Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Mar 2024
Research article |
| 08 Mar 2024
| 08 Mar 2024
Insights into carbonate environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
Brita Irving
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
Sam Dupont
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil 45178, Sweden
Radioecology Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environmental Laboratories, Monaco, Monaco
Rémi Pagés
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
Donna D. W. Hauser
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
Seth L. Danielson
College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
Related authors
Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Yi-Cheng Teng, Theresa Morrison, Wei Cheng, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Raphael Dussin, Robert Hallberg, Claudine Hauri, Katherine Hedstrom, Albert Hermann, Michael G. Jacox, Kelly A. Kearney, Remi Pages, Darren J. Pilcher, Mercedes Pozo Buil, Vivek Seelanki, and Niki Zadeh
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-195, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-195, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We made a new regional ocean model to assist fisheries and ecosystem managers make decisions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP). We found that the model did well simulating past ocean conditions like temperature, and nutrient and oxygen levels, and can even reproduce metrics used by and important to ecosystem managers.
Claudine Hauri, Brita Irving, Dan Hayes, Ehsan Abdi, Jöran Kemme, Nadja Kinski, and Andrew M. P. McDonnell
Ocean Sci., 20, 1403–1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1403-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1403-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we describe several sea trials with the newly developed CO2 Seaglider in the Gulf of Alaska. Data evaluation with discrete water and underway samples suggests nearly "weather-quality" CO2 data as defined by the Global Ocean Acidification Network.
Steve Widdicombe, Kirsten Isensee, Yuri Artioli, Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia, Claudine Hauri, Janet A. Newton, Mark Wells, and Sam Dupont
Ocean Sci., 19, 101–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification is a global perturbation of the ocean carbonate chemistry as a consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. While great progress has been made over the last decade for chemical monitoring, ocean acidification biological monitoring remains anecdotal. This is a consequence of a lack of standards, general methodological framework, and overall methodology. This paper presents methodology focusing on sensitive traits and rates of change.
Claudine Hauri, Cristina Schultz, Katherine Hedstrom, Seth Danielson, Brita Irving, Scott C. Doney, Raphael Dussin, Enrique N. Curchitser, David F. Hill, and Charles A. Stock
Biogeosciences, 17, 3837–3857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3837-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3837-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The coastal ecosystem of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) is especially vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification and climate change. To improve our conceptual understanding of the system, we developed a new regional biogeochemical model setup for the GOA. Model output suggests that bottom water is seasonally high in CO2 between June and January. Such extensive periods of reoccurring high CO2 may be harmful to ocean acidification-sensitive organisms.
Claudine Hauri, Seth Danielson, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Russell R. Hopcroft, Peter Winsor, Peter Shipton, Catherine Lalande, Kathleen M. Stafford, John K. Horne, Lee W. Cooper, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Andrew Mahoney, Klara Maisch, Molly McCammon, Hank Statscewich, Andy Sybrandy, and Thomas Weingartner
Ocean Sci., 14, 1423–1433, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1423-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1423-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean is changing rapidly. In order to track these changes, we developed and deployed a long-term marine ecosystem observatory in the Chukchi Sea. It helps us to better understand currents, waves, sea ice, salinity, temperature, nutrient and carbon concentrations, oxygen, phytoplankton blooms and export, zooplankton abundance and vertical migration, and the occurrence of fish and marine mammals throughout the year, even during the ice covered winter months.
C. Hauri, N. Gruber, M. Vogt, S. C. Doney, R. A. Feely, Z. Lachkar, A. Leinweber, A. M. P. McDonnell, M. Munnich, and G.-K. Plattner
Biogeosciences, 10, 193–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013, 2013
Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Yi-Cheng Teng, Theresa Morrison, Wei Cheng, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Raphael Dussin, Robert Hallberg, Claudine Hauri, Katherine Hedstrom, Albert Hermann, Michael G. Jacox, Kelly A. Kearney, Remi Pages, Darren J. Pilcher, Mercedes Pozo Buil, Vivek Seelanki, and Niki Zadeh
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-195, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-195, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We made a new regional ocean model to assist fisheries and ecosystem managers make decisions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP). We found that the model did well simulating past ocean conditions like temperature, and nutrient and oxygen levels, and can even reproduce metrics used by and important to ecosystem managers.
Claudine Hauri, Brita Irving, Dan Hayes, Ehsan Abdi, Jöran Kemme, Nadja Kinski, and Andrew M. P. McDonnell
Ocean Sci., 20, 1403–1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1403-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1403-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we describe several sea trials with the newly developed CO2 Seaglider in the Gulf of Alaska. Data evaluation with discrete water and underway samples suggests nearly "weather-quality" CO2 data as defined by the Global Ocean Acidification Network.
Nathan J. M. Laxague, Christopher J. Zappa, Andrew R. Mahoney, John Goodwin, Cyrus Harris, Robert E. Schaeffer, Roswell Schaeffer Sr., Sarah Betcher, Donna D. W. Hauser, Carson R. Witte, Jessica M. Lindsay, Ajit Subramaniam, Kate E. Turner, and Alex Whiting
The Cryosphere, 18, 3297–3313, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The state of sea ice strongly affects its absorption of solar energy. In May 2019, we flew uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with sensors designed to quantify the sunlight that is reflected by sea ice at each wavelength over the sea ice of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. We found that snow patches get darker (up to ~ 20 %) as they get smaller, while bare patches get darker (up to ~ 20 %) as they get larger. We believe that this difference is due to melting around the edges of small features.
Sam Dupont and Marc Metian
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 4, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-4-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-4-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This chapter summarizes some key general considerations for experimental research methods and compares the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches. It also considers best practices relevant to ocean alkalinization enhancement, such as the need to properly monitor and consider the addition of trace elements and byproducts and potential interactions with other naturally occurring drivers.
Steve Widdicombe, Kirsten Isensee, Yuri Artioli, Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia, Claudine Hauri, Janet A. Newton, Mark Wells, and Sam Dupont
Ocean Sci., 19, 101–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification is a global perturbation of the ocean carbonate chemistry as a consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. While great progress has been made over the last decade for chemical monitoring, ocean acidification biological monitoring remains anecdotal. This is a consequence of a lack of standards, general methodological framework, and overall methodology. This paper presents methodology focusing on sensitive traits and rates of change.
Mohamed Ayache, Alberte Bondeau, Rémi Pagès, Nicolas Barrier, Sebastian Ostberg, and Melika Baklouti
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-342, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-342, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Land forcing is reported as one of the major sources of uncertainty limiting the capacity of marine biogeochemical models. In this study, we present the first basin-wide simulation at 1/12° of water discharge as well as nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) release into the Mediterranean from basin-wide agriculture and urbanization, by using the agro-ecosystem model (LPJmL-Med). The model evaluation against observation data, and all implemented processes are described in detail in this manuscript.
Claudine Hauri, Cristina Schultz, Katherine Hedstrom, Seth Danielson, Brita Irving, Scott C. Doney, Raphael Dussin, Enrique N. Curchitser, David F. Hill, and Charles A. Stock
Biogeosciences, 17, 3837–3857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3837-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3837-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The coastal ecosystem of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) is especially vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification and climate change. To improve our conceptual understanding of the system, we developed a new regional biogeochemical model setup for the GOA. Model output suggests that bottom water is seasonally high in CO2 between June and January. Such extensive periods of reoccurring high CO2 may be harmful to ocean acidification-sensitive organisms.
Claudine Hauri, Seth Danielson, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Russell R. Hopcroft, Peter Winsor, Peter Shipton, Catherine Lalande, Kathleen M. Stafford, John K. Horne, Lee W. Cooper, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Andrew Mahoney, Klara Maisch, Molly McCammon, Hank Statscewich, Andy Sybrandy, and Thomas Weingartner
Ocean Sci., 14, 1423–1433, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1423-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1423-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean is changing rapidly. In order to track these changes, we developed and deployed a long-term marine ecosystem observatory in the Chukchi Sea. It helps us to better understand currents, waves, sea ice, salinity, temperature, nutrient and carbon concentrations, oxygen, phytoplankton blooms and export, zooplankton abundance and vertical migration, and the occurrence of fish and marine mammals throughout the year, even during the ice covered winter months.
Aisling Fontanini, Alexandra Steckbauer, Sam Dupont, and Carlos M. Duarte
Biogeosciences, 15, 3717–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3717-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3717-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Invertebrate species of the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden) were exposed to four different treatments (high/low oxygen and low/high CO2) and respiration measured. Respiration responses of species of contrasting habitats and life-history strategies to single and multiple stressors was evaluated. Results show that the responses of the respiration were highly species specific as we observed both synergetic as well as antagonistic responses, and neither phylum nor habitat explained trends in respiration.
C. Hauri, N. Gruber, M. Vogt, S. C. Doney, R. A. Feely, Z. Lachkar, A. Leinweber, A. M. P. McDonnell, M. Munnich, and G.-K. Plattner
Biogeosciences, 10, 193–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Coastal Ocean
Effects of submarine groundwater on nutrient concentration and primary production in a deep bay of the Japan Sea
The bacteria–protist link as a main route of dissolved organic matter across contrasting productivity areas on the Patagonian Shelf
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) does not cause cellular stress in a phytoplankton community of the subtropical Atlantic Ocean
Reviews and syntheses: On increasing hypoxia in eastern boundary upwelling systems – zooplankton under metabolic stress
Technical note: Testing a new approach for the determination of N2 fixation rates by coupling a membrane equilibrator to a mass spectrometer for long-term observations
Long-term variations in pH in coastal waters along the Korean Peninsula
The effect of carbonate mineral additions on biogeochemical conditions in surface sediments and benthic–pelagic exchange fluxes
Evaluating ocean alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the North Sea
Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton
Responses of microbial metabolic rates to non-equilibrated silicate- versus calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement
High metabolic zinc demand within native Amundsen and Ross sea phytoplankton communities determined by stable isotope uptake rate measurements
The influence of zooplankton and oxygen on the particulate organic carbon flux in the Benguela Upwelling System
Reviews and syntheses: Biological indicators of low-oxygen stress in marine water-breathing animals
Temperature-enhanced effects of iron on Southern Ocean phytoplankton
Riverine nutrient impact on global ocean nitrogen cycle feedbacks and marine primary production in an Earth system model
The Northeast Greenland Shelf as a potential late-summer CO2 source to the atmosphere
Spring-neap tidal cycles modulate the strength of the carbon source at the estuary-coast interface
Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP)
Estimates of carbon sequestration potential in an expanding Arctic fjord (Hornsund, Svalbard) affected by dark plumes of glacial meltwater
An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds
Dissolved nitric oxide in the lower Elbe Estuary and the Port of Hamburg area
Variable contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to downstream nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions
Depositional controls and budget of organic carbon burial in fine-grained sediments of the North Sea – the Helgoland Mud Area as a test field
Improved understanding of eutrophication trends, indicators and problem areas using machine learning
Distribution of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in a eutrophic equatorial estuary: the Johor River and the East Johor Strait
Amplified bottom water acidification rates on the Bering Sea shelf from 1970–2022
Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification
Ocean alkalinity enhancement using sodium carbonate salts does not lead to measurable changes in Fe dynamics in a mesocosm experiment
Quantification and mitigation of bottom-trawling impacts on sedimentary organic carbon stocks in the North Sea
Influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement with olivine or steel slag on a coastal plankton community in Tasmania
Multi-model comparison of trends and controls of near-bed oxygen concentration on the northwest European continental shelf under climate change
Picoplanktonic methane production in eutrophic surface waters
Vertical mixing alleviates autumnal oxygen deficiency in the central North Sea
Hypoxia also occurs in small highly turbid estuaries: the example of the Charente (Bay of Biscay)
Seasonality and response of ocean acidification and hypoxia to major environmental anomalies in the southern Salish Sea, North America (2014–2018)
Oceanographic processes driving low-oxygen conditions inside Patagonian fjords
Above- and belowground plant mercury dynamics in a salt marsh estuary in Massachusetts, USA
Variability and drivers of carbonate chemistry at shellfish aquaculture sites in the Salish Sea, British Columbia
Unusual Hemiaulus bloom influences ocean productivity in Northeastern US Shelf waters
UAV approaches for improved mapping of vegetation cover and estimation of carbon storage of small saltmarshes: examples from Loch Fleet, northeast Scotland
Iron “ore” nothing: benthic iron fluxes from the oxygen-deficient Santa Barbara Basin enhance phytoplankton productivity in surface waters
Marine anoxia initiates giant sulfur-oxidizing bacterial mat proliferation and associated changes in benthic nitrogen, sulfur, and iron cycling in the Santa Barbara Basin, California Borderland
Uncertainty in the evolution of northwestern North Atlantic circulation leads to diverging biogeochemical projections
The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Short-term variation in pH in seawaters around coastal areas of Japan: characteristics and forcings
Revisiting the applicability and constraints of molybdenum- and uranium-based paleo redox proxies: comparing two contrasting sill fjords
Influence of a small submarine canyon on biogenic matter export flux in the lower St. Lawrence Estuary, eastern Canada
Single-celled bioturbators: benthic foraminifera mediate oxygen penetration and prokaryotic diversity in intertidal sediment
Assessing impacts of coastal warming, acidification, and deoxygenation on Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) farming: a case study in the Hinase area, Okayama Prefecture, and Shizugawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
Multiple nitrogen sources for primary production inferred from δ13C and δ15N in the southern Sea of Japan
Menghong Dong, Xinyu Guo, Takuya Matsuura, Taichi Tebakari, and Jing Zhang
Biogeosciences, 22, 2383–2402, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2383-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2383-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), a common coastal hydrological process that involves submarine inflow of groundwater into the sea, is associated with a large nutrient load. To clarify the distribution of SGD-derived nutrients after release at the bottom of the sea and their contribution to phytoplankton growth in the marine ecosystem, we modeled the SGD process in Toyama Bay using a specialized computer code that can distinguish SGD-derived nutrients from nutrients from other sources.
M. Celeste López-Abbate, John E. Garzón-Cardona, Ricardo Silva, Juan-Carlos Molinero, Laura A. Ruiz-Etcheverry, Ana M. Martínez, Azul S. Gilabert, and Rubén J. Lara
Biogeosciences, 22, 2309–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2309-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2309-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how microbial dynamics influence the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the Patagonian Shelf. Despite high phytoplankton biomass, selective grazing on fast-growing bacteria led to DOM accumulation, likely due to reduced DOM-consuming bacteria and added egestion compounds. Experiments showed that bacteria not only acted as a carbon sink through mineralization but also transferred assimilated carbon dioxide (CO2) to higher trophic levels.
Librada Ramírez, Leonardo J. Pozzo-Pirotta, Aja Trebec, Víctor Manzanares-Vázquez, José L. Díez, Javier Arístegui, Ulf Riebesell, Stephen D. Archer, and María Segovia
Biogeosciences, 22, 1865–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1865-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1865-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the potential effects of increasing ocean alkalinity on a natural plankton community in subtropical waters of the Atlantic near Gran Canaria, Spain. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to resist acidification, and plankton are usually microscopic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton), often less than 2.5 cm in length. This study suggests that increasing ocean alkalinity did not have a significant negative impact on the plankton community studied.
Leissing Frederick, Mauricio A. Urbina, and Ruben Escribano
Biogeosciences, 22, 1839–1852, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1839-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1839-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Evidence shows that due to global warming, zooplankton inhabiting the coastal upwelling zone are exposed to increasing hypoxia affecting their physiology, metabolism, and population dynamics. The adaptive responses of zooplankton to cope with mild/severe hypoxia may depend on trade-offs with other metabolic/energy demands, implying less energy for growth, feeding, and reproduction, with ecological consequences for the zooplankton population and the marine food web.
Sören Iwe, Oliver Schmale, and Bernd Schneider
Biogeosciences, 22, 1767–1779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1767-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1767-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel method for quantifying N2 fixation by cyanobacteria, which is crucial in Baltic Sea eutrophication. Our Gas Equilibrium – Membrane-Inlet Mass Spectrometer (GE-MIMS), designed for operation on voluntary observing ships (VOSs), enables large-scale monitoring of surface water N2 depletion caused by N2 fixation. Laboratory tests confirm the device’s accuracy and precision, ensuring that it can complement current methods and contribute valuable data for better understanding N2 fixation in the Baltic Sea.
Yong-Woo Lee, Mi-Ok Park, Seong-Gil Kim, Tae-Hoon Kim, Yong Hwa Oh, Sang Heon Lee, and DongJoo Joung
Biogeosciences, 22, 675–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-675-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-675-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term pH variation in coastal waters along the Korean Peninsula was assessed for the first time, and it exhibited no significant pH change over an 11-year period. This contrasts with the ongoing pH decline in open oceans and other coastal areas. Analysis of environmental data showed that pH is mainly controlled by dissolved oxygen in bottom waters. This suggests that ocean warming could cause a pH decline in Korean coastal waters, affecting many fish and seaweed aquaculture operations.
Kadir Biçe, Tristen Myers Stewart, George G. Waldbusser, and Christof Meile
Biogeosciences, 22, 641–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-641-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-641-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effect of addition of carbonate minerals on coastal sediments. We carried out laboratory experiments to quantify the dissolution kinetics and integrated these observations into a numerical model that describes biogeochemical cycling in surficial sediments. Using the model, we demonstrate the buffering effect of the mineral additions and their duration. We quantify the effect under different environmental conditions and assess the potential for increased atmospheric CO2 uptake.
Feifei Liu, Ute Daewel, Jan Kossack, Kubilay Timur Demir, Helmuth Thomas, and Corinna Schrum
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-81, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-81, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement boosts oceanic CO₂ absorption, offering a climate solution. Using a regional model, we examined OAE in the North Sea, revealing that shallow coastal areas achieve higher CO₂ uptake than offshore, where alkalinity is more susceptible to deep-ocean loss. Long-term carbon storage is limited, and pH shifts vary by location. Our findings guide OAE deployment to optimize carbon removal while minimizing ecological effects, supporting global climate mitigation efforts.
Jessica L. Oberlander, Mackenzie E. Burke, Cat A. London, and Hugh L. MacIntyre
Biogeosciences, 22, 499–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-499-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-499-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising negative emission technology that results in the net sequestration of atmospheric carbon. In this paper, we assess the potential impact of OAE on phytoplankton through an analysis of prior studies and the effects of simulated OAE on photosynthetic competence. Our findings suggest that there may be little if any significant impact on most phytoplankton studied to date if OAE is conducted in well-flushed, nearshore environments.
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 5707–5724, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5707-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5707-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study exposed a natural community to two non-CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) deployments using different minerals. Adding alkalinity in this manner decreases dissolved CO2, essential for photosynthesis. While photosynthesis was not suppressed, bloom formation was mildly delayed, potentially impacting marine food webs. The study emphasizes the need for further research on OAE without prior equilibration and on its ecological implications.
Riss M. Kell, Rebecca J. Chmiel, Deepa Rao, Dawn M. Moran, Matthew R. McIlvin, Tristan J. Horner, Nicole L. Schanke, Ichiko Sugiyama, Robert B. Dunbar, Giacomo R. DiTullio, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 21, 5685–5706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Despite interest in modeling the biogeochemical uptake and cycling of the trace metal zinc (Zn), measurements of Zn uptake in natural marine phytoplankton communities have not been conducted previously. To fill this gap, we employed a stable isotope uptake rate measurement method to quantify Zn uptake into natural phytoplankton assemblages within the Southern Ocean. Zn demand was high and rapid enough to depress the inventory of Zn available to phytoplankton on seasonal timescales.
Luisa Chiara Meiritz, Tim Rixen, Anja Karin van der Plas, Tarron Lamont, and Niko Lahajnar
Biogeosciences, 21, 5261–5276, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Moored and drifting sediment trap experiments in the northern (nBUS) and southern (sBUS) Benguela Upwelling System showed that active carbon fluxes by vertically migrating zooplankton were about 3 times higher in the sBUS than in the nBUS. Despite these large variabilities, the mean passive particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes were almost equal in the two subsystems. The more intense near-bottom oxygen minimum layer seems to lead to higher POC fluxes and accumulation rates in the nBUS.
Michael R. Roman, Andrew H. Altieri, Denise Breitburg, Erica M. Ferrer, Natalya D. Gallo, Shin-ichi Ito, Karin Limburg, Kenneth Rose, Moriaki Yasuhara, and Lisa A. Levin
Biogeosciences, 21, 4975–5004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen-depleted ocean waters have increased worldwide. In order to improve our understanding of the impacts of this oxygen loss on marine life it is essential that we develop reliable indicators that track the negative impacts of low oxygen. We review various indicators of low-oxygen stress for marine animals including their use, research needs, and application to confront the challenges of ocean oxygen loss.
Charlotte Eich, Mathijs van Manen, J. Scott P. McCain, Loay J. Jabre, Willem H. van de Poll, Jinyoung Jung, Sven B. E. H. Pont, Hung-An Tian, Indah Ardiningsih, Gert-Jan Reichart, Erin M. Bertrand, Corina P. D. Brussaard, and Rob Middag
Biogeosciences, 21, 4637–4663, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4637-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4637-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean (SO) is often limited by low iron (Fe) concentrations. Sea surface warming impacts Fe availability and can affect phytoplankton growth. We used shipboard Fe clean incubations to test how changes in Fe and temperature affect SO phytoplankton. Their abundances usually increased with Fe addition and temperature increase, with Fe being the major factor. These findings imply potential shifts in ecosystem structure, impacting food webs and elemental cycling.
Miriam Tivig, David P. Keller, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 21, 4469–4493, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4469-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4469-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biological production is highly dependent on the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus. Rivers are the main source of phosphorus to the oceans but poorly represented in global model oceans. We include dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus from river export in a global model ocean and find that the addition of riverine phosphorus affects marine biology on millennial timescales more than riverine nitrogen alone. Globally, riverine phosphorus input increases primary production rates.
Esdoorn Willcox, Marcos Lemes, Thomas Juul-Pedersen, Mikael Kristian Sejr, Johnna Marchiano Holding, and Søren Rysgaard
Biogeosciences, 21, 4037–4050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4037-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4037-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we measured the chemistry of seawater from samples obtained from different depths and locations off the east coast of the Northeast Greenland National Park to determine what is influencing concentrations of dissolved CO2. Historically, the region has always been thought to take up CO2 from the atmosphere, but we show that it is possible for the region to become a source in late summer. We discuss the variables that may be related to such changes.
Vlad A. Macovei, Louise C. V. Rewrie, Rüdiger Röttgers, and Yoana G. Voynova
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2643, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A commercial vessel equipped with scientific instruments regularly travelled between two large macro-tidal estuaries. We found that biogeochemical variability in the outer estuaries is driven by the 14-day spring-neap tidal cycle, with strong effects on dissolved inorganic and organic carbon concentrations and distribution. Since this land-sea interface effect increases the strength of the carbon source to the atmosphere by 74 % during spring tide, it should be accounted for in regional models.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Aaron James Ferderer, Julie LaRoche, and Kai Georg Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3665–3676, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is an emerging marine CO2 removal method, but its environmental effects are insufficiently understood. The OAE Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) provides funding for a standardized and globally replicated microcosm experiment to study the effects of OAE on plankton communities. Here, we provide a detailed manual for the OAEPIIP experiment. We expect OAEPIIP to help build scientific consensus on the effects of OAE on plankton.
Marlena Szeligowska, Déborah Benkort, Anna Przyborska, Mateusz Moskalik, Bernabé Moreno, Emilia Trudnowska, and Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
Biogeosciences, 21, 3617–3639, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The European Arctic is experiencing rapid regional warming, causing glaciers that terminate in the sea to retreat onto land. Due to this process, the area of a well-studied fjord, Hornsund, has increased by around 100 km2 (40%) since 1976. Combining satellite and in situ data with a mathematical model, we estimated that, despite some negative consequences of glacial meltwater release, such emerging coastal waters could mitigate climate change by increasing carbon uptake and storage by sediments.
Mallory C. Ringham, Nathan Hirtle, Cody Shaw, Xi Lu, Julian Herndon, Brendan R. Carter, and Matthew D. Eisaman
Biogeosciences, 21, 3551–3570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the oceans to store atmospheric CO2 as dissolved bicarbonate. We monitored CO2 uptake in seawater treated with NaOH to establish operational boundaries for carbon removal experiments. Results show that CO2 equilibration occurred on the order of weeks to months, was consistent with values expected from equilibration calculations, and was limited by mineral precipitation at high pH and CaCO3 saturation.
Riel Carlo O. Ingeniero, Gesa Schulz, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 21, 3425–3440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research is the first to measure dissolved NO concentrations in temperate estuarine waters, providing insights into its distribution under varying conditions and enhancing our understanding of its production processes. Dissolved NO was supersaturated in the Elbe Estuary, indicating that it is a source of atmospheric NO. The observed distribution of dissolved NO most likely resulted from nitrification.
Weiyi Tang, Jeff Talbott, Timothy Jones, and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 21, 3239–3250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known to be hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the impact of WWTPs on the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O in downstream aquatic environments is less constrained. We found spatially and temporally variable but overall higher N2O concentrations and fluxes in waters downstream of WWTPs, pointing to the need for efficient N2O removal in addition to the treatment of nitrogen in WWTPs.
Daniel Müller, Bo Liu, Walter Geibert, Moritz Holtappels, Lasse Sander, Elda Miramontes, Heidi Taubner, Susann Henkel, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Denise Bethke, Ingrid Dohrmann, and Sabine Kasten
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1632, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1632, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal and shelf sediments are the most important sinks for organic carbon (OC) on Earth. We produced a new high-resolution sediment and pore-water dataset from the Helgoland Mud Area (HMA), North Sea, to determine, which depositional factors control the preservation of OC. The burial efficiency is highest in an area of high sedimentation and terrigenous OC. The HMA covers 0.09 % of the North Sea, but accounts for 0.76 % of its OC accumulation, highlighting the importance of the depocentre.
Deep S. Banerjee and Jozef Skakala
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.171405637.76928549/v1, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.171405637.76928549/v1, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrate is a crucial nutrient in oceans. Excess nutrients can trigger uncontrolled algae growth (eutrophication), damaging marine ecosystems. We used a machine learning tool to generate a skilled, gap-free, bi-decadal surface nitrate dataset from sparse observations. This dataset reveals areas on the North West European Shelf at risk of eutrophication, bi-decadal trends in coastal nitrate, and an impact of winter nitrate on spring phytoplankton blooms.
Amanda Y. L. Cheong, Kogila Vani Annammala, Ee Ling Yong, Yongli Zhou, Robert S. Nichols, and Patrick Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 2955–2971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured nutrients and dissolved organic matter for 1 year in a eutrophic tropical estuary to understand their sources and cycling. Our data show that the dissolved organic matter originates partly from land and partly from microbial processes in the water. Internal recycling is likely important for maintaining high nutrient concentrations, and we found that there is often excess nitrogen compared to silicon and phosphorus. Our data help to explain how eutrophication persists in this system.
Darren Pilcher, Jessica Cross, Natalie Monacci, Linquan Mu, Kelly Kearney, Albert Hermann, and Wei Cheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1096, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1096, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Bering Sea shelf is a highly productive marine ecosystem that is vulnerable to ocean acidification. We use a computational model to simulate the carbon cycle and acidification rates from 1970–2022. The results suggest that bottom water acidification rates are more than twice as great as surface rates. Bottom waters are also naturally more acidic, thus these waters will pass key thresholds known to negatively impact marine organisms, such as red king crab, much sooner than surface waters.
Aaron Ferderer, Kai G. Schulz, Ulf Riebesell, Kirralee G. Baker, Zanna Chase, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising method of atmospheric carbon removal; however, its ecological impacts remain largely unknown. We assessed the effects of simulated silicate- and calcium-based mineral OAE on diatom silicification. We found that increased silicate concentrations from silicate-based OAE increased diatom silicification. In contrast, the enhancement of alkalinity had no effect on community silicification and minimal effects on the silicification of different genera.
David González-Santana, María Segovia, Melchor González-Dávila, Librada Ramírez, Aridane G. González, Leonardo J. Pozzo-Pirotta, Veronica Arnone, Victor Vázquez, Ulf Riebesell, and J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 2705–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a recent experiment off the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain), scientists explored a method called ocean alkalinization enhancement (OAE), where carbonate minerals were added to seawater. This process changed the levels of certain ions in the water, affecting its pH and buffering capacity. The researchers were particularly interested in how this could impact the levels of essential trace metals in the water.
Lucas Porz, Wenyan Zhang, Nils Christiansen, Jan Kossack, Ute Daewel, and Corinna Schrum
Biogeosciences, 21, 2547–2570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor sediments store a large amount of carbon, helping to naturally regulate Earth's climate. If disturbed, some sediment particles can turn into CO2, but this effect is not well understood. Using computer simulations, we found that bottom-contacting fishing gears release about 1 million tons of CO2 per year in the North Sea, one of the most heavily fished regions globally. We show how protecting certain areas could reduce these emissions while also benefitting seafloor-living animals.
Jiaying A. Guo, Robert F. Strzepek, Kerrie M. Swadling, Ashley T. Townsend, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement aims to increase atmospheric CO2 sequestration by adding alkaline materials to the ocean. We assessed the environmental effects of olivine and steel slag powder on coastal plankton. Overall, slag is more efficient than olivine in releasing total alkalinity and, thus, in its ability to sequester CO2. Slag also had less environmental effect on the enclosed plankton communities when considering its higher CO2 removal potential based on this 3-week experiment.
Giovanni Galli, Sarah Wakelin, James Harle, Jason Holt, and Yuri Artioli
Biogeosciences, 21, 2143–2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows that, under a high-emission scenario, oxygen concentration in deep water of parts of the North Sea and Celtic Sea can become critically low (hypoxia) towards the end of this century. The extent and frequency of hypoxia depends on the intensity of climate change projected by different climate models. This is the result of a complex combination of factors like warming, increase in stratification, changes in the currents and changes in biological processes.
Sandy E. Tenorio and Laura Farías
Biogeosciences, 21, 2029–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Time series studies show that CH4 is highly dynamic on the coastal ocean surface and planktonic communities are linked to CH4 accumulation, as found in coastal upwelling off Chile. We have identified the crucial role of picoplankton (> 3 µm) in CH4 recycling, especially with the addition of methylated substrates (trimethylamine and methylphosphonic acid) during upwelling and non-upwelling periods. These insights improve understanding of surface ocean CH4 recycling, aiding CH4 emission estimates.
Charlotte A. J. Williams, Tom Hull, Jan Kaiser, Claire Mahaffey, Naomi Greenwood, Matthew Toberman, and Matthew R. Palmer
Biogeosciences, 21, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen (O2) is a key indicator of ocean health. The risk of O2 loss in the productive coastal/continental slope regions is increasing. Autonomous underwater vehicles equipped with O2 optodes provide lots of data but have problems resolving strong vertical O2 changes. Here we show how to overcome this and calculate how much O2 is supplied to the low-O2 bottom waters via mixing. Bursts in mixing supply nearly all of the O2 to bottom waters in autumn, stopping them reaching ecologically low levels.
Sabine Schmidt and Ibrahima Iris Diallo
Biogeosciences, 21, 1785–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Along the French coast facing the Bay of Biscay, the large Gironde and Loire estuaries suffer from hypoxia. This prompted a study of the small Charente estuary located between them. This work reveals a minimum oxygen zone in the Charente estuary, which extends for about 25 km. Temperature is the main factor controlling the hypoxia. This calls for the monitoring of small turbid macrotidal estuaries that are vulnerable to hypoxia, a risk expected to increase with global warming.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Samantha Siedlecki, and Dana Greeley
Biogeosciences, 21, 1639–1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new multi-stressor data product that allows us to characterize the seasonality of temperature, O2, and CO2 in the southern Salish Sea and delivers insights into the impacts of major marine heatwave and precipitation anomalies on regional ocean acidification and hypoxia. We also describe the present-day frequencies of temperature, O2, and ocean acidification conditions that cross thresholds of sensitive regional species that are economically or ecologically important.
Pamela Linford, Iván Pérez-Santos, Paulina Montero, Patricio A. Díaz, Claudia Aracena, Elías Pinilla, Facundo Barrera, Manuel Castillo, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Mónica Alvarado, Gabriel Soto, Cécile Pujol, Camila Schwerter, Sara Arenas-Uribe, Pilar Navarro, Guido Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Robinson Altamirano, Javiera San Martín, and Camila Soto-Riquelme
Biogeosciences, 21, 1433–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Patagonian fjords comprise a world region where low-oxygen water and hypoxia conditions are observed. An in situ dataset was used to quantify the mechanism involved in the presence of these conditions in northern Patagonian fjords. Water mass analysis confirmed the contribution of Equatorial Subsurface Water in the advection of the low-oxygen water, and hypoxic conditions occurred when the community respiration rate exceeded the gross primary production.
Ting Wang, Buyun Du, Inke Forbrich, Jun Zhou, Joshua Polen, Elsie M. Sunderland, Prentiss H. Balcom, Celia Chen, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 21, 1461–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The strong seasonal increases of Hg in aboveground biomass during the growing season and the lack of changes observed after senescence in this salt marsh ecosystem suggest physiologically controlled Hg uptake pathways. The Hg sources found in marsh aboveground tissues originate from a mix of sources, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, where atmospheric GEM is the main source. Belowground plant tissues mostly take up Hg from soils. Overall, the salt marsh currently serves as a small net Hg sink.
Eleanor Simpson, Debby Ianson, Karen E. Kohfeld, Ana C. Franco, Paul A. Covert, Marty Davelaar, and Yves Perreault
Biogeosciences, 21, 1323–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Shellfish aquaculture operates in nearshore areas where data on ocean acidification parameters are limited. We show daily and seasonal variability in pH and saturation states of calcium carbonate at nearshore aquaculture sites in British Columbia, Canada, and determine the contributing drivers of this variability. We find that nearshore locations have greater variability than open waters and that the uptake of carbon by phytoplankton is the major driver of pH and saturation state variability.
S. Alejandra Castillo Cieza, Rachel H. R. Stanley, Pierre Marrec, Diana N. Fontaine, E. Taylor Crockford, Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr., Arshia Mehta, Susanne Menden-Deuer, Emily E. Peacock, Tatiana A. Rynearson, Zoe O. Sandwith, Weifeng Zhang, and Heidi M. Sosik
Biogeosciences, 21, 1235–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The coastal ocean in the northeastern USA provides many services, including fisheries and habitats for threatened species. In summer 2019, a bloom occurred of a large unusual phytoplankton, the diatom Hemiaulus, with nitrogen-fixing symbionts. This led to vast changes in productivity and grazing rates in the ecosystem. This work shows that the emergence of one species can have profound effects on ecosystem function. Such changes may become more prevalent as the ocean warms due to climate change.
William Hiles, Lucy C. Miller, Craig Smeaton, and William E. N. Austin
Biogeosciences, 21, 929–948, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Saltmarsh soils may help to limit the rate of climate change by storing carbon. To understand their impacts, they must be accurately mapped. We use drone data to estimate the size of three saltmarshes in NE Scotland. We find that drone imagery, combined with tidal data, can reliably inform our understanding of saltmarsh size. When compared with previous work using vegetation communities, we find that our most reliable new estimates of stored carbon are 15–20 % smaller than previously estimated.
De'Marcus Robinson, Anh L. D. Pham, David J. Yousavich, Felix Janssen, Frank Wenzhöfer, Eleanor C. Arrington, Kelsey M. Gosselin, Marco Sandoval-Belmar, Matthew Mar, David L. Valentine, Daniele Bianchi, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 773–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present study suggests that high release of ferrous iron from the seafloor of the oxygen-deficient Santa Barabara Basin (California) supports surface primary productivity, creating positive feedback on seafloor iron release by enhancing low-oxygen conditions in the basin.
David J. Yousavich, De'Marcus Robinson, Xuefeng Peng, Sebastian J. E. Krause, Frank Wenzhöfer, Felix Janssen, Na Liu, Jonathan Tarn, Franklin Kinnaman, David L. Valentine, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 789–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Declining oxygen (O2) concentrations in coastal oceans can threaten people’s ways of life and food supplies. Here, we investigate how mats of bacteria that proliferate on the seafloor of the Santa Barbara Basin sustain and potentially worsen these O2 depletion events through their unique chemoautotrophic metabolism. Our study shows how changes in seafloor microbiology and geochemistry brought on by declining O2 concentrations can help these mats grow as well as how that growth affects the basin.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Lina Garcia Suarez, and Jasmin G. John
Biogeosciences, 21, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We downscaled two mid-century (~2075) ocean model projections to a high-resolution regional ocean model of the northwest North Atlantic (NA) shelf. In one projection, the NA shelf break current practically disappears; in the other it remains almost unchanged. This leads to a wide range of possible future shelf properties. More accurate projections of coastal circulation features would narrow the range of possible outcomes of biogeochemical projections for shelf regions.
Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a widely considered marine carbon dioxide removal method. OAE aims to accelerate chemical rock weathering, which is a natural process that slowly sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. This study shows that the addition of anthropogenic alkalinity via OAE can reduce the natural release of alkalinity and, therefore, reduce the efficiency of OAE for climate mitigation. However, the additionality problem could be mitigated via a variety of activities.
Tsuneo Ono, Daisuke Muraoka, Masahiro Hayashi, Makiko Yorifuji, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Omoto, Takehiro Tanaka, Tomohiro Okamura, Goh Onitsuka, Kenji Sudo, Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, and Masahide Wakita
Biogeosciences, 21, 177–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out parallel year-round observations of pH and related parameters in five stations around the Japan coast. It was found that short-term acidified situations with Omega_ar less than 1.5 occurred at four of five stations. Most of such short-term acidified events were related to the short-term low salinity event, and the extent of short-term pH drawdown at high freshwater input was positively correlated with the nutrient concentration of the main rivers that flow into the coastal area.
K. Mareike Paul, Martijn Hermans, Sami A. Jokinen, Inda Brinkmann, Helena L. Filipsson, and Tom Jilbert
Biogeosciences, 20, 5003–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seawater naturally contains trace metals such as Mo and U, which accumulate under low oxygen conditions on the seafloor. Previous studies have used sediment Mo and U contents as an archive of changing oxygen concentrations in coastal waters. Here we show that in fjords the use of Mo and U for this purpose may be impaired by additional processes. Our findings have implications for the reliable use of Mo and U to reconstruct oxygen changes in fjords.
Hannah Sharpe, Michel Gosselin, Catherine Lalande, Alexandre Normandeau, Jean-Carlos Montero-Serrano, Khouloud Baccara, Daniel Bourgault, Owen Sherwood, and Audrey Limoges
Biogeosciences, 20, 4981–5001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact of submarine canyon processes within the Pointe-des-Monts system on biogenic matter export and phytoplankton assemblages. Using data from three oceanographic moorings, we show that the canyon experienced two low-amplitude sediment remobilization events in 2020–2021 that led to enhanced particle fluxes in the deep-water column layer > 2.6 km offshore. Sinking phytoplankton fluxes were lower near the canyon compared to background values from the lower St. Lawrence Estuary.
Dewi Langlet, Florian Mermillod-Blondin, Noémie Deldicq, Arthur Bauville, Gwendoline Duong, Lara Konecny, Mylène Hugoni, Lionel Denis, and Vincent M. P. Bouchet
Biogeosciences, 20, 4875–4891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Benthic foraminifera are single-cell marine organisms which can move in the sediment column. They were previously reported to horizontally and vertically transport sediment particles, yet the impact of their motion on the dissolved fluxes remains unknown. Using microprofiling, we show here that foraminiferal burrow formation increases the oxygen penetration depth in the sediment, leading to a change in the structure of the prokaryotic community.
Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, Lawrence Patrick Cases Bernardo, Tsuneo Ono, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Oomoto, Masahide Wakita, and Takehiro Tanaka
Biogeosciences, 20, 4527–4549, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study of the current and future impacts of climate change on Pacific oyster farming in Japan. Future coastal warming and acidification may affect oyster larvae as a result of longer exposure to lower-pH waters. A prolonged spawning period may harm oyster processing by shortening the shipping period and reducing oyster quality. To minimize impacts on Pacific oyster farming, in addition to mitigation measures, local adaptation measures may be required.
Taketoshi Kodama, Atsushi Nishimoto, Ken-ichi Nakamura, Misato Nakae, Naoki Iguchi, Yosuke Igeta, and Yoichi Kogure
Biogeosciences, 20, 3667–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon and nitrogen are essential elements for organisms; their stable isotope ratios (13C : 12C, 15N : 14N) are useful tools for understanding turnover and movement in the ocean. In the Sea of Japan, the environment is rapidly being altered by human activities. The 13C : 12C of small organic particles is increased by active carbon fixation, and phytoplankton growth increases the values. The 15N : 14N variations suggest that nitrates from many sources contribute to organic production.
Cited articles
Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A., Dickson, A. G., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Juranek, L. W., Ohman, M. D., and Goericke, R.: Robust empirical relationships for estimating the carbonate system in the southern California Current System and application to CalCOFI hydrographic cruise data (2005–2011), J. Geophys. Res., 117, C05033, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007511, 2012.
AMAP: AMAP Assessment 2018: Arctic Ocean Acidification, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Tromsø, Norway, vi+187 pp., https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/AMAP-Assessment-2018-Arctic-Ocean-Acidification/1659 (last access: 10 April 2022), 2018.
Arrigo, K. R. and van Dijken, G. L.: Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production, Prog. Oceanogr., 136, 60–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002, 2015.
Arrigo, K. R., Mills, M. M., van Dijken, G. L., Lowry, K. E., Pickart, R. S., and Schlitzer, R.: Late Spring Nitrate Distributions Beneath the Ice-Covered Northeastern Chukchi Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 2409–2417, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003881, 2017.
Asahara, Y., Takeuchi, F., Nagashima, K., Harada, N., Yamamoto, K., Oguri, K., and Tadai, O.: Provenance of terrigenous detritus of the surface sediments in the Bering and Chukchi Seas as derived from Sr and Nd isotopes: Implications for recent climate change in the Arctic regions, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 61–64, 155–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.12.004, 2012.
Bates, N.: Assessing ocean acidification variability in the Pacific-Arctic region as part of the Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic, Oceanography, 28, 36–45, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog, 2015.
Bates, N. R., Mathis, J. T., and Cooper, L. W.: Ocean acidification and biologically induced seasonality of carbonate mineral saturation states in the western Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C11007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004862, 2009.
Bednaršek, N., Calosi, P., Feely, R. A., Ambrose, R., Byrne, M., Chan, K. Y. K., Dupont, S., Padilla-Gamiño, J. L., Spicer, J. I., Kessouri, F., Roethler, M., Sutula, M., and Weisberg, S. B.: Synthesis of thresholds of ocean acidification impacts on echinoderms, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 602601, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.602601, 2021.
Bittig, H. C., Steinhoff, T., Claustre, H., Fiedler, B., Williams, N. L., Sauzède, R., Körtzinger, A., and Gattuso, J.-P.: An alternative to static climatologies: robust estimation of open ocean CO2 variables and nutrient concentrations from T, S, and O2 data using Bayesian neural networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 328, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00328, 2018.
Blanchard, A. L., Parris, C. L., Knowlton, A. L., and Wade, N. R.: Benthic ecology of the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Part I. Environmental characteristics and macrofaunal community structure, 2008–2010, Cont. Shelf Res., 67, 52–66, 2013.
Boucher, O., Denvil, S., Levavasseur, G., Cozic, A., Caubel, A., Foujols, M.-A., Meurdesoif, Y., Balkanski, Y., Checa-Garcia, R., Hauglustaine, D., Bekki, S., and Marchand, M.: IPSL IPSL-CM6A-LR-INCA model output prepared for CMIP6 AerChemMIP, Earth System Grid Federation, https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.13581, 2020.
Boyd, P. W., Collins, S., Dupont, S., Fabricius, K., Gattuso, J.-P., Havenhand, J., Hutchins, D. A., Riebesell, U., Rintoul, M. S., Vichi, M., Biswas, H., Ciotti, A., Gao, K., Gehlen, M., Hurd, C. L., Kurihara, H., McGraw, C. M., Navarro, J. M., Nilsson, G. E., Passow, U., and Pörtner, H.-O.: Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change – A review, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 2239–2261, 2018.
Breitberg, D., Salisbury, J., Bernhard, J., Cai, W.-J., Dupont, S., Doney, S., Kroeker, K., Levin, L. A., Long, W. C., Milke, L. M., Miller S. H., Phelan, B., Passow, U., Seibel, B. A., Todgham, A. E., and Tarrant, A. M.: And on top of all that… Coping with ocean acidification in the midst of many stressors, Oceanography, 25, 48–61, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.31, 2015.
Bresnahan, P. J., Martz, T. R., Takeshita, Y., Johnson, K. S., and LaShomb, M.: Best practices for autonomous measurement of seawater pH with the Honeywell Durafet, Methods Oceanogr., 9, 44–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2014.08.003, 2014.
Brodzik, M. J. and Knowles, K. W.: Chapter 5: EASE-Grid: A Versatile Set of Equal-Area Projections and Grids, in: Discrete Global Grids: A Web Book, edited by: Goodchild, M. F., Santa Barbara, California USA, National Center for Geographic Information & Analysis, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9492q6sm (last access: 25 February 2023), 2002.
Buschman, V. Q. and Sudlovenick, E.: Indigenous-led conservation in the Arctic supports global conservation practices, Arctic Sci., 9, 714–719, https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0025, 2022.
Carmack, E. and Wassmann, P.: Food webs and physical–biological coupling on pan-Arctic shelves: unifying concepts and comprehensive perspectives, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 446–477, 2006.
Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Williams, N. L., Dickson, A. G., Fong, M. B., and Takeshita, Y.: Updated methods for global locally interpolated estimation of alkalinity, pH, and nitrate, Methods Limnology and Oceanography, 16, 119–131, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10232, 2018.
Chatterjee, S. and Hadi, A. S.: Influential Observations, High Leverage Points, and Outliers in Linear Regression, Stat. Sci., 1, 379–416, https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177013622, 1986.
Corlett, W. B. and Pickart, R. S.: The Chukchi slope current, Prog. Oceanogr., 153, 50–65, 2017.
Cross, J. N., Monacci, N. M., Bell, S. W., Grebmeier, J. M., Mordy, C., Pickart, R. S., and Stabeno, P. J.: Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and other variables collected from discrete samples and profile observations from United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Healy cruise HLY1702 (EXPOCODE 33HQ20170826) in the Bering and Chukchi Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2017-08-26 to 2017-09-15 (NCEI Accession 0208337), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/pks4-4p43, 2020a.
Cross, J. N., Monacci, N. M., Bell, S. W., Grebmeier, J. M., Mordy, C., Pickart, R. S., and Stabeno, P. J.: Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and other parameters collected from discrete sample and profile observations during the USCGC Healy cruise HLY1801 (EXPOCODE 33HQ20180807) in the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2018-08-07 to 2018-08-24 (NCEI Accession 0221911), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/xc4b-xh20, 2020b.
Cross, J. N., Monacci, N. M., Bell, S. W., Grebmeier, J. M., Mordy, C., Pickart, Robert S., and Stabeno, P. J.: Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) and other hydrographic and chemical data collected from discrete sample and profile observations during the United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Healy cruise HLY1901 (EXPOCODE 33HQ20190806) in the Bering and Chukchi Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2019-08-06 to 2019-08-22 (NCEI Accession 0243277). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/b5s5-py61, 2021.
Cullison-Gray, S. E., DeGrandpre, M. D., Moore, T. S., Martz, T. R., Friederich, G. E., and Johnson, K. S.: Applications of in situ pH measurements for inorganic carbon calculations, Mar. Chem., 125, 82–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.02.005, 2011.
Daniel, A., Laës-Huon, A., Barus, C., Beaton, A. D., Blandfort, D., Guigues, N., Knockaert, M., Munaron, D., Salter, I., Woodward, E. M. S., Greenwood, N., and Achterberg, E. P.: Toward a harmonization for using in situ nutrient sensors in the marine environment, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 773, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00773, 2020.
Danielson, S. L., Iken, K., Hauri, C., Hopcroft, R. R., McDonnell, A. M., Winsor, P., Lalande, C., Grebmeier, J. M., Cooper, L. W., Horne, J. K., and Stafford, K. M.: Collaborative approaches to multi-disciplinary monitoring of the Chukchi shelf marine ecosystem: Networks of networks for maintaining long-term Arctic observations, in: OCEANS 2017-Anchorage, 1–7, IEEE, 2017.
Danielson, S. L., Ahkinga, O., Ashjian, C., Basyuk, E., Cooper, L. W., Eisner, L., Farley, E., Iken, K. B., Grebmeier, J. M., Juranek, L., Khen, G., Jayne, S. R., Kikuchi, T., Ladd, C., Lu, K., McCabe, R. M., Moore, G. W. K., Nishino, S., Ozenna, F., Pickart, R. S., Polyakov, I., Stabeno, P. J., Thoman, R., Williams, W. J., Wood, K., and Weingartner, T. J.: Manifestation and consequences of warming and altered heat fluxes over the Bering and Chukchi Sea continental shelves, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 177, 104781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104781, 2020.
DeGrandpre, M. D., Lai, C.-Z., Timmermans, M.-L., Krishfield, R. A., Proshutinsky, A., and Torres, D.: Inorganic Carbon and pCO2 Variability During Ice Formation in the Beaufort Gyre of the Canada Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 4017–4028, 2019.
Dickson, A. G.: Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 37, 755–766, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90004-F, 1990.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R.: Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements, PICES, Sydney, 191 pp., https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/Handbook_2007.html (last access: 5 March 2024), 2007.
DiGirolamo, N. E., Parkinson, C. L., Cavalieri, D. J., Gloersen, P., and Zwally, H. J.: Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, Version 2, Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/MPYG15WAA4WX, 2022.
Dorey, N., Lançon, P., Thorndyke, M., and Dupont, S.: Assessing physiological tipping point of sea urchin larvae exposed to a broad range of pH, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 3355–3367, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12276, 2013.
Doney, S. C., Busch, D. S., Cooley, S. R., and Kroeker, K. J.: The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 45, 83–112, 2020.
Duke, P. J., Else, B. G. T., Jones, S. F., Marriot, S., Ahmed, M. M. M., Nandan, V., Butterworth, B., Gonski, S. F., Dewey, R., Sastri, A., Miller, L. A., Simpson, K. G., and Thomas, H.: Seasonal marine carbon system processes in an Arctic coastal landfast sea ice environment observed with an innovative underwater sensor platform, Elementa, 9, 00103, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00103, 2021.
Fang, Y. C., Weingartner, T. J., Dobbins, E. L., Winsor, P., Statscewich, H., Potter, R. A., Mudge, T. D., Stoudt, C. A., and Borg, K.: Circulation and thermohaline variability of the Hanna Shoal region on the northeastern Chukchi Sea shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015639, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015639, 2020.
Fietzek, P., Fiedler, B., Steinhoff, T., and Körtzinger, A.: In situ quality assessment of a novel underwater CO2 sensor based on membrane equilibration and NDIR spectrometry, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 181–196, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00083.1, 2014.
Gianguzza, P., Visconti, G., Gianguzza, F., Vizzini, S., Sarà, G., and Dupont, S.: Temperature modulates the response of the thermophilous sea urchin Arbacia lixula early life stages to CO2-driven acidification, Mar. Environ. Res., 93, 70–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.07.008, 2014.
Goethel, C. L., Grebmeier, J. M., Cooper, L. W., and Miller, T. J.: Implications of ocean acidification in the Pacific Arctic: Experimental responses of three Arctic bivalves to decreased pH and food availability, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 144, 112–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.08.013, 2017.
Gonzalez, S., Horne, J. K., and Danielson, S. L.: Multi-scale temporal variability in biological-physical associations in the NE Chukchi Sea, Polar Biol., 44, 837–855, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02844-1, 2021.
Grebmeier, J. M., Bluhm, B. A., Cooper, L. W., Danielson, S. L., Arrigo, K. R., Blanchard, A. L., Clarke, J. T., Day, R. H., Frey, K. E., Gradinger, R. R., Kędra, M., Konar, B., Kuletz, K. J., Lee, S. H., Lovvorn, J. R., Norcross, B. L., and Okkonen, S. R.: Ecosystem characteristics and processes facilitating persistent macrobenthic biomass hotspots and associated benthivory in the Pacific Arctic, Prog. Oceanogr., 136, 92–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.006, 2015.
Hauri, C. and Irving, B.: pCO2 time series measurements from the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory CEO2 mooring deployed at 33 meters depth in the Northeast Chukchi Sea, version: 10.24431_rw1k7dq_20230531T123002Z, Research Workspace [data set], https://doi.org/10.24431/rw1k7dq, 2023a.
Hauri, C. and Irving, B.: pH, temperature, salinity, and oxygen time series measurements from the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory CEO2 mooring deployed at 33 meters depth in the Northeast Chukchi Sea, version: 10.24431_rw1k7dp_20230531T121136Z, Research Workspace [data set], https://doi.org/10.24431/rw1k7dp, 2023b.
Hauri, C., Gruber, N., Vogt, M., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Lachkar, Z., Leinweber, A., McDonnell, A. M. P., Munnich, M., and Plattner, G.-K.: Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System, Biogeosciences, 10, 193–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013, 2013.
Hauri, C., Danielson, S., McDonnell, A. M. P., Hopcroft, R. R., Winsor, P., Shipton, P., Lalande, C., Stafford, K. M., Horne, J. K., Cooper, L. W., Grebmeier, J. M., Mahoney, A., Maisch, K., McCammon, M., Statscewich, H., Sybrandy, A., and Weingartner, T.: From sea ice to seals: a moored marine ecosystem observatory in the Arctic, Ocean Sci., 14, 1423–1433, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1423-2018, 2018.
Hauri, C., Pagès, R., McDonnell, A. M. P., Stuecker, M. F., Danielson, S. L., Hedstrom, K., Irving, B., Schultz, C., and Doney, S. C.: Modulation of ocean acidification by decadal climate variability in the Gulf of Alaska, Commun. Earth Environ, 2, 191, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00254-z, 2021.
Hauser, D. D. W., Whiting, A. V., Mahoney, A. R., Goodwin, J., Harris, C., Schaeffer, R. J., Schaeffer, R., Laxague, N. J. M., Subramaniam, A., Witte, C. R., Betcher, S., Lindsay, J. M., and Zappa, C. J.: Co-production of knowledge reveals loss of Indigenous hunting opportunities in the face of accelerating Arctic climate change, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 095003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1a36, 2021.
Hayes, D., Kemme, J., and Hauri C.: Ocean greenhouse gas monitoring: new autonomous platform to measure pCO2, methane, Sea Technol., 63, 13–16, https://lsc-pagepro.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?i=764237&p=13&view=issueViewer (last access: 25 July 2023), 2022.
Hennon, T. D., Danielson, S. L., Woodgate, R. A., Irving, B., Stockwell, D. A., and Mordy, C. W.: Mooring Measurements of Anadyr Current Nitrate, Phosphate, and Silicate Enable Updated Bering Strait Nutrient Flux Estimates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098908, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098908, 2022.
Holmes, R. M., McClelland, J. W., Tank, S. E., Spencer, R. G. M., and Shiklomanov, A. I.: Arctic Great Rivers Observatory, Water Quality [data set], https://www.arcticgreatrivers.org/data (last access: 25 January 2023), 2021.
Horowitz, L. W., Naik, V., Sentman, L., Paulot, F., Blanton, C., McHugh, C., Radhakrishnan, A., Rand, K., Vahlenkamp, H., Zadeh, N. T., Wilson, C., Ginoux, P., He, J., John, J. G., Lin, M., Paynter, D. J., Ploshay, J., Zhang, A., and Zeng, Y.: NOAA-GFDL GFDL-ESM4 model output prepared for CMIP6 AerChemMIP hist-1950HC, Earth System Grid Federation, https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.8568, 2018.
Huntington, H. P., Danielson, S. L., Wiese, F. K., Baker, M., Boveng, P., Citta, J. J., De Robertis, A., Dickson, D. M. S., Farley, E., George, J. C., Iken, K., Kimmel, D. G., Kuletz, K., Ladd, C., Levine, R., Quakenbush, L., Stabeno, P., Stafford, K. M., Stockwell, D., and Wilson, C.: Evidence suggests potential transformation of the Pacific Arctic ecosystem is underway, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 342–348, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0695-2, 2020.
Huntington, H. P., Zagorsky, A., Kaltenborn, B. P., Shin, H. C., Dawson, J., Lukin, M., Dahl, P. E., Guo, P., and Thomas, D. N.: Societal implications of a changing Arctic Ocean, Ambio, 51, 298–306, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01601-2, 2022.
ICC: Alaskan Inuit food security conceptual framework: how to assess the Arctic from an Inuit perspective, Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska, Anchorage, Inuit Circumpolar Council, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1695, 2015.
Irving, B.: SUNA_V2_processing, GitHub repository [code], https://github.com/britairving/SUNA_V2_processing (last access: 24 September 2022), 2021.
Islam, F., DeGrandpre, M. D., Beatty, C. M., Timmermanns, M.-L., Krishfield, R. A., Toole, J. M., and Laney, S. R.: Sea surface pCO2 and O2 dynamics in the partially ice-covered Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 1425–1438, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012162, 2017.
Jay, C. V., Fischbach, A. S., and Kochnev, A. A.: Walrus areas of use in the Chukchi Sea during sparse sea ice cover, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 468, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10057, 2012.
Jiang, L.-Q., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Greeley, D., Barbero, L., Alin, S., Carter, B. R., Pierrot, D., Featherstone, C., Hooper, J., Melrose, C., Monacci, N., Sharp, J. D., Shellito, S., Xu, Y.-Y., Kozyr, A., Byrne, R. H., Cai, W.-J., Cross, J., Johnson, G. C., Hales, B., Langdon, C., Mathis, J., Salisbury, J., and Townsend, D. W.: Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA) – an internally consistent data product for discrete inorganic carbon, oxygen, and nutrients on the North American ocean margins, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021.
Jung, J., Son, J. E., Lee, Y. K., Cho, K.-H., Lee, Y., Yang, E. J., Kang, S.-H., and Hur, J.: Tracing riverine dissolved organic carbon and its transport to the halocline layer in the Chukchi Sea (western Arctic Ocean) using humic-like fluorescence fingerprinting, Sci. Total Environ., 772, 145542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145542, 2021.
Juranek, L. W., Feely, R. A., Peterson, W. T., Alin, S. R., Hales, B., Lee, K., Sabine, C. L., and Peterson, J.: A novel method for determination of aragonite saturation state on the continental shelf of central Oregon using multi-parameter relationships with hydrographic data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040778, 2009.
Juranek, L. W., Feely, R. A., Gilbert, D., Freeland, H., and Miller, L. A.: Real-time estimation of pH and aragonite saturation state from Argo profiling floats: Prospects for an autonomous carbon observing strategy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl048580, 2011.
Koch, C. W., Cooper, L. W., Lalande, C., Brown, T. A., Frey, K. E., and Grebmeier, J. M.: Seasonal and latitudinal variations in sea ice algae deposition in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas determined by algal biomarkers, PLoS ONE, 15, e0231178, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231178, 2020.
Kroeker, K. J., Powell, C., and Donham, E. M.: Windows of vulnerability: Seasonal mismatches in exposure and resource identity determine ocean acidification's effect on a primary consumer at high latitude, Glob. Change Biol., 27, 1042–1051, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15449, 2021.
Kuletz, K. J., Ferguson, M. C., Hurley, B., Gall, A. E., Labunski, E. A., and Morgan, T. C.: Seasonal spatial patterns in seabird and marine mammal distribution in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort seas: Identifying biologically important pelagic areas, Prog. Oceanogr., 136, 175–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.012, 2015.
Lalande, C., Grebmeier, J. M., Hopcroft, R. R., and Danielson, S. L.: Annual cycle of export fluxes of biogenic matter near Hanna Shoal in the northeast Chukchi Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 177, 104730, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104730, 2020.
Lalande, C., Grebmeier, J. M., McDonnell, A. M. P., Hopcroft, R. R., O'Daly, S., and Danielson, S. L.: Impact of a warm anomaly in the Pacific Arctic region derived from time-series export fluxes, PLOS ONE, 16, e0255837, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255837, 2021.
Lauvset, S. K., Lange, N., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H. C., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Álvarez, M., Becker, S., Brown, P. J., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jutterström, S., Jones, S. D., Karlsen, M. K., Lo Monaco, C., Michaelis, P., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., Wanninkhof, R., Woosley, R. J., and Key, R. M.: An updated version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, GLODAPv2.2021, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021.
Lee, K., Kim, T.-W., Byrne, R. H., Millero, F. J., Feely, R. A., and Liu, Y.-M.: The universal ratio of boron to chlorinity for the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 1801–1811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.027, 2010.
Lewis, E. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn., 38 pp., https://salish-sea.pnnl.gov/media/ORNL-CDIAC-105.pdf (last access: 24 April 2019), 1998.
Lewis, K. M., van Dijken, G. L., and Arrigo, K. R.: Changes in phytoplankton concentration now drive increased Arctic Ocean primary production, Science, 369, 198–202, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8380, 2020.
Li, B., Watanabe, Y. W., and Yamaguchi, A.: Spatiotemporal distribution of seawater pH in the North Pacific subpolar region by using the parameterization technique, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 3435–3449, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011615, 2016.
Licker, R., Ekwurzel, B., Doney, S. C., Cooley, S. R., Lima, I. D., Heede, R., and Frumhoff, P. C.: Attributing ocean acidification to major carbon producers, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 124060, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5abc, 2019.
Lueker, T. J., Dickson, A. G., and Keeling, C. D.: Ocean pCO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K1 and K2: validation based on laboratory measurements of CO2 in gas and seawater at equilibrium, Mar. Chem., 70, 105–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00022-0, 2000.
Mathis, J. T. and Questel, J. M.: Assessing seasonal changes in carbonate parameters across small spatial gradients in the Northeastern Chukchi Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 67, 42–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.04.041, 2013.
Martz, T. R., Connery, J. G., and Johnson, K. S.: Testing the Honeywell Durafet for seawater pH applications, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 8, 172–184, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2010.8.172, 2010.
McDougall, T. J. and Barker, P. M.: Getting started with TEOS-10 and the Gibbs Seawater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox, 28 pp., SCOR/IAPSO WG127, ISBN 978-0-646-55621-5, 2011.
Monacci, N. M., Cross, J. N., Pickart, R. S., Juranek, L. W., McRaven, L. T., and Becker, S.: Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) and other hydrographic and chemical data collected from discrete sample and profile observations aboard the RV Sikuliaq Cruise SKQ202014S (EXPOCODE 33BI20201025) in the Bering and Chukchi Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2020-10-25 to 2020-11-11 (NCEI Accession 0252613), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/pnsd-sv10, 2022.
Moore, S. E. and Stabeno, P. J.: Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) in marine ecosystems of the Pacific Arctic, Prog. Oceanogr., 136, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.017, 2015.
Moore, S. E., Clarke, J. T., Okkonen, S. R., Grebmeier, J. M., Berchok, C. L., and Stafford, K. M.: Changes in gray whale phenology and distribution related to prey variability and ocean biophysics in the northern Bering and eastern Chukchi seas, PLOS ONE, 17, e0265934, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265934, 2022.
Mordy, C. W., Bell, S., Cokelet, E. D., Ladd, C., Lebon, G., Proctor, P., Stabeno, P., Strausz, D., Wisegarver, E., and Wood, K.: Seasonal and interannual variability of nitrate in the eastern Chukchi Sea: Transport and winter replenishment, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 177, 104807, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104807, 2020.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine: Valuing Climate Damages: Updating Estimation of the Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide, The National Academies Press, Washington DC, https://doi.org/10.17226/24651, 2017.
Newton, J. A., Feely, R. A., Jewett, E. B., Williamson, P., and Mathis, J.: Global ocean acidification observing network: requirements and governance plan, GOA-ON, Washington, 61 pp., https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/06/goa-on-second-edition-2015.pdf (last access: 18 January 2021), 2015.
Orr, J. C.: Recent and future changes in ocean carbonate chemistry, in: Ocean acidification, edited by: Gattuso, J.-P. and Hansson, L., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 41–66, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0008, 2011.
Orr, J. C., Epitalon, J.-M., Dickson, A. G., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Routine uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system, Mar. Chem., 207, 84–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.006, 2018.
Orr, J. C., Kwiatkowski, L., and Pörtner, H. O.: Arctic Ocean annual high in pCO2 could shift from winter to summer, Nature, 610, 94–100, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05205-y, 2022.
Ouyang, Z., Collins, A., Li, Y., Qi, D., Arrigo, K. R., Zhuang, Y., Nishino, S., Humphreys, M. P., Kosugi, N., Murata, A., Kirchman, D. L., Chen, L., Chen, J., and Cai, W.-J.: Seasonal Water Mass Evolution and Non-Redfield Dynamics Enhance CO2 Uptake in the Chukchi Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC018326, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018326, 2022.
Payne, C. M., Bianucci, L., van Dijken, G. L., and Arrigo, K. R.: Changes in Under-Ice Primary Production in the Chukchi Sea From 1988 to 2018, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2021JC017483, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017483, 2021.
Perez, F. F. and Fraga, F.: Association constant of fluoride and hydrogen ions in seawater, Mar. Chem., 21, 161–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(87)90036-3, 1987.
Pipko, I. I., Semiletov, I. P., Tishchenko, P. Y., Pugach, S. P., and Christensen, J. P.: Carbonate chemistry dynamics in Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 55, 77–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00071-X, 2002.
Qi, D., Chen, L., Chen, B., Gao, Z., Zhong, W., Feely, R. A., Anderson, L. G., Sun, H., Chen, J., Chen, M., Zhan, L., Zhang, Y., and Cai, W.-J.: Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 195–199, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3228, 2017.
Qi, D., Ouyang, Z., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Lei, R., Chen, B., Feely, R. A., Anderson, L. G., Zhong, W., Lin, H., Polukhin, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Bi, H., Lin, X., Luo, Y., Zhuang, Y., He, J., Chen, J., and Cai, W. J.: Climate change drives rapid decadal acidification in the Arctic Ocean from 1994 to 2020, Science, 377, 1544–1550, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo0383, 2022a.
Qi, D., Wu, Y., Chen, L., Cai, W.-J., Ouyang, Z., Zhang, Y., Anderson, L. G., Feely, R. A., Zhuang, Y., Lin, H., Lei, R., and Bi, H.: Rapid acidification of the Arctic Chukchi Sea waters driven by anthropogenic forcing and biological carbon recycling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL097246, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097246, 2022b.
Raimondi, L., Matthews, J. B. R., Atamanchuck, D., Azetsu-Scott, K., and Wallace, D.: The internal consistency of the marine carbon dioxide system for high latitude shipboard and in situ monitoring, Mar. Chem., 213, 49–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2019.03.001, 2019.
Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A. Y., Lipponen, A., Nordling, K., Hyvärinen, O., Ruosteenoja, K., Vihma, T., and Laaksonen, A.: The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3, 2022.
Rheuban, J. E., Doney, S. C., McCorkle, D. C., and Jakuba, R. W.: Quantifying the Effects of Nutrient Enrichment and Freshwater Mixing on Coastal Ocean Acidification, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 9085–9100, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015556, 2019.
Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Sejr, M. K., Bendtsen, J., and Christensen, P. B.: Inorganic carbon transport during sea ice growth and decay: A carbon pump in polar seas, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C03016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003572, 2007.
Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Lennert, K., Cooper, M., Halden, N., Leakey, R. J. G., Hawthorne, F. C., and Barber, D.: Ikaite crystals in melting sea ice – implications for pCO2 and pH levels in Arctic surface waters, The Cryosphere, 6, 901–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-901-2012, 2012.
Sakamoto, C. M., Johnson, K. S., and Coletti, L. J.: Improved algorithm for the computation of nitrate concentrations in seawater using an in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 7, 132–143, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2009.7.132, 2009.
Sandy, S. J., Danielson, S. L., and Mahoney, A. R.: Automating the Acoustic Detection and Characterization of Sea Ice and Surface Waves, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10, 1577, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111577, 2022.
Sarmiento, J. L. and Gruber, N.: Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 526 pp., ISBN 9780691017075, 2006.
Seabird: Application Note 31: Computing temperature and conductivity slope and offset correction coefficients from lab calibration and salinity bottle samples, https://my.hach.com/asset-get.download.jsa?id=54627861537, last access: 20 June 2016.
Seabird: Module 28. Advanced Biogeochemical Processing, https://www.seabird.com/cms-portals/seabird_com/cms/documents/training/Module28_Advanced_Biogeochem_Processing.pdf, last access: 30 May 2023.
Seferian, R.: CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-ESM2-1 model output prepared for CMIP6 AerChemMIP, Earth System Grid Federation, https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1389, 2019.
Semiletov, I., Pipko, I., Gustafsson, Ö., Anderson, L. G., Sergienko, V., Pugach, S., Dudarev, O., Charkin, A., Gukov, A., Bröder, L., Andersson, A., Spivak, E., and Shakhova, N.: Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon, Nat. Geosci., 9, 361–365, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2695, 2016.
Serreze, M. C. and Barry, R. G.: Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis, Global Planet. Change, 77, 85–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004, 2011.
Serreze, M. C. and Francis, J. A.: The Arctic amplification debate, Climatic Change, 76, 241–264, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9017-y, 2006.
Serreze, M. C., Crawford, A. D., Stroeve, J. C., Barrett, A. P., and Woodgate, R. A.: Variability, trends, and predictability of seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 7308–7325, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011977, 2016.
Sharp, J. D., Pierrot, D., Humphreys, M. P., Epitalon, J.-M., Orr, J. C., Lewis, E. R., and Wallace, D. W. R.: CO2SYSv3 for MATLAB, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7552554, 2023.
Shu, Q., Wang, Q., Årthun, M., Wang, S., Song, Z., Zhang, M., and Qiao, F: Arctic Ocean Amplification in a warming climate in CMIP6 models, Sci. Adv., 8, eabn9755, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn9755, 2022.
Stabeno, P. J., Mordy, C. W., and Sigler, M. F.: Seasonal patterns of near-bottom chlorophyll fluorescence in the eastern Chukchi Sea: 2010–2019, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 177, 104842, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104842, 2020.
Stackpoole, S., Butman, D., Clow, D., Verdin, K., Gaglioti, B., and Striegl, R. G.: Carbon burial, transport, and emission from inland aquatic ecosystems in Alaska, USGS Prof. Pap., 1826, 159–188, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1826, 2016.
Stackpoole, S. M., Butman, D., Clow, D. W., Verdin, K. L., Gaglioti, B. V., Genet, H., and Striegl, R. G.: Inland waters and their role in the carbon cycle of Alaska, Ecol. Appl., 27, 1403–1420, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1552, 2017.
Silvers, L., Blanton, C., McHugh, C., John, J. G., Radhakrishnan, A., Rand, K., Balaji, V., Dupuis, C., Durachta, J., Guo, H., Hemler, R., Lin, P., Nikonov, S., Paynter, D. J., Ploshay, J., Vahlenkamp, H., Wilson, C., Wyman, B., Robinson, T., Zeng, Y., and Zhao, M.: NOAA-GFDL GFDL-CM4 model output prepared for CMIP6 CFMIP, Earth System Grid Federation, https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1641, 2018.
Stroeve, J. C., Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., Kay, J. E., Malanik, J., and Barrett, A. P.: The Arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis, Climatic Change, 110, 1005–1027, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1, 2011.
Stroeve, J. C., Markus, T., Boisvert, L., Miller, J., and Barrett, A.: Changes in Arctic melt season and implications for sea ice loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1216–1225, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058951, 2014.
Stumpp, M., Hu, M. Y., Melzner, F., Gutowska, M. A., Dorey, N., Himmerkus, N., Holtmann, W. C., Dupont, S. T., Thorndyke, M. C., and Bleich, M.: Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 18192–18197, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209174109, 2012.
Sulpis, O., Lauvset, S. K., and Hagens, M.: Current estimates of K
Thomsen, J., Casties, I., Pansch, C., Körtzinger, A., and Melzner, F.: Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile Mytilus edulis: laboratory and field experiments, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 1017–1027, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12109, 2013.
Thor, P. and Dupont, S.: Transgenerational effects alleviate severe fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic copepod, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 2261–2271, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12815, 2015.
Tian, F., Pickart, R. S., Lin, P., Pacini, A., Moore, G. W. K., Stabeno, P., Weingartner, T., Itoh, M., Kikuchi, T., Dobbins, E., and Bell, S.: Mean and seasonal circulation of the eastern Chukchi Sea from moored timeseries in 2013–2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016863, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016863, 2021.
Tunnicliffe, V., Davies, K. T. A., Butterfield, D. A., Embley, R. W., Rose, J. W., and Chadwick Jr., W. W.: Survival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano, Nat. Geosci., 2, 344–348, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo500, 2009.
Van Straalen, M. N.: Peer Reviewed: Ecotoxicology Becomes Stress Ecology, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 324A–330A, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0325720, 2003.
Vargas, C. A., Lagos, N. A., Lardies, M. A., Duarte, C., Manríquez, P. H., Aguilera, V. M., Broitman, B., Widdicombe, S., and Dupont, S.: Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 1, 0084, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0084, 2017.
Vargas, C. A., Cuevas, L. A., Broitman, B. R., San Martin, V. A., Lagos, N. A., Gaitán-Espitia, J. D., and Dupont, S.: Upper environmental pCO2 drives sensitivity to ocean acidification in marine invertebrates, Nat. Clim. Change, 12, 200–207, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01269-2, 2022.
Ventura, A., Schulz, S., and Dupont, S.: Maintained larval growth in mussel larvae exposed to acidified under-saturated seawater, Sci. Rep., 6, 23728, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23728, 2016.
Vergara-Jara, M. J., DeGrandpre, M. D., Torres, R., Beatty, C. M., Cuevas, L. A., Alarcón, E., and Iriarte, J. L: Seasonal Changes in Carbonate Saturation State and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes During an Annual Cycle in a Stratified-Temperate Fjord (Reloncaví Fjord, Chilean Patagonia), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 2851–2865, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005028, 2019.
Watanabe, Y. W., Li, B. F., Yamasaki, R., Yunoki, S., Imai, K., Hosoda, S., and Nakano, Y.: Spatiotemporal changes of ocean carbon species in the western North Pacific using parameterization technique, J. Oceanogr., 76, 155–167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-019-00532-7, 2020.
Williams, N. L., Juranek, L. W., Johnson, K. S., Feely, R. A., Riser, S. C., Talley, L. D., Russell, J. L., Sarmiento, J. L., and Wanninkhof, R.: Empirical algorithms to estimate water column pH in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3415–3422, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068539, 2016.
Wieners, K.-H., Giorgetta, M., Jungclaus, J., Reick, C., Esch, M., Bittner, M., Legutke, S., Schupfner, M., Wachsmann, F., Gayler, V., Haak, H., de Vrese, P., Raddatz, T., Mauritsen, T., von Storch, J.-S., Behrens, J., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Crueger, T., Fast, I., Fiedler, S., Hagemann, S., Hohenegger, C., Jahns, T., Kloster, S., Kinne, S., Lasslop, G., Kornblueh, L., Marotzke, J., Matei, D., Meraner, K., Mikolajewicz, U., Modali, K., Müller, W., Nabel, J., Notz, D., Peters-von Gehlen, K., Pincus, R., Pohlmann, H., Pongratz, J., Rast, S., Schmidt, H., Schnur, R., Schulzweida, U., Six, K., Stevens, B., Voigt, A., and Roeckner, E.: MPI-M MPI-ESM1.2-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP historical, Earth System Grid Federation, https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.6595, 2019.
Wolf-Gladrow, D. A., Zeebe, R. E., Klaas, C., Körtzinger, A., and Dickson, A. G.: Total alkalinity: The explicit conservative expression and its application to biogeochemical processes, Mar. Chem., 106, 287–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.01.006, 2007.
Wood, K. R., Bond, N. A., Danielson, S. L., Overland, J. E., Salo, S. A., Stabeno, P. J., and Whitefield, J.: A decade of environmental change in the Pacific Arctic region, Prog. Oceanogr., 136, 12–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.005, 2015.
Woosley, R. J.: Evaluation of the temperature dependence of dissociation constants for the marine carbon system using pH and certified reference materials, Mar. Chem., 229, 103914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103914, 2021.
Woosley, R. J. and Millero, F. J.: Freshening of the western Arctic negates anthropogenic carbon uptake potential, Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, 1834–1846, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11421, 2020.
Woosley, R. J., Millero, F. J., and Takahashi, T.: Internal consistency of the inorganic carbon system in the Arctic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 15, 887–896, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10208, 2017.
Yamamoto-Kawai, M., McLaughlin, F. A., Carmack, E. C., Nishino, S., and Shimada, K.: Aragonite undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: effects of ocean acidification and sea ice melt, Science, 326, 1098–1100, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1174190, 2009.
Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Mifune, T., Kikuchi, T., and Nishino, S.: Seasonal variation of CaCO3 saturation state in bottom water of a biological hotspot in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 13, 6155–6169, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6155-2016, 2016.
Short summary
Arctic marine ecosystems are highly susceptible to impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. We present pH and pCO2 time series (2016–2020) from the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory and analyze the drivers of the current conditions to get a better understanding of how climate change and ocean acidification could affect the ecological niches of organisms.
Arctic marine ecosystems are highly susceptible to impacts of climate change and ocean...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint