porqueddu, C., Helgadottir, A., Baadshaug, O. H., Brophy, C., Coran, C.,
Dalmannsdottir, S., Delgado, I., Elgersma, A., Fothergill, M.,
Frankow-Lindberg, B. E., Golinski, P., Grieu, P., Gustavsson, A. M., Hoglind,
M., Huguenin-Elie, O., Iliadis, C., Jorgensen, M., Kadziuliene, Z., Karyotis,
T., Lunnan, T., Malengier, M., Maltoni, S., Meyer, V., Nyfeler, D.,
Nykanen-Kurki, P., Parente, J., Smit, H. J., Thumm, U., and Connolly, J.:
Evenness drives consistent diversity effects in intensive grassland systems
across 28 European sites, J. Ecol., 95, 530–539,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01225.x, 2007.
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A simple
two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP), Geosci.
Model Dev., 8, 3695–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, 2015.
Klumpp, K., Bloor, J. M. G., Ambus, P., and Soussana, J.-F.: Effects of
clover density on N2O emissions and plant-soil N transfers in a
fertilised upland pasture, Plant Soil, 343, 97–107,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0526-8, 2011.
Lampe, C., Dittert, K., Sattelmacher, B., Wachendorf, M., Loges, R., and
Taube, F.: Sources and rates of nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland
after application of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer and slurry,
Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 2602–2613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.03.016, 2006.
Ledgard, S. F. and Steele, K. W.: Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed
legume/grass pastures, Plant Soil, 141, 137–153, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011314,
1992.
Ledgard, S. F., Jarvis, S. C., and Hatch, D. J.: Short-term nitrogen fluxes
in grassland soils under different long-term nitrogen management regimes,
Soil Biol. Biochem., 30, 1233–1241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00022-4, 1998.
Ledgard, S. F., Sprosen, M. S., Penno, J. W., and Rajendram, G. S.: Nitrogen
fixation by white clover in pastures grazed by dairy cows: Temporal variation
and effects of nitrogen fertilization, Plant Soil, 229, 177–187,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004833804002, 2001.
Lenschow, D. H., Mann, J., and Kristensen, L.: How long is long enough when
measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.,
11, 661–673, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<0661:HLILEW>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Li, D., Lanigan, G., and Humphreys, J.: Measured and simulated nitrous oxide
emissions from ryegrass- and ryegrass/white clover-based grasslands in a
moist temperate climate, PLoS ONE, 6, e26176,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026176, 2011.
Li, D., Watson, C. J., Yan, M. J., Lalor, S., Rafique, R., Hyde, B., Lanigan,
G., Richards, K. G., Holden, N. M., and Humphreys, J.: A review of nitrous
oxide mitigation by farm nitrogen management in temperate grassland-based
agriculture, J. Environ. Manage., 128, 893–903,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.026, 2013.
Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B. M., Baedeker, T., Braimoh, A., Bwalya,
M., Caron, P., Cattaneo, A., Garrity, D., Henry, K., Hottle, R., Jackson, L.,
Jarvis, A., Kossam, F., Mann, W., McCarthy, N., Meybeck, A., Neufeldt, H.,
Remington, T., Sen, P. T., Sessa, R., Shula, R., Tibu, A., and Torquebiau, E.
F.: Climate-smart agriculture for food security, Nature Climate Change, 4,
1068–1072, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2437, 2014.
Lugato, E., Leip, A., and Jones, A.: Mitigation potential of soil carbon
management overestimated by neglecting N2O emissions, Nature Climate
Change, 8, 219–223, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0087-z, 2018.
Luo, J., de Klein, C. A. M., Ledgard, S. F., and Saggar, S.: Management
options to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from intensively grazed pastures: A
review, Agriculture, Ecosyst. Environ., 136, 282–291,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.12.003, 2010.
Lüscher, A., Fuhrer, J., and Newton, P. C. D.: Global atmospheric change
and its effect on managed grassland systems, edited by: McGilloway, D. A.,
Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, 2005.
Lüscher, A., Mueller-Harvey, I., Soussana, J. F., Rees, R. M., and
Peyraud, J. L.: Potential of legume-based grassland–livestock systems in
Europe: a review, Grass Forage Sci., 69, 206–228, https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12124,
2014.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy
covariance software package TK2, Work Report, University of Bayreuth,
Bayreuth, 2004.
Merbold, L., Eugster, W., Stieger, J., Zahniser, M., Nelson, D., and
Buchmann, N.: Greenhouse gas budget (CO2, CH4 and
N2O) of intensively managed grassland following restoration, Glob.
Change Biol., 20, 1913–1928, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12518, 2014.
Millar, N., Ndufa, J. K., Cadisch, G., and Baggs, E. M.: Nitrous oxide
emissions following incorporation of improved-fallow residues in the humid
tropics, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002114, 2004.
Moncrieff, J., Clement, R., Finnigan, J. J., and Meyers, T.: Averaging,
detrending, and filtering of eddy covariance time series, in Handbook of
micrometeorology: a guide for surface flux measurement and analysis, 29, edited by: Law, B. E., Lee, X.,
and Massmann, W. J., 7–31, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 2004.
Neftel, A., Spirig, C., and Ammann, C.: Application and test of a simple tool
for operational footprint evaluations, Environ. Pollut., 152, 644–652,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.062, 2008.
Niklaus, P. A., Le Roux, X., Poly, F., Buchmann, N., Scherer-Lorenzen, M.,
Weigelt, A., and Barnard, R. L.: Plant species diversity affects
soil-atmosphere fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide, Oecologia, 181,
919–930, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3611-8, 2016.
Nyfeler, D., Huguenin-Elie, O., Suter, M., Frossard, E., Connolly, J., and
Lüscher, A.: Strong mixture effects among four species in fertilized
agricultural grassland led to persistent and consistent transgressive
overyielding, J. Appl. Ecol., 46, 683–691,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01653.x, 2009.
Nyfeler, D., Huguenin-Elie, O., Suter, M., Frossard, E., and Lüscher, A.:
Grass–legume mixtures can yield more nitrogen than legume pure stands due to
mutual stimulation of nitrogen uptake from symbiotic and non-symbiotic
sources, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 140, 155–163,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.11.022, 2011.
Oenema, O., Velthof, G. L., Yamulki, S., and Jarvis, S. C.: Nitrous oxide
emissions from grazed grassland, Soi Use Manage., 13, 288–295,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00600.x, 1997.
O'Hara, G. W. and Daniel, R. M.: Rhizobial denitrification: A review, Soil
Biol. Biochem., 17, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90082-3, 1985.
Paustian, K., Lehmann, J., Ogle, S., Reay, D., Robertson, G. P., and Smith,
P.: Climate-smart soils, Nature, 532, 49–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17174, 2016.
Phelan, P., Moloney, A. P., McGeough, E. J., Humphreys, J., Bertilsson, J.,
O'Riordan, E. G., and O'Kiely, P.: Forage legumes for grazing and conserving
in ruminant production systems, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 34, 281–326,
https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2014.898455, 2015.
Rafique, R., Anex, R., Hennessy, D., and Kiely, G.: What are the impacts of
grazing and cutting events on the N2O dynamics in humid temperate
grassland?, Geoderma, 181–182, 36–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.03.006,
2012.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at:
http://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 15 November 2017), 2016.
Rihm, B. and Achermann, B.: Critical Loads of Nitrogen and their Exceedances.
Swiss contribution to the effects-oriented work under the Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (UNECE), Environmental studies,
Federal Office for the Environment, Bern, 2016.
Rochette, P. and Janzen, H. H.: Towards a revised coefficient for estimating
N2O emissions from legumes, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 73, 171–179,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-005-0357-9, 2005.
Rogiers, N., Eugster, W., Furger, M., and Siegwolf, R.: Effect of land
management on ecosystem carbon fluxes at a subalpine grassland site in the
Swiss Alps, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 80, 187–203,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0099-7, 2005.
Rosen, A. and Ljunggren, H.: Denitrification by Rhizobium meliloti.
Field and laboratory studies with soil, Swed. J. Agr. Res., 26, 153–160,
1996.
Roth, K.: Bodenkartierung und GIS-basierte Kohlenstoffinventur von
Graslandböden, Diploma Thesis, University of Zurich, 2006.
Rudaz, A. O., Wälti, E., Kyburz, G., Lehmann, P., and Fuhrer, J.:
Temporal variation in N2O and N2 fluxes from a permanent
pasture in Switzerland in relation to management, soil water content and soil
temperature, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 73, 83–91,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00005-5, 1999.
Schmeer, M., Loges, R., Dittert, K., Senbayram, M., Horn, R., and Taube, F.:
Legume-based forage production systems reduce nitrous oxide emissions, Soil
Till. Res., 143, 17–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.05.001, 2014.
Sieber, R., Hollenstein, L., Odden, B., and Hurni, L.: From classic atlas
design to collaborative platforms – The SwissAtlasPlatform Project, in: From
classic atlas design to collaborative platforms, International Cartographic
Association, Paris, 2011.
Šimek, M., Elhottová, D., Klimeš, F., and Hopkins, D. W.:
Emissions of N2O and CO2, denitrification measurements and
soil properties in red clover and ryegrass stands, Soil Biol. Biochem., 36,
9–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.08.010, 2004.
Sintermann, J., Ammann, C., Kuhn, U., Spirig, C., Hirschberger, R.,
Gärtner, A., and Neftel, A.: Determination of field scale ammonia
emissions for common slurry spreading practice with two independent methods,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1821–1840, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1821-2011,
2011.
Skinner, C., Gattinger, A., Muller, A., Mäder, P., Fliebach, A., Stolze,
M., Ruser, R., and Niggli, U.: Greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural soils
under organic and non-organic management – A global meta-analysis, Sci.
Total Environ., 468–469, 553–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.098,
2014.
Smith, K. A., McTaggart, I. P., and Tsuruta, H.: Emissions of N2O and
NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the
potential for mitigation, Soil Use Manage., 13, 296–304,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00601.x, 1997.
Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl,
B., Ogle, S., O'Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B., Sirotenko, O., Howden, M.,
McAllister, T., Pan, G., Romanenkov, V., Schneider, U., Towprayoon, S.,
Wattenbach, M., and Smith, J.: Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture,
Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 363, 789–813, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2184, 2008.
Snyder, C. S., Bruulsema, T. W., Jensen, T. L., and Fixen, P. E.: Review of
greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer
management effects, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 133, 247–266,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.021, 2009.
Suter, M., Connolly, J., Finn, J. A., Loges, R., Kirwan, L., Sebastià,
M.-T., and Lüscher, A.: Nitrogen yield advantage from grass–legume
mixtures is robust over a wide range of legume proportions and environmental
conditions, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 2424–2438, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12880, 2015.
Tubiello, F. N., Salvatore, M., Ferrara, A. F., House, J., Federici, S.,
Rossi, S., Biancalani, R., Condor Golec, R. D., Jacobs, H., Flammini, A.,
Prosperi, P., Cardenas-Galindo, P., Schmidhuber, J., Sanz Sanchez, M. J.,
Srivastava, N., and Smith, P.: The contribution of agriculture, forestry and
other land use activities to global warming, 1990–2012, Glob. Change Biol.,
21, 2655–2660, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12865, 2015.
Unkovich, M.: Measuring plant-associated nitrogen fixation in agricultural
systems, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR),
Canberra, 2008.
van Groenigen, J. W., Velthof, G. L., Bolt, F. J. E. van der, Vos, A., and
Kuikman, P. J.: Seasonal variation in N2O emissions from urine
patches: Effects of urine concentration, soil compaction and dung, Plant
Soil, 273, 15–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-6261-2, 2005.
Vellinga, T. V., de Haan, M. H. A., Schils, R. L. M., Evers, A., and van den
Pol-van Dasselaar, A.: Implementation of GHG mitigation on intensive dairy
farms: Farmers' preferences and variation in cost effectiveness, Livest.
Sci., 137, 185–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.11.005, 2011.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality control and flux sampling problems for
tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 512–526, 1997.
Virkajärvi, P., Maljanen, M., Saarijärvi, K., Haapala, J., and
Martikainen, P. J.: N2O emissions from boreal grass and grass –
clover pasture soils, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 137, 59–67,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.12.015, 2010.
Wagner-Riddle, C., Hu, Q. C., van Bochove, E., and Jayasundara, S.: Linking
nitrous oxide flux during spring thaw to nitrate denitrification in the soil
profile, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72, 908–916, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0353,
2008.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements
for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 106, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
Weisser, W. W., Roscher, C., Meyer, S. T., Ebeling, A., Luo, G., Allan, E.,
Beßler, H., Barnard, R. L., Buchmann, N., Buscot, F., Engels, C.,
Fischer, C., Fischer, M., Gessler, A., Gleixner, G., Halle, S., Hildebrandt,
A., Hillebrand, H., de Kroon, H., Lange, M., Leimer, S., Le Roux, X., Milcu,
A., Mommer, L., Niklaus, P. A., Oelmann, Y., Proulx, R., Roy, J., Scherber,
C., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Scheu, S., Tscharntke, T., Wachendorf, M., Wagg,
C., Weigelt, A., Wilcke, W., Wirth, C., Schulze, E.-D., Schmid, B., and
Eisenhauer, N.: Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year
grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions, Basic Appl.
Ecol., 23, 1–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.06.002, 2017.
Wilks, D. S.: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 100, 3rd
Edn., Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2011.
Wolf, B., Merbold, L., Decock, C., Tuzson, B., Harris, E., Six, J.,
Emmenegger, L., and Mohn, J.: First on-line isotopic characterization of
N2O above intensively managed grassland, Biogeosciences, 12,
2517–2531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2517-2015, 2015.
Wood, S.: Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood
estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models, J. R. Stat. Soc. B,
73, 3–36, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x, 2011.
Wood, S. N.: On confidence intervals for generalized additive models based on
penalized regression splines, Aust. N. Z. J. Stat., 48, 445–464,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2006.00450.x, 2006.
Zeeman, M. J., Hiller, R., Gilgen, A. K., Michna, P., Plüss, P.,
Buchmann, N., and Eugster, W.: Management and climate impacts on net
CO2 fluxes and carbon budgets of three grasslands along an
elevational gradient in Switzerland, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 519–530,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.01.011, 2010.
Short summary
Replacing fertiliser nitrogen with biologically fixed nitrogen (BFN) through legumes has been suggested as a strategy for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation from intensively managed grasslands. On our site the mitigation strategy reduced N2O emissions by 54 % and 39 % in 2015 and 2016, while annual yields were similar under mitigation management. We conclude that N2O emissions can be effectively reduced without losses in yield by increasing the clover proportion and reducing fertilisation.
Replacing fertiliser nitrogen with biologically fixed nitrogen (BFN) through legumes has been...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint