Articles | Volume 10, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7395-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7395-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Nov 2013
Research article |
| 19 Nov 2013
Measurements of nitrite production in and around the primary nitrite maximum in the central California Current
A. E. Santoro
Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA
C. M. Sakamoto
Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
J. M. Smith
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
J. N. Plant
Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
A. L. Gehman
Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Present address: Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
A. Z. Worden
Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
K. S. Johnson
Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
C. A. Francis
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
K. L. Casciotti
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
Related authors
Weiyi Tang, Bess B. Ward, Michael Beman, Laura Bristow, Darren Clark, Sarah Fawcett, Claudia Frey, François Fripiat, Gerhard J. Herndl, Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, Fabien Paulot, Xuefeng Peng, Alyson E. Santoro, Takuhei Shiozaki, Eva Sintes, Charles Stock, Xin Sun, Xianhui S. Wan, Min N. Xu, and Yao Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5039–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrification and nitrifiers play an important role in marine nitrogen and carbon cycles by converting ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification could affect microbial community structure, marine productivity, and the production of nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas. We introduce the newly constructed database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the marine water column and guide future research efforts in field observations and model development of nitrification.
Colleen L. Hoffman, Patrick J. Monreal, Justine B. Albers, Alastair J. M. Lough, Alyson E. Santoro, Travis Mellett, Kristen N. Buck, Alessandro Tagliabue, Maeve C. Lohan, Joseph A. Resing, and Randelle M. Bundy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.05.522639, https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.05.522639, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrothermally-derived iron can be transported thousands of kilometers away from deep-sea vents, representing a significant flux of vital micronutrients to the ocean. However, the mechanisms that support the stabilization and transport of dissolved iron remain elusive. Using electrochemical methods, advanced mass spectrometry techniques, and genomic tools we demonstrate that strong microbially-produced ligands appear to exert an important control on plume iron biogeochemistry and dissemination.
Emily J. Zakem, Barbara Bayer, Wei Qin, Alyson E. Santoro, Yao Zhang, and Naomi M. Levine
Biogeosciences, 19, 5401–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a microbial ecosystem model to quantitatively explain the mechanisms controlling observed relative abundances and nitrification rates of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms in the ocean. We also estimate how much global carbon fixation can be associated with chemoautotrophic nitrification. Our results improve our understanding of the controls on nitrification, laying the groundwork for more accurate predictions in global climate models.
Samuel T. Wilson, Hermann W. Bange, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Jonathan Barnes, Alberto V. Borges, Ian Brown, John L. Bullister, Macarena Burgos, David W. Capelle, Michael Casso, Mercedes de la Paz, Laura Farías, Lindsay Fenwick, Sara Ferrón, Gerardo Garcia, Michael Glockzin, David M. Karl, Annette Kock, Sarah Laperriere, Cliff S. Law, Cara C. Manning, Andrew Marriner, Jukka-Pekka Myllykangas, John W. Pohlman, Andrew P. Rees, Alyson E. Santoro, Philippe D. Tortell, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard, David P. Wisegarver, Gui-Ling Zhang, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 15, 5891–5907, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To determine the variability between independent measurements of dissolved methane and nitrous oxide, seawater samples were analyzed by multiple laboratories. The results revealed the influences of the different parts of the analytical process, from the initial sample collection to the calculation of the final concentrations. Recommendations are made to improve dissolved methane and nitrous oxide measurements to help preclude future analytical discrepancies between laboratories.
Weiyi Tang, Bess B. Ward, Michael Beman, Laura Bristow, Darren Clark, Sarah Fawcett, Claudia Frey, François Fripiat, Gerhard J. Herndl, Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, Fabien Paulot, Xuefeng Peng, Alyson E. Santoro, Takuhei Shiozaki, Eva Sintes, Charles Stock, Xin Sun, Xianhui S. Wan, Min N. Xu, and Yao Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5039–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrification and nitrifiers play an important role in marine nitrogen and carbon cycles by converting ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification could affect microbial community structure, marine productivity, and the production of nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas. We introduce the newly constructed database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the marine water column and guide future research efforts in field observations and model development of nitrification.
Colleen L. Hoffman, Patrick J. Monreal, Justine B. Albers, Alastair J. M. Lough, Alyson E. Santoro, Travis Mellett, Kristen N. Buck, Alessandro Tagliabue, Maeve C. Lohan, Joseph A. Resing, and Randelle M. Bundy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.05.522639, https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.05.522639, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrothermally-derived iron can be transported thousands of kilometers away from deep-sea vents, representing a significant flux of vital micronutrients to the ocean. However, the mechanisms that support the stabilization and transport of dissolved iron remain elusive. Using electrochemical methods, advanced mass spectrometry techniques, and genomic tools we demonstrate that strong microbially-produced ligands appear to exert an important control on plume iron biogeochemistry and dissemination.
Emily J. Zakem, Barbara Bayer, Wei Qin, Alyson E. Santoro, Yao Zhang, and Naomi M. Levine
Biogeosciences, 19, 5401–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a microbial ecosystem model to quantitatively explain the mechanisms controlling observed relative abundances and nitrification rates of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms in the ocean. We also estimate how much global carbon fixation can be associated with chemoautotrophic nitrification. Our results improve our understanding of the controls on nitrification, laying the groundwork for more accurate predictions in global climate models.
Samuel T. Wilson, Hermann W. Bange, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Jonathan Barnes, Alberto V. Borges, Ian Brown, John L. Bullister, Macarena Burgos, David W. Capelle, Michael Casso, Mercedes de la Paz, Laura Farías, Lindsay Fenwick, Sara Ferrón, Gerardo Garcia, Michael Glockzin, David M. Karl, Annette Kock, Sarah Laperriere, Cliff S. Law, Cara C. Manning, Andrew Marriner, Jukka-Pekka Myllykangas, John W. Pohlman, Andrew P. Rees, Alyson E. Santoro, Philippe D. Tortell, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard, David P. Wisegarver, Gui-Ling Zhang, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 15, 5891–5907, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To determine the variability between independent measurements of dissolved methane and nitrous oxide, seawater samples were analyzed by multiple laboratories. The results revealed the influences of the different parts of the analytical process, from the initial sample collection to the calculation of the final concentrations. Recommendations are made to improve dissolved methane and nitrous oxide measurements to help preclude future analytical discrepancies between laboratories.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Coastal Ocean
Distribution of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in a eutrophic equatorial estuary: the Johor River and the East Johor Strait
Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification
Ocean alkalinity enhancement using sodium carbonate salts does not lead to measurable changes in Fe dynamics in a mesocosm experiment
Quantification and mitigation of bottom-trawling impacts on sedimentary organic carbon stocks in the North Sea
Influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement with olivine or steel slag on a coastal plankton community in Tasmania
Multi-model comparison of trends and controls of near-bed oxygen concentration on the northwest European continental shelf under climate change
Picoplanktonic methane production in eutrophic surface waters
Vertical mixing alleviates autumnal oxygen deficiency in the central North Sea
Hypoxia also occurs in small highly turbid estuaries: the example of the Charente (Bay of Biscay)
Seasonality and response of ocean acidification and hypoxia to major environmental anomalies in the southern Salish Sea, North America (2014–2018)
Oceanographic processes driving low-oxygen conditions inside Patagonian fjords
Above- and belowground plant mercury dynamics in a salt marsh estuary in Massachusetts, USA
Variability and drivers of carbonate chemistry at shellfish aquaculture sites in the Salish Sea, British Columbia
Unusual Hemiaulus bloom influences ocean productivity in Northeastern US Shelf waters
Variable contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nitrous oxide emission
Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP)
Insights into carbonate environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea
UAV approaches for improved mapping of vegetation cover and estimation of carbon storage of small saltmarshes: examples from Loch Fleet, northeast Scotland
Iron “ore” nothing: benthic iron fluxes from the oxygen-deficient Santa Barbara Basin enhance phytoplankton productivity in surface waters
Marine anoxia initiates giant sulfur-oxidizing bacterial mat proliferation and associated changes in benthic nitrogen, sulfur, and iron cycling in the Santa Barbara Basin, California Borderland
The Northeast Greenland shelf as a late-summer CO2 source to the atmosphere
A comprehensive assessment of electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement in seawater: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds
Uncertainty in the evolution of northwestern North Atlantic circulation leads to diverging biogeochemical projections
The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Short-term variation in pH in seawaters around coastal areas of Japan: characteristics and forcings
Dissolved Nitric Oxide in the Lower Elbe Estuary and the Hamburg Port Area
Revisiting the applicability and constraints of molybdenum- and uranium-based paleo redox proxies: comparing two contrasting sill fjords
Influence of a small submarine canyon on biogenic matter export flux in the lower St. Lawrence Estuary, eastern Canada
Single-celled bioturbators: benthic foraminifera mediate oxygen penetration and prokaryotic diversity in intertidal sediment
Assessing impacts of coastal warming, acidification, and deoxygenation on Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) farming: a case study in the Hinase area, Okayama Prefecture, and Shizugawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
The estimates of carbon sequestration potential in an expanding Arctic fjord affected by dark plumes of glacial meltwater (Hornsund, Svalbard)
Multiple nitrogen sources for primary production inferred from δ13C and δ15N in the southern Sea of Japan
Influence of manganese cycling on alkalinity in the redox stratified water column of Chesapeake Bay
Estuarine flocculation dynamics of organic carbon and metals from boreal acid sulfate soils
Drivers of particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system
Impacts and uncertainties of climate-induced changes in watershed inputs on estuarine hypoxia
Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed
High metabolism and periodic hypoxia associated with drifting macrophyte detritus in the shallow subtidal Baltic Sea
Production and accumulation of reef framework by calcifying corals and macroalgae on a remote Indian Ocean cay
Zooplankton community succession and trophic links during a mesocosm experiment in the coastal upwelling off Callao Bay (Peru)
Temporal and spatial evolution of bottom-water hypoxia in the St Lawrence estuarine system
Significant nutrient consumption in the dark subsurface layer during a diatom bloom: a case study on Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan
Contrasts in dissolved, particulate, and sedimentary organic carbon from the Kolyma River to the East Siberian Shelf
Sediment quality assessment in an industrialized Greek coastal marine area (western Saronikos Gulf)
Limits and CO2 equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement
Role of phosphorus in the seasonal deoxygenation of the East China Sea shelf
Interannual variability of the initiation of the phytoplankton growing period in two French coastal ecosystems
Spatio-temporal distribution, photoreactivity and environmental control of dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer of the eastern marginal seas of China
Metabolic alkalinity release from large port facilities (Hamburg, Germany) and impact on coastal carbon storage
A Numerical reassessment of the Gulf of Mexico carbon system in connection with the Mississippi River and global ocean
Amanda Y. L. Cheong, Kogila Vani Annammala, Ee Ling Yong, Yongli Zhou, Robert S. Nichols, and Patrick Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 2955–2971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured nutrients and dissolved organic matter for 1 year in a eutrophic tropical estuary to understand their sources and cycling. Our data show that the dissolved organic matter originates partly from land and partly from microbial processes in the water. Internal recycling is likely important for maintaining high nutrient concentrations, and we found that there is often excess nitrogen compared to silicon and phosphorus. Our data help to explain how eutrophication persists in this system.
Aaron Ferderer, Kai G. Schulz, Ulf Riebesell, Kirralee G. Baker, Zanna Chase, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising method of atmospheric carbon removal; however, its ecological impacts remain largely unknown. We assessed the effects of simulated silicate- and calcium-based mineral OAE on diatom silicification. We found that increased silicate concentrations from silicate-based OAE increased diatom silicification. In contrast, the enhancement of alkalinity had no effect on community silicification and minimal effects on the silicification of different genera.
David González-Santana, María Segovia, Melchor González-Dávila, Librada Ramírez, Aridane G. González, Leonardo J. Pozzo-Pirotta, Veronica Arnone, Victor Vázquez, Ulf Riebesell, and J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 2705–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a recent experiment off the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain), scientists explored a method called ocean alkalinization enhancement (OAE), where carbonate minerals were added to seawater. This process changed the levels of certain ions in the water, affecting its pH and buffering capacity. The researchers were particularly interested in how this could impact the levels of essential trace metals in the water.
Lucas Porz, Wenyan Zhang, Nils Christiansen, Jan Kossack, Ute Daewel, and Corinna Schrum
Biogeosciences, 21, 2547–2570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor sediments store a large amount of carbon, helping to naturally regulate Earth's climate. If disturbed, some sediment particles can turn into CO2, but this effect is not well understood. Using computer simulations, we found that bottom-contacting fishing gears release about 1 million tons of CO2 per year in the North Sea, one of the most heavily fished regions globally. We show how protecting certain areas could reduce these emissions while also benefitting seafloor-living animals.
Jiaying A. Guo, Robert F. Strzepek, Kerrie M. Swadling, Ashley T. Townsend, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement aims to increase atmospheric CO2 sequestration by adding alkaline materials to the ocean. We assessed the environmental effects of olivine and steel slag powder on coastal plankton. Overall, slag is more efficient than olivine in releasing total alkalinity and, thus, in its ability to sequester CO2. Slag also had less environmental effect on the enclosed plankton communities when considering its higher CO2 removal potential based on this 3-week experiment.
Giovanni Galli, Sarah Wakelin, James Harle, Jason Holt, and Yuri Artioli
Biogeosciences, 21, 2143–2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows that, under a high-emission scenario, oxygen concentration in deep water of parts of the North Sea and Celtic Sea can become critically low (hypoxia) towards the end of this century. The extent and frequency of hypoxia depends on the intensity of climate change projected by different climate models. This is the result of a complex combination of factors like warming, increase in stratification, changes in the currents and changes in biological processes.
Sandy E. Tenorio and Laura Farías
Biogeosciences, 21, 2029–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Time series studies show that CH4 is highly dynamic on the coastal ocean surface and planktonic communities are linked to CH4 accumulation, as found in coastal upwelling off Chile. We have identified the crucial role of picoplankton (> 3 µm) in CH4 recycling, especially with the addition of methylated substrates (trimethylamine and methylphosphonic acid) during upwelling and non-upwelling periods. These insights improve understanding of surface ocean CH4 recycling, aiding CH4 emission estimates.
Charlotte A. J. Williams, Tom Hull, Jan Kaiser, Claire Mahaffey, Naomi Greenwood, Matthew Toberman, and Matthew R. Palmer
Biogeosciences, 21, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen (O2) is a key indicator of ocean health. The risk of O2 loss in the productive coastal/continental slope regions is increasing. Autonomous underwater vehicles equipped with O2 optodes provide lots of data but have problems resolving strong vertical O2 changes. Here we show how to overcome this and calculate how much O2 is supplied to the low-O2 bottom waters via mixing. Bursts in mixing supply nearly all of the O2 to bottom waters in autumn, stopping them reaching ecologically low levels.
Sabine Schmidt and Ibrahima Iris Diallo
Biogeosciences, 21, 1785–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Along the French coast facing the Bay of Biscay, the large Gironde and Loire estuaries suffer from hypoxia. This prompted a study of the small Charente estuary located between them. This work reveals a minimum oxygen zone in the Charente estuary, which extends for about 25 km. Temperature is the main factor controlling the hypoxia. This calls for the monitoring of small turbid macrotidal estuaries that are vulnerable to hypoxia, a risk expected to increase with global warming.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Samantha Siedlecki, and Dana Greeley
Biogeosciences, 21, 1639–1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new multi-stressor data product that allows us to characterize the seasonality of temperature, O2, and CO2 in the southern Salish Sea and delivers insights into the impacts of major marine heatwave and precipitation anomalies on regional ocean acidification and hypoxia. We also describe the present-day frequencies of temperature, O2, and ocean acidification conditions that cross thresholds of sensitive regional species that are economically or ecologically important.
Pamela Linford, Iván Pérez-Santos, Paulina Montero, Patricio A. Díaz, Claudia Aracena, Elías Pinilla, Facundo Barrera, Manuel Castillo, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Mónica Alvarado, Gabriel Soto, Cécile Pujol, Camila Schwerter, Sara Arenas-Uribe, Pilar Navarro, Guido Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Robinson Altamirano, Javiera San Martín, and Camila Soto-Riquelme
Biogeosciences, 21, 1433–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Patagonian fjords comprise a world region where low-oxygen water and hypoxia conditions are observed. An in situ dataset was used to quantify the mechanism involved in the presence of these conditions in northern Patagonian fjords. Water mass analysis confirmed the contribution of Equatorial Subsurface Water in the advection of the low-oxygen water, and hypoxic conditions occurred when the community respiration rate exceeded the gross primary production.
Ting Wang, Buyun Du, Inke Forbrich, Jun Zhou, Joshua Polen, Elsie M. Sunderland, Prentiss H. Balcom, Celia Chen, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 21, 1461–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The strong seasonal increases of Hg in aboveground biomass during the growing season and the lack of changes observed after senescence in this salt marsh ecosystem suggest physiologically controlled Hg uptake pathways. The Hg sources found in marsh aboveground tissues originate from a mix of sources, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, where atmospheric GEM is the main source. Belowground plant tissues mostly take up Hg from soils. Overall, the salt marsh currently serves as a small net Hg sink.
Eleanor Simpson, Debby Ianson, Karen E. Kohfeld, Ana C. Franco, Paul A. Covert, Marty Davelaar, and Yves Perreault
Biogeosciences, 21, 1323–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Shellfish aquaculture operates in nearshore areas where data on ocean acidification parameters are limited. We show daily and seasonal variability in pH and saturation states of calcium carbonate at nearshore aquaculture sites in British Columbia, Canada, and determine the contributing drivers of this variability. We find that nearshore locations have greater variability than open waters and that the uptake of carbon by phytoplankton is the major driver of pH and saturation state variability.
S. Alejandra Castillo Cieza, Rachel H. R. Stanley, Pierre Marrec, Diana N. Fontaine, E. Taylor Crockford, Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr., Arshia Mehta, Susanne Menden-Deuer, Emily E. Peacock, Tatiana A. Rynearson, Zoe O. Sandwith, Weifeng Zhang, and Heidi M. Sosik
Biogeosciences, 21, 1235–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The coastal ocean in the northeastern USA provides many services, including fisheries and habitats for threatened species. In summer 2019, a bloom occurred of a large unusual phytoplankton, the diatom Hemiaulus, with nitrogen-fixing symbionts. This led to vast changes in productivity and grazing rates in the ecosystem. This work shows that the emergence of one species can have profound effects on ecosystem function. Such changes may become more prevalent as the ocean warms due to climate change.
Weiyi Tang, Jeff Talbott, Timothy Jones, and Bess B. Ward
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-638, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-638, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known to be hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the impact of WWTPs on the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O in downstream aquatic environments is less constrained. We found spatially and temporally variable but overall higher N2O concentrations and fluxes in waters downstream of WWTPs, pointing to the need for efficient N2O removal in addition to treating nitrogen in WWTPs.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Aaron James Ferderer, Julie LaRoche, and Kai Georg Schulz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-692, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-692, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) is an emerging marine CO2 removal method but its environmental effects are insufficiently understood. The OAE Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) provides funding for a standardized and globally replicated microcosm experiment to study the effects of OAE on plankton communities. Here, we provide a detailed manual on the OAEPIIP experiment. We expect OAEPIIP to help build scientific consensus on the effects of OAE on plankton.
Claudine Hauri, Brita Irving, Sam Dupont, Rémi Pagés, Donna D. W. Hauser, and Seth L. Danielson
Biogeosciences, 21, 1135–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic marine ecosystems are highly susceptible to impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. We present pH and pCO2 time series (2016–2020) from the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory and analyze the drivers of the current conditions to get a better understanding of how climate change and ocean acidification could affect the ecological niches of organisms.
William Hiles, Lucy C. Miller, Craig Smeaton, and William E. N. Austin
Biogeosciences, 21, 929–948, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Saltmarsh soils may help to limit the rate of climate change by storing carbon. To understand their impacts, they must be accurately mapped. We use drone data to estimate the size of three saltmarshes in NE Scotland. We find that drone imagery, combined with tidal data, can reliably inform our understanding of saltmarsh size. When compared with previous work using vegetation communities, we find that our most reliable new estimates of stored carbon are 15–20 % smaller than previously estimated.
De'Marcus Robinson, Anh L. D. Pham, David J. Yousavich, Felix Janssen, Frank Wenzhöfer, Eleanor C. Arrington, Kelsey M. Gosselin, Marco Sandoval-Belmar, Matthew Mar, David L. Valentine, Daniele Bianchi, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 773–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present study suggests that high release of ferrous iron from the seafloor of the oxygen-deficient Santa Barabara Basin (California) supports surface primary productivity, creating positive feedback on seafloor iron release by enhancing low-oxygen conditions in the basin.
David J. Yousavich, De'Marcus Robinson, Xuefeng Peng, Sebastian J. E. Krause, Frank Wenzhöfer, Felix Janssen, Na Liu, Jonathan Tarn, Franklin Kinnaman, David L. Valentine, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 789–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Declining oxygen (O2) concentrations in coastal oceans can threaten people’s ways of life and food supplies. Here, we investigate how mats of bacteria that proliferate on the seafloor of the Santa Barbara Basin sustain and potentially worsen these O2 depletion events through their unique chemoautotrophic metabolism. Our study shows how changes in seafloor microbiology and geochemistry brought on by declining O2 concentrations can help these mats grow as well as how that growth affects the basin.
Esdoorn Willcox, Marcos Lemes, Thomas Juul-Pedersen, Mikael Kristian Sejr, Johnna Michelle Holding, and Søren Rysgaard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-6, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-6, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For this work we measured the chemistry of seawater from bottles obtained from different depths, lon- and latitudes off the east coast of the Northeast Greenland national park to determine what is influencing concentrations of dissolved CO2. Historically, the region has always been thought to take up CO2 from the atmosphere but we show that it is possible for the region to become a source in late summer and discuss what variables may be related to such changes.
Mallory Ringham, Nathan Hirtle, Cody Shaw, Xi Lu, Julian Herndon, Brendan Carter, and Matthew Eisaman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-108, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-108, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the oceans to store atmospheric CO2 as dissolved bicarbonate. We monitored CO2 uptake in seawater treated with NaOH to establish operational boundaries for carbon removal experiments. Preliminary results show CO2 equilibration occurred on order of weeks to months, was consistent with values expected from equilibration calculations, and was limited by mineral precipitation at high pH and CaCO3 saturation.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Lina Garcia Suarez, and Jasmin G. John
Biogeosciences, 21, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We downscaled two mid-century (~2075) ocean model projections to a high-resolution regional ocean model of the northwest North Atlantic (NA) shelf. In one projection, the NA shelf break current practically disappears; in the other it remains almost unchanged. This leads to a wide range of possible future shelf properties. More accurate projections of coastal circulation features would narrow the range of possible outcomes of biogeochemical projections for shelf regions.
Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a widely considered marine carbon dioxide removal method. OAE aims to accelerate chemical rock weathering, which is a natural process that slowly sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. This study shows that the addition of anthropogenic alkalinity via OAE can reduce the natural release of alkalinity and, therefore, reduce the efficiency of OAE for climate mitigation. However, the additionality problem could be mitigated via a variety of activities.
Tsuneo Ono, Daisuke Muraoka, Masahiro Hayashi, Makiko Yorifuji, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Omoto, Takehiro Tanaka, Tomohiro Okamura, Goh Onitsuka, Kenji Sudo, Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, and Masahide Wakita
Biogeosciences, 21, 177–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out parallel year-round observations of pH and related parameters in five stations around the Japan coast. It was found that short-term acidified situations with Omega_ar less than 1.5 occurred at four of five stations. Most of such short-term acidified events were related to the short-term low salinity event, and the extent of short-term pH drawdown at high freshwater input was positively correlated with the nutrient concentration of the main rivers that flow into the coastal area.
Riel Carlo O. Ingeniero, Gesa Schulz, and Hermann W. Bange
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3009, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3009, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our research is the first to measure dissolved NO concentrations in temperate estuarine waters, providing insights into its distribution under varying conditions and enhancing our understanding of its production processes. We found that the lower Elbe Estuary and the Hamburg Port area were a source of atmospheric NO. Our results suggest that NO in the lower Elbe Estuary was produced during nitrification, whereas NO in the Hamburg Port area was produced during nitrifier-denitrification.
K. Mareike Paul, Martijn Hermans, Sami A. Jokinen, Inda Brinkmann, Helena L. Filipsson, and Tom Jilbert
Biogeosciences, 20, 5003–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seawater naturally contains trace metals such as Mo and U, which accumulate under low oxygen conditions on the seafloor. Previous studies have used sediment Mo and U contents as an archive of changing oxygen concentrations in coastal waters. Here we show that in fjords the use of Mo and U for this purpose may be impaired by additional processes. Our findings have implications for the reliable use of Mo and U to reconstruct oxygen changes in fjords.
Hannah Sharpe, Michel Gosselin, Catherine Lalande, Alexandre Normandeau, Jean-Carlos Montero-Serrano, Khouloud Baccara, Daniel Bourgault, Owen Sherwood, and Audrey Limoges
Biogeosciences, 20, 4981–5001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact of submarine canyon processes within the Pointe-des-Monts system on biogenic matter export and phytoplankton assemblages. Using data from three oceanographic moorings, we show that the canyon experienced two low-amplitude sediment remobilization events in 2020–2021 that led to enhanced particle fluxes in the deep-water column layer > 2.6 km offshore. Sinking phytoplankton fluxes were lower near the canyon compared to background values from the lower St. Lawrence Estuary.
Dewi Langlet, Florian Mermillod-Blondin, Noémie Deldicq, Arthur Bauville, Gwendoline Duong, Lara Konecny, Mylène Hugoni, Lionel Denis, and Vincent M. P. Bouchet
Biogeosciences, 20, 4875–4891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Benthic foraminifera are single-cell marine organisms which can move in the sediment column. They were previously reported to horizontally and vertically transport sediment particles, yet the impact of their motion on the dissolved fluxes remains unknown. Using microprofiling, we show here that foraminiferal burrow formation increases the oxygen penetration depth in the sediment, leading to a change in the structure of the prokaryotic community.
Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, Lawrence Patrick Cases Bernardo, Tsuneo Ono, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Oomoto, Masahide Wakita, and Takehiro Tanaka
Biogeosciences, 20, 4527–4549, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study of the current and future impacts of climate change on Pacific oyster farming in Japan. Future coastal warming and acidification may affect oyster larvae as a result of longer exposure to lower-pH waters. A prolonged spawning period may harm oyster processing by shortening the shipping period and reducing oyster quality. To minimize impacts on Pacific oyster farming, in addition to mitigation measures, local adaptation measures may be required.
Marlena Szeligowska, Déborah Benkort, Anna Przyborska, Mateusz Moskalik, Bernabé Moreno, Emilia Trudnowska, and Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-162, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-162, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
European Arctic experiences rapid regional warming resulting in the retreat of glaciers terminating in the sea onto land. Due to this process, area of one of the well-studied fjords, Hornsund, increased by 100 km2 and 38 %. Using improved mathematical model, we estimated that despite some negative consequences of glacial meltwater release such newly ice-free area markedly contribute to atmospheric carbon uptake and become efficient carbon sinks.
Taketoshi Kodama, Atsushi Nishimoto, Ken-ichi Nakamura, Misato Nakae, Naoki Iguchi, Yosuke Igeta, and Yoichi Kogure
Biogeosciences, 20, 3667–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon and nitrogen are essential elements for organisms; their stable isotope ratios (13C : 12C, 15N : 14N) are useful tools for understanding turnover and movement in the ocean. In the Sea of Japan, the environment is rapidly being altered by human activities. The 13C : 12C of small organic particles is increased by active carbon fixation, and phytoplankton growth increases the values. The 15N : 14N variations suggest that nitrates from many sources contribute to organic production.
Aubin Thibault de Chanvalon, George W. Luther, Emily R. Estes, Jennifer Necker, Bradley M. Tebo, Jianzhong Su, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 20, 3053–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The intensity of the oceanic trap of CO2 released by anthropogenic activities depends on the alkalinity brought by continental weathering. Between ocean and continent, coastal water and estuaries can limit or favour the alkalinity transfer. This study investigate new interactions between dissolved metals and alkalinity in the oxygen-depleted zone of estuaries.
Joonas J. Virtasalo, Peter Österholm, and Eero Asmala
Biogeosciences, 20, 2883–2901, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2883-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2883-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We mixed acidic metal-rich river water from acid sulfate soils and seawater in the laboratory to study the flocculation of dissolved metals and organic matter in estuaries. Al and Fe flocculated already at a salinity of 0–2 to large organic flocs (>80 µm size). Precipitation of Al and Fe hydroxide flocculi (median size 11 µm) began when pH exceeded ca. 5.5. Mn transferred weakly to Mn hydroxides and Co to the flocs. Up to 50 % of Cu was associated with the flocs, irrespective of seawater mixing.
Moritz Baumann, Allanah Joy Paul, Jan Taucher, Lennart Thomas Bach, Silvan Goldenberg, Paul Stange, Fabrizio Minutolo, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 2595–2612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sinking velocity of marine particles affects how much atmospheric CO2 is stored inside our oceans. We measured particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system and assessed their physical and biochemical drivers. We found that sinking velocity was mainly influenced by particle size and porosity, while ballasting minerals played only a minor role. Our findings help us to better understand the particle sinking dynamics in this highly productive marine system.
Kyle E. Hinson, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Raymond G. Najjar, Maria Herrmann, Zihao Bian, Gopal Bhatt, Pierre St-Laurent, Hanqin Tian, and Gary Shenk
Biogeosciences, 20, 1937–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate impacts are essential for environmental managers to consider when implementing nutrient reduction plans designed to reduce hypoxia. This work highlights relative sources of uncertainty in modeling regional climate impacts on the Chesapeake Bay watershed and consequent declines in bay oxygen levels. The results demonstrate that planned water quality improvement goals are capable of reducing hypoxia levels by half, offsetting climate-driven impacts on terrestrial runoff.
Linquan Mu, Jaime B. Palter, and Hongjie Wang
Biogeosciences, 20, 1963–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Enhancing ocean alkalinity accelerates carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. We hypothetically added alkalinity to the Amazon River and examined the increment of the carbon uptake by the Amazon plume. We also investigated the minimum alkalinity addition in which this perturbation at the river mouth could be detected above the natural variability.
Karl M. Attard, Anna Lyssenko, and Iván F. Rodil
Biogeosciences, 20, 1713–1724, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aquatic plants produce a large amount of organic matter through photosynthesis that, following erosion, is deposited on the seafloor. In this study, we show that plant detritus can trigger low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia) in shallow coastal waters, making conditions challenging for most marine animals. We propose that the occurrence of hypoxia may be underestimated because measurements typically do not consider the region closest to the seafloor, where detritus accumulates.
M. James McLaughlin, Cindy Bessey, Gary A. Kendrick, John Keesing, and Ylva S. Olsen
Biogeosciences, 20, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1011-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1011-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs face increasing pressures from environmental change at present. The coral reef framework is produced by corals and calcifying algae. The Kimberley region of Western Australia has escaped land-based anthropogenic impacts. Specimens of the dominant coral and algae were collected from Browse Island's reef platform and incubated in mesocosms to measure calcification and production patterns of oxygen. This study provides important data on reef building and climate-driven effects.
Patricia Ayón Dejo, Elda Luz Pinedo Arteaga, Anna Schukat, Jan Taucher, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, Sabrina Dorschner, Wilhelm Hagen, Mariona Segura-Noguera, and Silke Lischka
Biogeosciences, 20, 945–969, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean upwelling regions are highly productive. With ocean warming, severe changes in upwelling frequency and/or intensity and expansion of accompanying oxygen minimum zones are projected. In a field experiment off Peru, we investigated how different upwelling intensities affect the pelagic food web and found failed reproduction of dominant zooplankton. The changes projected could severely impact the reproductive success of zooplankton communities and the pelagic food web in upwelling regions.
Mathilde Jutras, Alfonso Mucci, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, William A. Nesbitt, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Biogeosciences, 20, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The deep waters of the lower St Lawrence Estuary and gulf have, in the last decades, experienced a strong decline in their oxygen concentration. Below 65 µmol L-1, the waters are said to be hypoxic, with dire consequences for marine life. We show that the extent of the hypoxic zone shows a seven-fold increase in the last 20 years, reaching 9400 km2 in 2021. After a stable period at ~ 65 µmol L⁻¹ from 1984 to 2019, the oxygen level also suddenly decreased to ~ 35 µmol L-1 in 2020.
Sachi Umezawa, Manami Tozawa, Yuichi Nosaka, Daiki Nomura, Hiroji Onishi, Hiroto Abe, Tetsuya Takatsu, and Atsushi Ooki
Biogeosciences, 20, 421–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted repetitive observations in Funka Bay, Japan, during the spring bloom 2019. We found nutrient concentration decreases in the dark subsurface layer during the bloom. Incubation experiments confirmed that diatoms could consume nutrients at a substantial rate, even in darkness. We concluded that the nutrient reduction was mainly caused by nutrient consumption by diatoms in the dark.
Dirk Jong, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Philip Pika, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 20, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we want to highlight the importance of studying both land and ocean together, and water and sediment together, as these systems function as a continuum, and determine how organic carbon derived from permafrost is broken down and its effect on global warming. Although on the one hand it appears that organic carbon is removed from sediments along the pathway of transport from river to ocean, it also appears to remain relatively ‘fresh’, despite this removal and its very old age.
Georgia Filippi, Manos Dassenakis, Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou, and Konstantinos Lazogiannis
Biogeosciences, 20, 163–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The pollution of the western Saronikos Gulf from heavy metals has been examined through the study of marine sediment cores. It is a deep gulf (maximum depth 440 m) near Athens affected by industrial and volcanic activity. Eight cores were received from various stations and depths and analysed for their heavy metal content and geochemical characteristics. The results were evaluated by using statistical methods, environmental indicators and comparisons with old data.
Jing He and Michael D. Tyka
Biogeosciences, 20, 27–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has gained interest as a scalable way to address the urgent need for negative CO2 emissions. In this paper we examine the capacity of different coastlines to tolerate alkalinity enhancement and the time scale of CO2 uptake following the addition of a given quantity of alkalinity. The results suggest that OAE has significant potential and identify specific favorable and unfavorable coastlines for its deployment.
Arnaud Laurent, Haiyan Zhang, and Katja Fennel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5893–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Changjiang is the main terrestrial source of nutrients to the East China Sea (ECS). Nutrient delivery to the ECS has been increasing since the 1960s, resulting in low oxygen (hypoxia) during phytoplankton decomposition in summer. River phosphorus (P) has increased less than nitrogen, and therefore, despite the large nutrient delivery, phytoplankton growth can be limited by the lack of P. Here, we investigate this link between P limitation, phytoplankton production/decomposition, and hypoxia.
Coline Poppeschi, Guillaume Charria, Anne Daniel, Romaric Verney, Peggy Rimmelin-Maury, Michaël Retho, Eric Goberville, Emilie Grossteffan, and Martin Plus
Biogeosciences, 19, 5667–5687, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to understand interannual changes in the initiation of the phytoplankton growing period (IPGP) in the current context of global climate changes over the last 20 years. An important variability in the timing of the IPGP is observed with a trend towards a later IPGP during this last decade. The role and the impact of extreme events (cold spells, floods, and wind burst) on the IPGP is also detailed.
Lin Yang, Jing Zhang, Anja Engel, and Gui-Peng Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 5251–5268, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Enrichment factors of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the eastern marginal seas of China exhibited a significant spatio-temporal variation. Photochemical and enrichment processes co-regulated DOM enrichment in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Autochthonous DOM was more frequently enriched in the SML than terrestrial DOM. DOM in the sub-surface water exhibited higher aromaticity than that in the SML.
Mona Norbisrath, Johannes Pätsch, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Gesa Schulz, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 19, 5151–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) regulates the oceanic storage capacity of atmospheric CO2. TA is also metabolically generated in estuaries and influences coastal carbon storage through its inflows. We used water samples and identified the Hamburg port area as the one with highest TA generation. Of the overall riverine TA load, 14 % is generated within the estuary. Using a biogeochemical model, we estimated potential effects on the coastal carbon storage under possible anthropogenic and climate changes.
Le Zhang and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4589–4618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4589-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4589-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We adopt a high-resolution carbon model for the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and calculate the decadal trends of important carbon system variables in the GoM from 2001 to 2019. The GoM surface CO2 values experienced a steady increase over the past 2 decades, and the ocean surface pH is declining. Although carbonate saturation rates remain supersaturated with aragonite, they show a slightly decreasing trend. The northern GoM is a stronger carbon sink than we thought.
Cited articles
Al-Qutob, M., Hase, C., Tilzer, M. M., and Lazar, B.: Phytoplankton drives nitrite dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 239, 233–239, 2002.
Allen, A. E., Booth, M. G., Frischer, M. E., Verity, P. G., Zehr, J. P., and Zani, S.: Diversity and detection of nitrate assimilation genes in marine bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67, 5343–5348, 2001.
Archer, D., Emerson, S., Powell, T., and Wong, C. S.: Numerical hindcasting of sea surface pCO2 at Weathership Station Papa, Prog. Oceanogr., 32, 319–351, 1993.
Babu, K. N., Sharma, R., Agarwal, N., Agarwal, V. K., and Weller, R. A.: Study of the mixed layer depth variations within the north Indian Ocean using a 1-D model, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002024, 2004.
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R., Sarmiento, J. L., Feldman, G. C., Milligan, A. J., Falkowski, P. G., Letelier, R. M., and Boss, E. S.: Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity, Nature, 444, 752–755, 2006.
Beman, J. M., Popp, B. N., and Francis, C. A.: Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for ammonia oxidation by marine Crenarchaeota in the Gulf of California, ISME Journal, 2, 429–441, 2008.
Beman, J. M., Sachdeva, R., and Fuhrman, J. A.: Population ecology of nitrifying archaea and Bacteria in the Southern California Bight, Environ. Microbiol., 12, 1282–1292, 2010.
Beman, J. M., Popp, B. N., and Alford, S. E.: Quantification of ammonia oxidation rates and ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria at high resolution in the Gulf of California and eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 711–726, 2012.
Blainey, P. C., Mosier, A. C., Potanina, A., Francis, C. A., Quake, S. R., and Gilbert, J.: Genome of a low-salinity ammonia-oxidizing archaeon determined by single-cell and metagenomic analysis, PLoS One, 6, 148–149, 2011.
Brandhorst, W.: Nitrification and denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific, J. Conseil Perm. Int. Expl. Mer., 25, 2–20, 1959.
Buchwald, C. and Casciotti, K. L.: Oxygen isotopic fractionation and exchange during bacterial nitrite oxidation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1064–1074, 2010.
Buchwald, C. and Casciotti, K. L.: Isotopic ratios of nitrite as tracers of the source and age of oceanic nitrite, Nat. Geosci., 6, 4, 308–313, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1745, 2013.
Buchwald, C., Santoro, A. E., McIlvin, M. R., and Casciotti, K. L.: Oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and nitrite produced by nitrifying cocultures and natural marine assemblages, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 1361–1375, 2012.
Campbell, L. and Vaulot, D.: Photosynthetic picoplankton community structure in the subtropical north Pacific-Ocean near Hawaii (Station AlOHA), Deep-Sea Res. I, 40, 2043–2060, 1993.
Campbell, L., Liu, H. B., Nolla, H. A., and Vaulot, D.: Annual variability of phytoplankton and bacteria in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean at Station ALOHA during the 1991-1994 ENSO event, Deep Sea Res. I, 44, 167–192, 1997.
Casciotti, K. L., and McIlvin, M. R.: Isotopic analyses of nitrate and nitrite from reference mixtures and application to Eastern Tropical North Pacific waters, Mar. Chem., 107, 184–201, 2007.
Casciotti, K. L., Sigman, D. M., Hastings, M. G., Bohlke, J. K., and Hilkert, A.: Measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in seawater and freshwater using the denitrifier method, Anal. Chem., 74, 4905–4912, 2002.
Casciotti, K. L., Bohlke, J. K., McIlvin, M. R., Mroczkowski, S. J., and Hannon, J. E.: Oxygen isotopes in nitrite: Analysis, calibration, and equilibration, Anal. Chem., 79, 2427–2436, 2007.
Casciotti, K. L., McIlvin, M. R., and Buchwald, C.: Oxygen isotopic exchange and fractionation during bacterial ammonia oxidation, Limnol. Oceanogr, 55, 753–762, 2010.
Casey, J. R., Lomas, M. W., Mandecki, J., and Walker, D. E.: Prochlorococcus contributes to new production in the Sargasso Sea deep chlorophyll maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028725, 2007.
Cavender-Bares, K. K., Karl, D. M., and Chisholm, S. W.: Nutrient gradients in the western North Atlantic Ocean: Relationship to microbial community structure and comparison to patterns in the Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Res. I, 48, 2373–2395, 2001.
Church, M. J., Karl, D. M., and DeLong, E. F.: Abundances of crenarchaeal amoA genes and transcripts in the Pacific Ocean, Environ. Microbiol., 12, 679–688, 2010.
Codispoti, L. A., Friederich, G. E., Packard, T. T., Glover, H. E., Kelly, P. J., Spinrad, R. W., Barber, R. T., Elkins, J. W., Ward, B. B., Lipschultz, F., and Lostaunau, N.: High nitrite levels off northern Peru - a signal of instability in the marine denitrification rate, Science, 233, 1200–1202, 1986.
Collins, C. A., Pennington, J. T., Castro, C. G., Rago, T. A., and Chavez, F. P.: The California Current system off Monterey, California: physical and biological coupling, Deep Sea Res. II, 50, 2389–2404, 2003.
Cuvelier, M. L., Allen, A. E., Monier, A., McCrow, J. P., Messie, M., Tringe, S. G., Woyke, T., Welsh, R. M., Ishoey, T., Lee, J. H., Binder, B. J., DuPont, C. L., Latasa, M., Guigand, C., Buck, K. R., Hilton, J., Thiagarajan, M., Caler, E., Read, B., Lasken, R. S., Chavez, F. P., and Worden, A. Z.: Targeted metagenomics and ecology of globally important uncultured eukaryotic phytoplankton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 14679–14684, 2010.
Dore, J. E. and Karl, D. M.: Nitrification in the euphotic zone as a source for nitrite, nitrate, and nitrous oxide at Station ALOHA, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 1619–1628, 1996a.
Dore, J. E. and Karl, D. M.: Nitrite distributions and dynamics at station ALOHA, Deep Sea Res., 43, 385–402, 1996b.
Dugdale, R. C. and Goering, J. J.: Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 12, 196–206, 1967.
Eppley, R. W., Coatswor. J., and Solorzano, L.: Studies of nitrate reductase in marine phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 194–205, 1969.
Fawcett, S. E., Lomas, M., Casey, J. R., Ward, B. B., and Sigman, D. M.: Assimilation of upwelled nitrate by small eukaryotes in the Sargasso Sea, Nat. Geosci., 4, 717–722, 2011.
Flynn, K. J., and Flynn, K.: Release of nitrite by marine dinoflagellates: development of a mathematical simulation, Mar. Biol., 130, 455–470, 1998.
Francis, C. A., Roberts, K. J., Beman, J. M., Santoro, A. E., and Oakley, B.B.: Ubiquity and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in water columns and sediments of the ocean, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 14683–14688, 2005.
Glover, D. M., Jenkins, B. D., and Doney, S. C: Modeling Methods for Marine Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.
Hallam, S. J., Mincer, T. J., Schleper, C., Preston, C. M., Roberts, K., Richardson, P. M., and DeLong, E. F.: Pathways of carbon assimilation and ammonia oxidation suggested by environmental genomic analyses of marine Crenarchaeota, PLoS Biology, 4, 520–536, 2006.
Horak, R. E. A., Qin, W., Shauer, A. J., Armbrust, E. V., Ingalls, A. E., Moffett, J. W., Stahl, D. A., and Devol, A. H.: Ammonia oxidation kinetics and temperature sensitivity of a natural marine community dominated by archaea, ISME J., 7, 10, 2023–2033, 2013.
Jenkins, B. D., Zehr, J. P., Gibson, A., and Campbell, L.: Cyanobacterial assimilatory nitrate reductase gene diversity in coastal and oligotrophic marine environments, Environ. Microbiol., 8, 2083–2095, 2006.
Johnson, K. S. and Coletti, L. J.: In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean, Deep Sea Res. I, 49, 1291–1305, 2002.
Johnson, Z. I., Zinser, E. R., Coe, A., McNulty, N. P., Woodward, E. M. S., and Chisholm, S. W.: Niche partitioning among Prochlorococcus ecotypes along ocean-scale environmental gradients, Science, 311, 1737–1740, 2006.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, 1996.
Karl, D. M., Bidigare, R. R., Church, M. J., Dore, J. E., Letelier, R. M., Mahaffey, C., and Zehr, J. P.: The Nitrogen cycle in the North Pacific trades biome: An evolving paradigm, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, edited by: Capone, D. G., Bronk, D. A., Mulholland, M. R., and Carpenter, E. J., 2nd Edn., Elsevier, 705–770, 2008.
Kiefer, D. A. and Kremer, J. N.: Origins of vertical patterns of phytoplankton and nutrients in the temperate, open ocean – a stratigraphic hypothesis, Deep-Sea Res. I, 28, 1087–1105, 1981.
Kiefer, D. A., Olson, R. J., and Holmhansen, O.: Another look at nitrite and chlorophyll maxima in central north Pacific, Deep-Sea Res., 23, 1199–1208, 1976.
Kirstein, K. and Bock, E.: Close genetic-relationship between Nitrobacter-hamburgensis nitrite oxidoreductase and Escherichia-coli nitrate reductases, Arch. Microbiol., 160, 447–453, 1993.
Lipschultz, F., Zafiriou, O. C., and Ball, L. A.: Seasonal fluctuations of nitrite concentrations in the deep oligotrophic ocean, Deep Sea Res., 43, 403–419, 1996.
Lomas, M. W. and Lipschultz, F.: Forming the primary nitrite maximum: Nitrifiers or phytoplankton?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 2453–2467, 2006.
Luecker, S., Nowka, B., Rattei, T., Spieck, E., and Daims, H.: The genome of Nitrospina gracilis illuminates the metabolism and evolution of the major marine nitrite oxidizer, Frontiers in Microbiology, 4, 2013.
Mackey, K. R. M., Bristow, L., Parks, D. R., Altabet, M. A., Post, A. F., and Paytan, A.: The influence of light on nitrogen cycling and the primary nitrite maximum in a seasonally stratified sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 545–560, 2011.
Martens-Habbena, W., Berube, P. M., Urakawa, H., de la Torre, J. R., and Stahl, D. A.: Ammonia oxidation kinetics determine niche separation of nitrifying archaea and Bacteria, Nature, 461, 976–981, 2009.
Martiny, A. C., Kathuria, S., and Berube, P. M.: Widespread metabolic potential for nitrite and nitrate assimilation among Prochlorococcus ecotypes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 10787–10792, 2009.
Martz, T. R., DeGrandpre, M. D., Strutton, P. G., McGillis, W. R., and Drennan, W. M.: Sea surface pCO2 and carbon export during the Labrador Sea spring-summer bloom: An in situ mass balance approach, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C09008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005060, 2009.
Mathieu, T. and Deyoung, B.: Application of a Mixed-Layer Model to the Inner Newfoundland Shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 921–936, 1995.
McIlvin, M. R. and Altabet, M. A.: Chemical conversion of nitrate and nitrite to nitrous oxide for nitrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis in freshwater and seawater, Anal. Chem., 77, 5589–5595, 2005.
McIlvin, M. R. and Casciotti, K. L.: Technical updates to the bacterial method for nitrate isotopic analyses, Anal. Chem., https://doi.org/10.1021/ac1028984, 2011.
Mincer, T. J., Church, M. J., Taylor, L .T., Preston, C., Karl, D. M., and DeLong, E. F.: Quantitative distribution of presumptive archaeal and bacterial nitrifiers in Monterey Bay and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Environ. Microbiol., 9, 1162–1175, 2007.
Mosier, A. C. and Francis, C. A.: Determining the distribution of marine and coastal ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria using a quantitative approach, Methods Enzymol., 486, 205–221, 2011.
Murray, A. E., Blakis, A., Massana, R., Strawzewski, S., Passow, U., Alldredge, A., and DeLong, E. F.: A time series assessment of planktonic archaeal variability in the Santa Barbara Channel, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 20, 129–145, 1999.
Naqvi, S., Yoshinari, T., Jayakumar, D., Altabet, M., Narvekar, P., Devol, A., Brandes, J., and Codispoti, L.: Budgetary and biogeochemical implications of N2O isotope signatures in the Arabian Sea, Nature, 394, 462–464, 1998.
Newell, S. E., Babbin, A. R., Jayakumar, A., and Ward, B. B.: Ammonia oxidation rates and nitrification in the Arabian Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, Gb4016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003940, 2011.
Newell, S. E., Fawcett, S. E., and Ward, B. B.: Depth distribution of ammonia oxidation rates and ammonia-oxidizer community composition in the Sargasso Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 1491–1500, 2013.
Olson, R. J.: 15N tracer studies of the primary nitrite maximum, J. Mar. Res., 39, 203–226, 1981a.
Olson, R. J.: Differential photoinhibition of marine nitrifying bacteria: a possible mechanism for the formation of the primary nitrite maximum, J. Mar. Res., 39, 227–238, 1981b.
Paerl, R. W., Foster, R. A., Jenkins, B. D., Montoya, J. P., and Zehr, J. P.: Phylogenetic diversity of cyanobacterial narB genes from various marine habitats, Environ. Microbiol., 10, 3377–3387, 2008.
Paerl, R. W., Tozzi, S., Kolber, Z. S., and Zehr, J. P.: Variation in the abundance of Synechococcus sp. CC9311 narB mRNA relative to changes in light, nitrogen growth conditions and nitrate assimilation, J. Phycol., 48, 1028–1039, 2012.
Patey, M. D., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Statham, P. J., Stinchcombe, M. C., Achterberg, E. P., and Mowlem, M.: Determination of nitrate and phosphate in seawater at nanomolar concentrations, Trac-Trend Anal. Chem., 27, 169–182, 2008.
Plant, J. N., Johnson, K. S., Needoba, J. A., and Coletti, L. J.: NH4-Digiscan: an in situ and laboratory ammonium analyzer for estuarine, coastal, and shelf waters, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 7, 144–156, 2009.
Plueddemann, A. J., Weller, R. A., Stramska, M., Dickey, T. D., and Marra, J.: Vertical structure of the upper ocean during the marine light-mixed layers experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6605–6619, 1995.
Price, J. F., Weller, R. A., and Pinkel, R.: Diurnal cycling – observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating,cooling, and wind mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411–8427, 1986.
Raimbault, P., Garcia, N., and Cerutti, F.: Distribution of inorganic and organic nutrients in the South Pacific Ocean – evidence for long-term accumulation of organic matter in nitrogen-depleted waters, Biogeosciences, 5, 281–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-281-2008, 2008
Rocap, G., Larimer, F. W., Lamerdin, J., Malfatti, S. A., Chain, P., Ahlgren, N. A., Arellano, A., Coleman, M. L., Hauser, L., Hess, W. R., Johnson, Z. I., Land, M., Lindell, D., Post, A. F., Regala, W., Shah, M., Shaw, S. L., Steglich, C., Sullivan, M. B., Ting, C. S., Tolonen, A., Webb, E. A., Zinser, E. R., and Chisholm, S. W.: Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation, Nature, 424, 1042–1047, 2003.
Sakamoto, C. M., Friederich, G. E., and Codispoti, L. A.: MBARI procedures for automated nutrient analyses using a modified Alpkem Series 300 Rapid Flow Analyzer, in: MBARI Technical Report, 90-2, (Moss Landing, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute), 1990.
Santoro, A. E. and Casciotti, K. L.: Enrichment and characterization of ammonia-oxidizing archaea from the open ocean: Phylogeny, physiology, and stable isotope fractionation, ISME J., 5, 1796–1808, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.1058, 2011.
Santoro, A. E., Casciotti, K. L., and Francis, C. A.: Activity, abundance and diversity of nitrifying archaea and bacteria in the central California Current, Environ. Microbiol., 12, 1989–2006, 2010.
Sigman, D. M., Casciotti, K. L., Andreani, M., Barford, C., Galanter, M., and Bohlke, J. K.: A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater, Anal. Chem., 73, 4145–4153, 2001.
Signorini, S. R., McClain, C. R., Christian, J. R., and Wong, C. S.: Seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton, nutrients, TCO2, pCO2), and O2) in the eastern subarctic Pacific (ocean weather station Papa), J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31197–31215, 2001.
Spieck, E., Ehrich, S., Aamand, J., and Bock, E.: Isolation and immunocytochemical location of the nitrite-oxidizing system in Nitrospira moscoviensis, Arch. Microbiol., 169, 225–230, 1998.
Su, H., Cheng, Y. F., Oswald, R., Behrendt, T., Trebs, I., Meixner, F. X., Andreae, M. O., Cheng, P., Zhang, Y., and Poschl, U.: Soil nitrite as a source of atmospheric HONO and OH radicals, Science, 333, 1616–1618, 2011.
Vaccaro, R. and Ryther, J. H.: Marine phytoplankton and the distribution of nitrite in the sea, J. Conseil Perm. Int. Expl. Mer., 25, 260–271, 1960.
Vage, K., Pickart, R. S., Moore, G. W. K., and Ribergaard, M. H.: Winter mixed layer development in the central Irminger Sea: The effect of strong, intermittent wind events, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 541–565, 2008.
Venrick, E. L. and Hayward, T.L.: Determining chlorophyll on the 1984 CalCOFI surveys, Cal Coop Ocean Fish, 25, 74–79, 1984.
Wada, E. and Hattori, A.: Nitrite metabolism in euphotic layer of the central North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 16, 766–772, 1971.
Walker, C. B., de la Torre, J. R., Klotz, M. G., Urakawa, H., Pinel, N., Arp, D. J., Brochier-Armanet, C., Chain, P. S. G., Chan, P. P., and Gollabgir, A.: Nitrosopumilus maritimus genome reveals unique mechanisms for nitrification and autotrophy in globally distributed marine crenarchaea, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 8818–8823, 2010.
Ward, B. B.: Nitrification in aquatic environments, in: Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology, edidet by: Capone, D. G., New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2144–2167, 2002.
Ward, B. B.: Phytoplankton community composition and gene expression of functional genes involved in carbon and nitrogen assimilation, J. Phycol., 44, 1490–1503, 2008.
Ward, B. B. and Zafiriou, O. C.: Nitrification and nitric oxide in the oxygen minimum of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific, Deep Sea Res. I, 35, 1127–1142, 1988.
Ward, B. B., Olson, R. J., and Perry, M. J.: Microbial nitrification rates in the primary nitrite maximum off Southern-California, Deep Sea Res. I, 29, 247–255, 1982.
Ward, B. B., Talbot, M. C., and Perry, M.,J.: Contributions of phytoplankton and nitrifying bacteria to ammonium and nitrite dynamics in coastal waters, Cont. Shelf Res., 3, 383–398, 1984.
Zafiriou, O. C. and Mcfarland, M.: Nitric-oxide from nitrite photolysis in the central Equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res.-Oc. Atmos., 86, 3173–3182, 1981.
Zafiriou, O. C. and True, M. B.: Nitrite photolysis as a source of free-radicals in productive surface waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 81–84, 1979a.
Zafiriou, O. C. and True, M. B.: Nitrite photolysis in seawater by sunlight, Mar. Chem., 8, 9–32, 1979b.
Zhang, J. Z.: Shipboard automated determination of trace concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in oligotrophic water by gas-segmented continuous flow analysis with a liquid waveguide capillary flow cell, Deep Sea Res. I, 47, 1157–1171, 2000.
Zinser, E. R., Johnson, Z. I., Coe, A., Karaca, E., Veneziano, D., and Chisholm, S. W.: Influence of light and temperature on Prochlorococcus ecotype distributions in the Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 2205–2220, 2007.
Zubkov, M. V., Sleigh, M. A., Burkill, P. H., and Leakey, R. J. G.: Picoplankton community structure on the Atlantic Meridional Transect: a comparison between seasons, Prog. Oceanogr., 45, 369–386, 2000.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint