Europe’s forests store vast amounts of carbon, but climate-driven disturbances are becoming more frequent. By combining satellite records with information on forest age and structure, we show that recent disturbances increasingly affect the oldest and most carbon-rich forests, particularly spruce forests in Central Europe. This emerging pattern puts long-accumulated carbon at risk and may reduce the long-term climate benefits provided by Europe’s forests.

Japanese anchovy is a highly abundant and important fish, where its larvae travel and settle after spawning were modeled here. Most larvae remain in nearby coastal waters, especially in the Bohai Sea, the northern Yellow Sea, and along the southern Shandong Peninsula. In contrast, larvae from the Changjiang Estuary can travel much farther, reaching distant regions. This highlights its key role in connecting populations and provides useful insight for fisheries management and conservation.