Articles | Volume 14, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-163-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-163-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Uncertainties in the national inventory of methane emissions from rice cultivation: field measurements and modeling approaches
Wen Zhang
LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
Wenjuan Sun
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
LVEC, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Tingting Li
LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
Related authors
Pengfei Han, Ning Zeng, Bo Yao, Wen Zhang, Weijun Quan, Pucai Wang, Ting Wang, Minqiang Zhou, Qixiang Cai, Yuzhong Zhang, Ruosi Liang, Wanqi Sun, and Shengxiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4965–4988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas. Northern China contributes a large proportion of CH4 emissions, yet large observation gaps exist. Here we compiled a comprehensive dataset, which is publicly available, that includes ground-based, satellite-based, inventory, and modeling results to show the CH4 concentrations, enhancements, and spatial–temporal variations. The data can benefit the research community and policy-makers for future observations, atmospheric inversions, and policy-making.
Ziqi Lin, Yongjiu Dai, Umakant Mishra, Guocheng Wang, Wei Shangguan, Wen Zhang, and Zhangcai Qin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-232, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-232, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Spatial soil organic carbon (SOC) data is critical for predictions in carbon climate feedbacks and future climate trends, but no conclusion has yet been reached on which dataset to be used for specific purposes. We evaluated the SOC estimates from five widely used global soil datasets and a regional permafrost dataset, and identify uncertainties of SOC estimates by region, biome, and data sources, hoping to help improve SOC/soil data in the future.
Xiaohui Lin, Wen Zhang, Monica Crippa, Shushi Peng, Pengfei Han, Ning Zeng, Lijun Yu, and Guocheng Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1073–1088, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CH4 is a potent greenhouse gas, and China’s anthropogenic CH4 emissions account for a large proportion of global total emissions. However, the existing estimates either focus on a specific sector or lag behind real time by several years. We collected and analyzed 12 datasets and compared them to reveal the spatiotemporal changes and their uncertainties. We further estimated the emissions from 1990–2019, and the estimates showed a robust trend in recent years when compared to top-down results.
Guocheng Wang, Zhongkui Luo, Yao Huang, Wenjuan Sun, Yurong Wei, Liujun Xiao, Xi Deng, Jinhuan Zhu, Tingting Li, and Wen Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3059–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3059-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3059-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of aboveground biomass (AGB) in Inner Mongolian grasslands using a machine-learning-based approach. Under climate change, on average, compared with the historical AGB (average of 1981–2019), the AGB at the end of this century (average of 2080–2100) would decrease by 14 % under RCP4.5 and 28 % under RCP8.5. The decrease in AGB might be mitigated or even reversed by positive carbon dioxide enrichment effects on plant growth.
Tingting Li, Yanyu Lu, Lingfei Yu, Wenjuan Sun, Qing Zhang, Wen Zhang, Guocheng Wang, Zhangcai Qin, Lijun Yu, Hailing Li, and Ran Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3769–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable models are required to estimate global wetland CH4 emissions, which are the largest and most uncertain source of atmospheric CH4. This paper evaluated CH4MODwetland and TEM models against CH4 measurements from different continents and wetland types. Based on best-model performance, we estimated 117–125 Tg yr−1 of global CH4 emissions from wetlands for the period 2000–2010. Efforts should be made to reduce estimate uncertainties for different wetland types and regions.
Pengfei Han, Ning Zeng, Bo Yao, Wen Zhang, Weijun Quan, Pucai Wang, Ting Wang, Minqiang Zhou, Qixiang Cai, Yuzhong Zhang, Ruosi Liang, Wanqi Sun, and Shengxiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4965–4988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas. Northern China contributes a large proportion of CH4 emissions, yet large observation gaps exist. Here we compiled a comprehensive dataset, which is publicly available, that includes ground-based, satellite-based, inventory, and modeling results to show the CH4 concentrations, enhancements, and spatial–temporal variations. The data can benefit the research community and policy-makers for future observations, atmospheric inversions, and policy-making.
Marielle Saunois, Adrien Martinez, Benjamin Poulter, Zhen Zhang, Peter A. Raymond, Pierre Regnier, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Xin Lan, George H. Allen, David Bastviken, David J. Beerling, Dmitry A. Belikov, Donald R. Blake, Simona Castaldi, Monica Crippa, Bridget R. Deemer, Fraser Dennison, Giuseppe Etiope, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Meredith A. Holgerson, Peter O. Hopcroft, Gustaf Hugelius, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Rajesh Janardanan, Matthew S. Johnson, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ronny Lauerwald, Tingting Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe R. Melton, Jens Mühle, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Shufen Pan, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Judith A. Rosentreter, Motoki Sasakawa, Arjo Segers, Steven J. Smith, Emily H. Stanley, Joël Thanwerdas, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, Francesco N. Tubiello, Thomas S. Weber, Guido R. van der Werf, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Yi Xi, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1873–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). A consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists synthesise and update the budget of the sources and sinks of CH4. This edition benefits from important progress in estimating emissions from lakes and ponds, reservoirs, and streams and rivers. For the 2010s decade, global CH4 emissions are estimated at 575 Tg CH4 yr-1, including ~65 % from anthropogenic sources.
Zhen Zhang, Benjamin Poulter, Joe R. Melton, William J. Riley, George H. Allen, David J. Beerling, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Philippe Ciais, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Akihiko Ito, Robert B. Jackson, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Sara H. Knox, Tingting Li, Xin Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle McDonald, Gavin McNicol, Paul A. Miller, Jurek Müller, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Ryan M. Riggs, Marielle Saunois, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Xiaoming Xu, Yuanzhi Yao, Yi Xi, Wenxin Zhang, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 22, 305–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses global methane emissions from wetlands between 2000 and 2020 using multiple models. We found that wetland emissions increased by 6–7 Tg CH4 yr-1 in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Rising temperatures primarily drove this increase, while changes in precipitation and CO2 levels also played roles. Our findings highlight the importance of wetlands in the global methane budget and the need for continuous monitoring to understand their impact on climate change.
Yao Gao, Eleanor J. Burke, Sarah E. Chadburn, Maarit Raivonen, Mika Aurela, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Elyn Humphreys, Annalea Lohila, Tingting Li, Tiina Markkanen, Olli Nevalainen, Mats B. Nilsson, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Aki Tsuruta, Huiyi Yang, and Tuula Aalto
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-229, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled a process-based peatland CH4 emission model HIMMELI with a state-of-art land surface model JULES. The performance of the coupled model was evaluated at six northern wetland sites. The coupled model is considered to be more appropriate in simulating wetland CH4 emission. In order to improve the simulated CH4 emission, the model requires better representation of the peat soil carbon and hydrologic processes in JULES and the methane production and transportation processes in HIMMELI.
Ziqi Lin, Yongjiu Dai, Umakant Mishra, Guocheng Wang, Wei Shangguan, Wen Zhang, and Zhangcai Qin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-232, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-232, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Spatial soil organic carbon (SOC) data is critical for predictions in carbon climate feedbacks and future climate trends, but no conclusion has yet been reached on which dataset to be used for specific purposes. We evaluated the SOC estimates from five widely used global soil datasets and a regional permafrost dataset, and identify uncertainties of SOC estimates by region, biome, and data sources, hoping to help improve SOC/soil data in the future.
Chen Yang, Yue Shi, Wenjuan Sun, Jiangling Zhu, Chengjun Ji, Yuhao Feng, Suhui Ma, Zhaodi Guo, and Jingyun Fang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2989–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2989-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2989-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying China's forest biomass C pool is important in understanding C cycling in forests. However, most of studies on forest biomass C pool were limited to the period of 2004–2008. Here, we used a biomass expansion factor method to estimate C pool from 1977 to 2018. The results suggest that afforestation practices, forest growth, and environmental changes were the main drivers of increased C sink. Thus, this study provided an essential basis for achieving China's C neutrality target.
Xiaohui Lin, Wen Zhang, Monica Crippa, Shushi Peng, Pengfei Han, Ning Zeng, Lijun Yu, and Guocheng Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1073–1088, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CH4 is a potent greenhouse gas, and China’s anthropogenic CH4 emissions account for a large proportion of global total emissions. However, the existing estimates either focus on a specific sector or lag behind real time by several years. We collected and analyzed 12 datasets and compared them to reveal the spatiotemporal changes and their uncertainties. We further estimated the emissions from 1990–2019, and the estimates showed a robust trend in recent years when compared to top-down results.
Guocheng Wang, Zhongkui Luo, Yao Huang, Wenjuan Sun, Yurong Wei, Liujun Xiao, Xi Deng, Jinhuan Zhu, Tingting Li, and Wen Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3059–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3059-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3059-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of aboveground biomass (AGB) in Inner Mongolian grasslands using a machine-learning-based approach. Under climate change, on average, compared with the historical AGB (average of 1981–2019), the AGB at the end of this century (average of 2080–2100) would decrease by 14 % under RCP4.5 and 28 % under RCP8.5. The decrease in AGB might be mitigated or even reversed by positive carbon dioxide enrichment effects on plant growth.
Tingting Li, Yanyu Lu, Lingfei Yu, Wenjuan Sun, Qing Zhang, Wen Zhang, Guocheng Wang, Zhangcai Qin, Lijun Yu, Hailing Li, and Ran Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3769–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable models are required to estimate global wetland CH4 emissions, which are the largest and most uncertain source of atmospheric CH4. This paper evaluated CH4MODwetland and TEM models against CH4 measurements from different continents and wetland types. Based on best-model performance, we estimated 117–125 Tg yr−1 of global CH4 emissions from wetlands for the period 2000–2010. Efforts should be made to reduce estimate uncertainties for different wetland types and regions.
Cited articles
Aulakh, M., Wassmann, R., and Rennenberg, H.: Pattern and amount of aerenchyma relate to variable methane transport capacity of different rice cultivars, Plant Biol., 2, 182–194, 2008.
Bachelet, D. and Neue, H.: Methane emissions from wetland rice areas of Asia, Chemosphere, 26, 219–237, 1993.
Bachelet, D., Kern, J., and Toelg, M.: Balancing the rice carbon budget in China using spatially-distributed data, Ecol. Model., 79, 167–177, 1995.
Banger, K., Tian, H., and Lu, C.: Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields?, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 3259–3267, 2012.
Bhatia, A., Ghosh, A., Kumar, V., Tomer, R., Singh, S., and Pathak, H.: Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 144, 21–28, 2011.
Bodelier, P. L. E. and Laanbroek, H. J.: Nitrogen as a regulatory factor of methane oxidation in soils and sediments, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 47, 265–277, 2006.
Butenhoff, C., Frolking, S., Li, C., Houweling, S., Milliman, T., Khalil, A., and Zhuang, Q.: Intercomparison of models to estimate methane emissions from rice agriculture using common data sets, 283, AGU Fall Meeting, 2009.
Butterbach-Bahl, K., Papen, H., and Rennenberg, H.: Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields, Plant Cell Environ., 20, 1175–1183, 1997.
Cai, Z., Tsuruta, H., Gao, M., Xu, H., and Wei, C.: Options for mitigating methane emission from a permanently flooded rice field, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 37–45, 2003.
Cao, M., Dent, J., and Heal, O.: Modeling methane emissions from rice paddies, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 183–195, 1995.
Cao, M., Gregson, K., Marshall, S., Dent, J., and Heal, O.: Global methane emissions from rice paddies, Chemosphere, 33, 879–897, 1996.
CFPC: Datasets of China Pollution Source Census, China Environmental Sciences Press, Beijing, China, 2011.
Chen, H., Zhu, Q. A., Peng, C., Wu, N., Wang, Y., Fang, X., Jiang, H., Xiang, W., Chang, J., and Deng, X.: Methane emissions from rice paddies natural wetlands, and lakes in China: synthesis and new estimate, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 19–32, 2013.
Conrad, R., Klose, M., Noll, M., Kemnitz, D., and Bodelier, P. L. E.: Soil type links microbial colonization of rice roots to methane emission, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 657–669, 2007.
Dijkstra, F. A., Prior, S. A., Runion, G. B., Torbert, H. A., Tian, H., Lu, C., and Venterea, R. T.: Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and increased temperature on methane and nitrous oxide fluxes: Evidence from field experiments, Front. Ecol. Environ., 10, 520–527, 2012
Ding, A., Willis, C., Sass, R., and Fisher, F.: Methane emissions from rice fields: effect of plant height among several rice cultivars, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 1045–1052, 1999.
Dormann, F. C., M McPherson, J., B Araújo, M., Bivand, R., Bolliger, J., Carl, G., Davies, R., Hirzel, A., Jetz, W., and Daniel Kissling, W.: Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review, Ecography, 30, 609–628, 2007.
Dray, S., Legendre, P., and Peres-Neto, P. R.: Spatial modelling: a comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices (PCNM), Ecol. Model., 196, 483–493, 2006.
EBCAY: China Agriculture Yearbook, China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China, 2006.
Gao, L. and Li, L.: Rice Meteorology and Ecology, China Agriculture Press, Beijing, 1992 (in Chinese).
Gao, X. Z., Ma, W. Q., Ma, C. B., Zhang, F. S., and Wang, Y. H.: Analysis on the current status of utilization of crop straw in China, J. Huazhong Agr. Univ., 21, 242–247, 2002 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Gauci, V., Dise, N. B., Howell, G., and Jenkins, M. E.: Suppression of rice methane emission by sulfate deposition in simulated acid rain, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G00A07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000501, 2008.
Gaunt, J., Grant, I., Neue, H., Bragais, J., and Giller, K.: Soil characteristics that regulate soil reduction and methane production in wetland rice soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 1526–1531, 1997.
Goovaerts, P.: Geostatistical modelling of uncertainty in soil science, Geoderma, 103, 3–26, 2001.
Huang, Y., Sass, R. L., and Fisher Jr., F. M.: A semi-empirical model of methane emission from flooded rice paddy soils, Glob. Change Biol., 4, 247–268, 1998.
Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Zheng, X., Li, J., and Yu, Y.: Modeling methane emission from rice paddies with various agricultural practices, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004401, 2004.
Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Zheng, X., Han, S., and Yu, Y.: Estimates of methane emissions from Chinese rice paddies by linking a model to GIS database, Acta Ecol. Sin., 26, 980–987, 2006.
Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Sun, W., and Zheng, X.: Net primary production of Chinese croplands from 1950 to 1999, Ecol. Appl., 17, 692–701, 2007.
Inubushi, K., Cheng, W., Mizuno, T., Lou, Y., Hasegawa, T., Sakai, H., and Kobayashi, K.: Microbial biomass carbon and methane oxidation influenced by rice cultivars and elevated CO2 in a Japanese paddy soil, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 62, 69–73, 2011.
IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, prepared by: National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, edited by: Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe K., Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan, 2006.
Ito, A. and Inatomi, M.: Use of a process-based model for assessing the methane budgets of global terrestrial ecosystems and evaluation of uncertainty, Biogeosciences, 9, 759–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-759-2012, 2012.
Jia, Z., Cai, Z., Xu, H., and Tsuruta, H.: Effects of rice cultivars on methane fluxes in a paddy soil, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 64, 87–94, 2002.
Kennedy, M. C. and O'Hagan, A.: Bayesian calibration of computer models, J. R. Stat. Soc. B Met., 63, 425–464, 2001
Kern, J., Bachelet, D., and Tölg, M.: Organic matter inputs and methane emissions from soils in major rice growing regions of China, in: Soils and Global Change, edited by: Lal, R., Kimble, J., Levine, E., and Stewart, B. A., Advances in Soil Science, CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 189–198, 1995.
Kern, J. S., Zitong, G., Ganlin, Z., Huizhen, Z., and Guobao, L.: Spatial analysis of methane emissions from paddy soils in China and the potential for emissions reduction, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 49, 181–195, 1997.
Khalil, M., Rasmussen, R., Wang, M. X., and Ren, L.: Methane emissions from rice fields in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 979–981, 1991.
Khalil, M., Shearer, M., and Rasmussen, R.: Methane sources in China: historical and current emissions, Chemosphere, 26, 127–142, 1993.
Khosa, M. K., Sidhu, B., and Benbi, D.: Methane emission from rice fields in relation to management of irrigation water, J. Environ. Biol., 32, 169–172, 2011.
Legendre, P.: Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm?, Ecology, 74, 1659–1673, 1993.
Li, C.: Modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 58, 259–276, 2000.
Li, C., Qiu, J., Frolking, S., Xiao, X., Salas, W., Moore III, B., Boles, S., Huang, Y., and Sass, R.: Reduced methane emissions from large-scale changes in water management of China's rice paddies during 1980–2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1972, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015370, 2002.
Li, C., Mosier, A., Wassmann, R., Cai, Z., Zheng, X., Huang, Y., Tsuruta, H., Boonjawat, J., and Lantin, R.: Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from rice-based production systems: sensitivity and upscaling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002045, 2004.
Li, Y.: Research and practice of water-saving irrigation for rice in China, in: Proceedings of an International Workshop Held in Wuhan, edited by: Barker, R., Loeve, R., Li, Y., and Tuong, T., China: Water-Saving Irrigation for Rice, 23–25 March 2001 Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute, 2001.
Liang, G.: Rice Ecology, China Agricultural Press, Beijing, 1983 (in Chinese).
Liu, T. L., Juang, K. W., and Lee, D. Y.: Interpolating soil properties using kriging combined with categorical information of soil maps, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 1200–1209, 2006.
Ma, X., Zhu, B., Du, D., and Zheng, X.: CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from the year-round flooded paddy field at fallow season, Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 24, 1199–1202, 2005 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao, L.: Irrigation in Rice Paddies, China Agricultural Press, Beijing, 1981 (in Chinese).
Matthews, E., Fung, I., and Lerner, J.: Methane emission from rice cultivation: geographic and seasonal distribution of cultivated areas and emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 5, 3–24, 1991.
Matthews, R., Wassmann, R., and Arah, J.: Using a crop/soil simulation model and GIS techniques to assess methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. I. Model development, Methane Emissions from Major Rice Ecosystems in Asia, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 58, 141–159, 2001.
MWRUC (Ministry of Water Resources and Utilization of China): National Program for Conservation of Irrigation Water in Chinese Agriculture, in: Division of Rural Water Resources and Utilization, China Agriculture Press, Biejing, China, 1996 (in Chinese).
Mishra, S., Rath, A., Adhya, T., Rao, V., and Sethunathan, N.: Effect of continuous and alternate water regimes on methane efflux from rice under greenhouse conditions, Biol. Fert. Soils, 24, 399–405, 1997.
Neue, H., Becker-Heidmann, P., and Scharpenseel, H.: Organic matter dynamics, soil properties, and cultural practices in rice lands and their relationship to methane production, in: Soils and the greenhouse effect, edited by: Bouwman, A. F., Wiley, Chichester, 457–466, 1990.
Oberthür, T., Goovaerts, P., and Dobermann, A.: Mapping soil texture classes using field textuing, particle size distribution and local knowledge by both conventional and geostatisical methods, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 50, 457–479, 1999.
Ogle, S. M., Breidt, F., Easter, M., Williams, S., Killian, K., and Paustian, K.: Scale and uncertainty in modeled soil organic carbon stock changes for US croplands using a process-based model, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 810–822, 2010.
Penman, J.: Good practice guidance and uncertainty management in national greenhouse gas inventories, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) for the IPCC, Japan, 2000.
Ren, W., Tian, H., Xu, X., Liu, M., Lu, C., Chen, G., Melillo, J., Reilly, J., and Liu, J.: Spatial and temporal patterns of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in China's croplands in response to multifactor environmental changes, Tellus B, 63, 222–240, 2011.
Sanchis, E., Ferrer, M., Torres, A. G., Cambra-López, M., and Calvet, S.: Effect of water and straw management practices on methane emissions from rice fields: a review through a meta-analysis, Environ. Eng. Sci., 29, 1053–1062, 2012.
Sass, R., Fisher, F., Turner, F., and Jund, M.: Methane emission from rice fields as influenced by solar radiation, temperature, and straw incorporation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 5, 335–350, 1991.
Sass, R., Fisher, F., Wang, Y., Turner, F., and Jund, M.: Methane emission from rice fields: the effect of floodwater management, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 6, 249–249, 1992.
Sass, R., Fisher, F., Lewis, S., Jund, M., and Turner, F.: Methane emissions from rice fields: effect of soil properties, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 8, 135–140, 1994.
Sass, R., Fisher Jr., F., Ding, A., and Huang, Y.: Exchange of methane from rice fields: national, regional, and global budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26943–26951, 1999.
Sass, R. L. and Fisher, F. M.: Methane emissions from rice paddies: a process study summary, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 49, 119–127, 1997.
Shi, X., Yu, D., Warner, E., Pan, X., Petersen, G., Gong, Z., and Weindorf, D.: Soil database of 1 : 1,000,000 digital soil survey and reference system of the Chinese genetic soil classification system, Soil Survey Horizons, 45, 129–136, 2004.
Singh, A. and Dubey, S. K.: Temporal variation in methanogenic community structure and methane production potential of tropical rice ecosystem, Soil Biol. Biochem., 48, 162–166, 2012.
Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O'Mara, F., and Rice, C.: Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 363, 789–813, 2008.
Su, J., Hu, C., Yan, X., Jin, Y., Chen, Z., Guan, Q., Wang, Y., Zhong, D., Jansson, C., and Wang, F.: Expression of barley SUSIBA2 transcription factor yields high-starch low-methane rice, Nature, 523, 602–606, 2015.
Taylor, J. A., Brasseur, G., Zimmerman, P., and Cicerone, R.: A study of the sources and sinks of methane and methyl chloroform using a global three-dimensional Lagrangian tropospheric tracer transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3013–3044, 1991.
Thornton, P. E., Running, S. W., and White, M. A.: Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain, J. Hydrol., 190, 214–251, 1997.
Tian, H. Q., Lu, C. Q., Ciais, P., Michalak, A. M., Canadell, J. G., Saikawa, E., Huntzinger, D. N., Gurney, K. R., Sitch, S., Zhang, B., Yang, J., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, G., Dlugokencky, E., Friedlingstein, P., Melillo, J., Pan, S., Poulter, B., Prinn, R., Saunois, M., Schwalm, C. R., and Wofsy, S. C.: The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, Nature, 531, 225–228, 2016.
Van Bodegom, P., Wassmann, R., and Metra-Corton, T.: A process-based model for methane emission predictions from flooded rice paddies, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 247–263, 2001.
Van Bodegom, P., Verburg, P. H., and van der Gon, H. A. C. D.: Upscaling methane emissions from rice paddies: problems and possibilities, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001381, 2002a.
Van Bodegom, P. M., Verburg, P. H., Stein, A., Adiningsih, S., and Denier Van Der Gon, H. A. C.: Effects of interpolation and data resolution on methane emission estimates from rice paddies, Environ. Ecol. Stat., 9, 5–26, 2002b.
Verburg, P. H., van Bodegom, P. M., van der Gon, H. A. C. D., Bergsma, A., and van Breemen, N.: Upscaling regional emissions of greenhouse gases from rice cultivation: methods and sources of uncertainty, Plant Ecol., 182, 89–106, 2006.
Watanabe, A., Kajiwara, M., Tashiro, T., and Kimura, M.: Influence of rice cultivar on methane emission from paddy fields, Plant Soil, 176, 51–56, 1995.
Wei, H. P.: Statistical analysis of methane emissions from Chinese rice paddies from 1987 to 2010, Master, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, 65 pp., 2012.
Weller, S., Janz, B., Jörg,L., Kraus, D., Racela, H. S., Wassmann, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., and Kiese R.: Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential of traditional and diversified tropical rice rotation systems, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 432–448, 2016.
Xie, B., Zheng, X., Zhou, Z., Gu, J., Zhu, B., Chen, X., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, Z., and Liu, C.: Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on CH4 emission from rice fields: multi-site field observations, Plant Soil, 326, 393–401, 2010a.
Xie, B. H., Zhou, Z. X., Zheng, X. H., Zhang, W., and Zhu, J. G.: Modeling methane emissions from paddy rice fields under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide conditions, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 100–114, 2010b.
Xie, G. H., Wang, X. Y., and Ren, L. T.: China's crop residues resources evaluation, Chinese J. Biotechn., 26, 855–863, 2010c (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xiong, Z., Cai, H., Min, S., and Li, B.: Rice in China, China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 1992 (in Chinese).
Yagi, K., Tsuruta, H., and Minami, K.: Possible options for mitigating methane emission from rice cultivation, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 49, 213–220, 1997.
Yan, X., Yagi, K., Akiyama, H., and Akimoto, H.: Statistical analysis of the major variables controlling methane emission from rice fields, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1131–1141, 2005.
Yao, H., Conrad, R., Wassmann, R., and Neue, H.: Effect of soil characteristics on sequential reduction and methane production in sixteen rice paddy soils from China, the Philippines, and Italy, Biogeochemistry, 47, 269–295, 1999.
Zhan, M., Cao, C., Wang, J., Jiang, Y., Cai, M., Yue, L., and Shahrear, A.: Dynamics of methane emission, active soil organic carbon and their relationships in wetland integrated rice-duck systems in Southern China, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 89, 1–13, 2011.
Zhang, B. W., Tian, H. Q., Ren, W., Tao, B., Lu, C. Q., Yang, J., Banger, K., Pan, S. F.: Methane emission from global rice fields: Magnitude, Spatiotemporal patterns, and environmental controls, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1246–1263, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005381, 2016.
Zhang, W., Yu, Y. Q., Huang, Y., Li, T. T., and Wang, P.: Modeling methane emissions from irrigated rice cultivation in China from 1960 to 2050, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3511–3523, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02495.x, 2011.
Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., Huang, Y., Li, T. T., Bian, J. Y., and Han, P. F.: Uncertainties in estimating regional methane emissions from rice paddies due to data scarcity in the modeling approach, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1211–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1211-2014, 2014.
Zheng, F., Wang, X., Lu, F., Hou, P., Zhang, W., Duan, X., Zhou, X., Ai, Y., Zheng, H., and Ouyang, Z.: Effects of elevated ozone concentration on methane emission from a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta, China, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 898–910, 2010.
Zou, J., Huang, Y., Qin, Y., Liu, S., Shen Q., Pan, G., Lu, Y., and Liu, Q.: Changes in fertilizer-induced direct N2O emissions from paddy fields during rice-growing season in China between 1950s and 1990s, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 229–242, 2009.
Short summary
Regional estimated uncertainties originate from methodological failures, errors, and supporting data insufficiency. A case study showed that the fallacy of the CH4MOD contributed 56.6 % to the uncertainty of a national inventory, with the remaining 43.4 % attributed to the scarcity of model inputs. We also revealed a dilemma between model performance and data availability: a model with better performance may reduce uncertainty from model fallacy but increases the uncertainty from data scarcity.
Regional estimated uncertainties originate from methodological failures, errors, and supporting...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint