Articles | Volume 11, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7009-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7009-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Dec 2014
Research article |
| 11 Dec 2014
Biomarkers in the stratified water column of the Landsort Deep (Baltic Sea)
C. Berndmeyer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Geobiology Group, Geoscience Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
V. Thiel
Geobiology Group, Geoscience Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
O. Schmale
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestr. 15, 18199 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
N. Wasmund
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestr. 15, 18199 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
M. Blumenberg
Geobiology Group, Geoscience Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
now at: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hanover, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Sören Iwe, Oliver Schmale, and Bernd Schneider
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2049, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel method to quantify N2 fixation by cyanobacteria, crucial in Baltic Sea eutrophication. Our Gas Equilibrium – Membrane-Inlet Mass Spectrometer (GE-MIMS), designed for operation on voluntary observing ships (VOS), enables large-scale monitoring of surface water N2 depletion caused by N2 fixation. Laboratory tests confirm the device’s accuracy and precision, ensuring it can complement current methods and contribute valuable data to better understand N2 fixation in the Baltic Sea.
Sebastian F. A. Jordan, Stefan Schloemer, Martin Krüger, Tanja Heffner, Marcus A. Horn, and Martin Blumenberg
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1461, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a multilayered approach, we studied eight cut and buried abandoned oil wells in a peat rich area of Northern Germany for methane flux, soil gas composition, and isotopic signatures of soil methane and carbon dioxide. The detected methane emissions were of biogenic, peat origin and were not associated with the abandoned wells. Additional microbial analysis and methane oxidation rate measurements demonstrated a high methane-emission mitigation potential in the studied peat-soils.
Anna Rutgersson, Erik Kjellström, Jari Haapala, Martin Stendel, Irina Danilovich, Martin Drews, Kirsti Jylhä, Pentti Kujala, Xiaoli Guo Larsén, Kirsten Halsnæs, Ilari Lehtonen, Anna Luomaranta, Erik Nilsson, Taru Olsson, Jani Särkkä, Laura Tuomi, and Norbert Wasmund
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 251–301, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A natural hazard is a naturally occurring extreme event with a negative effect on people, society, or the environment; major events in the study area include wind storms, extreme waves, high and low sea level, ice ridging, heavy precipitation, sea-effect snowfall, river floods, heat waves, ice seasons, and drought. In the future, an increase in sea level, extreme precipitation, heat waves, and phytoplankton blooms is expected, and a decrease in cold spells and severe ice winters is anticipated.
Jens Daniel Müller, Bernd Schneider, Ulf Gräwe, Peer Fietzek, Marcus Bo Wallin, Anna Rutgersson, Norbert Wasmund, Siegfried Krüger, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 18, 4889–4917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on profiling pCO2 measurements from a field campaign, we quantify the biomass production of a cyanobacteria bloom in the Baltic Sea, the export of which would foster deep water deoxygenation. We further demonstrate how this biomass production can be accurately reconstructed from long-term surface measurements made on cargo vessels in combination with modelled temperature profiles. This approach enables a better understanding of a severe concern for the Baltic’s good environmental status.
Jérôme Kaiser, Norbert Wasmund, Mati Kahru, Anna K. Wittenborn, Regina Hansen, Katharina Häusler, Matthias Moros, Detlef Schulz-Bull, and Helge W. Arz
Biogeosciences, 17, 2579–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Cyanobacterial blooms represent a threat to the Baltic Sea ecosystem, causing deoxygenation of the bottom water. In order to understand the natural versus anthropogenic factors driving these blooms, it is necessary to study long-term trends beyond observations. We have produced a record of cyanobacterial blooms since 1860 using organic molecules (biomarkers) preserved in sediments. Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea are likely mainly related to temperature variability.
Yan Shen, Volker Thiel, Pablo Suarez-Gonzalez, Sebastiaan W. Rampen, and Joachim Reitner
Biogeosciences, 17, 649–666, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-649-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-649-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Today, sterols are widespread in plants, animals, and fungi but are almost absent in the oldest rocks. Microbial mats, representing the earliest complex ecosystems on Earth, were omnipresent in Precambrian marine environments and may have degraded the sterols at that time. Here we analyze the distribution of sterols through a microbial mat. This provides insight into how variations in biological and nonbiological factors affect the preservation of sterols in modern and ancient microbial mats.
Manuel Reinhardt, Walter Goetz, Jan-Peter Duda, Christine Heim, Joachim Reitner, and Volker Thiel
Biogeosciences, 16, 2443–2465, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2443-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2443-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Organic matter in Archean hydrothermal cherts may contain molecular traces of early life. Alteration processes during and after deposition, however, may have obliterated potential biosignatures. Our results from modern analog samples (Pleistocene cherts from Lake Magadi, Kenya) show that biomolecules can survive early hydrothermal destruction in the macromolecular fraction of the organic matter. A conservation of molecular biosignatures in Archean hydrothermal cherts therefore seems possible.
Beate Stawiarski, Stefan Otto, Volker Thiel, Ulf Gräwe, Natalie Loick-Wilde, Anna K. Wittenborn, Stefan Schloemer, Janine Wäge, Gregor Rehder, Matthias Labrenz, Norbert Wasmund, and Oliver Schmale
Biogeosciences, 16, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The understanding of surface water methane production in the world oceans is still poor. By combining field studies and incubation experiments, our investigations suggest that zooplankton contributes to subthermocline methane enrichments in the central Baltic Sea by methane production within the digestive tract of copepods and/or by methane production through release of methane precursor substances into the surrounding water, followed by microbial degradation to methane.
Sonja Geilert, Christian Hensen, Mark Schmidt, Volker Liebetrau, Florian Scholz, Mechthild Doll, Longhui Deng, Annika Fiskal, Mark A. Lever, Chih-Chieh Su, Stefan Schloemer, Sudipta Sarkar, Volker Thiel, and Christian Berndt
Biogeosciences, 15, 5715–5731, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5715-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5715-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Abrupt climate changes in Earth’s history might have been triggered by magmatic intrusions into organic-rich sediments, which can potentially release large amounts of greenhouse gases. In the Guaymas Basin, vigorous hydrothermal venting at the ridge axis and off-axis inactive vents show that magmatic intrusions are an effective way to release carbon but must be considered as very short-lived processes in a geological sense. These results need to be taken into account in future climate models.
Alexander R. Schmidt, Dennis Grabow, Christina Beimforde, Vincent Perrichot, Jouko Rikkinen, Simona Saint Martin, Volker Thiel, and Leyla J. Seyfullah
Foss. Rec., 21, 213–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-213-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-213-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Amber is fossilized resin and so has a terrestrial source; however, very rarely have marine microorganisms been reported, and only in a few amber pieces. We aim to understand how this rare phenomenon could be possible. Several different mechanisms were proposed, and we then tested the wind-blown idea via our experiments on resin-rich forests on the coast of New Caledonia. These forests encompass the best model for the Cretaceous ambers that contain these marine microorganisms.
Jan-Peter Duda, Volker Thiel, Thorsten Bauersachs, Helge Mißbach, Manuel Reinhardt, Nadine Schäfer, Martin J. Van Kranendonk, and Joachim Reitner
Biogeosciences, 15, 1535–1548, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1535-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The origin of organic matter in the oldest rocks on Earth is commonly ambiguous (biotic vs. abiotic). This problem culminates in the case of hydrothermal chert veins that contain abundant organic matter. Here we demonstrate a microbial origin of kerogen embedded in a 3.5 Gyr old hydrothermal chert vein. We explain this finding with the large-scale redistribution of biomass by hydrothermal fluids, emphasizing the interplay between biological and abiological processes on the early Earth.
G. Jakobs, G. Rehder, G. Jost, K. Kießlich, M. Labrenz, and O. Schmale
Biogeosciences, 10, 7863–7875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7863-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7863-2013, 2013
M. Blumenberg, C. Berndmeyer, M. Moros, M. Muschalla, O. Schmale, and V. Thiel
Biogeosciences, 10, 2725–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2725-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2725-2013, 2013
J. Peloquin, C. Swan, N. Gruber, M. Vogt, H. Claustre, J. Ras, J. Uitz, R. Barlow, M. Behrenfeld, R. Bidigare, H. Dierssen, G. Ditullio, E. Fernandez, C. Gallienne, S. Gibb, R. Goericke, L. Harding, E. Head, P. Holligan, S. Hooker, D. Karl, M. Landry, R. Letelier, C. A. Llewellyn, M. Lomas, M. Lucas, A. Mannino, J.-C. Marty, B. G. Mitchell, F. Muller-Karger, N. Nelson, C. O'Brien, B. Prezelin, D. Repeta, W. O. Jr. Smith, D. Smythe-Wright, R. Stumpf, A. Subramaniam, K. Suzuki, C. Trees, M. Vernet, N. Wasmund, and S. Wright
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 109–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-109-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-109-2013, 2013
O. Schmale, M. Blumenberg, K. Kießlich, G. Jakobs, C. Berndmeyer, M. Labrenz, V. Thiel, and G. Rehder
Biogeosciences, 9, 4969–4977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4969-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4969-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Organic Biogeochemistry
Molecular-level carbon traits of fine roots: unveiling adaptation and decomposition under flooded conditions
Environmental controls on the distribution of brGDGTs and brGMGTs across the Seine River basin (NW France): implications for bacterial tetraethers as a proxy for riverine runoff
Latitudinal distribution of biomarkers across the western Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea: an approach to assess sympagic and pelagic algal production
Lipid remodeling in phytoplankton exposed to multi-environmental drivers in a mesocosm experiment
Sinking fate and carbon export of zooplankton fecal pellets: insights from time-series sediment trap observations in the northern South China Sea
Elemental Stoichiometry of Particulate Organic Matter across the Atlantic Ocean
Low cobalt inventories in the Amundsen and Ross seas driven by high demand for labile cobalt uptake among native phytoplankton communities
Potential bioavailability of representative pyrogenic organic matter compounds in comparison to natural dissolved organic matter pools
Distributions of bacteriohopanepolyols in lakes and coastal lagoons of the Azores Archipelago
Recently fixed carbon fuels microbial activity several meters below the soil surface
Environmental and hydrologic controls on sediment and organic carbon export from a subalpine catchment: insights from a time series
Climate and geology overwrite land use effects on soil organic nitrogen cycling on a continental scale
Compositions of dissolved organic matter in the ice-covered waters above the Aurora hydrothermal vent system, Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean
Organic matter characteristics of a rapidly eroding permafrost cliff in NE Siberia (Lena Delta, Laptev Sea region)
Microbial labilization and diversification of pyrogenic dissolved organic matter
Bacterial and eukaryotic intact polar lipids point to in situ production as a key source of labile organic matter in hadal surface sediment of the Atacama Trench
What can we learn from amino acids about oceanic organic matter cycling and degradation?
Bacteriohopanetetrol-x: constraining its application as a lipid biomarker for marine anammox using the water column oxygen gradient of the Benguela upwelling system
Active and passive fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the northern South China Sea
Cyanobacteria net community production in the Baltic Sea as inferred from profiling pCO2 measurements
Reviews and syntheses: Heterotrophic fixation of inorganic carbon – significant but invisible flux in environmental carbon cycling
Revised fractional abundances and warm-season temperatures substantially improve brGDGT calibrations in lake sediments
Archaeal intact polar lipids in polar waters: a comparison between the Amundsen and Scotia seas
Reproducible determination of dissolved organic matter photosensitivity
Technical note: Uncovering the influence of methodological variations on the extractability of iron-bound organic carbon
Anthropocene climate warming enhances autochthonous carbon cycling in an upland Arctic lake, Disko Island, West Greenland
Novel hydrocarbon-utilizing soil mycobacteria synthesize unique mycocerosic acids at a Sicilian everlasting fire
Alkenone isotopes show evidence of active carbon concentrating mechanisms in coccolithophores as aqueous carbon dioxide concentrations fall below 7 µmol L−1
Seasonal variability and sources of in situ brGDGT production in a permanently stratified African crater lake
Sediment release of dissolved organic matter to the oxygen minimum zone off Peru
Better molecular preservation of organic matter in an oxic than in a sulfidic depositional environment: evidence from Thalassiphora pelagica (Dinoflagellata, Eocene) cysts
Assessing branched tetraether lipids as tracers of soil organic carbon transport through the Carminowe Creek catchment (southwest England)
The nonconservative distribution pattern of organic matter in the Rajang, a tropical river with peatland in its estuary
Predominance of hexamethylated 6-methyl branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in the Mariana Trench: source and environmental implication
High-pH and anoxic conditions during soil organic matter extraction increases its electron-exchange capacity and ability to stimulate microbial Fe(III) reduction by electron shuttling
Sterol preservation in hypersaline microbial mats
Structural elucidation and environmental distributions of butanetriol and pentanetriol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (BDGTs and PDGTs)
Distribution and degradation of terrestrial organic matter in the sediments of peat-draining rivers, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
Validation of carbon isotope fractionation in algal lipids as a pCO2 proxy using a natural CO2 seep (Shikine Island, Japan)
Composition and cycling of dissolved organic matter from tropical peatlands of coastal Sarawak, Borneo, revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis
Latitudinal variations in δ30Si and δ15N signatures along the Peruvian shelf: quantifying the effects of nutrient utilization versus denitrification over the past 600 years
Diapycnal dissolved organic matter supply into the upper Peruvian oxycline
Composition and vertical flux of particulate organic matter to the oxygen minimum zone of the central Baltic Sea: impact of a sporadic North Sea inflow
Main drivers of transparent exopolymer particle distribution across the surface Atlantic Ocean
Biochemical and structural controls on the decomposition dynamics of boreal upland forest moss tissues
Spatiotemporal transformation of dissolved organic matter along an alpine stream flow path on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: importance of source and permafrost degradation
A quest for the biological sources of long chain alkyl diols in the western tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Long-chain diols in rivers: distribution and potential biological sources
Leaf wax n-alkanes in modern plants and topsoils from eastern Georgia (Caucasus) – implications for reconstructing regional paleovegetation
The role of diatom resting spores in pelagic–benthic coupling in the Southern Ocean
Mengke Wang, Peng Zhang, Huishan Li, Guisen Deng, Deliang Kong, Sifang Kong, and Junjian Wang
Biogeosciences, 21, 2691–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and applied complementary analyses to characterize molecular-level carbon traits for water-grown and soil-grown fine roots. The adaptive strategy of developing more labile carbon in water-grown roots accelerated root decomposition and counteracted the decelerated effects of anoxia on decomposition, highlighting an indirect effect of environmental change on belowground carbon cycling.
Zhe-Xuan Zhang, Edith Parlanti, Christelle Anquetil, Jérôme Morelle, Anniet M. Laverman, Alexandre Thibault, Elisa Bou, and Arnaud Huguet
Biogeosciences, 21, 2227–2252, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2227-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2227-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Bacterial tetraethers have important implications for palaeoclimate reconstruction. However, fundamental understanding of how these lipids are transformed from land to sea and which environmental factors influence their distributions is lacking. Here, we investigate the sources of brGDGTs and brGMGTs and the factors controlling their distributions in a large dataset (n=237). We propose a novel proxy (RIX) to trace riverine runoff, which is applicable in modern systems and in paleorecord.
Youcheng Bai, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Jian Ren, Vincent Klein, Haiyan Jin, and Jianfang Chen
Biogeosciences, 21, 689–709, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Algal biomarkers were used to assess sea ice and pelagic algal production across the western Arctic Ocean with changing sea-ice conditions. They show three distinct areas along with a marked latitudinal gradient of sea ice over pelagic algal production in surface sediments that are reflected by the H-Print index. Our data also show that efficient grazing consumption accounted for the dramatic decrease of diatom-derived biomarkers in sediments compared to that of particulate matter.
Sebastian I. Cantarero, Edgart Flores, Harry Allbrook, Paulina Aguayo, Cristian A. Vargas, John E. Tamanaha, J. Bentley C. Scholz, Lennart T. Bach, Carolin R. Löscher, Ulf Riebesell, Balaji Rajagopalan, Nadia Dildar, and Julio Sepúlveda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3110, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores lipid remodeling in response to environmental stress, specifically how cell membrane chemistry changes. We focus on intact polar lipids in a phytoplankton community exposed to diverse stressors in a mesocosm experiment. The observed remodeling indicates acyl chain recycling for energy storage in triacylglycerols during stress, reallocating resources based on varying growth conditions. This understanding is essential to grasp the system's impact on cellular pools.
Hanxiao Wang, Zhifei Liu, Jiaying Li, Baozhi Lin, Yulong Zhao, Xiaodong Zhang, Junyuan Cao, Jingwen Zhang, Hongzhe Song, and Wenzhuo Wang
Biogeosciences, 20, 5109–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5109-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5109-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sinking of zooplankton fecal pellets is a key process in the marine biological carbon pump. This study presents carbon export of four shapes of fecal pellets from two time-series sediment traps in the South China Sea. The results show that the sinking fate of fecal pellets is regulated by marine primary productivity, deep-dwelling zooplankton community, and deep-sea currents in the tropical marginal sea, thus providing a new perspective for exploring the carbon cycle in the world ocean.
Adam James Fagan, Tatsuro Tanioka, Alyse Larkin, Jenna Alyson Lee, Nathan Garcia, and Adam Camillo Martiny
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168394764.42259309/v1, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168394764.42259309/v1, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is anticipated to influence the biological pump by altering phytoplankton nutrient distribution. In our research, we collected measurements of particulate matter concentrations during two oceanographic field studies. We observed systematic variations in organic matter concentrations and ratios across the Atlantic Ocean. From statistical modeling, we determined that these variations are associated with differences in the availability of essential nutrients for phytoplankton growth.
Rebecca J. Chmiel, Riss M. Kell, Deepa Rao, Dawn M. Moran, Giacomo R. DiTullio, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 20, 3997–4027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cobalt is an important micronutrient for plankton, yet it is often scarce throughout the oceans. A 2017/2018 expedition to coastal Antarctica, including regions of the Amundsen Sea and the Ross Sea, discovered lower concentrations of cobalt compared to two past expeditions in 2005 and 2006, particularly for the type of cobalt preferred as a nutrient by phytoplankton. This loss may be due to changing inputs of other nutrients, causing higher uptake of cobalt by plankton over the last decade.
Emily B. Graham, Hyun-Seob Song, Samantha Grieger, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, James C. Stegen, Kevin D. Bladon, and Allison N. Myers-Pigg
Biogeosciences, 20, 3449–3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3449-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intensifying wildfires are increasing pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) production and its impact on water quality. Recent work indicates that PyOM may have a greater impact on aquatic biogeochemistry than previously assumed, driven by higher bioavailability. We provide a full assessment of the potential bioavailability of PyOM across its chemical spectrum. We indicate that PyOM can be actively transformed within the river corridor and, therefore, may be a growing source of riverine C emissions.
Nora Richter, Ellen C. Hopmans, Danica Mitrović, Pedro M. Raposeiro, Vítor Gonçalves, Ana C. Costa, Linda A. Amaral-Zettler, Laura Villanueva, and Darci Rush
Biogeosciences, 20, 2065–2098, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2065-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2065-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are a diverse class of lipids produced by bacteria across a wide range of environments. This study characterizes the diversity of BHPs in lakes and coastal lagoons in the Azores Archipelago, as well as a co-culture enriched for methanotrophs. We highlight the potential of BHPs as taxonomic markers for bacteria associated with certain ecological niches, which can be preserved in sedimentary records.
Andrea Scheibe, Carlos A. Sierra, and Marie Spohn
Biogeosciences, 20, 827–838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-827-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-827-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explored carbon cycling in soils in three climate zones in Chile down to a depth of 6 m, using carbon isotopes. Our results show that microbial activity several meters below the soil surface is mostly fueled by recently fixed carbon and that strong decomposition of soil organic matter only occurs in the upper decimeters of the soils. The study shows that different layers of the critical zone are tightly connected and that processes in the deep soil depend on recently fixed carbon.
Melissa Sophia Schwab, Hannah Gies, Chantal Valérie Freymond, Maarten Lupker, Negar Haghipour, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 19, 5591–5616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of river studies focus on headwater or floodplain systems, while often neglecting intermediate river segments. Our study on the subalpine Sihl River bridges the gap between streams and lowlands and demonstrates that moderately steep river segments are areas of significant instream alterations, modulating the export of organic carbon over short distances.
Lisa Noll, Shasha Zhang, Qing Zheng, Yuntao Hu, Florian Hofhansl, and Wolfgang Wanek
Biogeosciences, 19, 5419–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cleavage of proteins to smaller nitrogen compounds allows microorganisms and plants to exploit the largest nitrogen reservoir in soils and is considered the bottleneck in soil organic nitrogen cycling. Results from soils covering a European transect show that protein turnover is constrained by soil geochemistry, shifts in climate and associated alterations in soil weathering and should be considered as a driver of soil nitrogen availability with repercussions on carbon cycle processes.
Muhammed Fatih Sert, Helge Niemann, Eoghan P. Reeves, Mats A. Granskog, Kevin P. Hand, Timo Kekäläinen, Janne Jänis, Pamela E. Rossel, Bénédicte Ferré, Anna Silyakova, and Friederike Gründger
Biogeosciences, 19, 2101–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2101-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2101-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate organic matter composition in the Arctic Ocean water column. We collected seawater samples from sea ice to deep waters at six vertical profiles near an active hydrothermal vent and its plume. In comparison to seawater, we found that the organic matter in waters directly affected by the hydrothermal plume had different chemical composition. We suggest that hydrothermal processes may influence the organic matter distribution in the deep ocean.
Charlotte Haugk, Loeka L. Jongejans, Kai Mangelsdorf, Matthias Fuchs, Olga Ogneva, Juri Palmtag, Gesine Mollenhauer, Paul J. Mann, P. Paul Overduin, Guido Grosse, Tina Sanders, Robyn E. Tuerena, Lutz Schirrmeister, Sebastian Wetterich, Alexander Kizyakov, Cornelia Karger, and Jens Strauss
Biogeosciences, 19, 2079–2094, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Buried animal and plant remains (carbon) from the last ice age were freeze-locked in permafrost. At an extremely fast eroding permafrost cliff in the Lena Delta (Siberia), we found this formerly frozen carbon well preserved. Our results show that ongoing degradation releases substantial amounts of this carbon, making it available for future carbon emissions. This mobilisation at the studied cliff and also similarly eroding sites bear the potential to affect rivers and oceans negatively.
Aleksandar I. Goranov, Andrew S. Wozniak, Kyle W. Bostick, Andrew R. Zimmerman, Siddhartha Mitra, and Patrick G. Hatcher
Biogeosciences, 19, 1491–1514, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire-derived molecules are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, but their biological fate remains understudied. We have evaluated the compositional changes that occur to wildfire-derived molecules after incubation with soil microbes. We observe a significant degradation but also a production of numerous new labile molecules. Our results indicate that wildfire-derived molecules can be broken down and the carbon and nitrogen therein can be incorporated into microbial food webs.
Edgart Flores, Sebastian I. Cantarero, Paula Ruiz-Fernández, Nadia Dildar, Matthias Zabel, Osvaldo Ulloa, and Julio Sepúlveda
Biogeosciences, 19, 1395–1420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1395-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the chemical diversity and abundance of microbial lipids as markers of organic matter sources in the deepest points of the Atacama Trench sediments and compare them to similar lipid stocks in shallower surface sediments and in the overlying water column. We evaluate possible organic matter provenance and some potential chemical adaptations of the in situ microbial community to the extreme conditions of high hydrostatic pressure in hadal realm.
Birgit Gaye, Niko Lahajnar, Natalie Harms, Sophie Anna Luise Paul, Tim Rixen, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Biogeosciences, 19, 807–830, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Amino acids were analyzed in a large number of samples of particulate and dissolved organic matter from coastal regions and the open ocean. A statistical analysis produced two new biogeochemical indicators. An indicator of sinking particle and sediment degradation (SDI) traces the degradation of organic matter from the surface waters into the sediments. A second indicator shows the residence time of suspended matter in the ocean (RTI).
Zoë R. van Kemenade, Laura Villanueva, Ellen C. Hopmans, Peter Kraal, Harry J. Witte, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Darci Rush
Biogeosciences, 19, 201–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-201-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-201-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an important nitrogen-removal process in the ocean. We assess the distribution of bacteriohopanetetrol-x (BHT-x), used to trace past anammox, along a redox gradient in the water column of the Benguela upwelling system. BHT-x / BHT ratios of >0.18 correspond to the presence of living anammox bacteria and oxygen levels <50 μmol L−1. This allows for a more robust application of BHT-x to trace past marine anammox and deoxygenation in dynamic marine systems.
Jia-Jang Hung, Ching-Han Tung, Zong-Ying Lin, Yuh-ling Lee Chen, Shao-Hung Peng, Yen-Huei Lin, and Li-Shan Tsai
Biogeosciences, 18, 5141–5162, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5141-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5141-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report measured active and passive fluxes and their controlling mechanisms in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). The total fluxes were higher than most reports in open oceans, indicating the significance of NSCS in atmospheric CO2 uptake and in storing that CO2 in the ocean’s interior. Winter cooling and extreme events enhanced nutrient availability and elevated fluxes. Global warming may have profound impacts on reducing ocean’s uptake and storage of CO2 in subtropical–tropical oceans.
Jens Daniel Müller, Bernd Schneider, Ulf Gräwe, Peer Fietzek, Marcus Bo Wallin, Anna Rutgersson, Norbert Wasmund, Siegfried Krüger, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 18, 4889–4917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on profiling pCO2 measurements from a field campaign, we quantify the biomass production of a cyanobacteria bloom in the Baltic Sea, the export of which would foster deep water deoxygenation. We further demonstrate how this biomass production can be accurately reconstructed from long-term surface measurements made on cargo vessels in combination with modelled temperature profiles. This approach enables a better understanding of a severe concern for the Baltic’s good environmental status.
Alexander Braun, Marina Spona-Friedl, Maria Avramov, Martin Elsner, Federico Baltar, Thomas Reinthaler, Gerhard J. Herndl, and Christian Griebler
Biogeosciences, 18, 3689–3700, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It is known that CO2 fixation by photoautotrophic organisms is the major sink from the atmosphere. While biologists are aware that CO2 fixation also occurs in heterotrophic organisms, this route of inorganic carbon, and its quantitative role, is hardly recognized in biogeochemistry. We demonstrate that a considerable amount of CO2 is fixed annually through anaplerotic reactions in heterotrophic organisms, and a significant quantity of inorganic carbon is temporally sequestered in biomass.
Jonathan H. Raberg, David J. Harning, Sarah E. Crump, Greg de Wet, Aria Blumm, Sebastian Kopf, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Gifford H. Miller, and Julio Sepúlveda
Biogeosciences, 18, 3579–3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3579-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3579-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
BrGDGT lipids are a proxy for temperature in lake sediments, but other parameters like pH can influence them, and seasonality can affect the temperatures they record. We find a warm-season bias at 43 new high-latitude sites. We also present a new method that deconvolves the effects of temperature, pH, and conductivity and generate global calibrations for these variables. Our study provides new paleoclimate tools, insight into brGDGTs at the biochemical level, and a new method for future study.
Charlotte L. Spencer-Jones, Erin L. McClymont, Nicole J. Bale, Ellen C. Hopmans, Stefan Schouten, Juliane Müller, E. Povl Abrahamsen, Claire Allen, Torsten Bickert, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Elaine Mawbey, Victoria Peck, Aleksandra Svalova, and James A. Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 3485–3504, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3485-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3485-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ocean temperature records are needed to fully understand the impact of West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse. Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are powerful tools for reconstructing ocean temperature but can be difficult to apply to the Southern Ocean. Our results show active GDGT synthesis in relatively warm depths of the ocean. This research improves the application of GDGT palaeoceanographic proxies in the Southern Ocean.
Alec W. Armstrong, Leanne Powers, and Michael Gonsior
Biogeosciences, 18, 3367–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3367-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3367-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Living things decay into organic matter, which can dissolve into water (like tea brewing). Tea receives its color by absorbing light. Similarly, this material absorbs light, which can then cause chemical reactions that change it. By measuring changes in these optical properties, we found that materials from some places are more sensitive to light than others. Comparing sensitivity to light helps us understand where these materials come from and what happens as they move through water.
Ben J. Fisher, Johan C. Faust, Oliver W. Moore, Caroline L. Peacock, and Christian März
Biogeosciences, 18, 3409–3419, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3409-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3409-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Organic carbon can be protected from microbial degradation in marine sediments through association with iron minerals on 1000-year timescales. Despite the importance of this carbon sink, our spatial and temporal understanding of iron-bound organic carbon interactions globally is poor. Here we show that caution must be applied when comparing quantification of iron-bound organic carbon extracted by different methods as the extraction strength and method specificity can be highly variable.
Mark A. Stevenson, Suzanne McGowan, Emma J. Pearson, George E. A. Swann, Melanie J. Leng, Vivienne J. Jones, Joseph J. Bailey, Xianyu Huang, and Erika Whiteford
Biogeosciences, 18, 2465–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2465-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2465-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We link detailed stable isotope and biomarker analyses from the catchments of three Arctic upland lakes on Disko Island (West Greenland) to a recent dated sediment core to understand how carbon cycling has changed over the past ~500 years. We find that the carbon deposited in sediments in these upland lakes is predominately sourced from in-lake production due to the catchment's limited terrestrial vegetation and elevation and that recent increases in algal production link with climate change.
Nadine T. Smit, Laura Villanueva, Darci Rush, Fausto Grassa, Caitlyn R. Witkowski, Mira Holzheimer, Adriaan J. Minnaard, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Stefan Schouten
Biogeosciences, 18, 1463–1479, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soils from an everlasting fire (gas seep) in Sicily, Italy, reveal high relative abundances of novel uncultivated mycobacteria and unique 13C-depleted mycocerosic acids (multi-methyl branched fatty acids) close to the main gas seep. Our results imply that mycocerosic acids in combination with their depleted δ13C values offer a new biomarker tool to study the role of soil mycobacteria as hydrocarbon consumers in the modern and past global carbon cycle.
Marcus P. S. Badger
Biogeosciences, 18, 1149–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1149-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1149-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructing ancient atmospheric CO2 is an important aim of palaeoclimate science in order to understand the Earth's climate system. One method, the alkenone proxy based on molecular fossils of coccolithophores, has been recently shown to be ineffective at low-to-moderate CO2 levels. In this paper I show that this is likely due to changes in the biogeochemistry of the coccolithophores when there is low carbon availability, but for much of the Cenozoic the alkenone proxy should have utility.
Loes G. J. van Bree, Francien Peterse, Allix J. Baxter, Wannes De Crop, Sigrid van Grinsven, Laura Villanueva, Dirk Verschuren, and Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
Biogeosciences, 17, 5443–5463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5443-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5443-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are used as a paleothermometer based on their temperature dependence in global soils, but aquatic production complicates their use in lakes. BrGDGTs in the water column of Lake Chala, East Africa, respond to oxygen conditions and mixing. Changes in their signal can be linked to bacterial community composition rather than membrane adaptation to changing conditions. Their integrated signal in the sediment reflects mean air temperature.
Alexandra N. Loginova, Andrew W. Dale, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, Sören Thomsen, Stefan Sommer, David Clemens, Klaus Wallmann, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 17, 4663–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON) and matter (DOM) optical properties in pore waters and near-bottom waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific off Peru. The difference between diffusion-driven and net fluxes of DOC and DON and qualitative changes in DOM optical properties suggested active microbial utilisation of the released DOM at the sediment–water interface. Our results suggest that the sediment release of DOM contributes to microbial processes in the area.
Gerard J. M. Versteegh, Alexander J. P. Houben, and Karin A. F. Zonneveld
Biogeosciences, 17, 3545–3561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3545-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3545-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Anoxic sediments mostly contain much more organic matter than oxic ones, and therefore organic matter in anoxic settings is often considered to be preserved better than in oxic settings. However, through the analysis of the same fossil dinoflagellate cyst species from both oxic and anoxic settings, we show that at a molecular level the preservation in the oxic sediments may be better since in the anoxic setting the cyst macromolecule has been altered by postdepositional modification.
Jingjing Guo, Miriam Glendell, Jeroen Meersmans, Frédérique Kirkels, Jack J. Middelburg, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 17, 3183–3201, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3183-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3183-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The fluxes of soil organic carbon (OC) transport from land to sea are poorly constrained, mostly due to the lack of a specific tracer for soil OC. Here we evaluate the use of specific molecules derived from soil bacteria as a tracer for soil OC in a small river catchment. We find that the initial soil signal is lost upon entering the aquatic environment. However, the local environmental history of the catchment is reflected by these molecules in the lake sediments that act as their sink.
Zhuo-Yi Zhu, Joanne Oakes, Bradley Eyre, Youyou Hao, Edwin Sien Aun Sia, Shan Jiang, Moritz Müller, and Jing Zhang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2473–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2473-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2473-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Samples were collected in August 2016 in the Rajang River and its estuary, with tropical forest in the river basin and peatland in the estuary. Organic matter composition was influenced by transportation in the river basin, whereas peatland added clear biodegraded parts to the fluvial organic matter, which implies modification of the initial lability and/or starting points in the subsequent degradation and alternation processes after the organic matter enters the sea.
Wenjie Xiao, Yasong Wang, Yongsheng Liu, Xi Zhang, Linlin Shi, and Yunping Xu
Biogeosciences, 17, 2135–2148, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The hadal zone (6–11 km depth) is the least explored habitat on Earth. We studied microbial branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench. One unique feature is the strong predominance of 6-methyl brGDGT, which likely reflects an adaption of brGDGT-producing bacteria to alkaline seawater and low temperature. BrGDGTs, with elemental and isotopic data, suggest an autochthonous product for brGDGT. A new approach is proposed for brGDGT sourcing.
Yuge Bai, Edisson Subdiaga, Stefan B. Haderlein, Heike Knicker, and Andreas Kappler
Biogeosciences, 17, 683–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-683-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-683-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Biogeochemical processes of SOM are key for greenhouse gas emission and water quality. We extracted SOM by water or by NaOH–HCl under oxic–anoxic conditions. Chemical and anoxic extractions lead to higher SOM electron exchange capacities, resulting in stimulation of microbial Fe(III) reduction. Therefore, aqueous pH-neutral SOM extracts should be used to reflect environmental SOM redox processes, and artifacts of chemical extractions need to be considered when evaluating SOM redox processes.
Yan Shen, Volker Thiel, Pablo Suarez-Gonzalez, Sebastiaan W. Rampen, and Joachim Reitner
Biogeosciences, 17, 649–666, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-649-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-649-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Today, sterols are widespread in plants, animals, and fungi but are almost absent in the oldest rocks. Microbial mats, representing the earliest complex ecosystems on Earth, were omnipresent in Precambrian marine environments and may have degraded the sterols at that time. Here we analyze the distribution of sterols through a microbial mat. This provides insight into how variations in biological and nonbiological factors affect the preservation of sterols in modern and ancient microbial mats.
Sarah Coffinet, Travis B. Meador, Lukas Mühlena, Kevin W. Becker, Jan Schröder, Qing-Zeng Zhu, Julius S. Lipp, Verena B. Heuer, Matthew P. Crump, and Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
Biogeosciences, 17, 317–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-317-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-317-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study deals with two membrane lipids called BDGTs and PDGTs. Membrane lipids are molecules forming the cell envelope of all organisms. Different organisms produce different lipids thus they can be used to detect the presence of specific organisms in the environment. We analyzed the structure of these new lipids and looked for potential producers. We found that they are likely made by microbes emitting methane below the sediment surface and could be used to track these specific microbes.
Ying Wu, Kun Zhu, Jing Zhang, Moritz Müller, Shan Jiang, Aazani Mujahid, Mohd Fakharuddin Muhamad, and Edwin Sien Aun Sia
Biogeosciences, 16, 4517–4533, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4517-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4517-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our understanding of terrestrial organic matter (TOM) in tropical peat-draining rivers remains limited, especially in Southeast Asia. We explored the characteristics of TOM via bulk parameters and lignin phenols of sediment in Malaysia. This showed that the most important plant source of the organic matter in these rivers is woody angiosperm C3 plants with limited diagenetic alteration. This slower degradation of TOM may be a link to higher total nitrogen content, especially for the small river.
Caitlyn R. Witkowski, Sylvain Agostini, Ben P. Harvey, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Stefan Schouten
Biogeosciences, 16, 4451–4461, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4451-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4451-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide concentrations (pCO2) in the atmosphere play an integral role in Earth system dynamics, especially climate. Past climates help us understand future ones, but reconstructing pCO2 over the geologic record remains a challenge. This research demonstrates new approaches for exploring past pCO2 via the carbon isotope fractionation in general algal lipids, which we test over a high CO2 gradient from a naturally occurring CO2 seep.
Yongli Zhou, Patrick Martin, and Moritz Müller
Biogeosciences, 16, 2733–2749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2733-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2733-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We found that peatlands in coastal Sarawak, Borneo, export extremely humified organic matter, which dominates the riverine organic matter pool and conservatively mixes with seawater, while the freshly produced fraction is low and stable in concentration at all salinities. We estimated that terrigenous fractions, which showed high photolability, still account for 20 % of the coastal dissolved organic carbon pool, implying the importance of peat-derived organic matter in the coastal carbon cycle.
Kristin Doering, Claudia Ehlert, Philippe Martinez, Martin Frank, and Ralph Schneider
Biogeosciences, 16, 2163–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2163-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2163-2019, 2019
Alexandra N. Loginova, Sören Thomsen, Marcus Dengler, Jan Lüdke, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 2033–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2033-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2033-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
High primary production in the Peruvian upwelling system is followed by rapid heterotrophic utilization of organic matter and supports the formation of one of the most intense oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world. Here, we estimated vertical fluxes of oxygen and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the surface to the OMZ. Our results suggest that DOM remineralization substantially reduces oxygen concentration in the upper water column and controls the shape of the upper oxycline.
Carolina Cisternas-Novoa, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 927–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-927-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-927-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the composition and vertical fluxes of POM in two deep basins of the Baltic Sea (GB: Gotland Basin and LD: Landsort Deep). The two basins showed different O2 regimes resulting from the intrusion of oxygen-rich water from the North Sea that ventilated the deep waters in GB, but not in LD.
In GB, O2 intrusions lead to a high abundance of manganese oxides that aggregate with POM, altering its composition and vertical flux and contributing to a higher POC transfer efficiency in GB.
Marina Zamanillo, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Sdena Nunes, Pablo Rodríguez-Ros, Manuel Dall'Osto, Marta Estrada, Maria Montserrat Sala, and Rafel Simó
Biogeosciences, 16, 733–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-733-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-733-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Many marine microorganisms produce polysaccharide-rich transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) for rather unknown reasons but with important consequences for the ocean carbon cycle, sea–air gas exchange and formation of organic aerosols. Here we compare surface–ocean distributions of TEPs and physical, chemical and biological variables along a N–S transect in the Atlantic Ocean. Our data suggest that phytoplankton and not bacteria are the main TEP producers, and solar radiation acts as a sink.
Michael Philben, Sara Butler, Sharon A. Billings, Ronald Benner, Kate A. Edwards, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 15, 6731–6746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6731-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6731-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the relationship between chemical composition and the temperature sensitivity of moss decomposition using 959-day lab incubations. Mass loss was low despite the predominance of carbohydrates, indicating the persistence of labile C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed little change in the moss cell-wall structure. These results suggest that the moss cell-wall matrix protects labile C from decomposition, contributing to the globally important stocks of moss-derived C.
Yinghui Wang, Robert G. M. Spencer, David C. Podgorski, Anne M. Kellerman, Harunur Rashid, Phoebe Zito, Wenjie Xiao, Dandan Wei, Yuanhe Yang, and Yunping Xu
Biogeosciences, 15, 6637–6648, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6637-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6637-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
With global warming, thawing of permafrost releases dissolved organic matter (DOM) into streams. By analyzing DOM along an alpine stream on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, we found DOM was mainly from the active layer, but with deepening of the active layer, the contribution of the deep permafrost layer increased, causing a change in the chemical composition of DOM. From the head- to downstream, DOM is undergoing rapid degradation, but some components are persistent and can be transported downstream.
Sergio Balzano, Julie Lattaud, Laura Villanueva, Sebastiaan W. Rampen, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Judith van Bleijswijk, Nicole Bale, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Stefan Schouten
Biogeosciences, 15, 5951–5968, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5951-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5951-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We tried to identify the microbes which biosynthesize a class of lipids widespread in seawater, the long chain alkyl diols (LCDs). We could not find any microorganism likely involved in the production of LCDs. The amounts of LCDs found are too high to be produced by living organisms and are likely to be part of the refractory organic matter persisting for long periods in the water column.
Julie Lattaud, Frédérique Kirkels, Francien Peterse, Chantal V. Freymond, Timothy I. Eglinton, Jens Hefter, Gesine Mollenhauer, Sergio Balzano, Laura Villanueva, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Ellen C. Hopmans, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Stefan Schouten
Biogeosciences, 15, 4147–4161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4147-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4147-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Long-chain diols (LCDs) are biomarkers that occur widespread in marine environments and also in lakes and rivers. In this study, we looked at the distribution of LCDs in three river systems (Godavari, Danube, and Rhine) in relation to season, precipitation, and temperature. We found out that the LCDs are likely being produced in calm areas of the river systems and that marine LCDs have a different distribution than riverine LCDs.
Marcel Bliedtner, Imke K. Schäfer, Roland Zech, and Hans von Suchodoletz
Biogeosciences, 15, 3927–3936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3927-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3927-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we systematically analyze leaf wax derived n-alkane patterns in eastern Georgia to test their potential for paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the semi-humid to semi-arid central southern Caucasus region. We investigated the influence of vegetation types on the leaf wax signal in modern plants and topsoil material. Our results show distinct and systematic differences in the n-alkane patterns between vegetation types and prove their potential for vegetation reconstructions.
Mathieu Rembauville, Stéphane Blain, Clara Manno, Geraint Tarling, Anu Thompson, George Wolff, and Ian Salter
Biogeosciences, 15, 3071–3084, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3071-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3071-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Sinking phytoplankton from the surface ocean provide the principal energy source to deep-ocean ecosystems. Our aim was to understand how different phytoplankton communities impact the chemical nature of this sinking material. We show certain types of phytoplankton can preferentially export energy-rich storage compounds to the seafloor. Any climate-driven effects on phytoplankton community structure could thus impact remote deep-ocean ecosystems thousands of kilometres beneath the surface.
Cited articles
Anderson, R., Winter, C., and Jürgens, K.: Protist grazing and viral lysis as prokaryotic mortality factors at Baltic Sea oxic-anoxic interfaces, Mar. Ecol. Progr., 467, 1–14, 2012.
Arao, T. and Yamada, M.: Biosythesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Phytochemistry, 35, 1177–1181, 1994.
Beliaeff, B. and Burgeot, T.: Integrated biomarker response: a useful tool for ecological risk assessment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 1316–1322, 2001.
Bergström, S. and Matthäus, W.: Meteorology, hydrology and hydrography, in: Third periodic assessment of the state of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea, 1989–1993; background document, Baltic Sea environment proceedings 64b, HELCOM, Helsinki, 9–18, 1996.
Berndmeyer, C., Thiel, V., Schmale, O., and Blumenberg, M.: Biomarkers for aerobic methanotrophy in the water column of the stratified Gotland Deep (Baltic Sea), Org. Geochem., 55, 103–111, 2013.
Bi, X., Sheng, G., Liu, X., Li, C., and Fu, J.: Molecular and carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of n-alkanes in plant leaf waxes, Org. Geochem., 36, 1405–1417, 2005.
Blumenberg, M., Krüger, M., Nauhaus, K., Talbot, H. M., Oppermann, B. I., Seifert, R., Pape, T., and Michaelis, W.: Biosynthesis of hopanoids by sulfate-reducing bacteria (genus Desulfovibrio), Environ. Microbiol., 8, 1220–1227, 2006.
Blumenberg, M., Seifert, R., and Michaelis, W.: Aerobic methanotrophy in the oxic-anoxic transition zone of the Black Sea water column, Org. Geochem., 38, 84–91, 2007.
Blumenberg, M., Oppermann, B. I., Guyoneaud, R., and Michaelis, W.: Hopanoid production by Desulfovibrio bastinii isolated from oilfield formation water, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 293, 73–78, 2009.
Blumenberg, M., Hoppert, M., Krüger, M., Dreier, A., and Thiel, V.: Novel findings on hopanoid occurrences among sulfate reducing bacteria: Is there a direct link to nitrogen fixation?, Org. Geochem., 49, 1–5, 2012.
Blumenberg, M., Berndmeyer, C., Moros, M., Muschalla, M., Schmale, O., and Thiel, V.: Bacteriohopanepolyols record stratification, nitrogen fixation and other biogeochemical perturbations in Holocene sediments of the central Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 10, 2725–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2725-2013, 2013.
Boon, J. J., Rijpstra, W. I. C., De Lange, F., and De Leeuw, J. W.: Black Sea sterol – a molecular fossil for dinoflagellate blooms, Nature, 277, 125–127, 1979.
Boschker, H. T. S. and Middelburg, J. J.: Stable isotopes and biomarkers in microbial ecology, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 40, 85–95, 2002.
Bowman, J. P., Skeratt, J. H., Nichols, P. D., and Sly, L. I.: Phopsholipid fatty acid and lipopolysaccharide fatty acid signature lipids in methane-utilizing bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 85, 15–22, 1991.
Bowman, J. P., Sly, L. I., Nichols, P. D., and Hayward, A. C.: Revised taxonomy of the methanotrophs: Description of Methylobacter gen. nov., emendation of Methylococcus, validation of Methylosinus and Methylocystis species, and a proposal that the family Methylococcaceae includes only the group I methanotrophs, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 43, 735–753, 1993.
Carlson, D. R., Roan, C.-S., Yost, R. A., and Hector, J.: Dimethyl disulfide derivatives of long chain alkenes, alkadiens, and alkatrienes for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 61, 1564–1571, 1989.
Conner, R. L., Landrey, J. R., Burns, C. H., and Mallory, F. B.: Cholesterol inhibition of pentacyclic triterpenoid biosythesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis, J. Protozool., 15, 600–605, 1968.
De Rosa, M. and Gambacorta, A.: The lipids of archaebacteria, Prog. Lip. Res., 27, 153–175, 1988.
Dellwig, O., Leipe, T., März, C., Glockzin, M., Pollehne, F., Schnetger, B., Yakushev, E. V., Böttcher, M. E., and Brumsack, H.-J.: A new particulate Mn–Fe–P-shuttle at the redoxcline of anoxic basins, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 7100–7115, 2010.
Detmer, A. E., Giesenhagen, H. C., Trenkel, V. M., Auf dem Venne, H., and Jochem, F.: Phototrophic and hetreotrophic pico- and nanoplankton in anoxic depths of the central Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol. Progr., 99, 197–203, 1993.
Dunstan, G. A., Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., Leroi, J.-M., and Jeffrey, S. W.: Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from 14 species of diatom (Bacillariophyceae), Phytochemistry, 35, 155–161, 1994.
Eglinton, G. and Hamilton, R. J.: Leaf epicuticular waxes, Science, 156, 1322–1335, 1967.
Eickhoff, M., Birgel, D., Talbot, H. M., Peckmann, J., and Kappler, A.: Oxidation of Fe(II) leads to increased C2 methylation of pentacyclic triterpenoids in the anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain TIE-1, Geobiology, 11, 268–278, 2013.
Falk-Petersen, S., Dahl, T. M., Scott, C. L., Sargent, J. R., Gulliksen, B., Kwasniewski, S., Hop, H., and Millar, R.-M.: Lipid biomarkers and trophic linkages between ctenophores and copepods in Svalbard waters, Mar. Ecol. Progr., 227, 187–194, 2002.
Farnelid, H., Öberg, T., and Riemann, L.: Identity and dynamics of putative N2-fixing picoplankton in the Baltic proper suggest complex patterns of regulation, Environmental Microbiology Reports, 1, 145–154, 2009.
Findlay, R. H. and Dobbs, F. C.: Quantitative description of microbial communities using lipid analysis, in: Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology, edited by: Cole, J. J., CRC Press, Florida, USA, 271–284, 1993.
Fischer, W. W., Summons, R. E., and Pearson, A.: Targeted genomic detection of biosynthetic pathways: anaerobic production of hopanoid biomarkers by a common sedimentary microbe, Geobiology, 3, 33–40, 2005.
Gaskell, S. J. and Eglinton, G.: Rapid hydrogenation of sterols in a contemporary lacustrine sediment, Nature, 254, 209–211, 1975.
Gast, V. and Gocke, K.: Vertical distribution of number, biomass and size-class spectrum of bacteria in relation to oxic/anoxic conditions in the Central Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol. Progr., 45, 179–186, 1988.
Gatellier, J.-P. L. A., de Leeuw, J. W., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., and Metzger, P.: A comparative study of macromolecular substances of a Coorongite and cell walls of the extant alga Botryococcus braunii, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 57, 2053–2068, 1993.
Gelpi, E., Schneider, H., Mann, J., and Oró, J.: Hydrocarbons of geochemical significance in microscopic algae, Phytochemistry, 9, 603–612, 1970.
Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhardt, M.: Methods of seawater analysis, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 75–89, 1983.
Hajdu, S., Höglander, H., and Larsson, U.: Phytoplankton vertical distributions and compositions in Baltic Sea cyanobacterial blooms, Harmful Algae, 6, 189–205, 2007.
Hanson, N., Förlin, L., and Larsson, A.: Evaluation of long-term biomarker data from perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the Baltic Sea suggests increasing exposure to environmental pollutants, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 364–373, 2009.
Hebting, Y., Schaeffer, P., Behrens, A., Adam, P., Schmitt, G., Schneckenburger, P., Bernasconi, S. M., and Albrecht, P.: Biomarker evidence for a major preservation pathway of sedimentary organic carbon, Science, 312, 1627–1631, 2006.
HELCOM COMBINE: Manual for marine monitoring in the COMBINE programme of HELCOM, Part C, Programme for monitoring of eutrophication and its effects, Annex C-6, Guidelines concerning phytoplankton species composition, abundance and biomass, HELCOM, 310–325, 2012.
Hietanen, S., Jäntti, H., Buizert, C., Jürgens, K., Labrenz, M., Voss, M., and Kuparinen, J.: Hypoxia and nitrogen processing in the Baltic Sea water column, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 325–337, 2012.
Hinrichs, K. U., Hayes, J. M., Sylva, S. P., Brewer, P. G., and DeLong, E. F.: Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments, Nature, 398, 802–805, 1999.
Höglander, H., Larsson, U., and Hajdu, S.: Vertical distribution and settling of spring phytoplankton in the offshore NW Baltic Sea proper, Mar. Ecol. Progr., 283, 15–27, 2004.
Jakobs, G., Rehder, G., Jost, G., Kießlich, K., Labrenz, M., and Schmale, O.: Comparative studies of pelagic microbial methane oxidation within the redox zones of the Gotland Deep and Landsort Deep (central Baltic Sea), Biogeosciences, 10, 7863–7875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7863-2013, 2013.
Jakobs, G., Holtermann, P., Berndmeyer, C., Rehder, G., Blumenberg, M., Jost, G., Nausch, G., and schmale, O.: Seasonal and spatial methane dynamic in the water column of the central Baltic Sea (Gotland Sea), Cont. Shelf Res., 91, 12–25, 2014.
Kamyshny Jr., A., Yakushev, E. V., Jost, G., and Podymov, O. I.: Role of sulfide oxidation intermediates in the redox balance of the oxic-anoxic interface of the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea, in: The handbook of environmental chemistry, edited by: Yakushev, E. V., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 22, 95–119, 2013.
Kannenberg, E. L. and Poralla, K.: Hopanoid biosythesis and function in bacteria, Naturwissenschaften, 86, 168–176, 1999.
Kattner, G. and Krause, M.: Seasonal variations of lipids (wax esters, fatty acids and alcohols) in calanoid copepods from the North Sea, Mar. Chem., 26, 261–275, 1989.
Kemp, P., Lander, D. J., and Orpin, C. G.: The lipids of the rumen fungus Piromonas communis, J. Gen. Microbiol., 130, 27–37, 1984.
Kleemann, G., Poralla, K., Englert, G., Kjøsen, H., Liaaen-Jensen, S., Neunlist, S., and Rohmer, M.: Tetrahymanol from the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris: first report of a gammacerane triterpene from a prokaryote, J. Gen. Microbiol., 136, 2551–2553, 1990.
Koga, Y., Nishihara, M., Morii, H., and Akagawa-Matsushita, M.: Ether polar lipids of methanogenic bacteria: structures, comparative aspects, and biosynthesis, Microbiol. Revs., 57, 164–182, 1993.
Kononen, K., Kuparinen, J., Mäkelä, K., Laanemets, J., Pavelson, J., and Nõmman, S.: Initiation of cyanobacterial blooms in a frontal region at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 98–112, 1996.
Köster, J., Volkman, J. K., Rullkötter, J., Scholz-Böttcher, B. M., Rethmeier, J., and Fischer, U.: Mono-, di- and trimethyl-branched alkanes in cultures of the filamentous cyanobacterium Calothrix scopulorum, Org. Geochem., 30, 1367–1379, 1999.
Kuever, J., Könnecke, M., Galushko, A., and Drzyzga, O.: Reclassification of Desulfobacterium phenolicum as Desulfobacula phenolica comb. nov. and description of strain SaxT as Desulfotignum balticum gen. nov., sp. nov., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 51, 171–177, 2001.
Labrenz, M., Jost, G., and Jürgens, K.: Distribution of abundant prokaryotic organsims in the water column of the central Baltic Sea with an oxic-anoxic interface, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 46, 177–190, 2007.
Lang, I., Hodac, L., Friedl, T., and Feussner, I.: Fatty acid profiles and their distribution patterns in microalgae: a comprehensive analysis of more than 2000 strains from the SAG culture collection, BMC Plant Biol., 11, 124–140, 2011.
Leblond, J. D., Anderson, B., Kofink, D., Logares, R., Rengefors, K., and Kremp, A.: Fatty acid and sterol composition of two evolutinary closely related dinoflagellate morphospecies from cold Scandinavian brackish and freshwaters, Eur. J. Phycol., 41, 303–311, 2007.
Lee, R. F., Nevenzel, J. C., and Paffenhöfer, G.-A.: Importance of wax esters and other lipids in the marine food chain: phytoplankton and copepods, Mar. Biol., 9, 99–108, 1971.
Lehtonen, K. K., Schiedek, D., Köhler, A., Lang, T., Vuorinen, P. J., Förlin, L., Baršien\.e, J., Pempkowiak, J., and Gercken, J.: The BEEP project in the Baltic Sea: Overview of results and outline for a regional biological effects monitoring strategy, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 53, 523–537, 2006.
Liu, A., Zhu, T., Lu, X., and Song, L.: Hydrocarbon profiles and phylogenetic analyses of diversified cyanobacterial species, Appl. Energ., 111, 383–393, 2013.
MacIntyre, S., Alldredge, A. L., and Gotschalk, C. C.: Accumulation of marine snow at density discontinuities in the water column, Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 449–468, 1995.
Mansour, M. P., Volkman, J. K., Jackson, A. E., and Blackburn, S. I.: The fatty acid and sterol composition of five marine dinoflagellates, J. Phycol., 35, 710–720, 1999.
Matsumoto, G. I., Akiyama, M., Watanuki, K., and Torii, T.: Unusual distribution of long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkenes in Antarctic soil, Org. Geochem., 15, 403–412, 1990.
Matthäus, W. and Schinke, H.: The influence of river runoff on deep water conditions of the Baltic Sea, Hydrobiologia, 393, 1–10, 1999.
Möllmann, C. and Köster, F. W.: Population dynamics of calanoid copepods and the implications of their predation by clupeid fish in the Central Baltic Sea, J. Plankton. Res., 24, 959–977, 2002.
Möllmann, C., Kornilovs, G., and Sidrevics, L.: Long-term dynamics of main mesozooplankton species in the central Baltic Sea, J. Plankton. Res., 22, 2015–2038, 2000.
Nanton, D. A. and Castell, J. D.: The effects of temperature and dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of harpacticoid copepods, for use as a live food for fish larvae, Aquaculture, 175, 167–181, 1999.
Nichols, P. D., Smith, G. A., Antworth, C. P., Hanson, R. S., and White, D. C.: Phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide normal and hydroxy fatty acids as potential signatures for methane-oxidizing bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 0, 327–335, 1985.
Parkes, R. J. and Taylor, J.: The relationship between fatty acid distributions and bacterial respiratory types in contemporary marine sediments, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Science, 16, 173–189, 1983.
Parrish, C. C., Bodennec, G., and Gentien, P.: Time courses of intracellular and extracellular lipid classes in batch cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense, Mar. Chem., 48, 71–82, 1994.
Parrish, C. C., Abrajano, T. A., Budge, S. M., Helleur, R. J., Hudson, E. D., Pulchan, K., and Ramos, C.: Lipid and Phenolic Biomarkers in Marine Ecosystems: Analysis and Applications, in: Mar. Chem., edited by: Wangersky, P. J., The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 193–223, 2000.
Pinkart, H. C., Ringelberg, D. B., Piceno, Y. M., Macnaughton, S. J., and White, D. C.: Biochemical approaches to biomass measurements and community structure analysis, in: Manual of environmental microbiology, edited by: Hurt, C. J., ASM Press, Washington, DC, 2, 101–113, 2002.
Pugh, P. R.: Changes in the fatty acid composition of Coscinodiscus eccentricus with cultur-age and salinity, Mar. Biol., 11, 118–124, 1971.
Reissmann, J. H., Burchard, H., Feistel, R., Hagen, E., Lass, H. U., Mohrholz, V., Nausch, G., Umlauf, L., and Wieczorek, G.: State-of-the-art review on vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences for eutrophication, Progr. Oceanogr., 82, 47–80, 2009.
Risse-Buhl, U., Trefzeger, N., Seifert, A.-G., Schönborn, W., Gleixner, G., and Küsel, K.: Tracking the autochthonous carbon transfer in stream biofilm food webs, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 79, 118–131, 2011.
Rush, D., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Poulton, S. W., Thamdrup, B., Garside, A. L., González, J. A., Schouten, S., Jetten, M. S. M., and Talbot, H. M.: Anaerobic ammonium-oxidising bacteria: a biological source of the bacteriohopanetetrol stereoisomer in marine sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 140, 50–64, 2014.
Sáenz, J. P., Wakeham, S. G., Eglinton, T. I., and Summons, R. E.: New constraints on the provenance of hopanoids in the marine geologic record: Bacteriohopanepolyols in marine suboxic and anoxic environments, Org. Geochem., 42, 1351–1362, 2011.
Sargent, J. R., Gatten, R. R., and McIntosh, R.: Wax esters in the marine environment – their occurence, formation, transformation and ultimate fates, Mar. Chem., 5, 573–584, 1977.
Schmale, O., Blumenberg, M., Kießlich, K., Jakobs, G., Berndmeyer, C., Labrenz, M., Thiel, V., and Rehder, G.: Aerobic methanotrophy within the pelagic redox-zone of the Gotland Deep (central Baltic Sea), Biogeosciences, 9, 4969–4977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4969-2012, 2012.
Schneider, B., Nausch, G., Kubsch, H., and Petersohn, I.: Accumulation of total CO2 during stagnation in the Baltic Sea deep water and its relationship to nutrient and oxygen concentrations, Mar. Chem., 77, 277–291, 2002.
Schouten, S., Van der Maarel, M. J. E. C., Huber, R., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: 2, 6, 10, 15, 19-Pentamethylicosenes in Methanolobus bombayensis, a marine methanogenic archaeon, and in Methanosarcina mazei, Org. Geochem., 26, 409–414, 1997.
Schouten, S., Wakeham, S. G., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Evidence for anaerobic methane oxidation by archaea in euxinic waters of the Black Sea, Org. Geochem., 32, 1277–1281, 2001.
Schubert, C. J., Coolen, M. J., Neretin, L. N., Schippers, A., Abbas, B., Durisch-Kaiser, E., Wehrli, B., Hopmans, E. C., Damste, J. S., Wakeham, S., and Kuypers, M. M.: Aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs in the Black Sea water column, Environ. Microbiol., 8, 1844–1856, 2006.
Shamsudin, L.: Lipid and fatty acid composition of microalgae used in Malaysian aquaculture as live food for the early stage of penaeid larvae, J. Appl. Phycol., 4, 371–378, 1992.
Shiea, J., Brassel, S. C., and Ward, D. M.: Mid-chain branched mono- and dimethyl alkanes in hot spring cyanobacterial mats: A direct biogenic source for branched alkanes in ancient sediments?, Org. Geochem., 15, 223–231, 1990.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Kenig, F., Koopmans, M. P., Köster, J., Schouten, S., Hayes, J. M., and de Leeuw, J. W.: Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 59, 1895–1900, 1995.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Schouten, S., Fuerst, J. A., Jetten, M. S. M., and Strous, M.: The occurrence of hopanoids in planctomycetes: implications for the sedimentary biomarker record, Org. Geochem., 35, 561–566, 2004.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, Geenevasen, J. A. J., Strous, M., and Jetten, M. S. M.: Structural identification of ladderane and other membrane lipids of planctomycetes capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), FEBS J., 272, 4270–4283, 2005.
Stal, L. J., Albertano, P., Bergmann, B., von Bröckel, K., Gallon, J. R., Hayes, P. K., Sivonen, K., and Walsby, A. E.: BASIC: Baltic Sea cyanobacteria. An investigation of the structure and dynamics of water blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea – responses to a changing environment, Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 1695–1714, 2003.
Stock, A., Jürgens, K., Bunge, J., and Stoeck, T.: Protistan diversity in suboxic and anoxic waters of the Gotland Deep (Baltic Sea) as revealed by 18S rRNA clone libraries, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 55, 267–284, 2009.
Strom, S. L. and Morello, T. A.: Comparative growth rates and yields of ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, J. Plankton. Res., 20, 571–584, 1998.
Summons, R., Bradley, A. S., Jahnke, L. L., and Waldbauer, J. R.: Steroids, triterpenoids and molecular oxygen, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 361, 951–968, 2006.
Sturt, H. F., Summons, R. E., Smith, K., Elvert, M., and Hinrichs, K. U.: Intact polar membrane lipids in prokaryotes and sediments deciphered by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry – new biomarkers for biogeochemistry and microbial ecology, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 18, 617–628, 2004.
Szewzyk, R. and Pfennig, N.: Complete oxidation of catechol by the strictly anaerobic sulfate-reducing Desulfobacterium catecholicum sp. nov., Arch. Microbiol., 147, 163–168, 1987.
Talbot, H. M. and Farrimond, P.: Bacterial populations recorded in diverse sedimentary biohopanoid distributions, Org. Geochem., 38, 1212–1225, 2007.
Talbot, H. M., Watson, D. F., Murrel, J. C., Carter, J. F., and Farrimond, P.: Analysis of intact bacteriohopanepolyols from methanotrophic bacteria by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, J. Chrom., 921, 175–185, 2001.
Talbot, H. M., Summons, R. E., Jahnke, L. L., Cockell, C. S., Rohmer, M., and Farrimond, P.: Cyanobacterial bacteriohopanepolyol signatures from cultures and natural environmental settings, Org. Geochem., 39, 232–263, 2008.
Taylor, J. and Parkes, J.: The cellular fatty acids of the sulphate-reducing bacteria, Desulfobacter sp., Desulfobulbus sp. and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, J. Gen. Microbiol., 129, 3303–3309, 1983.
The R Foundation For Statistical Computing, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R website, available at: http://www.r-project.org/, last access: 15 September 2014.
Thiel, V., Peckmann, J., Richnow, H. H., Luth, U., Reitner, J., and Michaelis, W.: Molecular signals for anaerobic methane oxidation in Black Sea seep carbonates and a microbial mat, Mar. Chem. 73, 97–112, 2001
Thureborn, P., Lundin, D., Plathan, J., Poole, A. M., Sjöberg, B.-M., and Sjöling, S: a metagenomics transect into the deepest point of the Baltic Sea reveals clear stratification of microbial functional capacities, PLOS One, 8, e74983, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074983, 2013.
Tornabene, T. G. and Langworthy, T. A.: Diphytanyl and dibiphytanyl glycerol ether lipids of methanogenic archaebacteria, Science, 203, 51–53, 1979.
Tornabene, T. G., Langworthy, T. A., Holzer, G., and Orò, J.: Squalenes, phytanes and other isoprenoids as major neutral lipids of methanogenic and thermoacidophilic "archaebacteria", J. Mol. Evol., 13, 73–83, 1979.
Tyson, R. V. and Pearson, T. H.: Modern and ancient continental shelf anoxia: an overview, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 58, 1–24, 1991.
Vahtera, E., Conley, D. J., Gustafsson, B. G., Kuosa, H., Pitkänen, H., Savchuk, O. P., Tamminen, T., Viitasalo, M., Voss, M., Wasmund, N., and Wulff, F.: Internal ecosystem feedbacks enhance nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms and complicate management in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 186–194, 2007.
Vainshtein, M., Hippe, H., and Kroppenstedt, R. M.: Cellular fatty acid composition of Desulfovibrio species and its use in classification of sulfate-reducing bacteria, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 15, 554–556, 1992.
Vestal, R. J. and White, D. C.: Lipid analysis in microbial ecology, BioScience, 39, 535–541, 1989.
Volkman, J. K.: A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter, Org. Geochem., 9, 83–99, 1986.
Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., Dunstan, G. A., and Jeffrey, S. W.: Geochemical significance of the occurrence of dinosterol and other 4-methyl sterols in a marine diatom, Org. Geochem., 20, 7–15, 1993.
Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., Blackburn, S. I., Mansour, M. P., Sikes, E. L., and Gelin, F.: Microalgal biomarkers: A review of recent research developments, Org. Geochem., 29, 1163–1179, 1998.
Wakeham, S. G.: Reduction of stenols to stanols in particulate matter at oxic-anoxic boundaries in sea water, Nature, 342, 787–790, 1989.
Wakeham, S. G., Amann, R., Freeman, K. H., Hopmans, E. C., Jørgensen, B. B., Putnam, I. F., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Talbot, H. M., and Woebken, D.: Microbial ecology of the stratified water column of the Black Sea as revealed by a comprehensive biomarker study, Org. Geochem., 38, 2070–2097, 2007.
Wakeham, S. G., Turich, C., Schubotz, F., Podlaska, A., Xiaona, N. L., Varela, R., Astor, Y., Sáenz, J. P., Rush, D., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Summons, R. E., Scranton, M. I., Taylor, G. T., and Hinrichs, K. U.: Biomarkers, chemistry and microbiology show chemoautotrophy in a multilayer chemocline in the Cariaco Basin, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 163, 133–156, 2012.
Wasmund, N., Nausch, G., and Matthäus, W.: Phytoplankton spring blooms in the southern Baltic Sea – spatio temporal development and long-term trends, J. Plankton. Res., 20, 1099–1117, 1998.
Welander, P. V., Coleman, M., Sessions, A. L., Summons, R. E., and Newman, D. K.: Identification of a methylase required for 2-methylhopanoid production and implications for the interpretation of sedimentary hopanes, PNAS, 107, 8537–8542, 2010.
Widdel, F.: New types of acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing Desulfobacter species, D. hydrogenophilus sp. nov., D. latus sp. nov., and D. curvatus sp. nov., Arch. Microbiol., 148, 286–291, 1987.
Xie, S., Liu, X.-L., Schubotz, F., Wakeham, S. G., and Hinrichs, K. U.: Distribution of glycerol ether lipids in the oxygen minimum zone of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean, Org. Geochem., 71, 60–71, 2014.
Zander, J. M., Caspi, E., Pandey, G. N. and Mitra, C. R.: The presence of tetrahymanol in Oleandra wallichii, Phytochemistry, 8, 2265–2267, 1969.
Short summary
The water column of the Landsort Deep, central Baltic Sea, is stratified into an oxic, suboxic, and anoxic zone. This stratification controls the distributions of individual microbial communities and biogeochemical processes. Our study of in situ biomarkers in the Landsort Deep provides an integrated insight into the distribution of relevant compounds and describes useful tracers to reconstruct stratified water columns in the geological record.
The water column of the Landsort Deep, central Baltic Sea, is stratified into an oxic, suboxic,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint