Articles | Volume 23, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5133-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5133-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Jul 2026
Research article |
| 24 Jul 2026
| 24 Jul 2026
Seasonal upwelling–dust controls on export production in the Canary Current System revealed by Lagrangian particle tracking
Catarina V. Guerreiro
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Marine and Environmental Science Centre (MARE)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
Departmento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (CIÊNCIAS ULisboa), Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
Bror F. Jonsson
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
Peter Land
Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
Javier Arístegui
University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001, Spain
Jan-Berend Stuut
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg (Texel), 1790 AB, the Netherlands
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
Afonso Ferreira
Marine and Environmental Science Centre (MARE)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
Departmento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (CIÊNCIAS ULisboa), Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
Gavin H. Tilstone
Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
Vanda Brotas
Marine and Environmental Science Centre (MARE)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
Departmento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (CIÊNCIAS ULisboa), Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
Steve B. Groom
Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Virginia Sánchez Barranco, Nienke C. J. van de Loosdrecht, Furu Mienis, Jasper M. de Goeij, Rick Hennekam, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jan-Berend W. Stuut, and Lennart J. de Nooijer
Biogeosciences, 23, 5879–5899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5879-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5879-2026, 2026
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We studied how pollution from bays in Curaçao reaches nearby coral reefs and changes with seasons. By collecting suspended particulate matter at different locations during dry and wet seasons, we found that sheltered reefs receive more fine particles and pollutants, especially during rainy months, while exposed reefs are less affected. This shows that both location and seasonal rainfall determine reef vulnerability, highlighting the hidden impacts of human activity on these fragile ecosystems.
Salem Ibrahim Salem, Andre Valente, Shubha Sathyendranath, Andrei Chuprin, Théo Renard, Jaime Pitarch, Ruth Airs, Moreno Ana, Maria-Manuel Angelico, David Antoine, Robert Arnone, Florinda Artuso, Paulo O. Oliveira, William Balch, Kathryn Barker, Ray Barlow, Simon Bélanger, Marco Bellacicco, Jean-François Berthon, Şükrü Beşiktepe, Francesco Bignami, Yngve Borsheim, Astrid Bracher, Federica Braga, Vittorio Brando, Robert J. W. Brewin, Vanda Brotas, Elisabetta Canuti, Francisco P. Chavez, Andrés Cianca, Hervé Claustre, Lesley Clementson, Simone Colella, Raul Costa, Cristina Nunes, Richard Crout, Emmanuel Devred, Annalisa Di Cicco, Federico Falcini, Ivan Farace, Afonso Ferreira, Scott Freeman, Robert Frouin, Carlos García-Soto, Isabella Giardina, Stuart W. Gibb, Arthur Gleason, Ralf Goericke, Richard Gould, Michael Grant, Nathalie Guillocheau, Hiroto Higa, Stanford B. Hooker, Chuamin Hu, Joji Ishizaka, Thomas Jackson, Mati Kahru, Milton Kampel, Bokyung Kim, Holger Klein, Piotr Kowalczuk, Susanne Kratzer, Raphael Kudela, Antonia Lai, Rosario Lavezza, Jesus Ledesma, Huiwon Lee, Steven Lohrenz, Hubert Loisel, Vivian Lutz, Antonio Mannino, Francesca Margiotta, Victor Martinez-Vicente, Salvatore Marullo, Luca Massi, Patricia Matrai, Atsushi Matsuoka, David McKee, Chiara Melillo, Carlos B. Mendes, Brian G. Mitchell, Tiffany Moisan, Enrique Montes, Frank Muller-Karger, Aimee Neeley, Michael Novak, Leonie O'Dowd, Michael Ondrusek, Emanuele Organelli, Heeyoon Park, Trevor Platt, Francesca Polonelli, Alex Poulton, Mariella Ragni, Michel Repecaud, Maurizio Ribera d’Alcalà, Tamara Rodriguez-Ramos, Rüdiger Röttgers, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Michela Sammartino, Rosalia Santoleri, Gian Marco Scarpa, Thomas Schroeder, Valeria Segura, Timothy Smyth, Denise Smythe-Wright, Heidi M. Sosik, Joanna Stoń-Egiert, Malcolm Taberner, Jing Tan, Rob Thomas, Crystal Thomas, Gavin Tilstone, Andreia Tracana, Michael Twardowski, Vincenzo Vellucci, Gianluca Volpe, Kenneth Voss, Jeremy Werdell, Marcel Wernand, Bozena Wojtasiewicz, Simon Wright, Sunmi Yang, Giuseppe Zibordi, Maria Laura Zoffoli, and Steve Groom
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-539, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-539, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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This paper presents the fourth version of the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative global in situ bio-optical database. The updated compilation combines observations from many international data sources collected between 1996 and 2025 and includes major expansions in coverage and variables. The dataset provides a consistent reference for validating satellite ocean-colour products and supports algorithm development and long-term climate studies.
Robert J. W. Brewin, Bethany Wilkinson, Xuerong Sun, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Gavin H. Tilstone, Katharine R. Hendry, Sarah Breimann, Ian Brown, Angus Atkinson, Katrin Schmidt, Elisabetta Canuti, Meredith G. Meyer, Qi Zheng, Johannes J. Viljoen, Tom Bell, and Karen J. Heywood
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4398, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4398, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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Phytoplankton are the foundation of the Antarctic food web. Their size affects carbon storage in the ocean and energy transfer to krill, fish, and whales. Because the northwestern Weddell Sea is rarely sampled, little is known about phytoplankton size there. Using ship-based measurements and satellite data, we found medium-sized phytoplankton dominate rather than the smallest types that dominate warmer oceans. This provides a baseline for tracking ecosystem responses to climate change.
Avner Gross, Tana Wood, Jan-Berend Stuut, Eliezer Halpert, and Anton Lokshin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4320, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4320, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
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African dust supplies phosphorus to Caribbean forests, but its fate after deposition is poorly understood. In a Puerto Rican tropical forest, we found that dust phosphorus added to soil rapidly entered less available pools, whereas contact with leaf surfaces increased its labile fraction and promoted uptake of dust-derived material. These results suggest that forest canopies may provide an overlooked pathway for processing atmospheric phosphorus before it reaches the soil.
Daniel J. Ford, Jamie D. Shutler, Katy L. Sheen, Gavin H. Tilstone, and Vassilis Kitidis
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 969–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-969-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-969-2026, 2026
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Mesoscale eddies are abundant in the global oceans affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of the ocean. These changes can modify the air–sea CO2 fluxes. Here, we present a dataset of air–sea CO2 fluxes for 5996 long lived mesoscale eddies trajectories in the global ocean between 1993 to 2022. These trajectories can be used to understand the processes modifying and controlling the air–sea CO2 fluxes in mesoscale eddies which are supported by a comprehensive uncertainty budget.
Surya Eldo V. Roza, Runa T. Reuter, Jan-Berend W. Stuut, Gerard J. M. Versteegh, Vera Pospelova, Iria García-Moreiras, and Karin A. F. Zonneveld
Biogeosciences, 23, 831–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-831-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-831-2026, 2026
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This study examined the cycle variability in records of a plankton group remnant (dinoflagellate cysts), atmospheric, and oceanic factors off Cape Blanc, Northwest Africa. The result showed changes in the cycles of the plankton, upwelling winds, and Saharan dust records from 2003 to 2020. These changes were divided into three phases, coinciding with changes in the plankton assemblage. Our results showed that local climate change can influence the dynamics and composition of marine ecosystems.
Luis P. Valencia, Ángel Rodríguez-Santana, Borja Aguiar-González, Javier Arístegui, Xosé A. Álvarez-Salgado, Josep Coca, María D. Gelado-Caballero, and Antonio Martínez-Marrero
Ocean Sci., 21, 2305–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2305-2025, 2025
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We studied a rotating body of water south of the Canary Islands, known as an intrathermocline eddy. With an isolated core below the surface, it showed distinct energy patterns and structure. Satellite images and field data suggest it interacted with productive coastal waters, while its year-long life cycle unfolded surrounded by other vortices. These features point to a role in offshore transport and regional circulation, emphasizing the need for sustained, integrated ocean monitoring.
Emmanouil Proestakis, Vassilis Amiridis, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Svetlana Tsyro, Jan Griesfeller, Antonis Gkikas, Thanasis Georgiou, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Jeronimo Escribano, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Elisa Bergas Masso, Enza Di Tomaso, Sara Basart, Jan-Berend W. Stuut, and Angela Benedetti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4351–4395, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4351-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4351-2025, 2025
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Quantification of dust deposition into the broader Atlantic Ocean is provided, with the estimates established based on Earth observations. The dataset is considered unique with respect to a range of applications, including compensating for spatiotemporal gaps of sediment-trap measurements, assessments of model simulations, shedding light on physical processes related to the dust cycle, and improving the understanding of dust biogeochemical impacts on oceanic ecosystems, weather, and climate.
Librada Ramírez, Leonardo J. Pozzo-Pirotta, Aja Trebec, Víctor Manzanares-Vázquez, José L. Díez, Javier Arístegui, Ulf Riebesell, Stephen D. Archer, and María Segovia
Biogeosciences, 22, 1865–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1865-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1865-2025, 2025
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We studied the potential effects of increasing ocean alkalinity on a natural plankton community in subtropical waters of the Atlantic near Gran Canaria, Spain. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to resist acidification, and plankton are usually microscopic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton), often less than 2.5 cm in length. This study suggests that increasing ocean alkalinity did not have a significant negative impact on the plankton community studied.
Thomas M. Jordan, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Gavin Tilstone, Robert J. W. Brewin, Francesco Nencioli, Ruth Airs, Crystal S. Thomas, and Louise Schlüter
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 493–516, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-493-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-493-2025, 2025
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We present a compilation of water optical properties and phytoplankton pigments from the surface of the Atlantic Ocean collected during nine cruises between 2009 and 2019. We derive continuous Chlorophyll a concentrations (a biomass proxy) from water absorption. We then illustrate geographical variations and relationships for water optical properties, Chlorophyll a, and other pigments. The dataset will be useful to researchers in ocean optics, remote sensing, ecology, and biogeochemistry.
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 5707–5724, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5707-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5707-2024, 2024
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This study exposed a natural community to two non-CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) deployments using different minerals. Adding alkalinity in this manner decreases dissolved CO2, essential for photosynthesis. While photosynthesis was not suppressed, bloom formation was mildly delayed, potentially impacting marine food webs. The study emphasizes the need for further research on OAE without prior equilibration and on its ecological implications.
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Joaquín Ortiz, Stephen D. Archer, Andrea Ludwig, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 2859–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, 2024
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Our planet is facing a climate crisis. Scientists are working on innovative solutions that will aid in capturing the hard to abate emissions before it is too late. Exciting research reveals that ocean alkalinity enhancement, a key climate change mitigation strategy, does not harm phytoplankton, the cornerstone of marine ecosystems. Through meticulous study, we may have uncovered a positive relationship: up to a specific limit, enhancing ocean alkalinity boosts photosynthesis by certain species.
Christian Lønborg, Cátia Carreira, Gwenaël Abril, Susana Agustí, Valentina Amaral, Agneta Andersson, Javier Arístegui, Punyasloke Bhadury, Mariana B. Bif, Alberto V. Borges, Steven Bouillon, Maria Ll. Calleja, Luiz C. Cotovicz Jr., Stefano Cozzi, Maryló Doval, Carlos M. Duarte, Bradley Eyre, Cédric G. Fichot, E. Elena García-Martín, Alexandra Garzon-Garcia, Michele Giani, Rafael Gonçalves-Araujo, Renee Gruber, Dennis A. Hansell, Fuminori Hashihama, Ding He, Johnna M. Holding, William R. Hunter, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Valeria Ibello, Shan Jiang, Guebuem Kim, Katja Klun, Piotr Kowalczuk, Atsushi Kubo, Choon-Weng Lee, Cláudia B. Lopes, Federica Maggioni, Paolo Magni, Celia Marrase, Patrick Martin, S. Leigh McCallister, Roisin McCallum, Patricia M. Medeiros, Xosé Anxelu G. Morán, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Allison Myers-Pigg, Marit Norli, Joanne M. Oakes, Helena Osterholz, Hyekyung Park, Maria Lund Paulsen, Judith A. Rosentreter, Jeff D. Ross, Digna Rueda-Roa, Chiara Santinelli, Yuan Shen, Eva Teira, Tinkara Tinta, Guenther Uher, Masahide Wakita, Nicholas Ward, Kenta Watanabe, Yu Xin, Youhei Yamashita, Liyang Yang, Jacob Yeo, Huamao Yuan, Qiang Zheng, and Xosé Antón Álvarez-Salgado
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1107–1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1107-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1107-2024, 2024
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In this paper, we present the first edition of a global database compiling previously published and unpublished measurements of dissolved organic matter (DOM) collected in coastal waters (CoastDOM v1). Overall, the CoastDOM v1 dataset will be useful to identify global spatial and temporal patterns and to facilitate reuse in studies aimed at better characterizing local biogeochemical processes and identifying a baseline for modelling future changes in coastal waters.
Richard P. Sims, Thomas M. Holding, Peter E. Land, Jean-Francois Piolle, Hannah L. Green, and Jamie D. Shutler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2499–2516, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2499-2023, 2023
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The flow of carbon between the land and ocean is poorly quantified with existing measurements. It is not clear how seasonality and long-term variability impact this flow of carbon. Here, we demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to create decadal time series of the inorganic carbonate system in the Amazon and Congo River outflows.
Kristian Spilling, Jonna Piiparinen, Eric P. Achterberg, Javier Arístegui, Lennart T. Bach, Maria T. Camarena-Gómez, Elisabeth von der Esch, Martin A. Fischer, Markel Gómez-Letona, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Judith Meyer, Ruth A. Schmitz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 1605–1619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1605-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1605-2023, 2023
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We carried out an enclosure experiment using surface water off Peru with different additions of oxygen minimum zone water. In this paper, we report on enzyme activity and provide data on the decomposition of organic matter. We found very high activity with respect to an enzyme breaking down protein, suggesting that this is important for nutrient recycling both at present and in the future ocean.
Peter Edward Land, Helen S. Findlay, Jamie D. Shutler, Jean-Francois Piolle, Richard Sims, Hannah Green, Vassilis Kitidis, Alexander Polukhin, and Irina I. Pipko
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 921–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-921-2023, 2023
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Measurements of the ocean’s carbonate system (e.g. CO2 and pH) have increased greatly in recent years, resulting in a need to combine these data with satellite measurements and model results, so they can be used to test predictions of how the ocean reacts to changes such as absorption of the CO2 emitted by humans. We show a method of combining data into regions of interest (100 km circles over a 10 d period) and apply it globally to produce a harmonised and easy-to-use data archive.
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
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CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
André Valente, Shubha Sathyendranath, Vanda Brotas, Steve Groom, Michael Grant, Thomas Jackson, Andrei Chuprin, Malcolm Taberner, Ruth Airs, David Antoine, Robert Arnone, William M. Balch, Kathryn Barker, Ray Barlow, Simon Bélanger, Jean-François Berthon, Şükrü Beşiktepe, Yngve Borsheim, Astrid Bracher, Vittorio Brando, Robert J. W. Brewin, Elisabetta Canuti, Francisco P. Chavez, Andrés Cianca, Hervé Claustre, Lesley Clementson, Richard Crout, Afonso Ferreira, Scott Freeman, Robert Frouin, Carlos García-Soto, Stuart W. Gibb, Ralf Goericke, Richard Gould, Nathalie Guillocheau, Stanford B. Hooker, Chuamin Hu, Mati Kahru, Milton Kampel, Holger Klein, Susanne Kratzer, Raphael Kudela, Jesus Ledesma, Steven Lohrenz, Hubert Loisel, Antonio Mannino, Victor Martinez-Vicente, Patricia Matrai, David McKee, Brian G. Mitchell, Tiffany Moisan, Enrique Montes, Frank Muller-Karger, Aimee Neeley, Michael Novak, Leonie O'Dowd, Michael Ondrusek, Trevor Platt, Alex J. Poulton, Michel Repecaud, Rüdiger Röttgers, Thomas Schroeder, Timothy Smyth, Denise Smythe-Wright, Heidi M. Sosik, Crystal Thomas, Rob Thomas, Gavin Tilstone, Andreia Tracana, Michael Twardowski, Vincenzo Vellucci, Kenneth Voss, Jeremy Werdell, Marcel Wernand, Bozena Wojtasiewicz, Simon Wright, and Giuseppe Zibordi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5737–5770, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, 2022
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A compiled set of in situ data is vital to evaluate the quality of ocean-colour satellite data records. Here we describe the global compilation of bio-optical in situ data (spanning from 1997 to 2021) used for the validation of the ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). The compilation merges and harmonizes several in situ data sources into a simple format that could be used directly for the evaluation of satellite-derived ocean-colour data.
Allanah Joy Paul, Lennart Thomas Bach, Javier Arístegui, Elisabeth von der Esch, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Jonna Piiparinen, Laura Ramajo, Kristian Spilling, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 19, 5911–5926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, 2022
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We investigated how different deep water chemistry and biology modulate the response of surface phytoplankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Our results show that the most influential drivers were the ratio of inorganic nutrients (N : P) and the microbial community present in upwelling source water. These led to unexpected and variable development in the phytoplankton assemblage that could not be predicted by the amount of inorganic nutrients alone.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
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This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 93–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, 2022
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This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2 fields, which are key to assessing the ocean carbon sink. Our analysis shows that the net community production (NCP), the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, was more accurate than chlorophyll a within a neural network scheme. The improved pCO2 estimates, based on NCP, identified the South Atlantic Ocean as a net CO2 source, compared to a CO2 sink using chlorophyll a.
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Short summary
This study examines how winds, ocean currents, and Saharan dust influence the transfer of carbon-rich material from surface waters to the deep open ocean off NW Africa. By tracking seawater pathways and sinking particles throughout the year, the research shows that winter-spring upwelling drives offshore export, while summer dust deposition contributes through ballasting and episodic fertilisation. This study improves our understanding of the drivers controlling open ocean export production.
This study examines how winds, ocean currents, and Saharan dust influence the transfer of...
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