Articles | Volume 18, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4965-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4965-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Geochemical consequences of oxygen diffusion from the oceanic crust into overlying sediments and its significance for biogeochemical cycles based on sediments of the northeast Pacific
Gerard J. M. Versteegh
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, 28759, Germany
MARUM – Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
Andrea Koschinsky
Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, 28759, Germany
MARUM – Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
Thomas Kuhn
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover, 30655, Germany
Inken Preuss
Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, 28759, Germany
present address: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24148, Germany
Sabine Kasten
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
MARUM – Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
Related authors
Gerard J. M. Versteegh, Karin A. F. Zonneveld, Jens Hefter, Oscar E. Romero, Gerhard Fischer, and Gesine Mollenhauer
Biogeosciences, 19, 1587–1610, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1587-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1587-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A 5-year record of long-chain mid-chain diol export flux and composition is presented with a 1- to 3-week resolution sediment trap CBeu (in the NW African upwelling). All environmental parameters as well as the diol composition are dominated by the seasonal cycle, albeit with different phase relations for temperature and upwelling. Most diol-based proxies are dominated by upwelling. The long-chain diol index reflects temperatures of the oligotrophic summer sea surface.
Annika Oetjens, Wilken-Jon von Appen, Joséphine Anselin, Berenice Ebner, Florian Koch, Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski, Ryan Mole, Joanna Zanker, Emma Young, and Sabine Kasten
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1808, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton blooms near South Georgia are linked to iron-rich waters, but the pathways are unclear. During a research voyage, we measured currents, temperature, and nutrients in two fjords and nearby shelf waters. We found that winds, underwater landscape, and local circulation control how water and nutrients move. Slow exchange within fjords and strong mixing at their mouths suggest these areas can release nutrients that help sustain blooms in the open ocean.
Daniel Müller, Bo Liu, Walter Geibert, Moritz Holtappels, Lasse Sander, Elda Miramontes, Heidi Taubner, Susann Henkel, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Denise Bethke, Ingrid Dohrmann, and Sabine Kasten
Biogeosciences, 22, 2541–2567, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal and shelf sediments are the most important sinks for organic carbon (OC) on Earth. We produced a new high-resolution sediment and porewater data set from the Helgoland Mud Area (HMA), North Sea, to determine which depositional factors control the preservation of OC. The burial efficiency is highest in an area of high sedimentation and terrigenous OC. The HMA covers 0.09 % of the North Sea but accounts for 0.76 % of its OC accumulation, highlighting the importance of the depocentre.
Susann Henkel, Bo Liu, Michael Staubwasser, Simone A. Kasemann, Anette Meixner, David A. Aromokeye, Michael W. Friedrich, and Sabine Kasten
Biogeosciences, 22, 1673–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1673-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1673-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We intend to unravel iron (Fe) reduction pathways in high-deposition methanic sediments because pools of Fe minerals could stimulate methane oxidation and also generation. Our data from the North Sea show that Fe release takes place mechanistically differently to Fe reduction in shallow sediments, which typically fractionates Fe isotopes. We conclude that fermentation of organic matter involving interspecies electron transfer, partly through conductive Fe oxides, could play an important role.
Sinan Xu, Bo Liu, Sandra Arndt, Sabine Kasten, and Zijun Wu
Biogeosciences, 20, 2251–2263, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use a reactive continuum model based on a lognormal distribution (l-RCM) to inversely determine model parameters μ and σ at 123 sites across the global ocean. Our results show organic matter (OM) reactivity is more than 3 orders of magnitude higher in shelf than in abyssal regions. In addition, OM reactivity is higher than predicted in some specific regions, yet the l-RCM can still capture OM reactivity features in these regions.
Gerard J. M. Versteegh, Karin A. F. Zonneveld, Jens Hefter, Oscar E. Romero, Gerhard Fischer, and Gesine Mollenhauer
Biogeosciences, 19, 1587–1610, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1587-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1587-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A 5-year record of long-chain mid-chain diol export flux and composition is presented with a 1- to 3-week resolution sediment trap CBeu (in the NW African upwelling). All environmental parameters as well as the diol composition are dominated by the seasonal cycle, albeit with different phase relations for temperature and upwelling. Most diol-based proxies are dominated by upwelling. The long-chain diol index reflects temperatures of the oligotrophic summer sea surface.
Felipe S. Freitas, Philip A. Pika, Sabine Kasten, Bo B. Jørgensen, Jens Rassmann, Christophe Rabouille, Shaun Thomas, Henrik Sass, Richard D. Pancost, and Sandra Arndt
Biogeosciences, 18, 4651–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It remains challenging to fully understand what controls carbon burial in marine sediments globally. Thus, we use a model–data approach to identify patterns of organic matter reactivity at the seafloor across distinct environmental conditions. Our findings support the notion that organic matter reactivity is a dynamic ecosystem property and strongly influences biogeochemical cycling and exchange. Our results are essential to improve predictions of future changes in carbon cycling and climate.
Cited articles
Anderson, R. N., Hobart, M. A., and Langseth, M. G.: Geothermal convection through oceanic crust and sediments in the Indian Ocean, Science, 204, 828–832, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.204.4395.828, 1979.
Aplin, A. C. and Cronan, D. S.: Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Central Pacific Ocean, II. Nodules and associated sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 49, 437–451, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90035-3, 1985.
Arnarson, T. S. and Keil, R. G.: Changes in organic matter–mineral interactions for marine sediments with varying oxygen exposure times, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 3545–3556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.04.027, 2007.
Arndt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., LaRowe, D. E., Middelburg, J. J., Pancost, R. D., and Regnier, R.: Quantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine sediments: A review and synthesis, Earth-Sci. Rev., 123, 53–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.008, 2013.
Baker, P. A., Stout, P. M., Kastner, M., and Elderfield, H.: Large-scale lateral advection of seawater through oceanic crust in the central equatorial Pacific, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 105, 522–533, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90189-O, 1991.
Barckhausen, U., Bagge, M., and Wilson, D. S.: Seafloor spreading anomalies and crustal ages of the Clarion–Clipperton Zone, Mar. Geophys. Res., 34, 79–88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-013-9184-6, 2013.
Berner, R. A.: Early Diagenesis. A Theoretical Approach, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1980.
Bowles, M. W., Mogollón, J. M., Kasten, S., Zabel, M., and Hinrichs, K.–U.: Global rates of marine sulfate reduction and implications for sub–sea–floor metabolic activities, Science, 344, 889–891, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249213, 2014.
Buchwald, C., Homola, K., Spivack, A. J., Estes, E. R., Murray, R. W., and Wankel, S. D.: Isotopic constraints on nitrogen transformation rates in the deep sedimentary marine biosphere, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 1688–1702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB005948, 2018.
Cai, W.-J. and Sayles, F. L.: Oxygen penetration depths and fluxes in marine sediments, Mar. Chem., 52, 123–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00081-X, 1996.
Canfield, D. E. and Thamdrup, B.: Towards a consistent classification scheme for geochemical environments, or, why we wish the term “suboxic” would go away, Geobiology, 7, 385–392, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00214.x, 2009.
Coogan, L. A. and Gillis, K. M.: Low–Temperature Alteration of the Seafloor: Impacts on Ocean Chemistry, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 46, 21–45, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010027, 2018.
D'Hondt, S., Spivack, A. J., Pockalny, R., Ferdelman,
T. G., Fischer, J. P., Kallmeyer, J., Abrams, L. J., Smith, D. C.,
Graham, D., Hasiuk, F., Schrum, H., and Stancin, A. M.: Subseafloor
sedimentary life in the South Pacific Gyre, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 11651–11656, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811793106, 2009.
D'Hondt, S., Inagaki, F., Alvarez Zarikian, C., and the
IODP Expedition 329 Scientific Party: IODP Expedition 329: Life and
Habitability Beneath the Seafloor of the South Pacific Gyre,
Sci. Dril., 15, 4–10, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.15.01.2013,
2013.
D'Hondt, S., Inagaki, F., Zarikian, C. A., Abrams, L. J.,
Dubois, N., Engelhardt, T., Evans, H., Ferdelman, T., Gribsholt, B.,
Harris, R. N., Hoppie, B., Hyun, J.-H., Kallmeyer, J., Kim, J., Lynch, J. E., McKinley, C., Mitsunobu, S., Morono, Y., Murray, R. W., Pockalny, R., Sauvage, J., Shimono, T., Shiraishi, F., Smith, D., C. Smith–Duque, C., Spivack, A. J., Steinsbu, B. O., Suzuki, Y., Szpak, M., Toffin, L., Uramoto, G., Yamaguchi, Y. T., Zhang, G.-L., Zhang, X.-H., and Ziebis, W.: Presence of oxygen and aerobic communities from sea floor to basement in deep-sea sediments, Nat. Geosci., 8, 299–304, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2387, 2015.
D'Hondt, S., Inagaki, F., Orcutt, B. N., and Hinrichs K.-U.:
IODP advances in the understanding of subseafloor life, Oceanography,
32, 198–207, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11450-z,
2019a.
D'Hondt, S., Pockalny, R., Fulfer, V. M., and Spivack, A. J.: Subseafloor life and ist biogeochemical impacts, Nat. Commun., 10, 3519, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11450-z, 2019b.
Davis, E. E., Chapman, D. S., Wang, K., Villinger, H.,
Fisher, A. T., Robinson, S. W., Grigel, J., Pribnow, D., Stein, J.,
and Becker, K.: Regional heat flow variations across the sedimented Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank: Constraints on lithospheric cooling and lateral hydrothermal heat transport, J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 104, 17675–17688, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900124, 1999.
de Lange, G. J.: Geochemical evidence of a massive slide in the southern Norwegian Sea, Nature, 305, 420–422, https://doi.org/10.1038/305420a0, 1983.
Eittreim, S. L., Ragozin, N., Gnibidenko, H. S., and Helsley, C. E.: Crustal age between the Clipperton and Clarion Fracture Zones, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2365–2368, https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL02928, 1992.
Emerson, S. and Hedges, J.: Sediment diagenesis and
benthic flux, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 6, Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 293–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06112-0, 2003.
Fischer, J. P., Ferdelman, T. G., D'Hondt, S., Røy, H., and Wenzhöfer, F.: Oxygen penetration deep into the sediment of the South Pacific gyre, Biogeosciences, 6, 1467–1478, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1467-2009, 2009.
Fisher, A. T. and Wheat, C. G.: Seamounts as conduits for massive fluid, heat, and solute fluxes on ridge flanks, Oceanography, 23, 74–87, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.63, 2010.
Fisher, A. T., Davis, E. E., Hutnak, M., Spiess, V., Zühlsdorff, L., Cherkaoui, A., Christiansen, L., Edwards, K., Macdonald, R., Villinger, H., Mottl, M. J., Wheat, C. G., and Becker, K.: Hydrothermal recharge and discharge across 50 km guided by seamounts on a young ridge flank, Nature, 421, 618–621, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01352, 2003.
Froelich, P. N., Klinkhammer, G. P., Bender, M. L., Luedtke, N. A., Heath, G. R., Cullen, D., Dauphin, P., Hammond, D., Hartman, B., and Maynard, V.: Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 43, 1075–1090, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90095-4, 1979.
García, H. E. and Gordon, L. I.: Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1307–1312, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.6.1307, 1992.
Garcia, H. E., Weathers, K., Paver, C. R., Smolyar, I.,
Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Zweng, M. M., Mishonov, A. V.,
Baranova, O. K., Seidov, D., and Reagan, J. R.: World Ocean Atlas
2018, Volume 4: Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate
and nitrate+nitrite, silicate), Mishonov, A. (Technical Ed.), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 84, Silver Spring, MD, 35 pp., 2018.
Hasterok, D., Chapman, D. S., and Davis, E. E.: Oceanic heat flow: Implications for global heat loss, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 311, 386–395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.044, 2011.
Hensen, C., Zabel, M., and Schulz, H. D.: A comparison of benthic nutrient fluxes from deep-sea sediments off Namibia and Argentinia, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 47, 2029–2050, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00015-1, 2000.
Hensen, C., Zabel, M., and Schulz, H. N.: Early
Diagenesis at the Benthic Boundary Layer: Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
Phosphorus in Marine Sediments, in: Marine Geochemistry, Schulz, H. D. and Zabel, M. (Eds.), Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 207–240, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32144-6_6, 2006.
Hulme, S. M. and Wheat C. G.: Subseefloor fluid and chemical fluxes along a buried-basement ridge on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 20, 4922–4938, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008408, 2019.
Hutnak, M., Fisher, A. T., Zühlsdorff, L., Spiess,
V., Stauffer, P. H., and Gable, C. W.: Hydrothermal recharge and
discharge guided by basement outcrops on 0.7–3.6 Ma seafloor east
of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Observations and numerical models,
Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 7, Q07O02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001242, 2006.
Kasten, S., Zabel, M., Heuer, V., and Hensen, C.:
Processes and signals of non–steady state diagenesis in deep-sea
sediments, in: The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary, Wefer, G., Mulitza, S., and Rathmeyer, V. (Eds.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 431–459, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18917-3_20, 2003.
Kay, J., Conklin, M. H., Fuller, Christopher C, and O'Day, P. A.: Processes of nickel and cobalt uptake by a manganese oxide forming sediment in Pinal Creek, Globe Mining District, Arizona, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4719–4725, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010514d, 2001.
Koschinsky, A., Fritsche, U., and Winkler, A.: Sequential leaching of Peru Basin surface sediment for the assessment of aged and fresh heavy metal associations and mobility, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 3683–3699, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00062-5, 2001.
Kuhn, T., Bösel, J., Dohrmann, I., Filsmair, C.,
Fronzek, J., Gerken, J., Goergens, R., Hartmann, J. F., Heesemann,
B., Heller, C., Heyde, I., Janssen, A., Kasten, S., Kaul, N., Kevel,
O., Kleint, C., Lückge, A., Müller, P., Preuss, I.-M.,
Purkiani, K., Ritter, S., Rühlemann, C., Schwab, A., Sing, R.,
Stegger, U., Sturm, S., Uhlenkott, K., Villinger, H., Vink, A.,
Wedemeyer, H., and Wegorzewski, A.: SO240 – Flum:
Low–temperature fluid circulation at seamounts and hydrothermal
pits: heat flow regime, impact on biogeochemical processes and its
potential influence on the occurrence and composition of manganese
nodules in the equatorial eastern Pacific, 1–185, Bundesanstalt für Geologie und Rohstoffe (BGR),
https://doi.org/10.2312/cr_so240, 2015.
Kuhn, T., Versteegh, G. J. M., Villinger, H., Dohrmann, I., Heller, C., Koschinsky, A., Kaul, N., Ritter, S., Wegorzewski, A. V., and Kasten, S.: Widespread sea–water circulation in 18–22 Ma oceanic crust: Impact on heat flow and sediment geochemistry, Geology, 45, 799–802, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39091.1, 2017.
Lutz, M. J., Caldeira, K., Dunbar, R. B., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux describe the biological pump efficiency in the global ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C10011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003706, 2007.
Mewes, K., Mogollón, J. M., Picard, A., Rühlemann, C., Kuhn, T., Nöthen, K., and Kasten, S.: Impact of depositional and biogeochemical processes on small scale variations in nodule abundance in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 91, 125–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.06.001, 2014.
Mewes, K., Mogollón, J. M., Picard, A., Rühlemann, C., Eisenhauer, A., Kuhn, T., Ziebis, W., and Kasten, S.: Diffusive transfer of oxygen from seamount basaltic crust into overlying sediments: An example from the Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 433, 215–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.028, 2016.
Mogollón, J. M., Mewes, K., and Kasten, S.: Quantifying manganese and nitrogen cycle coupling in manganese–rich, organic carbon–starved marine sediments: Examples from the Clarion–Clipperton fracture zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7114–7123, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069117, 2016.
Morono, Y., Ito, M., Hoshino, T., Terada, T., Hori, T., Ikehara, M., D'Hondt, S., and Inagaki, F.: Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years, Nat. Commun., 11, 3626, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1, 2020.
Müller, P. J. and Mangini, A.: Organic carbon decomposition rates in sediments of the pacific manganese nodule belt dated by 230Th and 231Pa, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 51, 94–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90259-9, 1980.
Murray, J. W. and Dillard, J. G.: The oxidation of cobalt(II) adsorbed on manganese dioxide, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 43, 781–787, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90261-8, 1979.
Nöthen, K. and Kasten, S.: Reconstructing changes in seep activity by means of pore water and solid phase Sr Ca and Mg Ca ratios in pockmark sediments of the Northern Congo Fan, Mar. Geol., 287, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.06.008, 2011.
Orcutt, B. N., Wheat, C. G., Rouxel, O., Hulme, S., Edwards, K. J., and Bach, W.: Oxygen consumption rates in subseafloor basaltic crust derived from a reaction transport model, Nat. Commun., 4, 2539, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3539, 2013.
Rietveld, H. M.: Line profiles of neutron powder-diffraction peaks for structure refinement, Acta Crystallogr., 22, 151–152, https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X67000234, 1967.
Revsbech, N. P.: An oxygen microsensor with a guard cathode, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 474–478, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1989.34.2.0474, 1989.
Rühlemann, C., Kuhn, T., Wiedicke, M., Kasten, S., Mewes, K., and Picard, A.: Current status of manganese nodule exploration in the German license area, Proceedings of the Ninth (2911) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Maui, Hawaii, USA, 19–24 June, 168–173, 2011.
Sclater, J. G., Jaupart, C., and Galson, D.: The heat flow through oceanic and continental crust and the heat loss of the Earth, Rev. Geophys., 18, 269–311, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG018i001p00269, 1980.
Seeberg–Elverfeldt, J., Schlüter, M., Feseker, T., and Kölling, M.: Rhizon sampling of porewaters near the sediment-water interface of aquatic systems, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 3, 361–371, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2005.3.361, 2005.
Spinelli, G. A., Giambalvo, E. R., and Fisher, A. T.:
Sediment permeability, distribution, and influence on fluxes in
oceanic basement. in: Hydrogeology of the oceanic lithosphere, Davis, E. E. and Elderfield, H. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 151–188, 2004.
Stein, C. A. and Stein, S.: A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359, 123–129, https://doi.org/10.1038/359123a0, 1992.
Tegelaar, E. W., de Leeuw, J. W., Derenne, S., and Largeau, C.: A reappraisal of kerogen formation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 53, 3103–3106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90191-9, 1989.
Versteegh, G. J. M., Koschinsky, A., Kuhn, T., Preuss, I., and Kasten, S.: Porewater and solid phase Mn, Ni, Co and porewater O2 and NO3 from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone NE Pacific, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933062, 2021.
Volz, J. B., Mogollón, J. M., Geibert, W., Martínez Arbizu, P., Koschinsky, A., and Kasten, S.: Natural spatial variability of depositional conditions, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in sediments of the eastern Clarion–Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 140, 159–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.08.006, 2018.
Volz, J. B., Liu, B., Köster, M., Henkel, S., Koschinsky, A., and Kasten, S.: Post-depositional manganese mobilization during the last glacial period in sediments of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 532, 116012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.116012, 2020.
Wankel, S. D., Buchwald, C., Ziebis, W., Wenk, C. B., and Lehmann, M. F.: Nitrogen cycling in the deep sedimentary biosphere: nitrate isotopes in porewaters underlying the oligotrophic North Atlantic, Biogeosciences, 12, 7483–7502, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7483-2015, 2015.
Wenzhöfer, F. and Gludd, R. N.: Benthic carbon mineralization in the Atlantic: a synthesis based on in situ data from the last decade, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 1255–1279, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00025-0, 2002.
Wheat, C. G. and Fisher, A. T.: Massive, low–temperature hydrothermal flow from a basaltic outcrop on 23 Ma seafloor of the Cocos Plate: Chemical constraints and implications, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 9, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002136, 2008.
Wheat, C. G. and Mottl, M. J.: Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 64, 629–642, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00347-6, 2000.
Wheat, C. G., Hartwell, A. M., McManus, J., Fisher, A. T., Orcutt, B. N., Schlicht, L. E. M., Niedenzu, S., and Bach, W.: Geology and fluid discharge at Dorado Outcrop, a low temperature ridge-flank hydrothermal system, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 20, 487–504, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007933, 2019.
Wheat, C. G., Becker, K., Villinger, H., Orcutt, B. N., Fournier, T., Hartwell., A., and Paul., C.: Subseafloor cross-hole tracer experiment reveals hydrologic properties, heterogeneities, and reactions in slow-spreading oceanic crust, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 21, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008804, 2020.
Williams, D. L. and von Herzen, R. P.: Heat Loss from the Earth: New Estimate, Geology, 2, 327–328, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<327:HLFTEN>2.0.CO;2, 1974.
Ziebis, W., McManus, J., Ferdelman, T., Schmidt–Schierhorn, F., Bach, W., Muratli, J., Edwards, K. J., and Villinger, H.: Interstitial fluid chemistry of sediments underlying the North Atlantic gyre and the influence of subsurface fluid flow, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 323–324, 79–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.018, 2012.
Zonneveld, K. A. F., Versteegh, G. J. M., Kasten, S., Eglinton, T. I., Emeis, K.-C., Huguet, C., Koch, B. P., de Lange, G. J., de Leeuw, J. W., Middelburg, J. J., Mollenhauer, G., Prahl, F. G., Rethemeyer, J., and Wakeham, S. G.: Selective preservation of organic matter in marine environments; processes and impact on the sedimentary record, Biogeosciences, 7, 483–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-483-2010, 2010.
Short summary
Oxygen penetrates sediments not only from the ocean bottom waters but also from the basement. The impact of the latter is poorly understood. We show that this basement oxygen has a clear impact on the nitrogen cycle, the redox state, and the distribution of manganese, nickel cobalt and organic matter in the sediments. This is important for (1) global biogeochemical cycles, (2) understanding sedimentary life and (3) the interpretation of the sediment record to reconstruct the past.
Oxygen penetrates sediments not only from the ocean bottom waters but also from the basement....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint