Articles | Volume 19, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-47-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-47-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 03 Jan 2022
| 03 Jan 2022
Pelagic primary production in the coastal Mediterranean Sea: variability, trends, and contribution to basin-scale budgets
Paula Maria Salgado-Hernanz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Marine Ecology, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marquès 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Instituto Español Oceanografía (COB – IEO), Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
Aurore Regaudie-de-Gioux
ODE/DYNECO/Pelagos, Centre de Bretagne, IFREMER, I. Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Pointe du Diable BP70 29280 Plouzané, France
David Antoine
Remote Sensing and Satellite Research Group, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Gotzon Basterretxea
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Marine Ecology, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marquès 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Salem Ibrahim Salem, Andre Valente, Shubha Sathyendranath, Andrei Chuprin, Théo Renard, Jaime Pitarch, Ruth Airs, Moreno Ana, Maria-Manuel Angelico, David Antoine, Robert Arnone, Florinda Artuso, Paulo O. Oliveira, William Balch, Kathryn Barker, Ray Barlow, Simon Bélanger, Marco Bellacicco, Jean-François Berthon, Şükrü Beşiktepe, Francesco Bignami, Yngve Borsheim, Astrid Bracher, Federica Braga, Vittorio Brando, Robert J. W. Brewin, Vanda Brotas, Elisabetta Canuti, Francisco P. Chavez, Andrés Cianca, Hervé Claustre, Lesley Clementson, Simone Colella, Raul Costa, Cristina Nunes, Richard Crout, Emmanuel Devred, Annalisa Di Cicco, Federico Falcini, Ivan Farace, Afonso Ferreira, Scott Freeman, Robert Frouin, Carlos García-Soto, Isabella Giardina, Stuart W. Gibb, Arthur Gleason, Ralf Goericke, Richard Gould, Michael Grant, Nathalie Guillocheau, Hiroto Higa, Stanford B. Hooker, Chuamin Hu, Joji Ishizaka, Thomas Jackson, Mati Kahru, Milton Kampel, Bokyung Kim, Holger Klein, Piotr Kowalczuk, Susanne Kratzer, Raphael Kudela, Antonia Lai, Rosario Lavezza, Jesus Ledesma, Huiwon Lee, Steven Lohrenz, Hubert Loisel, Vivian Lutz, Antonio Mannino, Francesca Margiotta, Victor Martinez-Vicente, Salvatore Marullo, Luca Massi, Patricia Matrai, Atsushi Matsuoka, David McKee, Chiara Melillo, Carlos B. Mendes, Brian G. Mitchell, Tiffany Moisan, Enrique Montes, Frank Muller-Karger, Aimee Neeley, Michael Novak, Leonie O'Dowd, Michael Ondrusek, Emanuele Organelli, Heeyoon Park, Trevor Platt, Francesca Polonelli, Alex Poulton, Mariella Ragni, Michel Repecaud, Maurizio Ribera d’Alcalà, Tamara Rodriguez-Ramos, Rüdiger Röttgers, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Michela Sammartino, Rosalia Santoleri, Gian Marco Scarpa, Thomas Schroeder, Valeria Segura, Timothy Smyth, Denise Smythe-Wright, Heidi M. Sosik, Joanna Stoń-Egiert, Malcolm Taberner, Jing Tan, Rob Thomas, Crystal Thomas, Gavin Tilstone, Andreia Tracana, Michael Twardowski, Vincenzo Vellucci, Gianluca Volpe, Kenneth Voss, Jeremy Werdell, Marcel Wernand, Bozena Wojtasiewicz, Simon Wright, Sunmi Yang, Giuseppe Zibordi, Maria Laura Zoffoli, and Steve Groom
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-539, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-539, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the fourth version of the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative global in situ bio-optical database. The updated compilation combines observations from many international data sources collected between 1996 and 2025 and includes major expansions in coverage and variables. The dataset provides a consistent reference for validating satellite ocean-colour products and supports algorithm development and long-term climate studies.
Flavien Petit, Julia Uitz, Louison Dufour, Collin Roesler, Frédéric Partensky, Laurence Garczarek, Priscillia Gourvil, Céline Dimier, Melek Golbol, Vincenzo Vellucci, David Antoine, Christophe Penkerc'h, Vincent Taillandier, and Hervé Claustre
Biogeosciences, 23, 4561–4582, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4561-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4561-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We studied whether ocean sensors can detect changes in microscopic algae communities that influence marine ecosystems and carbon uptake. We combined laboratory experiments and ocean observations to test sensors that measure how algae emit light at different colors when illuminated. We found that combining these light measurements with other optical signals improves the identification of broad community types. This approach could help future ocean floats better track ecosystem change globally.
Juan Li, David Antoine, and Yannick Huot
Biogeosciences, 23, 3073–3090, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3073-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3073-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Evidence is growing that bio-optical relationships in the Southern Ocean differ from what they are elsewhere. Uncertainties about these properties are far from been resolved. However, our study adds a new piece to this puzzle by examining the bio-optical properties of the absorption coefficient of colored dissolved organic matter, which is the least documented property in oceanic waters. As for the methodology, this is the first time that Biogeochemical-Argo float data are used to quantify it.
David Antoine, Chandanlal Parida, and Camille Grimaldi
Biogeosciences, 23, 2641–2660, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2641-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2641-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
A dataset of phytoplankton cell counts, pigments, particulate organic carbon and optical properties enables comparison of three methods to estimate phytoplankton carbon (Cphyto) in oligotrophic waters, where uncertainties in phytoplankton productivity are still large. Two methods based on chlorophyll concentration and particulate backscattering, are scalable to global scale while cell counts reduce bias from non-algal material. This comparison clarifies uncertainties in optical Cphyto estimates.
Ana L. Delgado, Vincent Combes, and Gotzon Basterretxea
Ocean Sci., 22, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-961-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-961-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heatwaves are becoming more common and can disrupt life in the sea, yet little was known about them on the Patagonian Shelf, one of the world's most productive marine regions. We found they occur about twice a year and are increasing in the north as the ocean warms. Climate variability such as La Niña can intensify them, highlighting growing risks for marine ecosystems.
Jérémy Mayen, Pierre Polsenaere, Aurore Regaudie de Gioux, Jonathan Deborde, Karine Collin, Yoann Le Merrer, Élodie Foucault, Vincent Ouisse, Laurent André, Marie Arnaud, Pierre Kostyrka, Éric Lamaud, Gwenaël Abril, and Philippe Souchu
Biogeosciences, 22, 5387–5411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5387-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5387-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In a salt marsh, we performed seasonal 24 h cycles to look for aquatic metabolism influence on water carbon dynamics and net ecosystem CO2 exchanges (NEEs). From high to low tide in winter, marsh anaerobic respiration generated the highest levels of dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. On the contrary, in spring and summer, marsh primary production led to CO2-depleted water exports downstream. At high tide, aquatic heterotrophy can influence NEE during the highest immersion levels only.
Marine Di Stefano, David Nerini, Itziar Alvarez, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Patrick Astruch, Gotzon Basterretxea, Aurélie Blanfuné, Denis Bonhomme, Antonio Calò, Ignacio Catalan, Carlo Cattano, Adrien Cheminée, Romain Crec'hriou, Amalia Cuadros, Antonio Di Franco, Carlos Diaz-Gil, Tristan Estaque, Robin Faillettaz, Fabiana C. Félix-Hackradt, José Antonio Garcia-Charton, Paolo Guidetti, Loïc Guilloux, Jean-Georges Harmelin, Mireille Harmelin-Vivien, Manuel Hidalgo, Hilmar Hinz, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Gabriele La Mesa, Laurence Le Diréach, Philippe Lenfant, Enrique Macpherson, Sanja Matić-Skoko, Manon Mercader, Marco Milazzo, Tiffany Monfort, Joan Moranta, Manuel Muntoni, Matteo Murenu, Lucie Nunez, M. Pilar Olivar, Jérémy Pastor, Ángel Pérez-Ruzafa, Serge Planes, Nuria Raventos, Justine Richaume, Elodie Rouanet, Erwan Roussel, Sandrine Ruitton, Ana Sabatés, Thierry Thibaut, Daniele Ventura, Laurent Vigliola, Dario Vrdoljak, and Vincent Rossi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3851–3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We build a compilation of early-life dispersal traits for coastal fish species. The database contains over 110 000 entries collected from 1993 to 2021 in the western Mediterranean. All observations are harmonized to provide information on dates and locations of spawning and settlement, along with pelagic larval durations. When applicable, missing data are reconstructed from dynamic energy budget theory. Statistical analyses reveal sampling biases across taxa, space and time.
Jérémy Mayen, Pierre Polsenaere, Éric Lamaud, Marie Arnaud, Pierre Kostyrka, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Philippe Geairon, Julien Gernigon, Romain Chassagne, Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, Aurore Regaudie de Gioux, and Philippe Souchu
Biogeosciences, 21, 993–1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-993-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-993-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We deployed an atmospheric eddy covariance system to measure continuously the net ecosystem CO2 exchanges (NEE) over a salt marsh and determine the major biophysical drivers. Our results showed an annual carbon sink mainly due to photosynthesis of the marsh plants. Our study also provides relevant information on NEE fluxes during marsh immersion by decreasing daytime CO2 uptake and night-time CO2 emissions at the daily scale, whereas the immersion did not affect the annual marsh C balance.
Gotzon Basterretxea, Joan S. Font-Muñoz, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, and Sergio A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy
Ocean Sci., 19, 973–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-973-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-973-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine global ocean color data and modeling outputs of nutrients using SOM analysis to identify characteristic spatial and temporal patterns of HNLC regions and their association with different climate modes. HNLC regions in polar and subpolar areas have experienced an increase in phytoplankton biomass over the last decades, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Our study finds that chlorophyll variations in HNLC regions respond to major climate variability signals.
Rainer Kiko, Marc Picheral, David Antoine, Marcel Babin, Léo Berline, Tristan Biard, Emmanuel Boss, Peter Brandt, Francois Carlotti, Svenja Christiansen, Laurent Coppola, Leandro de la Cruz, Emilie Diamond-Riquier, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Amanda Elineau, Gabriel Gorsky, Lionel Guidi, Helena Hauss, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Lee Karp-Boss, Johannes Karstensen, Dong-gyun Kim, Rachel M. Lekanoff, Fabien Lombard, Rubens M. Lopes, Claudie Marec, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Daniela Niemeyer, Margaux Noyon, Stephanie H. O'Daly, Mark D. Ohman, Jessica L. Pretty, Andreas Rogge, Sarah Searson, Masashi Shibata, Yuji Tanaka, Toste Tanhua, Jan Taucher, Emilia Trudnowska, Jessica S. Turner, Anya Waite, and Lars Stemmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4315–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The term
marine particlescomprises detrital aggregates; fecal pellets; bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton; and even fish. Here, we present a global dataset that contains 8805 vertical particle size distribution profiles obtained with Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5) camera systems. These data are valuable to the scientific community, as they can be used to constrain important biogeochemical processes in the ocean, such as the flux of carbon to the deep sea.
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Jacqueline Boutin, Liliane Merlivat, Karen J. Heywood, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Gareth A. Lee, Marcos Cobas García, David Antoine, and Kiminori Shitashima
Ocean Sci., 18, 1245–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An underwater glider mission was carried out in spring 2016 near a mooring in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The glider deployment served as a test of a prototype ion-sensitive field-effect transistor pH sensor. Mean net community production rates were estimated from glider and buoy measurements of dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon concentrations before and during the spring bloom. Incorporating advection is important for accurate mass budgets. Unexpected metabolic quotients were found.
Cited articles
Amante, C. and Eakins, B. W.: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute global relief model: Procedures, data sources and analysis, NOAA Tech. Memo. NESDIS NGDC-24, (March), 19, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.769615, 2009.
Antoine, D. and André, M.: Algal pigment distribution and primary production in the eastern Mediterranean as derived from coastal zone color scanner observations, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 193–209, 1995.
Antoine, D. and Morel, A.: Oceanic primary production, 1. Adaptation of a spectral light-photosynthesis model in view of application to satellite chlorophyll observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 43–55, 1996.
Antoine, D., André, J.-M. and Morel, A.: Oceanic primary production 2, Estimation at global scale from satellite (Coastal Zone Color Scanner) chlorophyll, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 57–69, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GB02832, 1996.
Barale, V., Jaquet, J. M., and Ndiaye, M.: Algal blooming patterns and anomalies in the Mediterranean Sea as derived from the SeaWiFS data set (1998–2003), Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 3300–3313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.10.014, 2008.
Basterretxea, G., Tovar-Sanchez, A., Beck, A. J., Masqué, P., Bokuniewicz, H. J., Coffey, R., Duarte, C. M., Garcia-Orellana, J., Garcia-Solsona, E., Martinez-Ribes, L., and Vaquer-Sunyer, R.: Submarine groundwater discharge to the coastal environment of a Mediterranean island (Majorca, Spain): Ecosystem and biogeochemical significance, Ecosystems, 13, 629–643, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9334-5, 2010.
Basterretxea, G., Font-Muñoz, J. S., Salgado-Hernanz, P. M., Arrieta, J., and Hernández-Carrasco, I.: Patterns of chlorophyll interannual variability in Mediterranean biogeographical regions, Remote Sens. Environ., 215, 7–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.027, 2018.
Bauer, J. E., Cai, W., Raymond, P. A., Bianchi, T. S., Hopkinson, C. S., and Regnier, P. A. G.: The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean, Nature, 504, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12857, 2013.
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R., Sarmiento, J. L., Feldman, G. C., Milligan, A. J., Falkowski, P. G., Letelier, R. M., and Boss, E. S.: Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity, Nature, 444, 752–755, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05317, 2006.
Béjaoui, B., Ben Ismail, S., Othmani, A., Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, O., Chevalier, C., Feki-Sahnoun, W., Harzallah, A., Ben Hadj Hamida, N., Bouaziz, R., Dahech, S., Diaz, F., Tounsi, K., Sammari, C., Pagano, M., and Bel Hassen, M.: Synthesis review of the Gulf of Gabes (eastern Mediterranean Sea, Tunisia): Morphological, climatic, physical oceanographic, biogeochemical and fisheries features, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 219, 395–408, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.01.006, 2019.
Belgrano, A., Lindahl, O., and Hernroth, B.: North Atlantic Oscillation primary productivity and toxic phytoplankton in the Gullmar Fjord, Sweden (1986–1996), R. Soc. Publ., 266, 425–430, 2008.
Ben Mustapha, Z., Alvain, S., Jamet, C., Loisel, H., and Dessailly, D.: Automatic classification of water-leaving radiance anomalies from global SeaWiFS imagery: Application to the detection of phytoplankton groups in open ocean waters, Remote Sens. Environ., 146, 97–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.046, 2014.
Berthon, J. F. and Zibordi, G.: Bio-optical relationships for the northern Adriatic Sea, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 1527–1532, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001592544, 2004.
Bethoux, J. P.: Oxygen consumption, new production, vertical advection and environmental evolution in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 36, 769–781, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90150-7, 1989.
Béthoux, J. P., Morin, P., Chaumery, C., Connan, O., Gentili, B., and Ruiz-Pino, D.: Nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea, mass balance and statistical analysis of concentrations with respect to environmental change, Mar. Chem., 63, 155–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00059-0, 1998.
Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Van Beek, L. P. H., Mogollón, J. M., and Middelburg, J. J.: Global riverine N and P transport to ocean increased during the 20th century despite increased retention along the aquatic continuum, Biogeosciences, 13, 2441–2451, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2441-2016, 2016.
Boldrin, A., Miserocchi, S., Rabitti, S., Turchetto, M. M., Balboni, V., and Socal, G.: Particulate matter in the southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea: Characterisation and downward fluxes, J. Marine Syst., 33–34, 389–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00068-4, 2002.
Bosc, E., Bricaud, A., and Antoine, D.: Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002034, 2004.
Bricaud, A., Bosc, E., and Antoine, D.: Algal biomass and sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Basin, Remote Sens. Environ., 81, 163–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00335-2, 2002.
Cai, W.: Estuarine and coastal ocean Carbon paradox: CO2 sinks or sites of terrestrial carbon incineration?, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 123–45, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142723, 2011.
Campbell, J., Antoine, D., Armstrong, R., Arrigo, K., Balch, W., Barber, R., Behrenfeld, M., Bidigare, R., Bishop, J., Carr, M., Esaias, W., Falkowski, P., Hoepffner, N., Iverson, R., Kiefer, D., Lohrenz, S., and Marra, J.: Comparison of algorithms for estimating ocean primary production from surface chlorophyll, temperature, and irradiance, Global Biochem. Cy., 16, 419–422, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/7.1.57, 2002.
Capuzzo, E., Lynam, C. P., Barry, J., Stephens, D., Forster, R. M., Greenwood, N., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Silva, T., van Leeuwen, S. M., and Engelhard, G. H.: A decline in primary production in the North Sea over 25 years, associated with reductions in zooplankton abundance and fish stock recruitment, Glob. Chang. Biol., 24, e352–e364, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13916, 2018.
Carlson, C. A., Bates, N. R., Hansell, D. A., and Steinberg, D. K.: Carbon cycle, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 390–400, Elsevier Ltd., 2001.
Carr, M. E., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Schmeltz, M., Noguchi Aita, M., Antoine, D., Arrigo, K. R., Asanuma, I., Aumont, O., Barber, R., Behrenfeld, M., Bidigare, R., Buitenhuis, E. T., Campbell, J., Ciotti, A., Dierssen, H., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Esaias, W., Gentili, B., Gregg, W., Groom, S., Hoepffner, N., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Le Quéré, C., Lohrenz, S., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., Reddy, T. E., Ryan, J., Scardi, M., Smyth, T., Turpie, K., Tilstone, G., Waters, K., and Yamanaka, Y.: A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 741–770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.028, 2006.
Cebrian, J.: Variability and control of carbon consumption, export, and accumulation in marine communities, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 11–22, 2002.
Charantonis, A. A., Badran, F., and Thiria, S.: Retrieving the evolution of vertical profiles of Chlorophyll-a from satellite observations using Hidden Markov Models and Self-Organizing Topological Maps, Remote Sens. Environ., 163, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.019, 2015.
Chassot, E., Bonhommeau, S., Dulvy, N. K., Mélin, F., Watson, R., Gascuel, D., and Le Pape, O.: Global marine primary production constrains fisheries catches, Ecol. Lett., 13, 495–505, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01443.x, 2010.
Chavez, F. P., Messi, M., and Pennington, J. T.: Marine primary production in relation to climate bariability and change, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 227–260, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163917, 2011.
Civitarese, G., Gačić, M., Lipizer, M., and Eusebi Borzelli, G. L.: On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean), Biogeosciences, 7, 3987–3997, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010, 2010.
Cloern, J. E. and Jassby, A. D.: Complex seasonal patterns of primary producers at the land-sea interface, Ecol. Lett., 11, 1294–1303, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01244.x, 2008.
Cloern, J. E., Jassby, A. D., Thompson, J. K., and Hieb, K. A.: A cold phase of the East Pacific triggers new phytoplankton blooms in San Francisco Bay, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 18561–18565, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706151104, 2007.
Cole, J. J., Prairie, Y. T., Caraco, N. F., Mcdowell, W. H., Tranvik, L. J., Striegl, R. G., Duarte, C. M., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J. A., Middelburg, J. J. and Melack, J.: Plumbing the global carbon cycle: Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget, Ecosystems, 10, 171–184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8, 2007.
Colella, S., D'Ortenzio, F., Marullo, S., Santoleri, R.,
Ragni, M., and D'Alcala, M. R.: Primary production variability in
the Mediterranean Sea from SeaWiFS data, in: Primary production
variability in the Mediterranean Sea from SeaWiFS data, vol. 5233,
pp. 371–383, Proceedings of SPIE – The International Society for
Optical Engineering., 2003.
Colella, S., Falcini, F., Rinaldi, E., Sammartino, M., and Santoleri, R.: Mediterranean ocean colour chlorophyll trends, PLoS One, 11, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155756, 2016.
Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J. G., Kaschner, K., Froglia, C., Guilhaumon, F., Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Kaschner, K., Ben, F., Lasram, R., Ballesteros, E., Bianchi, C. N., Corbera, J., Dailianis, T., Kesner-reyes, K., Kitsos, M., Rius-barile, J., Martin, D., Mouillot, D., Oro, D., Turon, X., Villanueva, R., and Voultsiadou, E.: The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, patterns and threats, PLoS One, 5, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011842, 2010.
Conan, P., Pujo-Pay, M., Raimbault, P., and Leveau, M.: Variabilité hydrologique et biologique du golfe du Lion. II. Productivité sur le bord interne du courant, Oceanol. Acta, 21, 767–782, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(99)80004-8, 1998.
Conley, D. J., Paerl, H. W., Howarth, R. W., Boesch,
D. F., Seitzinger, S. P., Havens, K. E., Lancelot, C., and Likens,
G. E.: Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus, Science
323, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167755, 2009.
Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Fader, M., Garrabou, J., Gattuso, J. P., Iglesias, A., Lange, M. A., Lionello, P., Llasat, M. C., Paz, S., Peñuelas, J., Snoussi, M., Toreti, A., Tsimplis, M. N., and Xoplaki, E.: Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean, Nat. Clim. Chang., 8, 972–980, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0299-2, 2018.
Criado-Aldeanueva, F. and Soto-Navarro, F. J.: The mediterranean oscillation teleconnection index: Station-based versus principal component paradigms, Adv. Meteorol., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/738501, 2013.
Cushman-Roisin, B., Gačić, M., Poulain, P.-M. and Artegiani, A.: Physical Oceanography of the Adriatic Sea. Past, Present and Future, Kluwer Academic Publishers., 2001.
D'Alimonte, D. and Zibordi, G.: Phytoplankton determination in an optically complex coastal region using a multilayer perceptron neural network, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41, 2861–2868, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.817682, 2003.
Deegan, L. A., Johnson, D. S., Warren, R. S., Peterson, B. J., Fleeger, J. W., Fagherazzi, S., and Wollheim, W. M.: Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss, Nature, 490, 388–392, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11533, 2012.
Djakovac, T., Degobbis, D., Supic, N., Precali, R., Supić, N., and Precali, R.: Marked reduction of eutrophication pressure in the northeastern Adriatic in the period 2000–2009, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 115, 25–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.03.029, 2012.
Drira, Z., Hamza, A., Belhassen, M., and Ayadi, H.: Dynamics of dinoflagellates and environmental factors during the summer in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean Sea), Sci. Mar., 72, 59–71, 2008.
Ducklow, H. W., Steinberg, D. K., and Buesseler, K. O.: Upper ocean carbon export and the Biological Pump, Oceanography, 14, 50–58, 2001.
Ducklow, H. and McCallister, S. L.: The biogeochemistry of carbon dioxide in the coastal oceans, in The sea, Harvard University Press, 13, 269–315, 2004.
Dunne, J. P., Sarmiento, J. L., and Gnanadesikan, A.: A synthesis of global particle export from the surface ocean and cycling through the ocean interior and on the seafloor, Global Biochem. Cy., 21, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002907, 2007.
Durrieu De Madron, X., Houpert, L., Puig, P., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Testor, P., Bosse, A., Estournel, C., Somot, S., Bourrin, F., Bouin, M. N., Beauverger, M., Beguery, L., Calafat, A., Canals, M., Cassou, C., Coppola, L., Dausse, D., D'Ortenzio, F., Font, J., Heussner, S., Kunesch, S., Lefevre, D., Le Goff, H., Martín, J., Mortier, L., Palanques, A., and Raimbault, P.: Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1379–1385, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50331, 2013.
EEA: Europe's Environment – The Dobris Assessment, available from: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-826-5409-5 (last access: 1 October 2020), 1995.
Efthymiadis, D., Goodess, C. M., and Jones, P. D.: Trends in Mediterranean gridded temperature extremes and large-scale circulation influences, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2199–2214, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2199-2011, 2011.
Estrada, M.: Primary production in the northwestern Mediterranean, Sci. Mar., 60, 55–64, 1996.
Farikou, O., Sawadogo, S., Niang, A., Diouf, D., Brajard, J., Mejia, C., Dandonneau, Y., Gasc, G., Crepon, M., and Thiria, S.: Inferring the seasonal evolution of phytoplankton groups in the Senegalo-Mauritanian upwelling region from satellite ocean-color spectral measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 6581–6601, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010738, 2015.
Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J. and Randerson, J. T.: Primary Production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components, Science, 281, 237–240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.237, 1998.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Carr, M., Barber, R. T., Scardi, M., Antoine, D., Armstrong, R. A., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M. J., Buitenhuis, E. T., Chai, F., Christian, J. R., Ciotti, A. M., Doney, S. C., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Gentili, B., Gregg, W., Hoepffner, N., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Lima, I., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Moore, J. K., Morel, A., Malley, R. T. O., Reilly, J. O., Saba, V. S., Schmeltz, M., Smyth, T. J., Tjiputra, J., Waters, K., Westberry, T. K., and Winguth, A.: Assessing the uncertainties of model estimates of primary productivity in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Marine Syst., 76, 113–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.010, 2009.
Font, J., Puig, P., Salat, J., Palanques, A., and Emelianov, M.: Sequence of hydrographic changes in NW mediterranean deep water due to the exceptional winter of 2005, Sci. Mar., 71, 339–346, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2007.71n2339, 2007.
Garcia-gorriz, E. and Carr, M. E.: Physical control of phytoplankton distributions in the Alboran Sea: A numerical and satellite approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 16795–16805, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000029, 2001.
Gasol, J. M., Cardelús, C., Morán, X. A. G., Balagué, V., Forn, I., Marrasé, C., Massana, R., Pedrós-Alió, C., Sala, M. M., Simó, R., Vaqué, D., and Estrada, M.: Seasonal patterns in phytoplankton photosynthetic parameters and primary production at a coastal NW Mediterranean site | Regularidades estacionales en la producción primaria y los parámetros fotosintéticos en una estación costera del NO Mediterráneo, Sci. Mar., 80, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04480.06E, 2016.
Gattuso, J. P., Frankignoulle, M., and Wollast, R.: Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29, 405–434, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.405, 1998.
Giani, M., Djakovac, T., Degobbis, D., Cozzi, S., Solidoro, C., and Umani, S. F.: Recent changes in the marine ecosystems of the northern Adriatic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 115, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.023, 2012.
Goffart, A., Hecq, J. H., and Legendre, L.: Changes in the development of the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Calvi (NW Mediterranean) over the last two decades: A response to changing climate?, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 236, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps236045, 2002.
Grbec, B., Morović, M., Beg Paklar, G., Kušpilić, G., Matijević, S., Matić, F., and Gladan, Ž. N.: The relationship between the atmospheric variability and productivity in the adriatic Sea area, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 89, 1549–1558, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409000708, 2009.
Gregg, W. W., Conkright, M. E., Ginoux, P., O'Reilly, J. E., and Casey, N. W.: Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 10–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL016889, 2003.
Hamza-Chaffai, A., Amiard-Triquet, C., and El Abed, A.: Metallothionein-like protein: Is it an efficient biomarker of metal contamination? A case study based on fish from the Tunisian coast, Arch. Environ. Con. Tox., 33, 53–62, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900223, 1997.
Hernández-Carrasco, I. and Orfila, A.: The Role of an Intense Front on the Connectivity of the Western Mediterranean Sea: The Cartagena-Tenes Front, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 123, 4398–4422, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013613, 2018.
Henson, S. A., Sarmiento, J. L., Dunne, J. P., Bopp, L., Lima, I., Doney, S. C., John, J., and Beaulieu, C.: Detection of anthropogenic climate change in satellite records of ocean chlorophyll and productivity, Biogeosciences, 7, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-621-2010, 2010.
Herut, B., Collier, R., and Krom, M. D.: The role of dust in supplying nitrogen and phosphorus to the Southeast Mediterranean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 870–878, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0870, 2002.
Hurrell, J. W.: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation, Science, 269, 7–10, 1995.
Hurrell, J. W. and Van Loon, H.: Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic oscillation, Clim. Change, 36, 301–326, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005314315270, 1997.
Kahru, M., Brotas, V., Manzano-Sarabia, M., and Mitchell, B. G.: Are phytoplankton blooms occurring earlier in the Arctic?, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1733–1739, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02312.x, 2011.
Katlane, R., Nechad, B., Ruddick, K., and Zargouni, F.: Optical remote sensing of turbidity and total suspended matter in the Gulf of Gabes, Arab. J. Geosci., 6, 1527–1535, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0438-9, 2011.
Kohonen, T.: Self-organized Formation of topologically correct feature maps, Biol. Cybern., 43, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00337288, 1982.
Kohonen, T.: Self-Organizing Maps, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelbergh, Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.
Kress, N. and Herut, B.: Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): Chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N: P ratios, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 2347–2372, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00022-X, 2001.
Lacroix, G. and Nival, P.: Influence of meteorological variability on primary production dynamics in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean Sea) with a 1D hydrodynamic/biological model, J. Marine Syst., 16, 23–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(97)00098-5, 1998.
Laws, E. A., Falkowski, P. G., Smith, W. O., Ducklow, H., and McCarthy, J. J.: Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1231–1246, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001229, 2000.
Laws, E. A., D'Sa, E., and Naik, P.: Simple equations to estimate ratios of new or export production to total production from satellite-derived estimates of sea surface temperature and primary production, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 9, 593–601, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2011.9.593, 2011.
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Ibello, V., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Béranger, K., Colella, S., and Crise, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of plankton chlorophyll and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea: a modelling approach, Biogeosciences, 9, 217–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-217-2012, 2012.
Lionello, P. and Scarascia, L.: The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming, Reg. Environ. Change, 18, 1481–1493, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1290-1, 2018.
Liu, K.-K., Iseki, K., and Chao, Y.: Continental margin
carbon fluxes, in The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Midterm
Synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, Hanson, R. B.,
Ducklow, H. W., and Field, J. G. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press., 2000.
Liu, Y. and Weisberg, R. H.: Patterns of ocean current variability on the West Florida Shelf using the self-organizing map, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002786, 2005.
Liu, Y., Weisberg, R. H. H., and Mooers, C. N. K. N. K.: Performance evaluation of the self-organizing map for feature extraction, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003117, 2006.
Liu, K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quiñones, R. A., and Talaue-McManus, L.: Biogeochemistry of continental margins in a global context, in Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins, GlobalChange – The IGBP Series, Springer-Verlag, 2010.
Lohrenz, S. E., Wiesenburg, D. A., DePalma, I. P., Johnson, K. S., and Gustafson, D. E.: Interrelationships among primary production, chlorophyll, and environmental conditions in frontal regions of the western Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 35, 793–810, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90031-3, 1988.
Ludwig, W., Dumont, E., Meybeck, M., and Heussner, S.: River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: Major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades?, Prog. Oceanogr., 80, 199–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.02.001, 2009.
Macias, D. M., Garcia-Gorriz, E., and Stips, A.: Productivity changes in the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century in response to changes in the regional atmospheric forcing, Front. Mar. Sci., 2, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00079, 2015.
Macias, D., Garcia-Gorriz, E., and Stips, A.: Major fertilization sources and mechanisms for Mediterranean Sea coastal ecosystems, Limnol. Oceanogr., 63, 897–914, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10677, 2017.
Marshall, J., Kushnir, Y., Battisti, D., Chang, P., Czaja, A., Dickson, R., Hurrell, J., McCartney, M., Saravanan, R., Visbeck, M., Robert, D., Hurrel, J., McCartney, M., Saravanan, R., and Visbeck, M.: Review: North Atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1863–1898, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.693, 2001.
Martínez-Asensio, A., Marcos, M., Tsimplis, M. N., Gomis, D., Josey, S., and Jordà, G.: Impact of the atmospheric climate modes on Mediterranean sea level variability, Global Planet Change, 118, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.03.007, 2014.
Marty, J. C.: The DYFAMED time-series program (French-JGOFS), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1963–1964, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00021-8, 2002.
Marty, J. C. and Chiavérini, J.: Hydrological changes in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean, DYFAMED site) during 1995–2007 and biogeochemical consequences, Biogeosciences, 7, 2117–2128, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2117-2010, 2010.
Marty, J. C., Chiavérini, J., Pizay, M. D., and Avril, B.: Seasonal and interannual dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton pigments in the western Mediterranean Sea at the DYFAMED time-series station (1991–1999), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1965–1985, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00022-X, 2002.
Massey, F. J., Frank, J., and Maseey, J.: The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Goodness of Fit, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 46, 68–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3758(90)90051-U, 1951.
Micheli, F., Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Ciriaco, S., Ferretti, F., Fraschetti, S., Lewison, R., Nykjaer, L., and Rosenberg, A. A.: Cumulative human impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea marine ecosystems: Assessing current pressures and opportunities, PLoS One, 8, e79889, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079889, 2013.
Mihanović, H., Vilibić, I., Carniel, S., Tudor, M., Russo, A., Bergamasco, A., Bubić, N., Ljubešić, Z., Viličić, D., Boldrin, A., Malačič, V., Celio, M., Comici, C., and Raicich, F.: Exceptional dense water formation on the Adriatic shelf in the winter of 2012, Ocean Sci., 9, 561–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-561-2013, 2013.
Molinero, J. C., Ibanez, F., Nival, P., Buecher, E., and Souissi, S.: North Atlantic climate and northwestern Mediterranean plankton variability, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1213–1220, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.4.1213, 2005.
Morán, X. A. G. and Estrada, M.: Short-term variability of photosynthetic parameters and particulate and dissolved primary production in the Alboran sea (SW Mediterranean), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 212, 53–67, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps212053, 2001.
Morel, A.: Light and marine photosynthesis: a spectral model with geochemical and climatological implications, Prog. Oceanogr., 26, 263–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(91)90004-6, 1991.
Morel, A. and André, J.-M.: Pigment distribution and primary production in the Western Mediterranean as derived and modeled from Coastal Zone Color Scanner Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 685–698, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00466, 1991.
Morel, A. and Berthon, J.-F.: Surface pigments, algal biomass profiles, and potential production of the euphotic layer: Relationships reinvestigated in view of remote-sensing applications, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1545–1562, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1989.34.8.1545, 1989.
Morel, A. and Maritorena, S.: Bio-optical properties of oceanic waters: A reappraisal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 7163–7180, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000319, 2001.
Morel, A., Antoine, D., Babin, M., and Dandonneau, Y.: Measured and modeled primary production in the northeast Atlantic (EUMELI JGOFS program): The impact of natural variations in photosynthetic parameters on model predictive skill, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 43, 1273–1304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(96)00059-3, 1996.
Morel, A., Gentili, B., Chami, M., and Ras, J.: Bio-optical properties of high chlorophyll Case 1 waters and of yellow-substance-dominated Case 2 waters, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 1439–1459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.07.007, 2006.
Moutin, T. and Raimbault, P.: Primary production, carbon export and nutrients availability in western and eastern Mediterranean Sea in early summer 1996 (MINOS cruise), J. Marine Syst., 33–34, 273–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00062-3, 2002.
Muller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Luerssen, R., Hu, C., and Walsh, J. J.: The importance of continental margins in the global carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 10–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021346, 2005.
Nixon, S. W.: Replacing the Nile: Are anthropogenic nutrients providing the fertility once brought to the Mediterranean by a great river?, Ambio A J. Hum. Environ., 32, 30–39, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-32.1.30, 2003.
Nixon, S. W.: The Artificial Nile: The Aswan High Dam blocked and diverted nutrients and destroyed a Mediterranean fishery, but human activities may have revived it, Am. Sci., 92, 158–165, 2004.
Nykjaer, L.: Mediterranean Sea surface warming 1985–2006, Clim. Res., 39, 11–17, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00794, 2009.
O'Reilly, J. and Sherman, K.: Chapter 5.1. Primary productivity patterns and trends, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2016.
Pace, M. L., Knauer, G. A., Karl, D. M., and Martin, J. H.: Primary production, new production and vertical flux in the eastern Pacific Ocean, Nature, 325, 803–804, https://doi.org/10.1038/325803a0, 1987.
Paerl, H. w., Willey, J. D., Go, M., Peierls, B. L., Pinckney, J. L., and Fogel, M. L.: Rainfall stimulation of primary production in western Atlantic Ocean waters: roles of different nitrogen sources and CO-limiting nutrients, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 176, 205–214, 1999.
Palutikof, J.: Analysis of Mediterranean Climate Data:
Measured and Modelled, in Mediterranean Climate: Variability and
Trends, H. J. Bolle (Ed.), 125–132, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2003.
Pastor, F., Valiente, J. A. and Palau, J. L.: Sea Surface Temperature in the Mediterranean: Trends and Spatial Patterns (1982-2016), Pure Appl. Geophys., 175, 4017–4029, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1739-z, 2017.
Pauly, D. and Christensen, V.: Primary production required to sustain global fisheries, Lett. to Nat., 374, 255–257, 1995.
Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Guénette, S., Pitcher, T. J., Sumaila, U. R., Walters, C. J., Watson, R., and Zeller, D.: Towards sustainability in world fisheries, Nat. Publ. Gr., 418, 689–695, 2002.
Pinardi, N., Zavatarelli, M., Arneri, E., Crise, A., and
Ravaioli, M.: Chapter 32. The physical, sedimentary and ecological
structure and variability of shelf areas in the Mediterranean Sea
(27,S), in: The Sea. The Global Coastal Ocean, vol. 14,
Robinson, A. R. and Brink, K. H. (Eds.), pp. 1243–1272., 2006.
Piroddi, C., Coll, M., Liquete, C., Macias, D., Greer, K., Buszowski, J., Steenbeek, J., Danovaro, R., and Christensen, V.: Historical changes of the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem: Modelling the role and impact of primary productivity and fisheries changes over time, Sci. Rep., 7, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44491, 2017.
Powley, H. R., Dürr, H. H., Lima, A. T., Krom, M. D., and Van Cappellen, P.: Direct Discharges of Domestic Wastewater are a Major Source of Phosphorus and Nitrogen to the Mediterranean Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 8722–8730, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01742, 2016.
Pugnetti, A., Bazzoni, A. M., Beran, A., Bernardi Aubry, F., Camatti, E., Celussi, M., Coppola, J., Crevatin, E., Del Negro, P., and Paoli, A.: Changes in biomass structure and trophic status of the plankton communities in a highly dynamic ecosystem (Gulf of Venice, Northern Adriatic Sea), Mar. Ecol., 29, 367–374, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00237.x, 2008.
Rahav, E., Herut, B., Levi, A., Mulholland, M. R., and Berman-Frank, I.: Springtime contribution of dinitrogen fixation to primary production across the Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Sci., 9, 489–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-489-2013, 2013.
Raicich, F., Malacic, V., Celio, M., Giaiotti, D., Cantoni, C., Colucci, R. R., Cermelj, B., and Pucillo, A.: Extreme air-sea interactions in the Gulf of Trieste (North Adriatic) during the strong Bora event in winter 2012, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 5238–5250, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20398, 2013a.
Raicich, F., Malačič, V., Celio, M., Giaiotti, D., Cantoni, C., Colucci, R. R., Čermelj, B., and Pucillo, A.: Extreme air-sea interactions in the Gulf of Trieste (North Adriatic) during the strong Bora event in winter 2012, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 5238–5250, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20398, 2013b.
Regaudie-de-Gioux, A., Vaquer-Sunyer, R., and Duarte, C. M.: Patterns in planktonic metabolism in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 6, 3081–3089, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3081-2009, 2009.
Rodellas, V., Garcia-Orellana, J., Masqué, P., Feldman, M., Weinstein, Y., and Boyle, E. A.: Submarine groundwater discharge as a major source of nutrients to the Mediterranean Sea, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 3926–3930, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419049112, 2015.
Ryan, J.: Crop nutrients for sustainable agricultural production in the drought-stressed mediterranean region, J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 10, 295–306, 2008.
Saba, V. S., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Antoine, D., Armstrong, R. A., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M. J., Ciotti, A. M., Dowell, M., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K. J. W., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Morel, A., O'Reilly, J., Scardi, M., Smith Jr., W. O., Smyth, T. J., Tang, S., Uitz, J., Waters, K., and Westberry, T. K.: An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe, Biogeosciences, 8, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-489-2011, 2011.
Salgado-Hernanz, P. M., Racault, M. F., Font-Muñoz, J. S., and Basterretxea, G.: Trends in phytoplankton phenology in the Mediterranean Sea based on ocean-colour remote sensing, Remote Sens. Environ., 221, 50–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.10.036, 2019.
Salmi, T., Maatta, A., Anttila, P., Ruoho-Airola, T., and Amnell, T.: Detecting Trends of Annual Values of Atmospheric Pollutants by the Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's Solpe Estimates the Excel Template Application MAKESENS, 2002.
Schroeder, K., Ribotti, A., Borghini, M., Sorgente, R., Perilli, A., and Gasparini, G. P.: An extensive western Mediterranean deep water renewal between 2004 and 2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035146, 2008.
Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall ' s Tau Pranab Kumar Sen, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, 1968.
Simpson, J. H.: Physical processes in the ROFI regime, J. Marine Syst., 12, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00085-1, 1997.
Skoulikidis, N. T., Economou, A. N., Gritzalis, K. C., and Zogaris, S.: Rivers of the Balkans, in Rivers of Europe, 421–466, Elsevier Ltd., 2009.
Smith, S. V. and Hollibaugh, J. T.: Coastal Metabolism and the Oceanic Organic Carbon Balance, Rev. Geophys., 31, 75–89, 1993.
ŠoliŠ, M., Krstulović, N., VilibiŠ, I., KušpiliŠ, G., ŠŠestanoviŠ, S., Šanti'c, D., and Ordulj, M.: The role of water mass dynamics in controlling bacterial abundance and production in the middle Adriatic Sea, Mar. Environ. Res., 65, 388–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.01.004, 2008.
Sournia, A.: La production primaire planctonique en Méditerranée: Essai de mise à jour. Bulletin Etude en Commun de la Méditerranée, 5, 128pp., 1973.
Stambler, N.: The Mediterranean Sea – Primary
Productivity, in: The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present
challenges, Goffredo, S. and Dubinsky, Z., (Eds.), pp. 113–121, Springer, 2014.
Tiselius, P., Belgrano, A., Andersson, L., and Lindahl, O.: Primary productivity in a coastal ecosystem: A trophic perspective on a long-term time series, J. Plankton Res., 38, 1092–1102, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbv094, 2016.
Tockner, K., Uehlinger, U., and Robinson, C.: Rivers of Europe, 1st ed., Academic Press, Elsevier., 2008.
Törnros, T.: On the relationship between the Mediterranean Oscillation and winter precipitation in the Southern Levant, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 14, 287–293, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.450, 2013.
Tovar-Sánchez, A., Basterretxea, G., Rodellas, V., Sánchez-Quiles, D., García-Orellana, J., Masqué, P., Jordi, A., López, J. M., and Garcia-Solsona, E.: Contribution of groundwater discharge to the coastal dissolved nutrients and trace metal concentrations in Majorca Island: Karstic vs. detrital systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11819–11827, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502958t, 2014.
Tovar-Sánchez, A., Basterretxea, G., Ben Omar, M., Jordi, A., Sánchez-Quiles, D., Makhani, M., Mouna, D., Muya, C., and Anglès, S.: Nutrients, trace metals and B-vitamin composition of the Moulouya River: A major North African river discharging into the Mediterranean Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 176, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.04.006, 2016.
Trigo, R., Xoplaki, E., Zorita, E., Luterbacher, J.,
Krichak, S. O., Alpert, P., Jucundus, J., Sáens, J.,
Fernández, J., González-Rouco, F., Garcia-Herrera, R., Rodo,
X., Brunetti, M., Nanni, T., Maugeri, M., Türkes, M., Gimeno,
L., Ribera, P., Brunet, M., Trigo, I. F., Crepon, M., and Mariotti,
A.: Relations between Variability in the Mediterranean Region and
Mid-Latitude Variability, in: Developements in Earth and
Environmental Sciences: Mediterranean., Lionello, P. ,
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., and Boscolo, R., (Eds.), 179–226, Elsevier., 2006.
Turley, C. M.: The changing Mediterranean Sea – A sensitive ecosystem?, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 387–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00033-6, 1999.
Uitz, J., Claustre, H., Morel, A., and Hooker, S. B.: Vertical distribution of phytoplankton communities in open ocean: An assessment based on surface chlorophyll, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 111, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003207, 2006.
Uitz, J., Claustre, H., Gentili, B., and Stramski, D.: Phytoplankton class-specific primary production in the world's oceans: Seasonal and interannual variability from satellite observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003680, 2010.
Umani, S. F.: Pelagic production and biomass in the Adriatic Sea, Sci. Mar., 60, 65–77, 1996.
Umani, S. F., Del Negro, P., Larato, C., De Vittor, C., Cabrini, M., Celio, M., Falconi, C., Tamberlich, F., and Azam, F.: Major inter-annual variations in microbial dynamics in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea) and their ecosystem implications, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 46, 163–175, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame046163, 2007.
Van Wambeke, F., Lefèvre, D., Prieur, L., Sempéré, R., Bianchi, M., Oubelkheir, K., and Bruyant, F.: Distribution of microbial biomass, production, respiration, dissolved organic carbon and factors controlling bacterial production across a geostrophic front (Almeria-Oran, SW Mediterranean Sea), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 269, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps269001, 2004.
Vesanto, J., Alhoniemi, E., and Member, S.: Clustering of the Self-Organizing Map, IEEE T. Neural Networ., 11, 586–600, 2000a.
Vesanto, J., Himberg, J., Alhoniemi, E., and
Parhankangas, J.: SOM Toolbox for Matlab 5, (Report A57). Hensinki
University of Technological, Espoo, Finland, 2000b.
Vidussi, F., Claustre, H., Manca, B. B., Luchetta, A., and Marty, J.-C.: Phytoplankton pigment distribution in relation to upper thermocline circulation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during winter, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 939–956, 2001.
Vilibić, I., Matijević, S., Šepić, J., and Kušpilić, G.: Changes in the Adriatic oceanographic properties induced by the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, Biogeosciences, 9, 2085–2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2085-2012, 2012.
Volpe, G., Colella, S., Brando, V. E., Forneris, V., La Padula, F., Di Cicco, A., Sammartino, M., Bracaglia, M., Artuso, F., and Santoleri, R.: Mediterranean ocean colour Level 3 operational multi-sensor processing, Ocean Sci., 15, 127–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-127-2019, 2019.
Wang, X. T., Cohen, A. L., Luu, V., Ren, H., Su, Z.,
Haug, G. H., and Sigman, D. M.: Natural forcing of the North
Atlantic nitrogen cycle in the Anthropocene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 201801049, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1801049115, 2018.
Woodson, C. B. and Litvin, S. Y.: Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and biogeochemical cycling, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 1710–1715, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417143112, 2014.
Zairi, M. and Rouis, M. J.: Impacts environnementaux du stockage du phosphogypse à Sfax (Tunisie), Bull. des Lab. des ponts chaussées, 219, 29–40, 1999.
Zalidis, G., Stamatiadis, S., Takavakoglou, V., Eskridge, K., and Misopolinos, N.: Impacts of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment methodology, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 88, 137–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00249-3, 2002.
Zoppini, A., Pettine, M., Totti, C., Puddu, A., Artegiani, A., and Pagnotta, R.: Nutrients, standing crop and primary production in western coastal waters of the adriatic sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 41, 493–513, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(95)90024-1, 1995.
Short summary
For the first time, this study presents the characteristics of primary production in coastal regions of the Mediterranean Sea based on satellite-borne observations for the period 2002–2016. The study concludes that there are significant spatial and temporal variations among different regions. Quantifying primary production is of special importance in the marine food web and in the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the deep waters.
For the first time, this study presents the characteristics of primary production in coastal...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint