Articles | Volume 18, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
23 Nov 2021
Reviews and syntheses |
| 23 Nov 2021
| 23 Nov 2021
Reviews and syntheses: Physical and biogeochemical processes associated with upwelling in the Indian Ocean
Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
Yukio Masumoto
Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and
Technology, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan
Michael J. Roberts
Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Jenny A. Huggett
Oceans and Coasts Research, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the
Environment, Private Bag X4390, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,
University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South
Africa
Issufo Halo
Oceans and Coasts Research, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the
Environment, Private Bag X4390, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula
University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
Abhisek Chatterjee
Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Hyderabad, 500090, India
Prakash Amol
CSIR–National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre,
Visakhapatnam, 530017, India
Garuda V. M. Gupta
Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology, Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Kochi, 682508, India
Arvind Singh
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
Arnab Mukherjee
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Goa, 403803, India
Satya Prakash
Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Hyderabad, 500090, India
deceased, July 2021
Lynnath E. Beckley
Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth,
Western Australia 6150, Australia
Eric Jorden Raes
Flourishing Oceans, Minderoo Foundation, P.O. Box 3155, Broadway Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
Raleigh Hood
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge,
MD, USA
Related authors
Estel Font, Sebastiaan Swart, Puthenveettil Narayana Vinayachandran, and Bastien Y. Queste
Ocean Sci., 21, 1349–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1349-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1349-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mode water is formed annually and sits between the warm surface water and deeper older waters. In the Arabian Sea, it plays a crucial role in regulating ocean heat and oxygen variability by acting as a doorway between the surface and deeper waters. Using observations and models, we show that its formation is primarily driven by atmospheric forcing, though ocean currents, eddies, and biological heating also influence its life cycle. This water mass contributes up to 40 % of the region's oxygen content.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jack Giddings, Karen J. Heywood, Adrian J. Matthews, Manoj M. Joshi, Benjamin G. M. Webber, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Brian A. King, and Puthenveettil N. Vinayachandran
Ocean Sci., 17, 871–890, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the impact of chlorophyll on SST in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Solar irradiance measured by an ocean glider and three Argo floats is used to determine the effect of chlorophyll on BoB SST during the 2016 summer monsoon. The Southwest Monsoon Current has high chlorophyll concentrations (∼0.5 mg m−3) and shallow solar penetration depths (∼14 m). Ocean mixed layer model simulations show that SST increases by 0.35°C per month, with the potential to influence monsoon rainfall.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shreya Mehta, Jitender Kumar, Sipai Nazirahmed, Himanshu Saxena, Jyotiranjan S. Ray, Sanjeev Kumar, Indrani Karunasagar, and Arvind Singh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3925, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3925, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We tested how different minerals affect ocean chemistry to help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In coastal waters of the Arabian Sea, we found that man-made minerals like periclase and hydrated lime were much more effective than natural ones. Our results also reveal a new way to track unwanted side effects that reduce efficiency. This research helps identify safer and more effective methods for ocean-based climate solutions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Estel Font, Sebastiaan Swart, Puthenveettil Narayana Vinayachandran, and Bastien Y. Queste
Ocean Sci., 21, 1349–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1349-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1349-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mode water is formed annually and sits between the warm surface water and deeper older waters. In the Arabian Sea, it plays a crucial role in regulating ocean heat and oxygen variability by acting as a doorway between the surface and deeper waters. Using observations and models, we show that its formation is primarily driven by atmospheric forcing, though ocean currents, eddies, and biological heating also influence its life cycle. This water mass contributes up to 40 % of the region's oxygen content.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mathilde Dugenne, Marco Corrales-Ugalde, Jessica Y. Luo, Rainer Kiko, Todd D. O'Brien, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Fabien Lombard, Lars Stemmann, Charles Stock, Clarissa R. Anderson, Marcel Babin, Nagib Bhairy, Sophie Bonnet, Francois Carlotti, Astrid Cornils, E. Taylor Crockford, Patrick Daniel, Corinne Desnos, Laetitia Drago, Amanda Elineau, Alexis Fischer, Nina Grandrémy, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Lionel Guidi, Cecile Guieu, Helena Hauss, Kendra Hayashi, Jenny A. Huggett, Laetitia Jalabert, Lee Karp-Boss, Kasia M. Kenitz, Raphael M. Kudela, Magali Lescot, Claudie Marec, Andrew McDonnell, Zoe Mériguet, Barbara Niehoff, Margaux Noyon, Thelma Panaïotis, Emily Peacock, Marc Picheral, Emilie Riquier, Collin Roesler, Jean-Baptiste Romagnan, Heidi M. Sosik, Gretchen Spencer, Jan Taucher, Chloé Tilliette, and Marion Vilain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2971–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plankton and particles influence carbon cycling and energy flow in marine ecosystems. We used three types of novel plankton imaging systems to obtain size measurements from a range of plankton and particle sizes and across all major oceans. Data were compiled and cross-calibrated from many thousands of images, showing seasonal and spatial changes in particle size structure in different ocean basins. These datasets form the first release of the Pelagic Size Structure database (PSSdb).
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maria D. Iglesias-Rodríguez, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, Arvind Singh, and James A. Gately
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 5, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-5-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-5-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Recent concern about the repercussions of rising atmospheric CO2 as a key heat-trapping agent have prompted ocean experts to discuss ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) as a CO2 removal approach but also as a potential way to mitigate ocean acidification. This chapter provides an overview of best practice in OAE laboratory experimentation by identifying key criteria to achieve high-quality results and providing recommendations to contrast results with other laboratories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhibo Shao, Yangchun Xu, Hua Wang, Weicheng Luo, Lice Wang, Yuhong Huang, Nona Sheila R. Agawin, Ayaz Ahmed, Mar Benavides, Mikkel Bentzon-Tilia, Ilana Berman-Frank, Hugo Berthelot, Isabelle C. Biegala, Mariana B. Bif, Antonio Bode, Sophie Bonnet, Deborah A. Bronk, Mark V. Brown, Lisa Campbell, Douglas G. Capone, Edward J. Carpenter, Nicolas Cassar, Bonnie X. Chang, Dreux Chappell, Yuh-ling Lee Chen, Matthew J. Church, Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo, Amália Maria Sacilotto Detoni, Scott C. Doney, Cecile Dupouy, Marta Estrada, Camila Fernandez, Bieito Fernández-Castro, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Rachel A. Foster, Ken Furuya, Nicole Garcia, Kanji Goto, Jesús Gago, Mary R. Gradoville, M. Robert Hamersley, Britt A. Henke, Cora Hörstmann, Amal Jayakumar, Zhibing Jiang, Shuh-Ji Kao, David M. Karl, Leila R. Kittu, Angela N. Knapp, Sanjeev Kumar, Julie LaRoche, Hongbin Liu, Jiaxing Liu, Caroline Lory, Carolin R. Löscher, Emilio Marañón, Lauren F. Messer, Matthew M. Mills, Wiebke Mohr, Pia H. Moisander, Claire Mahaffey, Robert Moore, Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, Margaret R. Mulholland, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Joseph A. Needoba, Eric J. Raes, Eyal Rahav, Teodoro Ramírez-Cárdenas, Christian Furbo Reeder, Lasse Riemann, Virginie Riou, Julie C. Robidart, Vedula V. S. S. Sarma, Takuya Sato, Himanshu Saxena, Corday Selden, Justin R. Seymour, Dalin Shi, Takuhei Shiozaki, Arvind Singh, Rachel E. Sipler, Jun Sun, Koji Suzuki, Kazutaka Takahashi, Yehui Tan, Weiyi Tang, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Kendra Turk-Kubo, Zuozhu Wen, Angelicque E. White, Samuel T. Wilson, Takashi Yoshida, Jonathan P. Zehr, Run Zhang, Yao Zhang, and Ya-Wei Luo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3673–3709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N2 fixation by marine diazotrophs is an important bioavailable N source to the global ocean. This updated global oceanic diazotroph database increases the number of in situ measurements of N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundances, and nifH gene copy abundances by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Using the updated database, the global marine N2 fixation rate is estimated at 223 ± 30 Tg N yr−1, which triplicates that using the original database.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Abhisek Chatterjee, Gouri Anil, and Lakshmi R. Shenoy
Ocean Sci., 18, 639–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heatwaves refer to discrete, prolonged warm ocean conditions known to cause severe destruction in marine ecosystems. We find that coastal waters off the west coast of India have experienced a rapid multifold increase in heatwave days since the early 80s. This resulted in more frequent and longer marine heatwave events in the last decade. We show that the rapid warming in the Arabian Sea in the last decade is the primary cause of the observed enhanced heatwave events in this basin.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Helen E. Phillips, Amit Tandon, Ryo Furue, Raleigh Hood, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Viviane Menezes, Shijian Hu, Ben Webber, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Deepak Cherian, Emily Shroyer, Ming Feng, Hemantha Wijesekera, Abhisek Chatterjee, Lisan Yu, Juliet Hermes, Raghu Murtugudde, Tomoki Tozuka, Danielle Su, Arvind Singh, Luca Centurioni, Satya Prakash, and Jerry Wiggert
Ocean Sci., 17, 1677–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, understanding of the Indian Ocean has progressed through new observations and advances in theory and models of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean, describing Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, climate variability, and the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jack Giddings, Karen J. Heywood, Adrian J. Matthews, Manoj M. Joshi, Benjamin G. M. Webber, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Brian A. King, and Puthenveettil N. Vinayachandran
Ocean Sci., 17, 871–890, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the impact of chlorophyll on SST in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Solar irradiance measured by an ocean glider and three Argo floats is used to determine the effect of chlorophyll on BoB SST during the 2016 summer monsoon. The Southwest Monsoon Current has high chlorophyll concentrations (∼0.5 mg m−3) and shallow solar penetration depths (∼14 m). Ocean mixed layer model simulations show that SST increases by 0.35°C per month, with the potential to influence monsoon rainfall.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cora Hörstmann, Eric J. Raes, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Claire Lo Monaco, Uwe John, and Anya M. Waite
Biogeosciences, 18, 3733–3749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3733-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3733-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Microbes are the main drivers of productivity and nutrient cycling in the ocean. We present a combined approach assessing C and N uptake and microbial community diversity across ecological provinces in the Southern Ocean and southern Indian Ocean. Provinces showed distinct genetic fingerprints, but microbial activity varied gradually across regions, correlating with nutrient concentrations. Our study advances the biogeographic understanding of microbial diversity across C and N uptake regimes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tim Rixen, Greg Cowie, Birgit Gaye, Joaquim Goes, Helga do Rosário Gomes, Raleigh R. Hood, Zouhair Lachkar, Henrike Schmidt, Joachim Segschneider, and Arvind Singh
Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Indian Ocean hosts an extensive oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which intensified due to human-induced global changes. This includes the occurrence of anoxic events on the Indian shelf and affects benthic ecosystems and the pelagic ecosystem structure in the Arabian Sea. Consequences for biogeochemical cycles are unknown, which, in addition to the poor representation of mesoscale features, reduces the reliability of predictions of the future OMZ development in the northern Indian Ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Abdul Jaleel, K. U., Parameswaran, U. V., Gopal, A., Khader, C., Ganesh, T.,
Sanjeevan, V. N., Shunmugaraj, T., Vijayan, A. K., and Gupta, G. V. M.:
Evaluation of changes in macrobenthic standing stock and polychaete
community structure along the south eastern Arabian Sea shelf during the
monsoon trawl-ban, Cont. Shelf Res., 102, 9–18, 2015.
Allen, J. S.: Upwelling and coastal jets in stratified ocean, J. Phys.
Oceanography, 3, 245–257, 1973.
Alvheim, O., Torstensen, E., Fennessy, S., MacKay, F., Zaera, D., and
Bemiasa, J.: West Madagascar: Cruise Reports Dr Fridtjof Nansen. Pelagic
Ecosystem Survey SWIOFP/ASCLME/FAO, Cruise 2, 25 August–3 October 2009,
Preliminary report, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, 2009.
Amol, P., Vinayachandran, P. N., Shankar, D, Thushara, V., Vijith, V., and
Abhisek Chatterjee: Effect of freshwater advection and winds on the vertical
structure of chlorophyII in the northern Bay of Bengal, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 179, 104622, doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.07.010, 2019.
Amol, P., Shankar, D., Fernando, V., Mukherjee, A., Aparna, S. G.,
Fernandes, R., Michael, G. S., Khalap, S. T., Satelkar, N. P., Agarvadekar,
Y., Gaonkar, M. G., Tari, A. P., Kankonkar, A., and Vernekar, S. P.:
Observed intraseasonal and seasonal variability of the West India Coastal
Current on the continental slope, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 123, 1045–1074,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-014-0449-5, 2014.
Amol, P., Suchandan Bemal, Shankar, D., Jain, V., Thushara, V., Vijith, V.
and Vinayachandran, P. N.: Modulation of chlorophyll concentration by
downwelling Rossby waves during the winter monsoon in the southeastern
Arabian Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 186, 102365,
doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102365, 2020.
Amol, P.: Impact of Rossby waves on chlorophyll variability in the
southeastern Arabian Sea, Remote Sens. Lett., 9, 1214–1223,
doi.org/10.1080/2150704X, 2018.
Anderson, D. L. T. and Moore, D. W.: Cross-equatorial inertial jets with
special relevance to very remote forcing of the Somali Current, Deep-Sea
Res., 26, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90082-7, 1979.
Andrews, J. C.: Eddy structure and the West Australian current, Deep Sea
Res., 24, 1133–1148, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6291(77)90517-3, 1977.
Andruleit, H.: Status of the Java upwelling area (Indian Ocean) during the
oligotrophic northern hemisphere winter monsoon season as revealed by
coccolithophores, Mar. Micropaleontol., 64, 36–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.02.001, 2007.
Andruleit, H., A. Luckge, M. Wiedicke, and S. Stäger:
Late Quaternary development of the Java upwelling system (eastern Indian
Ocean) as revealed by coccolithophores, Mar. Micropaleontol., 69, 3–15,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.11.005, 2008.
Aparna, S. G., McCreary, J. P., Shankar, D., and Vinayachandran, P. N.:
Signatures of the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Nino-Southern Oscillation
events in sea level variations in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.,
117, C10012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008055, 2012.
Arìstegui, J., Barton, E. D., Aìlvarez Salgado, X. A., Santos, A. M. P.,
Figueiras, F. G., Kifani, S., Hernndez-Len, S., Mason, E., Mach, E., and
Demarcq, H.: Sub-regional ecosystem variability in the Canary Current
upwelling, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 33–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.031,
2009.
Asanuma, I., Matsumoto, K., Okano, H., Kawano, T., Hendiarti, N., and
Sachoemar, S. I.: Spatial distribution of phytoplankton along the Sunda
Islands: The monsoon anomaly in 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3202,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000139, 2003.
Augustyn, C., Lipinski, M., Sauer, Whh., Roberts, M., and Mitchell-Innes, B. A.:
Chokka squid on the Agulhas Bank: Life history and ecology, S. Afr. J. Sci..
90, 143–154, 1994.
Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J., Meyer-Reil, L., and
Thingstad, F.: The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea, Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 10, 257–263, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps010257, 1983.
Babu, M. T., Sarma, Y. V. B., Murty, V. S. N., and Vethamony, P.: On the
circulation in the Bay of Bengal during northern spring inter-monsoon
(March-April 1987), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 5, 855–865,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967--0645(02)00609--4., 2003.
Bakun, A., Roy, C., and Lluch-Cota, S. E.: Coastal upwelling and other
processes regulating ecosystem productivity and fish production in the
western Indian Ocean, in: Large marine ecosystems of the Indian Ocean:
Assessment, sustainability, and management, edited by: Sherman, K., Okemwa, E. N.,
and Ntiba, M. J., 103–141, Blackwell Science Inc., 1998.
Banse, K.: On upwelling and bottom-trawling off the southwest coast of
India, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 1, 33–49, 1959.
Banse, K.: Hydrography of the Arabian Sea Shelf of India and Pakistan and
effects on demersal fishes, Deep Sea Res.-Ocean., 15, 45–79,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(68)90028-4, 1968.
Barlow, R., Lamont, M.-J., Gibberd, R., Airs, L., Jacobs, and Britz, K.:
Phytoplankton communities and acclimation in a cyclonic eddy in the
southwest Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 124, 18–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.03.013, 2017.
Baumgart, A., Jennerjahn, T., Mohtadi, M., and Hebbeln, D.: Distribution and
burial of organic carbon in sediments from the Indian Ocean upwelling region
off Java and Sumatra, Indonesia, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 157, 458–467,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.12.002, 2010.
Beal, L. M., Chereskin, T. K., Lenn, Y. D., and Elipot, S.: The Sources and
Mixing Characteristics of the Agulhas Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36,
2060–2074, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2964.1, 2006.
Beal, L. M., De Ruijter, W. P. M., Biastoch, A., Zahn, R., and
SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO Working Group 136: On the role of the Agulhas system in
ocean circulation and climate, Nature, 472, 429–436,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09983, 2011.
Beal, L. M. and Donohue, K. A.: The Great Whirl: Observations of its
seasonal development and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
118, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008198, 2013.
Beal, L. M., Elipot, S., Houk, A., and Leber, G. M. : Capturing the
Transport Variability of a Western Boundary Jet: Results from the Agulhas
Current Time-Series Experiment (ACT), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45,
1302–1324, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0119.1, 2015.
Beckley, L. E., Muhling, B. A., and Gaughan, D. J.: Larval fishes off Western
Australia: influence of the Leeuwin Current, J. R. Soc. West. Aus., 92,
101–109, 2009.
Behara, A. and Vinayachandran, P. N.: An OGCM study of the impact of rain
and river water forcing on the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res., 121,
2425–2446, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011325, 2016.
Behrenfeld, M. J., Westberry, T. K., Boss, E. S., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., Wiggert, J. D., Franz, B. A., McClain, C. R., Feldman, G. C., Doney, S. C., Moore, J. K., Dall'Olmo, G., Milligan, A. J., Lima, I., and Mahowald, N.: Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton, Biogeosciences, 6, 779–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-779-2009, 2009.
Bennett, B. A. : Aspects of the biology and life history of white steenbras
Lithognathus lithognathus in southern Africa, South Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 13, 83–96, https://doi.org/10.2989/025776193784287257, 1993.
Biastoch, A., Böning, C. W., Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: Agulhas Leakage
dynamics affects decadal variability in Atlantic overturning circulation,
Nature, 456, 489–492, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07426, 2008.
Braby, L.: Dynamics, interactions and ecosystem implications of mesoscale
eddies formed in the southern region of Madagascar, MSc thesis, University
of Cape Town, South Africa, 54 pp, 2014.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P.,
Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K.,
Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C.,
Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., and Zhang, J.:
Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science, 359, 6371,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240, 2018.
Brinca, L., Rey, F., Silva, C., and Sætre, R.: A survey on the marine
fish resources of Mozambique. October–November 1980, Institute of Marine
Research, Bergen, Norway, 1981.
Brown, S. L., M. R. Landry, R. T. Barber, L. Campbell, D. L. Garrison, and
Gowing, M. M.: Picophytoplankton dynamics and production in the Arabian Sea
during the 1995 Southwest Monsoon, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 1745–1768,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00042-9, 1999.
Bryden, H. L., Beal, L. M., and Duncan, L. M.: Structure and Transport of the
Agulhas Current and Its Temporal Variability, J. Oceanogr., 61, 479–492,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0057-8, 2005.
Buchanan, P. and Beckley, L. E.: Chaetognaths of the Leeuwin Current
system: oceanographic conditions drive epi-pelagic zoogeography in the
south-east Indian Ocean, Hydrobiologia, 763, 81–96,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2364-4, 2016.
Capet, X., Colas, F., McWilliams, J. C., Penven, P., and Marchesiello, P.:
Eddies in Eastern Boundary Subtropical Upwelling Systems, Ocean Modeling in
an Eddying Regime, Geophysical Monograph Se ries, 177, AGU, 131–147, https://doi.org/10.1029/177GM10, 2008.
Dilmahamod, A.: Links between the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge and
large scale climate modes and primary productivity; and the annual cycle of
chlorophyll-a, University of Cape Town, 2014.
Capone, D. G., Subramaniam, A., Montoya, J. P., Voss, M., Humborg, C.,
Johansen, A. M., Siefert, R. L., and Carpenter, E. J.: An extensive bloom of
the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum in the central Arabian Sea, Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 172, 281–292, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps172281, 1998.
Caputi, N., Fletcher, W., Pearce, A., and Chubb, C.: Effect of the Leeuwin
Current on the recruitment of fish and invertebrates along the Western
Australian coast, Mar. Freshw. Res., 47, 147–155, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9960147,
1996.
Carr, M.-E. and Kearns, E. J.: Production regimes in four Boundary Current
Systems, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50,
3199–3221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.015, 2003.
Chaigneau, A., Le Texier, M., Eldin, G., Grados, C., and Pizarro, O.:
Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the eastern South Pacific Ocean: A
composite analysis from altimetry and Argo profiling floats, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, C11025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007134, 2011.
Chakraborty, K., Valsala, V., Gupta, G. V. M., and Sarma, V. V. S. S.: Dominant
biological control over upwelling on pCO2 in sea east of Sri Lanka, J.
Geophys. Res., 123, 3250–3261, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004446, 2018.
Chatterjee, A., Shankar, D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Reddy, G. V., Michael, G. S.,
Ravichandran, M., Gopalkrishana, V. V., Rama Rao, E. P., Udaya Bhaskar, T.
V. S., and Sanjeevan, V. N.: A new atlas of temperature and salinity for the
North Indian Ocean, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 121, 559–593,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-012-0191-9, 2012.
Chatterjee, A., Shankar, D., McCreary, J. P., and Vinayachandran, P. N.:
Yanai waves in the western equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 1556–1570, https://doi.org/0.1002/jgrc.20121, 2013.
Chatterjee, A., Shankar, D., McCreary, J. P., Vinayachandran, P. N., and
Mukherjee, A.: Dynamics of Andaman Sea circulation and its role in
connecting the equatorial Indian Ocean to the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys.
Res., 122,1–19, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012300, 2017.
Chatterjee, A., Kumar, B. P., Prakash, S., and Singh, P.: Annihilation of
the Somali upwelling system during summer monsoon, Sci. Rep, 9, 7598,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44099-1, 2019.
Chaudhuri, A., Shankar, D., Aparna, S. G., Amol, P., Fernando, V.,
Kankonkar, A., Michael, G. S., Satelkar, N. P., Khalap, S. T., Tari, A. P.,
Gaonkar, M. G., Ghatkar, S., and Khedekar, R. R.: Observed variability of
the West India Coastal Current on the continental slope from 2009–2018, J.
Earth Syst. Sci., 129, 57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1322-3, 2020.
Chavez, F. P. and Toggweiler, J. R.: Physical estimates of global new
production: The upwelling contribution, in: Upwelling in the ocean:
Modern processes and ancient records, edited by: Summerhayes, C. P., Emeis, K.-C.,
Angel, M. V., Smith, R. L., and Zeitzschel, B., New York, John Wiley and Sons,
313–320, 1995.
Chavez, F. P. and Messie, M.: A comparison of eastern boundary upwelling
ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 80–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032,
2009.
Checkley, D. M. and Barth, J. A.: Patterns and processes in the California
Current System, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 49–64,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.028, 2009.
Chen, G., Wang, D., and Hou, Y.: The features and interannual variability
mechanism of mesoscale eddies in the Bay of Bengal, Cont. Shelf. Res., 47,
178–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.07.011, 2012.
Chen, G., Han, W., Shu, Y., Li, Y., Wang, D., and Xie, Q.: The role of
Equatorial Undercurrent in sustaining the Eastern Indian Ocean upwelling,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6444–6451, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069433, 2016.
Cheng, X., Xie, S.-P., McCreary, J. P., Qi, Y., and Du, Y.: Intraseasonal
variability of sea surface height over the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.,
118, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20075, 2013.
Cheng, G., Han, W., Li, Y., and Wang, D.: Interannual variability of
equatorial eastern Indian Ocean upwelling: Local versus remote forcing, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 789–807, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0117.1, 2016.
Clarke, A. J., and X. Liu.: Interannual sea level in the northern and
eastern Indian ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1224–1235, https://doi.org/10.1017/1520-0485, 1994.
Collins, M.: Upwelling on the southeast Madagascan shelf: frequency, extent,
and driving mechanisms, MSc thesis, Nelson Mandela University, Port
Elizabeth, South Africa, 126 pp., 2020.
Cook, J., Cook, J. R., and Beaglehole, J. C.: The Journals of Captain Cook,
Penguin UK, 1999.
Cossa, O., Pous, S., Penven, P., Capet, X., and Reason, C. J. C.: Modelling
cyclonic eddies in the Delagoa Bight region, Cont. Shelf. Res., 119, 14–29,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.006, 2016.
Cox, M. D.: A numerical study of Somali Current eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
9, 311–326,
1979.
Cresswell, G. R. and Golding, T.: Observations of a south-flowing current
in the southeastern Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
27, 449–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(80)90055-2, 1980.
Cresswell, G., Boland, F., Peterson, J., and Wells, G.: Continental shelf
currents near the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia, Mar. Freshw. Res.,
40, 113–128, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9890113, 1989.
Cresswell, G. and Peterson, J.: The Leeuwin Current south of Western
Australia, Mar. Freshw. Res., 44, 285–303, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9930285, 1993.
Cutler, A. N. and Swallow, J. C.: Surface currents of the Indian Ocean (to
25S, 100E), Technical Report 187 (8 pp. and 36 charts). Brachnell:
Meteorological Office, UK Institute of Oceanographic Science, 1984.
Darwin, C.: Journal of Researches Into the Natural History and Geology of
the Countries Visited During the Voyage of HMS “Beagle” Round the World:
Under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N, 5th ed., London: Ward, Lock and
co., 1889.
Das, U., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Behara, A.: Formation of the southern
Bay of Bengal cold pool, Clim. Dynam., 47, 2009–2023,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2947-9, 2018.
De Ruijter, W. P. M., Leeuwen, P., and Lutjeharms, J.: Generation and Evolution of
Natal Pulses: Solitary Meanders in the Agulhas Current, J. Phys.
Oceanography, 29, 3043–3055,
1999.
De Ruijter, W. P. M., Ridderinkhof, H., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Schouten, M. W.,
and Veth, C.: Observations of the flow in the Mozambique Channel, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 29, 1502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013714, 2002.
de Vos, A., Pattiaratchi, C. B., and Wijeratne, E. M. S.: Surface circulation and upwelling patterns around Sri Lanka, Biogeosciences, 11, 5909–5930, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5909-2014, 2014.
Delman, A. S., Sprintall, J., McClean, J. L., and Talley, L. D.: Anomalous
Java cooling at the initiation of positive Indian Ocean Dipole events, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 5805–5824, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011635, 2016.
Delman, A. S., McClean, J. L., Sprintall, J., Talley, L. D., and Bryan, F.
O.: Process-specific contributions to anomalous Java mixed layer cooling
during positive IOD events, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4153–4176,
doi:/10.1029/2017JC013749, 2018.
Deutsch, C., Sarmiento, J. L., Sigman, D. M., Gruber, N., and Dunne, J. P.:
Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean, Nature,
445, 163–167, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05392, 2007.
Dilmahamod, A.: Links between the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge and
large scale climate modes and primary productivity; and the annual cycle of
chlorophyll-a, University of Cape Town, 2014.
Dilmahamod, A. F., Hermes, J. C., and Reason, C. J. C. : Chlorophyll-a
variability in the Seychelles–Chagos Thermocline Ridge: Analysis of a
coupled biophysical model, J. Mar. Syst., 154, 220–232,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.10.011, 2016.
Dilmahamod, A. F., Penven, P., Aguiar-González, B., Reason, C. J. C.,
and Hermes, J. C.: A new definition of the South-East Madagascar Bloom and
analysis of its variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1717–1735,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014582, 2019.
DiMarco, S. F., Chapman, P., and Nowlin Jr., W. D.: Satellite observations of
upwelling on the continental shelf south of Madagascar, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
27, 3965–3968, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.021, 2000.
Domingues, C. M., Maltrud, M. E., Wijffels, S. E., Church, J. A., and
Tomczak, M.: Simulated Lagrangian pathways between the Leeuwin Current
System and the upper-ocean circulation of the southeast Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 797–817,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.10.003, 2007.
Dong, C., McWilliams, J., Liu, Y., and Chen, D.: Global heat and salt
transports by eddy movement, Nat Commun., 5, 3294, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4294,
2014.
Donners, J. and Drijfhout, S. S.: The Lagrangian view of South Atlantic
interocean exchange in a global ocean model compared with inverse model
results, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1019–1035,
2004.
Du, Y., Qu, T., Meyers, G., Masumoto, Y., and Sasaki, H.: Seasonal heat
budget in the mixed layer of the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean in a
high-resolution ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110,
C04012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002845, 2005.
Du, Y., Qu, T., Meyers, and Meyers, G.: Interannual variability of sea
surface temperature off Java and Sumatra in a global GCM, J. Climate, 21,
2451–2465, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1753.1, 2008.
Dufois, F., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Greenwood, J., Richardson, A. J.,
Feng, M., Herbette, S., and Matear, R.: Impact of eddies on surface
chlorophyll in the South Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119,
8061–8077, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010164, 2014.
Düing, W., Molinari, R., and Swallow, J.: Somali Current: Evolution of
surface flow, Science, 209, 588–590, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4456.588-a,
1980.
Durand, F., Shankar, D., Birol, F., and Shenoi, S. S. C.: Spatiotemporal
structure of the East India Coastal Current from satellite altimetry, J.
Geophys. Res., 114, CO2013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004807, 2009.
Ehlert, C., Frank, M., Haley, B. A., Böniger, U., De Deckker, P., and
Gingele, F. X.: Current transport versus continental inputs in the eastern
Indian Ocean: Radiogenic isotope signatures of clay size sediments, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q06017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003544, 2011.
Ekman, V. W.: On the influence of the Earth's rotation on ocean currents,
Arch. Math. Astron. Phys., 2, 1–52, 1905.
Elipot, S. and Beal, L. M.: Characteristics, Energetics, and Origins of
Agulhas Current Meanders and their Limited Influence on Ring Shedding, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 2294–2314, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0254.1, 2015.
Falkowski, P., Ziemann, D., Kolber, Z., and Beinfang, P. K.: Role of eddy
pumping in enhancing primary production in the ocean, Nature, 352, 55–58,
https://doi.org/10.1038/352055a0, 1991.
Feng, M., Meyers, G., Pearce, A., and Wijffels, S.: Annual and interannual
variations of the Leeuwin Current at 32∘ S, J. Geophys. Res.
Oceans, 108, C11, 3355, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jc001763, 2003.
Feng, M., Majewski, L. J., Fandry, C. B., and Waite, A. M: Characteristics
of two counter-rotating eddies in the Leeuwin Current system off the Western
Australian coast, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54,
961–980, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.11.022, 2007.
Feng, M., Waite, A., and Thompson, P.: Climate variability and ocean
production in the Leeuwin Current system off the west coast of Western
Australia, J. R. Soc. West. Aus., 92, 67–82, 2009.
Feng, M., Slawinski, D., Beckley, L. E., and Keesing, J. K.: Retention and
dispersal of shelf waters influenced by interactions of ocean boundary
current and coastal geography, Mar. Freshw. Res., 61, 1259–1267,
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF09275, 2010.
Findlater, J.: A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during
the northern summer, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 362–380,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709540409, 1969.
Fischer, J., F. Schott, and Stramma, L.: Currents and transports of the
Great Whirl-Socotra Gyre system during the summer monsoon, August 1993, J.
Geophys. Res., 101, 3573–3587, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03617, 1996.
Fletcher, W., Tregonning, R., and Sant, G.: Interseasonal variation in the
transport of pilchard eggs and larvae off southern Western Australia, Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 111, 209–224, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps111209, 1994.
Foltz, G. R., Vialard, J., Praveen Kumar, B., and McPhaden, M. J.: Seasonal
Mixed Layer Heat Balance of the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate,
23, 947–965., https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3268.1, 2010.
Fonteneau, A., Lucas, V., Tew Kai, E., Delgado, A., and Demarcq, H.:
Mesoscale exploitation of a major tuna concentration in the Indian Ocean,
Aquatic Living Resources, 21, 109-121, https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2008028, 2008.
Francis, P. A., Jithin, A. K., Chatterjee, A., Mukherjee, A., Shankar, D.,
Vinayachandran, P. N., and Ramakrishna, S. S. V. S.: Structure and dynamics
of undercurrents in the western boundary current of the Bay of Bengal, Ocean
Dyn., 70, 387–404, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01340-9, 2020.
Furnas, M.: Intra-seasonal and inter-annual variations in phytoplankton
biomass, primary production and bacterial production at North West Cape,
Western Australia: Links to the 1997–1998 El Niño event, Cont Shelf
Res., 27, 958–980, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.01.002, 2007.
Fye, P. M.: The International Indian Ocean Expedition, The Distinguished
Lecture Series 1964-1965, sponsored by Science Bureau, Washington Board of
Trade, presented at Georgetown University, 27 January 1965,
https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/5872, 1965.
Gadgil, S., Vinayachandran, P. N., Francis, P. A., and Gadgil, S.: Extremes
of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean
oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12213,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019733, 2004.
Gandhi, N., Singh, A., Prakash, S., Ramesh, R., Raman, M., Sheshshayee, M.,
and Shetye, S.: First direct measurements of N2 fixation during a
Trichodesmium bloom in the eastern Arabian Sea, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles,
25, GB4014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003970, 2011.
Gao, C., Fu, M., Song, H., Wang, L., Wei, Q., Sun, P., Liu, L., and Zhang,
X.: Phytoplankton pigment pattern in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in
the South Java coastal upwelling system, Indonesia, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 37,
97–106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1342-x, 2018.
Garçon, V., B. Dewitte, I. Montes, and K. Goubanova, Land-sea-atmosphere
interactions exacerbating ocean deoxygenation in Eastern Boundary Upwelling
Systems (EBUS), In IUCN Report Ocean Deoxygenation: Everyone's Problem., available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/03.420DEOX.pdf (last access: on 5 November 2021), 2019.
Gaughan, D., Fletcher, W., and White, K.: Growth rate of larval Sardinops sagax from
ecosystems with different levels of productivity, Mar. Biol, 139,
831–837, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270100637, 2001a.
Gaughan, D., White, K., and Fletcher, W.: The links between functionally
distinct adult assemblages of Sardinops sagax: larval advection across management
boundaries, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 58, 597–606, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2001.1061,
2001b.
Gauns, M., Madhupratap, M., Ramaiah, N., Jyothibabu, R., Fernandes, V.,
Paul, J. T., and Prasanna Kumar, S.: Comparative accounts of biological
productivity characteristics and estimates of carbon fluxes in the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
52, 2003-2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.05.009, 2005.
Guastella, L. A.and Roberts, M. J.: Dynamics and role of the Durban cyclonic
eddy in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight ecosystem, African Journal of Marine
Science, 38, 23–42, https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2016.1159982,
2006.
Gentilli, J.: Thermal anomalies in the eastern Indian Ocean, Nat. Phys.
Sci., 238, 93–95, https://doi.org/10.1038/physci238093a0, 1972.
George, J. V., Nuncio, M, Racheal, C., Anilkumar, N., Sharon, B. N.,
Shramik, M. P., Sini P., Denny, P. A., Krishnan, K. P., and Achuthankutty,
C. T.: Role of physical processes in chlorophyll distribution in the western
tropical Indian Ocean, J. Mar. Syst., 113–114, 2013.
George, J. V., Vinayachandran, P. N., Vijith, V., Thushara, V., Nayak, A.
A., Pargaonkar, S. M., Amol, P., Vijaykumar, K., and Matthews, A. J.:
Mechanisms of Barrier Layer Formation and Erosion from In Situ Observations
in the Bay of Bengal, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 1183–1200, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0204.1, 2019.
Gersbach, G. H., Pattiaratchi, C. B., Ivey, G. N., and Cresswell, G. R.:
Upwelling on the south-west coast of Australia – source of the Capes
Current?, Cont Shelf Res., 19, 363–400,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00088-0, 1999.
Godfrey, J. and Ridgway, K.: The large-scale environment of the
poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current, Western Australia: longshore steric height
gradients, wind stresses and geostrophic flow, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15,
481–495, 1985.
Goes, J. I., Thoppil, P. G., Gomes, H. D., and Fasullo, J. T.: Warming of the
Eurasian landmass is making the Arabian Sea more productive, Science, 308,
545–547, 2005.
Goes, J. I., Tian, H., Gomes, H. D. R., Anderson, O. R., Al-Hashmi, K.,
deRada, S., Luo, H., Al-Kharusi, L., Al-Azri, A., and Martinson, D. G.:
Ecosystem state change in the Arabian Sea fuelled by the recent loss of snow
over the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau region, Sci. Rep., 10, 7422, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64360-2, 2020.
Gomes, H.D.R., Goes, J. I., and Saino, T.: Influence of physical processes
and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the
Bay of Bengal, Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 313–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(99)00072-2, 2000.
Gomes, H.D.R., Goes, J. I., Matondkar, S. P., Parab, S. G., Al-Azri, A. R.,
and Thoppil, P. G.: Blooms of Noctiluca miliaris in the Arabian Sea – An in situ and satellite
study, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 751–765,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.003, 2008.
Gomes, H. D. R., Goes, J. I., Matondkar, S. P., Buskey, E. J., Basu, S.,
Parab, S., and Thoppil, P.: Massive outbreaks of Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Arabian Sea
due to spread of hypoxia, Nat. Commun., 5, 4862, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5862,
2014.
Gopalakrishna, V. V. and Sastry, J. S.: Hydrography of the western Bay of
Bengal during SW monsoon, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 14, 62–65, 1984.
Goschen, W. S., Bornman, T. G., Deyzel, S., and Schumann, E. H.: Coastal
upwelling on the far eastern Agulhas Bank associated with large meanders in
the Agulhas Current, Cont. Shelf Res., 101, 34–46, 2015.
Govender, A. and Rabede P. V.: Status report: seventy four (Polysteganus undulosus), in: Status
Reports for Key Linefish Species, edited by: Mann, B. Q., Spec. Publ. oceanogr.
Res. Inst. S. Afr. 7, 174–175, 2000.
Griffin, D. A., Wilkin, J. L., Chubb, C. F., Pearce, A. F., and Caputi, N.:
Ocean currents and the larval phase of Australian western rock lobster,
Panulirus cygnus, Mar. Freshw. Res., 52, 1187–1199, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF01181,
2001.
Griffiths, M. H. and Hecht,T.: On the life-history of Atractoscion aequidens, a migratory sciaenid
off the east coast of southern Africa, J. Fish Bioi., 47, 962–985, 1995.
Griffiths, C. L., Robinson, T. B., Lange, L., and Mead, A.: Marine
biodiversity in South Africa: an evaluation of current states of knowledge,
Plos One, 5, e12008, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012008, 2010.
Grumet, N. S., Abram,N. J., Beck, J. W., Dunbar,R. B., Gagan, M. K.,
Guilderson, T. P., Hantoro, W. S., and Suwargadi, B. W.: Coral radiocarbon
records of Indian Ocean water mass mixing and wind-induced upwelling along
the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002087, 2004.
Guastella, L. A. and Roberts, M. J.: Dynamics and role of the Durban cyclonic
eddy in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight ecosystem, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 38,
23–42, https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2016.1159982, 2016.
Gupta, G. V. M., Sudheesh, V., Sudharma, K., Saravanane, N., Dhanya, V.,
Dhanya, K., Lakshmi, G., Sudhakar, M., and Naqvi, S.: Evolution to decay of
upwelling and associated biogeochemistry over the southeastern Arabian Sea
shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121, 159–175, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003163, 2016.
Gupta, G. V. M., Jyothibabu, R., Ramu, Ch. V., Yudhistir Reddy, A.,
Balachandran, K. K., Sudheesh, V., Sanjeev Kumar, Chari, N. V. H. K., Kausar F.
B., Prachi H. M., Reddy, B., and Vijayan, A. K.: The world's largest coastal
deoxygenation zone is not anthropogenically driven, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 054009, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe9eb, 2021.
Halm, H., Lam, P., Ferdelman, T.G., Lavik, G., Dittmar, T., Laroche, J.,
D'Hondt, S., and Kuypers, M. M.: Heterotrophic organisms dominate nitrogen
fixation in the South Pacific Gyre, ISME J., 6, 1238–1249,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.182, 2012.
Halo, I., Backeberg, B., Penven, P., Ansorge, I., Reason, C., and Ullgren,
J. E.: Eddy properties in the Mozambique Channel: A comparison between
observations and two numerical ocean circulation models, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
100, 38–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.015, 2014.
Halo, I., Sagero, P., Manyilizu, M., and Shigalla, M.: Biophysical modelling
of the coastal upwelling variability and circulation along the Tanzanian and
Kenyan coasts. WIO, J. Mar. Sci., 1, 43–61,
https://doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.si2020.1.5, 2020.
Hanson, C. E., Pattiaratchi, C. B., and Waite, A. M.: Seasonal production
regimes off south-western Australia: influence of the Capes and Leeuwin
Currents on phytoplankton dynamics, Mar. Freshw. Res., 56, 1011–1026,
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF04288, 2005.
Hanson, C. E., Pesant, S., Waite, A. M., and Pattiaratchi, C. B.: Assessing
the magnitude and significance of deep chlorophyll maxima of the coastal
eastern Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54,
884–901, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.08.021, 2007a.
Hanson, C. E., Waite, A. M., Thompson, P. A., and Pattiaratchi, C. B.:
Phytoplankton community structure and nitrogen nutrition in Leeuwin Current
and coastal waters off the Gascoyne region of Western Australia, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 902–924,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.10.002, 2007b.
Hanson, C. and McKinnon, A.: Pelagic ecology of the Ningaloo region,
Western Australia: influence of the Leeuwin Current, J. R. Soc. West Aus., 92,
129–138, 2009.
Harris, T. F. W., and van Foreest, D.: The Agulhas Current in March
1969, Deep Sea Res., 25, 549–550,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6291(78)90643-4, 1978.
Haugen, V. E., Johannessen, O. M., and Evensen, G.: Mesoscale modeling study
of the oceanographic conditions off the southwest coast of India, J. Earth
Syst. Sci., 111, 321–337, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02701978, 2002.
Heileman, S. and Scott, L. E. P.: The Somali coastal current large marine
ecosystem, in: The UNEP Large Marine
Ecosystem Report: A perspective on changing conditions in LMEs of the
World's regional seas, edited by: Sherman, K. and Hempel, G., UNEP, United States, 2008.
Heip, C. H. R., Hemminga, M. A., and de Bie, M. J. M.: Monsoons and Coastal
Ecosystems in Kenya, Cruise reports Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, 5,
National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, Netherlands, 122 pp, 1995.
Helly, J. J. and Levi, L. A.: Global distribution of naturally occurring
marine hypoxia on continental margins, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 1159–1168, 2004.
Hermes, J. C. and Reason, C. J. C. : Annual cycle of the South Indian
Ocean (Seychelles-Chagos) thermocline ridge in a regional ocean model, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, C04035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004363, 2008.
Hitchcock, G. L. and Olson, D.: NE and SW monsoon conditions along the
Somali coast during 1987, edited by: Desai, B. N., Oceanography of the Indian
Ocean, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH, 1992.
Hitchcock, G. L., Key, E., and Masters, J.: The fate of upwelled waters in
the Great Whirl, August 1995, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 47, 1605–1621, 2000.
Ho, C.-R., Zheng, Q., and Kuo, N.-J.: SeaWiFs observations of upwelling
south of Madagascar: long-term variability and interaction with East
Madagascar Current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 59–67,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.05.001, 2004.
Holliday, D., Beckley, L. E., and Olivar, M. P.: Incorporation of larval
fishes into a developing anti-cyclonic eddy of the Leeuwin Current off
south-western Australia, J. Plankton Res., 33, 1696–1708,
https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr064, 2011.
Holliday, D., Beckley, L. E., Millar, N., Olivar, M. P., Slawinski, D.,
Feng, M., and Thompson, P. A.: Larval fish assemblages and particle
back-tracking define latitudinal and cross-shelf variability in an eastern
Indian Ocean boundary current, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 460, 127–144,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09730, 2012.
Holloway, P. E. and Nye, H.: Leeuwin Current and wind distributions on the
southern part of the Australian North West Shelf between January 1982 and
July 1983, Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 36, 123–137,
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9850123, 1985.
Hood, R. R., Bange, H. W., Beal, L., Beckley, L. E., Burkill, P., Cowie, G.L.,
D'Adamo, N., Ganssen, G., Hendon, H., Hermes, J., Honda, M., McPhaden, M.,
Roberts, M., Singh, S., Urban, E., and Yu, W.: Science Plan of the Second
International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): A Basin-Wide Research
Program, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, Newark, Delaware, USA,
2015.
Hood, R. R., Beckley, L. E., and Wiggert, J. D.: Biogeochemical and
ecological impacts of boundary currents in the Indian Ocean, Prog.
Oceanogr., 156, 290–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.011, 2017.
Horii, T., Hase, H., Ueki, I., and Masumoto, Y.: Oceanic precondition and
evolution of the 2006 Indian Ocean dipole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03607,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032464, 2008.
Horii, T., Ueki, I., Syamsudin, F., Sofian, I., and Ando, K.: Intraseasonal
coastal upwelling signal along the southern coast of Java observed using
Indonesian tidal station data, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 2690–2708, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010886, 2016.
Horii, T., Ueki, I., and Ando, K.: Coastal upwelling events along the
southern coast of Java during the 2008 positive Indian Ocean Dipole, J.
Oceanogr., 74, 499–508, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-018-0475-z, 2018.
Huggett, J. A.: Mesoscale distribution and community composition of
zooplankton in the Mozambique Channel, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 100, 119–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.021, 2014.
Hutchings, L. Beckley, L. L. E., Griffiths, M. H., Roberts, M. J., Sundby,
S., van der Lingen, C.: Spawning on the edge: spawning grounds and nursery
areas around the southern African coastline, Mar. Freshw. Res. 53, 307–318,
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF01147, 2002.
Hutchings, L., van der Lingen, C., Shannon, L., Crawford, R., Verheye, H.,
Bartholomae, C., van der Plas, A., Louw, D., Kreiner, A., Ostrowski, M.,
Fidel, Q., Barlow, R., Lamont, T., Coetzee, J., Shillington, F., Veitch, J.,
Currie, J., and Monteiro, P.: The Benguela Current: An ecosystem of four
components, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 15–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.046,
2009.
IMR: Cruise Report No. 1 of R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen, Joint
NORAD/Mozambique/FAO Project to investigate the fish resources off the coast
of Mozambique, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, 1977.
IMR: Cruise Report No. 2 of R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen, Joint
NORAD/Mozambique/FAO Project to investigate the fish resources off the coast
of Mozambique, October–December 1977, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen,
Norway, 1978a.
IMR: Cruise Report No. 3 of R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen. Joint
NORAD/Mozambique/FAO Project to investigate the fish resources off the coast
of Mozambique, January–March 1978, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen,
Norway, 1978b.
IMR: Cruise Report No. 4 of R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen, Joint
NORAD/Mozambique/FAO Project to investigate the fish resources off the coast
of Mozambique, April–June 1978, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen,
Norway, 1978c.
IMR: Fisheries resources survey, Madagascar. Cruise Report R/V Dr Fridtjof
Nansen, 16–28 June 1983, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway,
1983.
Iskandar, I., Tozuka, T., Sasaki, H., Masumoto, Y., and Yamagata, T.:
Intraseasonal variations of surface and subsurface currents off Java as
simulated in a high-resolution ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys.
Res., 111, C12015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003486, 2006.
Iskandar, I., Rao, S. A., and Tozuka, T.: Chlorophyll−a bloom along the
southern coasts of Java and Sumatra during 2006, Int. J. Remote Sens., 30,
663–671, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802372309, 2009.
Iskandar, I., Sari, Q. W, Setiabudidaya, D., Yustian, I., and Monger, B.: The
distribution and variability of chlorophyll-a bloom in the southeastern
tropical Indian Ocean using Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis,
Biodiversitas, 18, 1546–1555, https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180433, 2017.
Izumo, T., Montegut, C. D., Luo, J. J., Behera, S. K., Masson, S., and
Yamagata, T.: The role of the western Arabian Sea upwelling in Indian
monsoon rainfall variability, J. Climate, 21, 5603–5623,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2158.1, 2008.
Jackson, J. M., Rainville, L., Roberts, M. J., McQuaid, C. D., and
Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: Mesoscale bio-physical interactions between the
Agulhas Current and the Agulhas Bank, South Africa, Cont. Shelf Res., 49,
10–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.csr.2012.09.005, 2012.
Jacobs, Z. L., Jebri, F., Raitsos, D. E., Popova, E., Srokosz, M., Painter,
S. C., Nencioli, F., Roberts, M., Kamau, J., Palmer, M., and Wihsgott, J.:
Shelf-break upwelling and productivity over the North Kenya Banks: The
importance of large-scale ocean dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125,
e2019JC015519, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015519, 2020.
Jochum, J. and Murtugudde, R.: Internal variability of Indian Ocean SST, J.
Climate, 18, 3726–3738, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3488.1, 2005.
Johannes, R., Pearce, A., Wiebe, W., Crossland, C., Rimmer, D., Smith, D.,
and Manning, C.: Nutrient characteristics of well-mixed coastal waters off
Perth, Western Australia, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 39, 273–285,
https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1064, 1994.
Johannessen, O. M., Subbaraju, G. V., and Blindheim, J.: Seasonal variations
of the oceanographic conditions off the southwest coast of India during
1971-1975, Fisk Dir Skr Ser Hav Unders, 18, 247–261, 1981.
Johnsen, E., Krakstad, J., Ostrowski, M., Serigstad, B., Strømme, T.,
Alvheim, O., Olsen, M., Zaera, D., André, E., Dias, N., Sousa, L.,
Sousa, B., Malauene, B., and Abdula, S.: Surveys of the living marine
resources of Mozambique: Ecosystem survey and special studies, 27
September–21 December 2007, Report No. 8/2007–2007409, Institute of Marine
Research, Bergen, Norway, 2007.
Jorge da Silva, A., Mubango, A., and Sætre, R.: Information on
oceanographic cruises in the Mozambique Channel, Revista de
Investigação Pesquira, 2, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Pesqueiro,
Maputo, República Popular de Moçambique, 89, 1981.
Jyothibabu, R., Vinayachandran, P. N., Madhu, N. V., Robin, R. S., Karnan,
C., Jagadeesan, L., and Anjusha, A.: Phytoplankton size structure in the
southern Bay of Bengal modified by the Summer Monsoon Current and associated
eddies: Implications on the vertical biogenic flux, J. Mar. Syst., 143,
98–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.10.018, 2015.
Kampf, J. and Chapman, P: Upwelling Systems of the World,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42524-5, 2016.
Kämpf, J. and Kavi, A.: SST variability in the eastern intertropical
Indian Ocean – On the search for trigger mechanisms of IOD events, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 166, 64–74,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.11.010, 2019.
Kanuri, V. V., Rao, G. D., Munnooru, K., Sura, A., Patra, S., Vinjamuri, R. R.,
and Karr, R.: Scales and drivers of seasonal pCO2 dynamics and net
ecosystem exchange along the coastal waters of southeastern Arabian Sea,
Marine Poll. Bull., 121, 372–380, 2017.
Kawamiya, M.: Mechanism of offshore nutrient supply in the western Arabian
Sea, J. Mar. Res., 59, 675–696, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224001762674890,
2001.
Keen, T. R., Kindle, J. C., and Young, D. K.: The interaction of southwest
monsoon upwelling, advection and primary production in the northwest Arabian
Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 13, 61–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(97)00003-1, 1997.
Kindle, J. C., Arnone, R., and Smedstad, O. M.: On the generation of coastal
filaments during the Spring Intermonsoon, EOS, Transactions of the AGU, 83,
37, 2002.
Kolasinski, J., Kaehler, S., and Jaquemet, S.: Distribution and sources of
particulate organic matter in a mesoscale eddy dipole in the Mozambique
Channel (south-western Indian Ocean): Insight from C and N stable isotopes,
J. Mar. Syst., 96, 122–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.02.015, 2012.
Koné, V., Aumont, O., Lévy, and M., Resplandy, L.: Physical and
biogeochemical controls of the phytoplankton seasonal cycle in the Indian
Ocean: a modeling study, In: Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and
Ecological Variability, AGU, 147–166, doi.org/10.1029/2008GM000700, 2009.
Koné, V., Lett, C., and Fréon, P.,: Modelling the effect of food
availability on recruitment success of Cape anchovy ichthyoplankton in the
southern Benguela upwelling system, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 35, 151–161,
2013.
Koslow, J. A., Pesant, S., Feng, M., Pearce, A., Fearns, P., Moore, T.,
Matear, R., and Waite, A.: The effect of the Leeuwin Current on
phytoplankton biomass and production off Southwestern Australia, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 113, C07050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004102, 2008.
Krakstad, J.-O., Mehl, S., Roman, R., Escobar-Porras, J., Stapley, J.,
Flynn, B., Olsen, M., and Beck, I.: Cruise Reports Dr Fridtjof Nansen, East
Madagascar Current Ecosystem Survey ASCLME/FAO 2008 Cruise 1, 24 August–1
October 2008, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, 2008.
Kromkamp, J., de Bie, M., Goosen, N., Peene, J., van Rijswijk, P., Sinke,
J., and Duineveld, G. C. A.: Primary production by phytoplankton along the
Kenyan coast during the SE monsoon and November intermonsoon 1992, and the
occurrence of Trichodesmium, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 44,
1195–1212, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00015-5, 1997.
Krug, M. and Tournadre, J.: Satellite observations of an annual cycle in
the Agulhas Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15607,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052335, 2012.
Krug, M., Tournadre, J., and Dufois, F.: Interactions between the Agulhas
Current and the eastern margin of the Agulhas Bank, Cont. Shelf Res., 81,
67–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.02.020, 2014.
Krug, M., Swart, S., and Gula, J.: Submesoscale cyclones in the Agulhas
current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 346–354,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071006, 2017.
Kumar, S., Ramesh, R., Sardesai, S., and Sheshshayee, M. S.: High new production
in the Bay of Bengal: possible causes and implications, Geophys. Res. Lett.
31, L18304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021005, 2004.
Kumar, P. K., Singh, A., Ramesh, R., and Nallathambi, T.: N2 Fixation in
the Eastern Arabian Sea: Probable Role of Heterotrophic Diazotrophs, Mar.
Chem., 4, 80, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00080, 2017.
Kurian, J. and Vinayachandran, P. N.: Mechanisms of formation of the
Arabian Sea mini warm pool in a high-resolution Ocean General Circulation
Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C05009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003631, 2007.
Kyewalyanga, M. S., Naik, R., Hegde, S., Raman, M., Barlow, R., and Roberts,
M.: Phytoplankton biomass and primary production in Delagoa Bight
Mozambique: Application of remote sensing, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 74,
429–436, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.027, 2007.
Levy, M., Andre., J.-M., Shankar, D.,
Durand, F., and Shenoi, S. S. C.: A quantitative method for describing the
seasonal cycles of surface chlorophyll in the Indian Ocean, SPIE
proceedings, Remote Sens. Mar. Environ., edited by: Frouin, R. J., Agarwal, V. K., Kawamura, H., Nayak, S., and Pan D., 6406, 640611, 8 pp, 2006.
La Fond, E. C.: On upwelling and sinking off the east coast of India, Andhra
Univ. Mem. Oceanogr., 1, 117–121, 1954.
La Fond, E. C.: Oceanographic studies in the Bay of Bengal, Proc. Indian
Acad. Sci., 46, 1–46, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03052445, 1957.
La Fond, E. C.: On the circulation of the surface layers on the east coast
of India, Andhra Univ. Mem. Oceanogr., 2, 1–11, 1958.
La Fond, E. C: Sea surface features and internal waves in the sea, Indian J.
Meterol. Geophys., 10, 415–419, 1959.
Lakshmi, R. S., Chatterjee, A., Prakash, S., and Mathew, T.: Biophysical
Interactions in Driving the Summer Monsoon Chlorophyll Bloom Off the Somalia
Coast, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015549, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015549,
2020.
Lamont, T., Roberts, M. J., Barlow, R. G., Morris, T., and van den Berg, M.
A.: Circulation patterns in the Delagoa Bight, Mozambique, and the influence
of deep ocean eddies, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 32, 553–562, https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2010.538147, 2010.
Lamont, T., Barlow, R., Morris, T., and van den Berg, M.: Characterisation
of mesoscale features and phytoplankton variability in the Mozambique
Channel, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 100, 94–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.019,
2014.
Landolfi, A., Koeve, W., Dietze, H., Kähler, P., and Oschlies, A.: A new
perspective on environmental controls of marine nitrogen fixation, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42, 4482–4489, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063756, 2015.
Langlois, R., Großkopf, T., Mills, M., Takeda, S., and LaRoche, J.:
Widespread distribution and expression of gamma A (UMB), an uncultured,
diazotrophic, γ-proteobacterial nifH phylotype, PLoS One, 10, e0128912,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128912, 2015.
Leber, G. M. and Beal, L. M.: Local water mass modifications by a solitary
meander in the Agulhas Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120,
4503–4515, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010863, 2015.
Leber, G. M., Beal, L. M., and Elipot, S.: Wind and Current Forcing Combine
to Drive Strong Upwelling in the Agulhas Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47,
123–134, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0079.1, 2017.
Lee, T. : Decadal weakening of the shallow overturning circulation in the
South Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18305,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020884, 2004.
Leetma, A., Quadfasel, D. R., and Wilson, D.: Development of the flow field
during the onset of the Somali current, 1979, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12,
1325–1342, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485, 1982.
Lenanton, R., Caputi, N., Kangas, M., and Craine, M.: The ongoing influence
of the Leeuwin Current on economically important fish and invertebrates off
temperate Western Australia – has it changed?, J. R. Soc. West. Aus., 92, 111–128, 2009.
Lévy, M., Shankar, D., André, J., Shenoi, S., Durand, F., and de
Boyer Montégut, C.: Basin-wide seasonal evolution of the Indian Ocean's
phytoplankton blooms, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
112, C12014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004090, 2007.
Lighthill, M. J.: Dynamic response of the Indian Ocean to onset of the
Southwest Monsoon, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 265, 45–92,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1969.0040, 1969.
Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Baranova, O. K., Boyer, T. P., Zweng, M.
M., Garcia, H. E., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., Weathers, K., Paver, C. R., and
Smolyar, I.: World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: Temperature, A. Mishonov
Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81, 52, 2018.
Longhurst, A. R. and Wooster, W. S.: Abundance of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and
upwelling on the southwest coast of India, Can. J. Fish. Aquat., 47,
2407–2419, https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-268, 1990.
Longhurst, A.: A major seasonal phytoplankton bloom in the Madagascar Basin,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 2413–2422,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00024-3, 2001.
Lotliker, A. A., Baliarsingh, S. K., Trainer, V. L., Wells, M. L., Wilson,
C., Udaya Bhaskar, T. V. S., Samanta, A., and Shahimol, S. R.:
Characterization of oceanic Noctiluca blooms not associated with hypoxia in
the Northeastern Arabian Sea, Harmful Algae, 74, 46–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.03.008, 2018.
Lourey, M. J., Dunn, J. R., and Waring, J.: A mixed-layer nutrient
climatology of Leeuwin Current and Western Australian shelf waters: seasonal
nutrient dynamics and biomass, J. Mar. Syst., 59, 25–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.10.001, 2006.
Lourey, M., Thompson, P., McLaughlin, J., Bonham, P., and Feng, M.: Primary
production and phytoplankton community structure during a winter shelf-scale
phytoplankton bloom off Western Australia, Mar. Biol, 160, 355–369,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2093-4, 2012.
Lowe, R. J., Ivey, G. N., Brinkman, R. M., and Jones, N. L.: Seasonal
circulation and temperature variability near the North West Cape of
Australia, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C04010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007653, 2012.
Lugomela, C., Lyimo, T. J., Bryceson, I., Semesi, A. K., and Bergman, B.:
Trichodesmium in coastal waters of Tanzania: diversity, seasonality, nitrogen and carbon
fixation, Hydrobiologia, 477, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021017125376, 2002.
Luis, A. J. and Kawamura, H.: Air-sea interaction, coastal circulation and
primary production in the eastern Arabian sea: A review, J. Oceanogr, 60,
205–218, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038327.33559.34, 2004.
Luther, M. E. and O'Brien, J. J.: Modelling the variability of the Somali
Current, in: Mesoscale/synoptic
coherent structures in geophysical turbulence: proceedings of the 20th
International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics, edited by: Nihoul, J. C. J. and Jamart, B. M., Elsevier
Oceanography Series, 50, 373–386, 1989.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E. and Jorge da Silva, A.: The Delagoa Bight eddy,
Deep-Sea Res., 35, 619–634, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90134-3, 1988.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E. and Roberts, H. R.: The Natal pulse: An extreme
transient on the Agulhas Current, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 631,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC01p00631, 1988.
Lutjeharms J. R. E. and Connell, A. D. : The Natal Pulse and inshore
counter currents off the South African east coast, S. Afr. J. Sci., 85,
533–535, 1989.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E. and Machu, E.: An upwelling cell inshore of the East
Madagascar Current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 47, 2405–2411,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00026-1, 2000.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Valentine, H. R., and van Ballegooyen, R. C.: The
hydrography and water masses of the Natal Bight, South Africa, Cont. Shelf
Res. 20, 1907–1939, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00053-4, 2000.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Boebel, O., van der Vaart, P. C. F., de Ruijter, W. P.
M., Rossby, T., and Bryden, H. L.: Evidence that the natal pulse involves
the Agulhas Current to its full depth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
3449–3452, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012639, 2001.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Boebel, O., and Rossby, H. T.: Agulhas cyclones, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 13–34,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00378-8, 2003.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: The coastal oceans of south-eastern Africa, in: The
Sea, Volume 14B, edited by: Robinson, A. R. and Brink, K. H., Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, MA, 783–834, 2006.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: The Agulhas Current, Springer, Berlin, Heidelbert, New York, 2006.
Machu, E., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Webb, A. M., and Van Aken, H. M.: First
hydrographic evidence of the southeast Madagascar upwelling cell, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 29, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015381, 2002.
Madden, R. A. and Julian, P. R.: Description of Global-Scale Circulation
Cells in the Tropics with a 40–50 Day Period, J. Atmos. Sci., 29,
1109–1123, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469, 1972.
Madhupratap, M., Kumar, S. P., Bhattathiri, P., Kumar, M. D., Raghukumar,
S., Nair, K., and Ramaiah, N.: Mechanism of the biological response to
winter cooling in the northeastern Arabian Sea, Nature, 384, 549–552,
https://doi.org/10.1038/384549a0, 1996.
Mahongo, S. B., Francis, J., and Osima, S. E.: Wind Patterns of Coastal
Tanzania: Their Variability and Trends. West, Indian Ocean, J. Mar. Sci., 10, 107–120, 2012.
Malan, N., Backeberg, B., Biastoch, A., Durgadoo, J. V., Samuelsen, A.,
Reason, C., and Hermes, J.: Agulhas Current Meanders Facilitate Shelf-Slope
Exchange on the Eastern Agulhas Bank, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123,
4762–4778, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013602, 2018.
Malauene, B. S., Shillington, F. A., Roberts, M. J., and Moloney, C. L.: Cool,
elevated chlorophyll a waters off northern Mozambique, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II
100, 68–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10d.017, 2014.
Manghnani, V., Morrison, J. M., Hopkins, T. S., and Bohm,
E.: Advection of upwelled waters in the form of plumes off Oman during the
Southwest Monsoon, Deep-Sea Res. II, 45, 2027–2052,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00062-9, 1998.
Marra, J., Dickey, T. D., Ho, C., Kinkade, C. S., Sigurdson, D. E., Weller,
R., and Barber, R. T.: Variability in primary production as observed from
moored observations in the central Arabian Sea in 1995, Deep-Sea Res., 45,
2253–2267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00070-8, 1998.
McCosker, E., Davies, C. L., and Beckley, L. E.: Oceanographic influence on
coastal zooplankton assemblages at three IMOS National Reference Stations in
Western Australia. Mar. Freshw. Res., 71, 1672–1685
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19397, 2020.
McCreary Jr., J. P., Kundu, P. K., and Molinari, R. L.: A numerical
investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed layer processes in the
Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 31, 181–244,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(93)90002-U, 1993.
McCreary, J. P., Kohler, K. E., Hood, R. R., and Olson, D. B.: A
four-component ecosystem model of biological activity in the Arabian Sea,
Prog. Oceanogr., 37, 193–240,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(96)00005-5, 1996a.
McCreary, J. P., Han, W., Shankar, D., and Shetye, S. R.: Dynamics of the
East India Coastal Current 2. Numerical solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 101,
13993–14010, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jc00560, 1996b.
McCreary, J. P. and Kundu, P. K.: A numerical investigation of the Somali
Current during the Southwest Monsoon, J. Mar. Res, 46, 25–58,
https://doi.org/10.1357/002224088785113711, 1988.
McCreary, J. P., Yu, Z., Hood, R. R., Vinayachandran, P. N., Furue, R., Ishida,
A., and Richards, K.J.: Dynamics of the Indian-Ocean oxygen minimum zones,
Prog. Oceanogr. 112, 15–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.03.002, 2013.
McKinnon, A. and Duggan, S.: Summer egg production rates of paracalanid
copepods in subtropical waters adjacent to Australia's North West Cape,
Hydrobiologia, 453, 121–132, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013115900841, 2001.
McKinnon, A. and Duggan, S.: Summer copepod production in subtropical
waters adjacent to Australia's North West Cape, Mar. Biol, 143, 897–907,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1153-1, 2003.
McPhaden, M. J. and Nagura, M.: Indian Ocean Dipole interpreted in terms of
Recharge Oscillator theory, Clim. Dynam., 42, 1569–1586, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1765-1, 2014.
Menaché, M.: Première campagne océanographique du “Commandant
Robert Giraud” dans le canal de Mozambique, 11 Octobre–28 Novembre 1957.
Cah. Océanogr., 15, 224–235, 1963.
Messie, M., Ledesma, J., Kolber, D., Michisaki, R., Foley, D., and Chavez,
F. : Potential new production estimates in four eastern boundary upwelling
ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 151–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.018, 2009.
Messie, M. and Chavez, F. : Seasonal regulation of primary production in
eastern boundary upwelling systems, Prog. Oceanogr., 134, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.10.011, 2015.
Meyer, A. A., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., de Villiers, S.: The nutrient
characteristics of the Natal Bight, South Africa, J. Mar. Syst., 35, 11–37,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00043-X, 2002.
Miller, A. R. and Risebrough, R. W.: Preliminary cruise report ATLANTIS II,
Cruise 8: International Indian Ocean Expedition, 5 July 1963–20 December
1963, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA,
32 pp, https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/5872, 1963.
Moffett, J. and Goepfert, T. and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Reduced iron associated
with secondary nitrite maxima in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1341–1349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.004.,
2007.
Montecino, V. and Lange, C. B.: The Humboldt Current System: Ecosystem
components and processes, fisheries, and sediment studies, Prog. Oceanogr.,
83, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.041, 2009.
Moore, T. S., Matear, R. J., Marra, J., and Clementson, L.: Phytoplankton
variability off the Western Australian Coast: Mesoscale eddies and their
role in cross-shelf exchange, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
54, 943–960, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.02.006, 2007.
Morrison, J. M., Codispoti, L. A., Gaurin, S., Jones, B., Manghnani, V., and
Zheng, Z.: Seasonal variation of hydrographic and nutrient fields during the
US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 45, 2053–2101,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00063-0, 1998.
Muhling, B. A., Beckley, L. E., and Olivar, M. P.: Ichthyoplankton
assemblage structure in two meso-scale Leeuwin Current eddies, eastern
Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1113–1128,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.045, 2007.
Muhling, B. A. and Beckley, L. E.: Seasonal variation in horizontal and
vertical structure of larval fish assemblages off south-western Australia,
with implications for larval transport, J. Plankton Res., 29, 967-983,
https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbm072, 2007.
Muhling, B. A., Beckley, L. E., Gaughan, D., Jones, C., Miskiewicz, A., and
Hesp, S.: Spawning, larval abundance and growth rate of Sardinops sagax off
southwestern Australia: influence of an anomalous eastern boundary current,
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 364, 157–167, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07480, 2008a.
Muhling, B. A., Beckley, L. E., Koslow, J. A., and Pearce, A. F.: Larval
fish assemblages and water mass structure off the oligotrophic south-western
Australian coast, Fish. Oceanogr., 17, 16–31,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00452.x, 2008b.
Mukherjee, A., Shankar, D., Fernando, V., Amol, P., Aparna, S. G.,
Fernandes, R., Michael, G. S., Khalap, S. T., Satelkar, N. P., Agarvadekar,
Y., Gaonkar, M. G., Tari, A. P., Kankonkar, A., and Vernekar, S.: Observed
seasonal and intraseasonal variability of the East India Coastal Current on
the continental slope, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 123, 1197–1232,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-014-0471-7, 2014.
Mukherjee, A., Shankar, D., Chatterjee, A., and Vinayachandran, P. N.:
Numerical simulation of the observed near-surface East India Coastal Current
on the continental slope, Clim. Dynam., 50, 3949–3980,
doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3856-x, 2017.
Mukherjee, A. and Kalita, B. K: Signature of La Ni ̃na in interannual
variations of the East India Coastal Current during spring, Clim. Dynam., 53,
551–568, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4601-9, 2019.
Mukherjee, A., Chatterjee, A., and Francis, P.A.: Role of Andaman and
Nicobar Islands in eddy formation along western boundary of the Bay of
Bengal, Nature Sci. Rep., 9, 10152, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46542-9, 2019.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Shankar, D., Aparna, S. G., and Mukherjee, A.: Observations
of the sub-inertial, near-surface East India Coastal Current, Cont. Shelf
Res., 148, 159–177, doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.08.020, 2017.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Shankar, D., Aparna, S. G., Mukherjee, A., Fernando, V.,
Kankonkar, A., Khalap, S., Satelkar, N., Gaonkar, M. G., Tari, A. P.,
Khedekar, R. and Ghatkar, S.: Observed variability of the East India Coastal
Current on the continental slope during 2009–2018, J. Earth Syst. Sci.,
129, 77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-1346-8, 2020.
Mulholland, M. R. and Capone, D. G.: Dinitrogen fixation in the Indian
Ocean, Indian Ocean Biogeochem, Process, Ecol. Var., 167–186, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GM000850, 2009.
Murgese, D. S. and De Deckker, P.: The distribution of deep-sea benthic
foraminifera in core tops from the eastern Indian Ocean, Mar.
Micropaleontol., 56, 25–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2005.03.005, 2005.
Murthy, A. V. S.: Observations of coastal upwelling around India, edited by:
Lighthill, J. and Pearse, R. P., Monsoon dynamics, Cambridge University
Press, 523–528, 1981.
Murty, B. C.: On the temperature and salinity structure of the Bay of
Bengal, Curr. Sci., 27, 249–249, 1958.
Murty, C. S. and Varadachari, V. V. R.: Upwelling along the east coast of
India, B. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, 38, 80–86, 1968.
Mwaluma, J.: Zooplankton species distribution and abundance during the
monsoons off the Kenyan coast, 1992, edited by: Heip, C. H. R., Hemminga, M. A., and de
Bie, M. J. M., Monsoons and Coastal Ecosystems in Kenya. Cruise reports
Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, 5, National Museum of Natural History,
Leiden, Netherlands, 113–115, 1995.
Naqvi, S.: Geographical extent of denitrification in the Arabian Sea in
relation to some physical processes, Oceanologica Acta, 14, 281–290, 1991.
Naqvi, S., Jayakumar, D., Narvekar, P., Naik, H., Sarma, V., D'souza, W.,
Joseph, S., and George, M.: Increased marine production of N2O due to
intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf, Nature, 408, 346–349,
https://doi.org/10.1038/35042551, 2000.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Naik, H., and Narvekar, P. V.: The Arabian Sea, in:
Biogeochemistry of Marine Systems, edited by: Black, K. and Shimmield, G.,
Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, 156–206, 2003.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Bange, H. W., Gibb, S. W., Goyet, C., Hatton, A. D., and
Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: Biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere transfers in the
Arabian Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 65, 116–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2005.03.005, 2005.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Naik, H., Jayakumar, D. A., Shailaja, M. S., and NarvekarP.
V.: Seasonal oxygen deficiency over the western continental shelf of India,
in: Past and Present Water Column Anoxia, edited by: Neretin, L. N., NATO
Science Series, IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 64, Springer,
Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4297-3_08, 2006.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Naik,H., Jayakumar, D. A., Pratihary, A., Narvenkar, G.,
Kurian, S., Agnihotri, R., Shailaja, M. S., and Narvekar, P. V.: Seasonal
anoxia over the western Indian continental shelf, in: Indian Ocean:
Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, edited by: Wiggert, J.
D., Hood, R. R., Naqvi, S. W. A., Brink, K. H., and Smith, S. L., Geophys. Monogr. Ser., AGU, Washington, D.C., 185, 333–345, 2009.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Bange, H. W., Farías, L., Monteiro, P. M. S., Scranton, M. I., and Zhang, J.: Marine hypoxia/anoxia as a source of CH4 and N2O, Biogeosciences, 7, 2159–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2159-2010, 2010.
Naulita, Y., Arhatin, R. E., and Nabil: Upwelling index along the south coast
of Java from satellite imagery of wind stress and sea surface temperature,
IOP Conf. Series, Earth Environ. Sci., 429, 012025,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/429/1/012025, 2020.
Nehring, D.: The oceanological conditions in the western part of the
Mozambique Channel in February-March 1980, Geodät. Geophys.
Veröffentl., 4, 163 pp, 1984.
Nehring, D., Hagen, E., Jorge da Silva, A., Schemainda, R., Wolf, G., Michelchen, N.,
Kaiser, W., Postel, L., Gosselck, F., Brenning, U., Kühner, E.,
Arlt, G., Siegel, H., Gohs, L., and Bublitz, G.: Results of oceanological
studies in the Mozambique Channel in February–March 1980, Beitr.
Meereskd., 56, 51–63, 1987.
Newell, B. S.: The hydrography of the British East African Coastal Waters,
London, East African Marine Fisheries Research Organisation, Fishery
Publications, 12, 23 pp, 1959.
Nguli, M. M.: Temperature, salinity and water mass structure along the
Kenyan coast during the 1992 cruises A1 and A2 of R.V. Tyro, in: Monsoons and Coastal
Ecosystems in Kenya, Cruise reports Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, edited by: Heip
C. H. R., Hemminga, M. A., and de Bie, M. J. M., 5,
National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, Netherlands, 71–80, 1995.
Noyon, M., Morris, T., Walker, D., and Huggett, J.: Plankton distribution
within a young cyclonic eddy off south-western Madagascar, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 166, 141–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.11.001, 2019.
Nuncio, M. and Kumar, S. P.: Life cycle of eddies along the western
boundary of the Bay of Bengal and their implications, J. Mar. Syst., 94,
9–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.002, 2012.
Nyadjro, E. S., Jensen, T. G., Richman, J. G., and Shriver, J. F.: On the
relationship between wind, SST and the thermocline in the Seychelles-Chagos
Thermocline Ridge, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett.,
14, 2315–2319, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2017.2762961,
2017.
Ockhuis, S., Huggett, J.A., Gouws, G., and Sparks, C.: The `suitcase
hypothesis': Can entrainment of meroplankton by eddies provide a pathway for
gene flow between Madagascar and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa?, Afr. J. Mar.
Sci., 39, 4, 435–451, https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2017.1399292, 2017.
Ogata, T. and Masumoto, Y.: Interactions between mesoscale eddy variability
and Indian Ocean dipole events in the Southeastern tropical Indian
Ocean – case studies for 1994 and 1997/1998, Ocean Dyn., 60, 717–730,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0304-4, 2010.
Ogata, T. and Masumoto, Y.:, Interannual modulation and its dynamics of the
mesoscale eddy variability in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean, J.
Geophys. Res., 116, C05005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006490, 2011.
Olsen, E., Padera, M., Funke, M., Pires, P., Wenneck, T., and Zacarias, L.:
Cruise Reports Dr Fridtjof Nansen, Survey of the living marine resources of
North Mozambique (SWIOFP/ASCLME 2009 Cruise 1) 6 August–20 August 2009,
Report No. EAF-N/2009/7, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, 2009.
Painter, S. C.: The biogeochemistry and oceanography of the East African
Coastal Current. Prog. Oceanogr., 186, 102374,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102374, 2020.
Panikkar, N. K. and Jayaraman, R.: Biological and oceanographic differences
between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal as observed from the Indian
region, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, 64, 231–240,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03052161, 1966.
Pankajakshan, T., Pattanaik, J., and Ghosh, A. K.: An atlas of upwelling
indices along east and west coast of India, IODC, NIO of India, 1997.
Parameswaran, U. V., Abdul Jaleel, K. U., Sanjeevan, V. N., Gopal, A.,
Vijayan, A. K., Gupta, G. V. M., and Sudhakar, M.: Diversity and
distribution of echinoderms in the South Eastern Arabian Sea shelf under the
influence of seasonal hypoxia, Prog. Oceanogr., 165, 189–204,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.06.005, 2018.
Paterson, H. L., Feng, M., Waite, A. M., Gomis, D., Beckley L. E., Holliday,
D., and Thompson, P. A.: Physical and chemical signatures of a developing
anti-cyclonic eddy in the Leeuwin Current, Eastern Indian Ocean, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, C07049, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004707, 2008.
Pauly, D. and Christensen, V.: Primary production required to sustain
global fisheries, Nature, 374, 255–257, https://doi.org/10.1038/374255a0, 1995.
Pearce, A. F. and Pattiaratchi, C.: The Capes Current: a summer counter
current flowing past Cape Leeuwin and Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia,
Cont Shelf Res., 19, 401–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00089-2, 1999.
Pearce, A. F.: Eastern boundary currents of the southern hemisphere, J. R.
Soc. West, Aus., 74, 35–45, 1991.
Pearce, A. F., Lynch, M., and Hanson, C. E.: The Hillarys Transect (1):
seasonal and cross-shelf variability of physical and chemical water
properties off Perth, Western Australia, 1996–98, Cont Shelf Res., 26,
1689–1729, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.05.008, 2006.
Phillips, B. F. and Pearce, A. F.: Spiny lobster recruitment off Western
Australia, Bull. Mar. Sci., 61, 21–41, 1997.
Piontkovski, S. A. and Al-Oufi, H. S.: The Omani shelf hypoxia and the
warming Arabian Sea Int. J. Environ. Sci., 72, 256–264,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2015.1012361, 2015.
Pivan, X., Krug, M., and Herbette, S.: Observations of the vertical and
temporal evolution of a Natal Pulse along the Eastern Agulhas Bank, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 7108–7122, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011582, 2016.
Prakash, S. and Ramesh, R.: Is the Arabian Sea getting more productive?,
Curr. Sci., 92, 667–671, 2007.
Prakash, S., Ramesh, R., Sheshshayee, M., Dwivedi, R., and Raman, M.:
Quantification of new production during a winter Noctiluca scintillans bloom
in the Arabian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033819,
2008.
Prakash, S., Roy, R., and Lotliker, A.: Revisiting the Noctiluca scintillans
paradox in northern Arabian Sea, Curr. Sci., 113, 1429,
https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v113/i07/1429-1434, 2017.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Madhupratap, M., Dileep Kumar, M., Muraleedharan, P. M., de Souza, S.
N., Gauns, M., and Sarma, V. V. S. S.: High biological productivity
in the central Arabian Sea during summer monsoon driven by Ekman pumping and
lateral advection, Curr. Sci., 81, 1633–1638, 2001.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M., Ramaiah, N., Sardesai, S., Narvekar, J.,
Fernandes, V., and Paul, J. T.: Eddy-mediated biological productivity in
the Bay of Bengal during fall and spring intermonsoons, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1619–1640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.002, 2007.
Praveen, V., Ajayamohan, R. S., Valsala, V., and Sandeep, S.:
Intensification of upwelling along Oman coast in a warming scenario,
Geophys.Res. Lett., 43, 7581–7589, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069638,
2016.
Pripp. T., Gammelsrød, T., and Krakstad, J. O.: Physical influence on
biological production along the western shelf of Madagascar, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 100, 174–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.025, 2014.
Qu, T., Meyers, G. and Godfrey, J. S.: Ocean dynamics in the region between
Australia and Indonesia and its influence on the variation of sea surface
temperature in a global general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 99,
18433–18445, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00858, 1994.
Qu, T. and Meyers, G.: Seasonal characteristics of circulation in the
southeastern tropical Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 255–267,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-2682.1, 2005a.
Qu, T. and Meyers, G.: Seasonal variation of barrier layer in the
southeastern tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C11003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002816, 2005b.
Quadfasel, D. and Schott, F.: Water mass distribution at intermediate
layers off the Somali coast during the onset of the southwest monsoon 1979,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1358–1372, 1982.
Quadfasel, D. and Cresswell, G. R.: A note on the seasonal variability of
the South Java Current, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3685–3688,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC03056, 1992.
Quartly, G. D. and Srokosz, M. A.: Eddies in the southern Mozambique Channel,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 69–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.03.001, 2004.
Raes, E. J., Waite, A. M., McInnes, A. S., Olsen, H., Nguyen, H. M.,
Hardman-Mountford, N., and Thompson, P. A.: Changes in latitude and dominant
diazotrophic community alter N2 fixation, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 516,
85–102, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11009, 2014.
Raes, E. J., Thompson, P. A., McInnes, A. S., Nguyen, H. M.,
Hardman-Mountford, N., and Waite, A. M.: Sources of new nitrogen in the
Indian Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 29, 1283–1297,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005194, 2015.
Raes, E. J., Bodrossy, L., van de Kamp, J., Bissett, A., and Waite, A. M.:
Marine bacterial richness increases towards higher latitudes in the eastern
Indian Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett., 3, 10–19,
https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10058, 2018.
Rahmstorf, S.: Thermohaline circulation: The current climate, Nature,
421, 699–699, https://doi.org/10.1038/421699a, 2003.
Raj, R. P., Peter, B. N., and Pushpadas, D.: Oceanic and atmospheric
influences on the variability of phytoplankton bloom in the Southwestern
Indian Ocean, J. Mar. Syst., 82, 217–229,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.05.009, 2010.
Ramamirtham, C. P. and Rao, D. S.: On upwelling along the west coast of
India, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 15, 306–317, 1973.
Ramanantsoa, J. D., Krug, M., Penvend, P., Rouault, M., and Gula, J.: Coastal
upwelling south of Madagascar: Temporal and spatial variability, J. Mar.
Syst., 178, 29–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.10.005, 2018a.
Ramanantsoa, J. D., Penven, P., Krug, M., Gula, J., and Rouault, M.:
Uncovering a new current: The Southwest MAdagascar Coastal Current. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 45, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075900, 2018b.
Rao, R. R. and Sivakumar, R.: On the possible mechanisms of the evolution
of a mini-warm pool during the pre-summer monsoon season and the genesis of
onset vortex in the South-Eastern Arabian Sea, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 787–809, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555503, 1999.
Rao, R. R., Girish Kumar, M. S., Ravichandran, M., Rao, A. R.,
Gopalakrishna, V. V., and Thadathil, P.: Interannual variability of Kelvin
wave propagation in the wave guides of the equatorial Indian Ocean, the
coastal Bay of Bengal and the southeastern Arabian Sea during 1993–2006,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.008, 2009.
Rao, T. V. N., Rao, D. P., Rao, B. P., and Raju, V. S. R.: Upwelling and
sinking along Visakhapatnam coast, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 15, 84–87, 1986.
Rath, S., Vinayachandran, P. N., Behara, A., and Neema, C. P.: Dynamics of
summer monsoon current around Sri Lanka, Ocean Dynam., 69, 1133–1154,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01295-x, 2019.
Rennie, S. J., Pattiaratchi, C. P., and McCauley, R. D.: Eddy formation
through the interaction between the Leeuwin Current, Leeuwin Undercurrent
and topography, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 818–836,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.02.005, 2007.
Resplandy, L., Vialard, J., Lévy, M., Aumont, O., and Dandonneau, Y.:
Seasonal and intraseasonal biogeochemical variability in the thermocline
ridge of the southern tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
C07024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005246, 2009.
Resplandy, L., Lévy, M., Madec, G., Pous, S., Aumont, O., and Kumar, D.: Contribution of mesoscale processes to nutrient budgets in the Arabian
Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007006, 2011.
Ridderinkhof H. and de Ruiter, W.: Moored current observations in the
Mozambique Channel, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 1933–1955,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00041-9, 2003.
Risien, C. M. and C. B.: A Global Climatology of Surface Wind and Wind
Stress Fields from Eight Years of QuikSCAT Scatterometer Data, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 38, 2379–2413, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3881.1, 2008.
Rixen, T., Goyet, C., and Ittekkot, V.: Diatoms and their influence on the biologically mediated uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the Arabian Sea upwelling system, Biogeosciences, 3, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-1-2006, 2006.
Woulds, C., Bell, J. B., Glover, A. G., Bouillon, S., and Brown, L. S.: Benthic carbon fixation and cycling in diffuse hydrothermal and background sediments in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, Biogeosciences, 17, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1-2020, 2020.
Roberts, M. J.: Chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) abundance linked
to changes in South Africa's Agulhas Bank ecosystem during spawning and the
early life cycle, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 62, 33–55,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.10.002, 2005.
Roberts, M. J. and van den Berg, M. : Currents along the Tsitsikamma Coast
South Africa and potential transport of squid paralarvae and
ichthyoplankton, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 27, 375–388,
https://doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504096, 2005.
Roberts, M. J., Ribbink, A. J., Morris, T., Duncan, F., Barlow, R., Kaehler,
S., Huggett, J., Kyewalyanga, M., Harding, R., and van den Berg, M.: 2007
Western Indian Ocean Cruise and Data Report: Alg. 160. African Coelacanth
Ecosystem Programme, Grahamstown, 142 pp, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28920.88324,
2008.
Roberts, M. J., van der Lingen, C. D., Whittle, C., and van den Berg, M.:
Shelf currents, lee-trapped and transient eddies on the inshore boundary of
the Agulhas Current, South Africa: their relevance to the KwaZulu-Natal
sardine run, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 32, 423–447,
https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2010.512655, 2010.
Roberts, M. J., Ternon, J.-F., and Morris, T.: Interaction of dipole eddies
with the western continental slope of the Mozambique Channel, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 100, 54–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.016, 2014.
Roberts, M.: The Western Indian Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative
(WIOURI): A Flagship IIOE2 Project, CLIVAR Exchanges, 19, 26–30, 2015.
Roberts M, Nieuwenhys C.: Observations and mechanisms of upwelling in the
northern KwaZulu-Natal Bight, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 38, 43–63, https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2016.1194319, 2016.
Roberts, M., Nieuwenhuys, C., and Guastella, L.: Circulation of shelf waters
in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 38, 7–21,
https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2016.1175383, 2016.
Robinson, A. R. (Ed.): Eddies in Marine Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
1983.
Robinson, J., Guillotreau, P., Jiménez-Toribio, R., Lantz, F., Nadzon,
L., Dorizo, J., Gerry, C., and Marsac, F.: Impacts of climate variability
on the tuna economy of Seychelles, Clim. Res., 43, 149–162,
https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00890, 2010.
Rochford, D. J.: Seasonal interchange of high and low salinity surface
waters off south-west Australia, CSIRO, Division of Fisheries and
Oceanography Technical Paper No. 29, 1969.
Roel, B. A., Hewitson, J., Kerstan, S., and Hampton, I.: The role of the
Agulhas Bank in the life cycle of pelagic fish, S. Afr. J. Sci, 90, 185–96,
1994.
Rossi, V., Feng, M., Pattiaratchi, C., Roughan, M., and Waite, A. M.:
Linking synoptic forcing and local mesoscale processes with biological
dynamics off Ningaloo Reef, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 1211–1225,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20110, 2013a.
Rossi, V., Feng, M., Pattiaratchi, C., Roughan, M., and Waite, A. M.: On the
factors influencing the development of sporadic upwelling in the Leeuwin
Current system, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 3608–3621,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20242, 2013b.
Rouault, M. J. and Penven, P.: New perspectives on Natal Pulses from satellite
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C07013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006866, 2011.
Rousseaux, C. S., Lowe, R., Feng, M., Waite, A. M., and Thompson, P. A.: The
role of the Leeuwin Current and mixed layer depth on the autumn
phytoplankton bloom off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, Cont Shelf Res.,
32, 22–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.10.010, 2012.
Roxy, M. K., Modi, A., Murtugudde, R., Valsala, V., Panickal, S., Prasanna
Kumar, S., and Lévy, M.: A reduction in marine primary productivity
driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
43, 826–833, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066979, 2016.
Roy, R., Vinayachandran, P. N., Sarkar, A., George, J., Parida, C., Lotliker, A., Prakash, S., and Choudhury, S. B.: Southern Bay of
Bengal: A possible hotspot for CO2 emission during the summer monsoon,
Prog. Oceanogr., 197,
0079-6611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102638, 2021.
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute: Temperature and monthly maps for the Indian Ocean, Edition 135,
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Den Haag, 1952.
Ruijter, W. D., Leeuwen, P., and Lutjeharms, J.: Generation and Evolution of
Natal Pulses: Solitary Meanders in the Agulhas Current, J. Phys.
Oceanography, 29, 3043–3055,
1999.
Sabarros, P. S., Ménard, F., Lévénez, J.-J., Tew-Kai, E., and
Ternon, J.-F.: Mesoscale eddies influence distribution and aggregation
patterns of micronekton in the Mozambique Channel, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 395, 101–107, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08087, 2009.
Sætre, R. and de Paula e Silva: The marine fish resources of
Mozambique. Reports on surveys with the R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen, Serviço
de Investigações Pesqueiras, Maputo, Institute of Marine Research,
Bergen, Norway, 179 pp, 1979.
Saetre, R. and Jorge Da Silva, A.: Water masses and circulation of the
Mozambique Channel. Revista de Investigacao Pesqueira, No. 3, Instituto de
Desenvolvimento Pesqueiro, Maputo, 83 pp., 1982.
Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T.: A
dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360–363,
https://doi.org/10.1038/43854, 1999.
Sanilkumar, K. V., Kuruvilla, T. V., Jogendranath, D. and Rao, R. R:
Observations of the Western Boundary Current of the Bay of Bengal from a
hydrographic survey during March 1993, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 44, 135–145,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967--0637(96)00036-2, 1997.
Sarma, V. V. S. S.: Net plankton community production in the Arabian Sea
based on O2 mass balance model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002198, 2004.
Sarma, V. V. S. S. Sridevi, B., Maneesha, K., Sridevi, T., Naidu, S. A.,
Prasad, V. R., Venkataraman, V., Achrya, T., Bharati, M. D., Subbaiah,
Ch.V., Kiran, B.S., Reddy, N. C. P., Sarma, V. V., Sadhuram, Y., Murty, T.
V. R: Impact of atmospheric and physical forcings on biogeochemical cycling
of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the coastal Bay of Bengal, J.
Oceanogr., 69, 229–243, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-012-0168-y, 2013.
Sarma, V. V. S. S. and Udaya Bhaskar, T. V. S.: Ventilation of oxygen to
oxygen minimum zone due to anticyclonic eddies in the Bay of Bengal, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 2145–2153, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004447, 2018.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Desai, D. V., Patil, J. S, Khandeparker, L., Aparna, S.
G., Shankar, D., Selrina D'Souza, Dalabehera, H. B., Mukherjee, J.,
Sudharani, P., and Anil, A. C.: Ecosystem response in temperature fronts in
the northeastern Arabian Sea, Progress in Oceanography, 165, 317–331,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.02.004, 2018.
Sastry, A. A. R. and Myrland, P.: Distribution of temperature, salinity and
density in the Arabian Sea along the South Malabar Coast (South India)
during the post-monsoon season, Indian J. Fish., 6, 223–255, 1959.
Saunders, M. I., Thompson, P. A., Jeffs, A. G., Säwström, C.,
Sachlikidis, N., Beckley, L. E., and Waite, A. M.: Fussy feeders: phyllosoma
larvae of the western rocklobster (Panulirus cygnus) demonstrate prey preference, PLoS One,
7, e36580, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036580, 2012.
Saville-Kent, W.: The naturalist in Australia, 302 pp.: CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Fla, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.18339, 1897.
Säwström, C., Beckley, L. E., Saunders, M. I., Thompson, P. A., and
Waite, A. M.: The zooplankton prey field for rock lobster phyllosoma larvae
in relation to oceanographic features of the south-eastern Indian Ocean, J.
Plankton Res., 36, 1003–1016, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbu019, 2014.
Saxena, H., Sahoo, D., Khan, M. A., Kumar, S., Sudheer, A. K., and Singh, A.:
Dinitrogen fixation rates in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon,
Environ. Res. Commun., 2, 051007, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab89fa, 2020.
Schmidt, T. M., DeLong, E. F., and Pace, N. R.: Analysis of a marine
picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing, J.
Bacteriol., 173, 4371–4378, https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.14.4371-4378.1991, 1991.
Schott, F.: Monsoon response of the Somali Current and associated upwelling.
Prog. Oceanogr., 12, 357–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(83)90014-9, 1983.
Schott, F. and McCreary, J. P.: The monsoon circulation of the Indian
Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 1–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00083-0,
2001.
Schott, F. A., Xie, S. P., and McCreary, J. P.: Indian Ocean circulation and
climate variability, Rev. Geophys., 47, 1–46,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245, 2009.
Sen Gupta, R., Moraes, C., George, M. D., Kureishy, T. W., Noronha, R. J.,
and Fondekar, S. P.: Chemistry and hydrography of the Andaman Sea, Indian J.
Mar. Sci., 10, 228–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(84)90035-9, 1981.
SenGupta, R. and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Chemical Oceanography of the Indian Ocean,
North of equator, Deep-Sea Res., 31, 671–706,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(84)90035-9, 1984.
Sewell, R. B. S.: The temperature and salinity of the surface-waters of the
Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, with reference to Laccadive Sea, in
Geographic and oceanographic research in Indian waters V, Mem. Asiatic Soc.
of Bay of Bengal, 207–356, 1929.
Shah, P., Sajeev, R., and Gopika, N.: Study of upwelling along the west
coast of India – A climatological approach, J. Coast. Res., 31, 1151–1158,
https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00094.1, 2015.
Shalapyonok, A., Olson, R. J., and Shalapyonok, L. S.: Arabian Sea
phytoplankton during southwest and northeast Monsoons 1995: composition,
size structure and biomass from individual cell properties measured by flow
cytometry, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 1231–1261,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00137-5, 2001.
Shankar, D. and Shetye, S. R.: On the dynamics of the Lakshadweep High and
Low in the southeastern Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res, 102, 12551–12562,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00465, 1997.
Shankar, D., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Unnikrishnan, A. S.: The monsoon
currents in the north Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanog., 52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00024-1, 63–120, 2002.
Shankar, D., Remya, R., Anil, A., and Vijith, V.: Role of physical processes
in determining the nature of fisheries in the eastern Arabian Sea, Prog.
Oceanogr., 172, 124–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.11.006, 2019.
Sharma, G. S.: Seasonal variation of some hydrographic properties of the
shelf waters off the west coast of India, Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India,
38263–276, 263–276, 1968.
Sharma, G. S.: Upwelling off the southwest coast of India, Indian J. Mar.
Sci., 7, 209–218, 1978.
Shenoi, S. S. C., Saji, P. K., and Almeida, A. M.: Near-surface circulation and
kinetic energy in the tropical Indian Ocean derived from Lagdrangian
drifters, J. Mar. Res., 57, 885–907, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224099321514088,
1999.
Shenoi, S. S. C., Shankar, D., and Shetye, S. R.: Differences in heat
budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for
the summer monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3052,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000679, 2002.
Shenoi, S. C., Shankar, D., Gopalakrishna, V. V., and Durand, F.: Role of
ocean in the genesis and annihilation of the core of the warm pool in the
southeastern Arabian Sea, Mausam, 56, 147–160, 2005.
Shenoy, D. M., Sujith, K. B., Gauns, M. U., Patil, S., Sarkar, A., Naik, H.,
Narvekar, P. V., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Production of dimethylsulphide during the
seasonal anoxia off Goa, Biogeochemistry, 110, 47–55,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9720-5, 2012.
Shetye, S. R., Chandra Shenoi, S. S., Antony, M. K., and Kumar, V. K.:
Monthly-mean wind stress along the coast of the north Indian Ocean,
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences – Earth and Planetary
Sciences, 94, 129–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02871945, 1985.
Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Sundar, D., Michael, G. S.,
Almeida, A. M., and Santanam, K.: Hydrography and circulation off the west
coast of India during the southwest monsoon 1987, J. Mar. Res., 48,
359–378, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224090784988809, 1990.
Shetye, S. R., Shenoi, S. S. C., Gouveia, A. D., Michael, G. S., Sundar, D.,
and Nampoothiri, G.: Wind-driven coastal upwelling along the western
boundary of the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon, Cont. Shelf
Res., 11, 1397–1408, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(91)90042-5, 1991.
Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Sundar, D., Michael, G. S., and
Nampoothiri, G.: The western boundary current of the seasonal subtropical
gyre in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 945–954,
https://doi.org/10.1029/92jc02070,1993.
Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Shankar, D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Vinayachandran,
P. N., Sundar, D., Michael, G. S., and Nampoothiri, G.: Hydrography and
circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon, J.
Geophys. Res., 101, 14011–14025, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jc03307, 1996.
Shetye, S. R. and Gouveia, A. D.: Coastal circulation in the North Indian
Ocean: Coastal segment (14, S-W). In: Robinson, A.R., Brink, K.H. (Eds.),
The Global Coastal Ocean: Regional Studies and Syntheses, The Sea, vol. 11.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 523–555 (Chapter 18), 1998.
W., Morrison, J. M., Bohm, E., and Manghnani, V.:
The Oman upwelling zone during 1993, 1994 and 1995, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 47,
1227–1247, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00142-3, 2000.
Sikka, D. R.: Some aspects of the large scale fluctuations of summer monsoon
rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the planetary and
regional scale circulation parameters, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 89, 179–195,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02913749, 1980.
Singh, A., Gandhi, N., Ramesh, R., and Prakash, S.: Role of cyclonic eddy in
enhancing primary and new production in the Bay of Bengal, J. Sea Res., 97,
5–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.12.002, 2015.
Singh, A., Gandhi, N., and Ramesh, R.: Surplus supply of bioavailable
nitrogen through N2 fixation to primary producers in the eastern
Arabian Sea during autumn, Cont. Shelf. Res., 181, 103–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.012, 2019.
Smith, R. L. and Bottero, J. S.: On upwelling in the Arabian Sea, in: A voyage of discovery, edited by: Angel, M., 291–304, New York: Pergamon Press.,
1977.
Smith, S. L. and Codispoti, L.: Southwest Monsoon of 1979: Chemical and
biological response of Somali coastal waters, Science, 209, 597–600, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4456.597, 1980.
Smith, R. L., Huyer, A., Godfrey, J. S., and Church, J. A.: The Leeuwin
Current off western Australia, 1986–1987, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21,
323–345, 1991.
Smitha, B. R., Sanjeevan, V. N., Vimalkumar, K. G., and Revichandran, C.: On
the Upwelling off the southern tip and along the west coast of India, J.
Coast. Res., 95–102, https://doi.org/10.2112/06-0779.1, 2008.
Sprintall, J., Chong, J., Syamsudin, F., Morawitz, W., Hautala, S., Bray,
N., and Wijffels, S.: Dynamics of the South Java Current in the
Indo-Australian basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2493–2496,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002320, 1999.
Sreeush, M. G., Valsala, V., Pentakota, S., Prasad, K. V. S. R., and Murtugudde, R.: Biological production in the Indian Ocean upwelling zones –Part 1: refined estimation via the use of a variable compensation depth in ocean carbon models, Biogeosciences, 15, 1895–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1895-2018, 2018.
Srokosz, M. A. and Quartly, G. D.: The Madagascar Bloom: A serendipitous
study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 14–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008339, 2013.
Strzelecki, J. and Koslow, J.: Mesoplankton, in: Strategic Research Fund for
the Marine Environment Final Report (Vol. 2), 88–102, CSIRO Australia, 2006.
Strzelecki, J., Koslow, J. A., and Waite, A.: Comparison of mesozooplankton
communities from a pair of warm- and cold-core eddies off the coast of
Western Australia, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54,
1103–1112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.02.004, 2007.
Sudheesh, V., Gupta, G.V.M., Sudharma, K., Naik, H., Shenoy, D., Sudhakar,
M., and Naqvi, S.: Upwelling intensity modulates N2O concentrations
over the western Indian shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 8551–8565,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012166, 2016.
Sudheesh, V.: Influence of Upwelling on Seasonal Hypoxia/Anoxia and
Greenhouse Gases along the Southwestern Continental Shelf of India, Ph.D
Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin,
available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/256272 (last access: 5 November 2021), 2018.
Sudheesh, V., Gupta, G. V. M., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Massive Methane Loss
During Seasonal Hypoxia/Anoxia in the Nearshore Waters of Southeastern
Arabian Sea, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 324, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00324, 2020.
Suginohara, N.: Coastal upwelling: Onshore-offshore circulation, equatorward
coastal jet and poleward undercurrent over a continental shelf-slope, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 272–284,1982.
Suresh, I., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Han, W., McCreary, J., Durand, F.,
and Muraleedharan, P. M.: Origins of wind-driven intraseasonal sea level
variations in the North Indian Ocean coastal waveguide, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 40, 5740–5744, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058312,
2013.
Susanto, R. D., Gordon, A. L., and Zheng, Q.: Upwelling along the coasts of
Java and Sumatra and its relation to ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
1599–1602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011844, 2001.
Susanto, R. D. and Marra, J.: Effect of the 1997/98 El Nino on chlorophyll
a variability along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra, Oceanography,
18, 124–127, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2005.13, 2005.
Sutton, A. L. and Beckley, L. E.: Influence of the Leeuwin Current on the
epipelagic euphausiid assemblages of the south-east Indian Ocean,
Hydrobiologia, 779, 193–207, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2814-7, 2016.
Sverdrup, H. U.: On the evaporation from the oceans, J. Mar. Res. 1, 3–14,
1937.
Swallow, J. C. and Bruce, J. C.: Current measurements off the Somali coast
during the southwest monsoon of 1964, Deep-Sea Res., 13, 861–888,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(76)90908-6, 1966.
Swart, V. P. and Largier, J. L.: Thermal structure of Agulhas Bank water, South
Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 5, 243–252, https://doi.org/10.2989/025776187784522153, 1987.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C.,Chipman, D. W.,Goddard, J. G., Ho, C.,
Newberger, T., Sweeney, C., and Munro, D. R.: Climatological distributions
of pH, pCO2, total CO2, alkalinity, and CaCO3 saturation in
the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations, Mar.
Chem., 164, 95–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.06.004, 2014.
Taylor, J. and Pearce, A.: Ningaloo Reef currents: Implications for coral
spawn dispersal, zooplankton and whale shark abundance, J. R. Soc. West Aus,
82, 57–65, 1999.
Ternon, J.-F., Bach, P., Barlow, R., Huggett, J., Jaquemet, S., Marsac, F.,
Menard, F., Penven, P., Potier, M., and Roberts, M.: The Mozambique Channel:
from physics to upper trophic levels, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 100, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.012, 2014.
Tew-Kai, E. and Marsac, F.: Patterns of variability of sea surface
chlorophyll in the Mozambique Channel: A quantitative approach, J. Mar.
Syst., 77, 77–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.007, 2009.
Tew Kai, E. and Marsac, F.: Influence of mesoscale eddies on spatial
structuring of top predators' communities in the Mozambique Channel, Prog.
Oceanogr., 86, 214–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.010, 2010.
Thompson, R. O. R. Y. and Veronis, G.: Poleward boundary current off Western
Australia, Mar. Freshw. Res., 34, 173–185, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9830173, 1983.
Thompson, R. O. R. Y.: Observations of the Leeuwin Current off Western
Australia, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 623–628, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485, 1984.
Thompson, R. O. R. Y.: Continental-shelf-scale model of the Leeuwin Current, J.
Mar. Res., 45, 813–827, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224087788327190, 1987.
Thompson, P., Wild-Allen, K., Lourey, M., Rousseaux, C., Waite, A., Feng,
M., and Beckley, L. E.: Nutrients in an oligotrophic boundary current:
evidence of a new role for the Leeuwin Current, Prog. Oceanogr., 91,
345–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.011, 2011.
Thushara, V. and Vinayachandran, P. N.: Formation of summer phytoplankton
bloom in the northwestern Bay of Bengal in a coupled physical-ecosystem
model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 8535–8550, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011987, 2016.
Thushara, V., Vinayachandran, P. N. M., Matthews, A. J., Webber, B. G. M., and Queste, B. Y.: Vertical distribution of chlorophyll in dynamically distinct regions of the southern Bay of Bengal, Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019.
Thushara V. and Vinayachandran, P. N. : Unprecedented Surface Chlorophyll
Blooms in the Southeastern Arabian Sea During an Extreme Negative Indian
Ocean Dipole, Geophys. Res. Lett., e2019GL085026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085026, 2020.
Tomczak, M. and Godfrey, J. S.: Regional Oceanography: An Introduction,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1994.
Tranter, D. J. and Newell, B. S.: Enrichment experiments in the Indian Ocean,
Deep-Sea Res., 10, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(63)90173-6, 1962.
Tranter, D. J. and Kerr, J. D.: Seasonal variations in the Indian Ocean
along 110∘ E. V. Zooplankton biomass, Mar. Freshw. Res.
20, 77–84, 1969.
Tranter, D. J. and Kerr, J. D.: Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the
eastern Indian Ocean, III. Numerical abundance and biomass, Mar. Freshw.
Res., 28, 557–583, 1977.
Tripathi, N., Sahu, L. K., Singh, A., Yadav, R., and Karati, K. K.: High
levels of isoprene in the marine boundary layer of Arabian Sea during spring
inter-monsoon: Role of phytoplankton bloom, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00325, 2020a.
Tripathi, N., Sahu, L. K., Singh, A., Yadav, R., Patel, A., Patel, K.,
and Meenu, P.: Elevated levels of biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons in the
marine boundary layer of the Arabian Sea during the inter-monsoon, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032869, 2020b.
Tsugawa, M. and Hasumi, H.: Generation and growth mechanism of the Natal
pulse, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1597–1612, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4347.1, 2010.
Turpie J. K., Beckley, L. E., and Katua, S. M.: Biogeography and the selection of
priority areas for the conservation of South African coastal fishes, Biol.
Conserv., 92, 59–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00063-4, 2000.
Twomey, L. J., Waite, A. M., Pez, V., and Pattiaratchi, C. B.: Variability
in nitrogen uptake and fixation in the oligotrophic waters off the south
west coast of Australia, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54,
925–942, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.10.001, 2007.
United States Hydrographic Office: World atlas of sea surface temperatures, 2nd ed., U. S.
Hydrographic Office, Washington D. C., Reprinted 1948, 1944.
Vallivattathillam, P., Iyyappan, S., Lengaigne, M., Ethé, C., Vialard, J., Levy, M., Suresh, N., Aumont, O., Resplandy, L., Naik, H., and Naqvi, W.: Positive Indian Ocean Dipole events prevent anoxia off the west coast of India, Biogeosciences, 14, 1541–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1541-2017, 2017.
Valsala, V. and Maksyutov, S.: A short surface pathway of the subsurface
Indonesian throughflow water from the Java coast associated with upwelling,
Ekman transport, and subduction, Int. J. Oceanogr., 540783, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/540783, 2010.
Van Leeuwen, P. J., de Ruijter, W. P. N., and Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: Natal
pulses and the formation of Agulhas Rings, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6425–6436,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900196, 2000.
Varadachari, V. V. R.: On the process of upwelling and sinking on the east
coast of India, Os. Univ. Press, Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, England,
Prof. Mahadevan Shastiabdapurti commemoration, 1–27, 1961.
Varela, R., Álvarez, I., Santos, F., deCastro, M., and
Gómez-Gesteira, M.: Has upwelling strengthened along worldwide coasts
over 1982-2010?, Sci. Rep, 5, 10016, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10016, 2015.
Varela, R., Santos, F., Gómez-Gesteira, M., Álvarez, I., Costoya,
X., and Días, J. M.: Influence of coastal upwelling on SST trends along
the south coast of Java, PLoS One, 11, e0162122,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162122, 2016.
Veldhuis, M. J., Kraay, G. W., Van Bleijswijk, J. D., and Baars, M. A.:
Seasonal and spatial variability in phytoplankton biomass, productivity and
growth in the northwestern Indian Ocean: The southwest and northeast
monsoon, 1992–1993, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
44, 425–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(96)00116-1, 1997.
Vialard, J., Foltz, G. R., McPhaden, M. J., Duvel, J. P., and de Boyer M.:
Strong Indian Ocean sea surface temperature signals associated with the
Madden-Julian Oscillation in late 2007 and early 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
35, L19608, https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2008GL035238, 2008.
Vialard, J., Shenoi, S. S. C., McCreary, J. P., Shankar, D., Durand, F.,
Fernando, V., and Shetye, S. R.: Intraseasonal response of the northern
Indian Ocean coastal waveguide to the Madden-Julian Oscillation, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 36, L14606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038450, 2009a.
Vialard, J., Duvel, J. P., McPhaden, M. J., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ward, B.,
Key, E., Bourras, D., Weller, R., Minnett, P., Weill, A., Cassou, C.,
Eymard, L., Fristedt, T., Basdevant, C., Dandonneau, Y., Duteil, O., Izumo,
T., de Boyer Montégut, C., Masson, S., and Kennan, S.:
Cirene: Air – Sea Interactions in the Seychelles – Chagos Thermocline Ridge
Region, B. Am. Meteor Soc., 90, 45–62,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2499.1, 2009b.
Vic, C., Capet, X., Roullet, G., and Carton, X.: Western boundary upwelling
dynamics off Oman. Ocean Dynam., 67, 585–595, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-017-1044-5, 2017.
Vidya, P. J., Das, S. M., and Murali, R.: Contrasting Chl-a responses to the
tropical cyclones Thane and Phailin in the Bay of Bengal, J. Mar. Syst., 165, 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.10.001, 2017.
Vijith, V., Vinayachandran, P. N., Thushara, V., Amol, P., Shankar, D., and Anil, A.
C.: Consequences of inhibition of mixed-layer deepening by the
West India Coastal Current for winter phytoplankton bloom in the
northeastern Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6583–6603,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012004, 2016.
Vinayachandran, P. N. and Shetye, S. R.: The warm pool in the Indian Ocean,
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences – Earth and Planetary
Sciences, 100, 165–175, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02839431, 1991.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Shetye, S. R., Sengupta, D., and Gadgil, S.: Forcing
mechanisms of the Bay of Bengal circulation, Curr. Sci., 71, 753–763, 1996.
Vinayachandran, P. N. and Yamagata, T.: Monsoon Response of the Sea around
Sri Lanka: Generation of Thermal Domes and Anticyclonic Vortices, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 28, 1946–1960, 1998.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Masumoto, Y., Mikawa, T., and Yamagata, T. :
Intrusion of the Southwest Monsoon Current into the Bay of Bengal J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 11077–1108, 1999.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Murty, V. S. N., and Ramesh Babu, V.: Observations of
barrier layer formation in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, C12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000831, 2002.
Vinaychandran, P. N. and Mathew, S.: Phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal
during the northeast monsoon and its intensification by cyclones, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 30, 1572, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016717, 2003.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Chauhan, P., Mohan, M., and Nayak, S.: Biological
response of the sea around Sri Lanka to summer monsoon, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, L01302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018533, 2004.
Vinayachandran, P. N., McCreary Jr., J. P., Hood, R. R. and Kohler, K. E.: A
numerical investigation of the phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal
during Northeast Monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C12001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC002966, 2005.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Shankar, D., Kurian, J., Durand, F., and Shenoi, S.
S. C.: Arabian Sea Mini warm pool and the monsoon onset vortex, Curr. Sci.,
93, 203–214, 2007.
Vinayachandran, P. N. and Saji, N. H.: Mechanisms of South Indian Ocean
intraseasonal cooling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035733, 2008.
Vinayachandran, P. N.: Impact of Physical Processes on Chlorophyll
Distribution in the Bay of Bengal, AGU, Washington, D. C., 71–86,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GM000705, 2009.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Matthews, A. J., Kumar, K. V., Sanchez-Franks, A.,
Thushara, V., George, J., Vijith, V., Webber, B. G. M., Queste, B. Y., Roy,
R., Sarkar, A., Baranowski, D. B., Bhat, G. S., Klingaman, N. P., Peatman,
S. C., Parida, C., Heywood, K. J., Hall, R., King, B., and Joshi,
M: BoBBLE: Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction and Its Impact on the South Asian
Monsoon, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 1569–1587,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0230.1, 2018.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Umasankar Das, Shankar, D., Jahfer, A., Behara, A.,
Balakrishnan Nair, T. M., and Bhat, G. S.: Maintenance of the southern Bay of
Bengal cold pool, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 179, 104624,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.07.012, 2020.
Waite, A., Muhling, B. A., Holl, C. M., Beckley, L. E., Montoya, J. P.,
Strzelecki, J., Thompson, P. A., and Pesant, S. C.: Food web structure in two
counter-rotating eddies based on δ15N and δ13C isotopic
analyses, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1055–1075,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.12.010, 2007a.
Waite, A., Thompson, P. A., Pesant, S. C., Feng, M., Beckley, L. E.,
Domingues, C. M., Gaughan, D., Hanson, C., Holl, C. M., Koslow, T.,
Meuleners, M., Montoya, J. P., Moore, T., Muhling, B. A., Paterson, H.,
Rennie, S., Strzelecki, J., and Twomey, L.: The Leeuwin Current and its
eddies: An introductory overview, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 789–796, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.12.008, 2007b.
Waite, A. M., Rossi, V., Roughan, M., Tilbrook, B., Thompson, P. A., Feng, M., Wyatt, A. S. J., and Raes, E. J.: Formation and maintenance of high-nitrate, low pH layers in the eastern Indian Ocean and the role of nitrogen fixation, Biogeosciences, 10, 5691–5702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5691-2013, 2013.
Waite, A. M., Beckley, L. E., Guidi, L., Landrum, J. P., Holliday, D.,
Montoya, J., Paterson, H., Feng, M., Thompson, P. A., and Raes, E. J.:
Cross-shelf transport, oxygen depletion, and nitrate release within a
forming mesoscale eddy in the eastern Indian Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
61, 103–121, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10218, 2016.
Waite, A. M., Raes, E., Beckley, L. E., Thompson, P. A., Griffin, D.,
Saunders, M., Säwström, C., O'Rorke, R., Wang, M., Landrum, J. P.,
and Jeffs, A.: Production and ecosystem structure in cold-core vs. warm-core
eddies: Implications for the zooplankton isoscape and rock lobster larvae,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 64, 2405–2423, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11192, 2019.
Walker, N. D.: Satellite observations of the Agulhas Current and episodic
upwelling south of Africa. Deep-Sea Res., 33, 1083–1106,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)90032-4, 1986.
Wallen, I. E.: The International Indian Ocean Expedition: A Status Report,
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 54, 3, March 1964, 45–53, 1964.
Wang, Y. and McPhaden, M. J.: Seasonal cycle of cross-equatorial flow in
the central Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 3817–3827,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012537, 2017.
Warren, B. A.: Medieval Arab references to the seasonally reversing currents
of the north Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 13, 167–171,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(66)91097-7, 1966.
Warren, B. A.: The shallow oxygen minimum of the South Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 28, 859–864,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0198-0149(81)80005-2, 1981.
Weaver, A. J. and Middleton, J. H.: On the dynamics of the Leeuwin Current,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 626–648, 1989.
Webber, B. G. M., Matthews, A. J., Vinayachandran, P. N., Neema, C. P.,
Sanchez-Franks, A., Vijith, V., Amol, P., and Baranowski, D. B.: The
Dynamics of the Southwest Monsoon Current in 2016 from High-Resolution In
Situ Observations and Models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 2259–2282,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0215.1, 2018.
Webster, P. J., Moore, A. M., Loschnigg, J. P., and Leben, R. R.: Coupled
ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98, Nature,
401, 356–360, https://doi.org/10.1038/43848, 1999.
Wei, X., Liao, X., Zhan, H., and Liu, H.: Estimates of potential new
production in the Java-Sumatra upwelling system, Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol.,
30, 1063–1067, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-012-1281-x, 2012.
Weimerskirch, H., Le Corre, M., Jaquemet, S., Potier, M., and Marsac, F.:
Foraging strategy of a top predator in tropical waters: great frigate birds
in the Mozambique Channel, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 275, 297–308,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps275297, 2004.
Weller, E., Holliday, D., Feng, M., Beckley, L., and Thompson, P.: A
continental shelf scale examination of the Leeuwin Current off Western
Australia during the austral autumn–winter, Cont Shelf Res., 31,
1858–1868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.08.008, 2011.
Wiggert, J., Hood, R., Banse, K., and Kindle, J.: Monsoon-driven
biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 65,
176–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2005.03.008, 2005.
Wiggert, J. D., Murtugudde, R. G., and Christian, J. R.: Annual ecosystem
variability in the tropical Indian Ocean: results of a coupled bio-physical
ocean general circulation model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 644–676, 2006.
Wiggert, J. D., and Murtugudde, R. G.: The sensitivity of the Southwest
Monsoon phytoplankton bloom to variations in aeolian iron deposition over
the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05005,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003514, 2007.
Wilson, S., Carleton, J., and Meekan, M.: Spatial and temporal patterns in
the distribution and abundance of macrozooplankton on the southern North
West Shelf, Western Australia, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 56, 897–908,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00285-8, 2003.
Wirth, A., Willebrand, J., and Schott, F.: Variability of the Great Whirl
from observations and models, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1279–1295,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00165-5, 2002.
Woo, M., Pattiaratchi, C., and Schroeder, W.: Dynamics of the Ningaloo
Current off Point Cloates, Western Australia, Mar. Freshw. Res., 57,
291–301, https://doi.org/10.1071/mf05106, 2006a.
Woo, M., Pattiaratchi, C., and Schroeder, W.: Summer surface circulation
along the Gascoyne continental shelf, Western Australia, Cont Shelf Res.,
26, 132–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2005.07.007, 2006b.
Woo, M. and Pattiaratchi, C.: Hydrography and water masses off the western
Australian coast, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55,
1090–1104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.05.005, 2008.
Wright, J. J., Konwar, K. M., and Hallam, S. J.: Microbial ecology of
expanding oxygen minimum zones, Nature Publishing Group, 10, 381–394,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2778, 2012.
Wyrtki, K.: The upwelling in the region between Java and Australia during
the South-East monsoon, Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 13, 217–225,
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9620217, 1962.
Wyrtki, K.: Physical oceanography of the Indian Ocean, The biology of the Indian Ocean, Springer-Verlag, New York,
18–36. 1973.
Xie, S.-P., Annamalai, H., Schott, F. A., and McCreary Jr. J.P.: Structure
and mechanism of South Indian Ocean climate variability, J. Climate, 15, 864–878,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442, 2002.
Xu, J., Lowe, R. J., Ivey, G. N., Pattiaratchi, C., Jones, N. L., and
Brinkman, R.: Dynamics of the Wei summer shelf circulation and transient
upwelling off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
118, 1099–1125, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20098, 2013.
Xue, L., Wang, H., Jiang, L.-Q., Cai, W.-J., Wei, Q., Song, H.,Kuswardani,
R. T. D., Pranowo, W. S., Beck, B., Liu, L., and Yu, W.: Aragonite saturation
state in a monsoonal upwelling system off Java, Indonesia, J. Mar. Sys.,
153, 10–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.08.003, 2016.
Yamagata, T., Behera, S. K., Luo, J.-J., Masson, S., Jury, M. R., and Rao,
S. A.: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean,
Geophysical Monograph Series, 147, 189–211,
https://doi.org/10.1029/147GM12, 2004.
Yokoi, T., Tozuka, T., and Yamagata, T.: Seasonal Variations of the
Seychelles Dome Simulated in the CMIP3 Models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39,
449–457, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3914.1, 2008.
Yu, W., Hood, R., D'Adamo, N., McPhaden, M., et al.: Eastern Indian Ocean
upwelling Research Initiative (EIOURI), The EIOURI Science Plan, ESSO –
Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad,
India, 49 pp, 2016.
Zavala-Garay, J., Theiss, J., Moulton, M., Walsh C., van Woesik R.,
Mayorga-Adame, C. G., García-Reyes, M., Mukaka, D. S., Whilden K., and
Shaghude, Y. W.: On the dynamics of the Zanzibar Channel, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 6091–6113, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010879, 2015.
Short summary
Upwelling in the coastal ocean triggers biological productivity and thus enhances fisheries. Therefore, understanding the phenomenon of upwelling and the underlying mechanisms is important. In this paper, the present understanding of the upwelling along the coastline of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa all the way up to the coast of Australia is reviewed. The review provides a synthesis of the physical processes associated with upwelling and its impact on the marine ecosystem.
Upwelling in the coastal ocean triggers biological productivity and thus enhances fisheries....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint