Articles | Volume 19, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2101-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2101-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 20 Apr 2022
| 20 Apr 2022
Compositions of dissolved organic matter in the ice-covered waters above the Aurora hydrothermal vent system, Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean
Muhammed Fatih Sert
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Helge Niemann
Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, the Netherlands
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Eoghan P. Reeves
Department of Earth Science and Centre for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Mats A. Granskog
Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Kevin P. Hand
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
Timo Kekäläinen
Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
Janne Jänis
Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
Pamela E. Rossel
Interface Geochemistry, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Bénédicte Ferré
Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Anna Silyakova
Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Friederike Gründger
Arctic Research Centre, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Related authors
Knut Ola Dølven, Håvard Espenes, Alfred Hanssen, Muhammed Fatih Sert, Magnus Drivdal, Achim Randelhoff, and Bénédicte Ferré
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-998, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-998, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have modelled how gas seeping from the seafloor spreads in the ocean and how much reaches the atmosphere. We estimate how much free gas dissolves in water, atmospheric release and 3-D concentration using data from a hydrodynamic model and gas loss modules. We applied the framework to a methane (CH4) seep site offshore Norway showing that atmospheric CH4 release is spread over a large area. However, with our assumptions, most of the CH4 (>90 %) is converted to CO2 by microbes.
Claudio Argentino, Luca Fallati, Sebastian Petters, Hans Christopher Bernstein, Ines Barrenechea Angeles, Jorge Corrales-Guerrero, Alessandra Savini, Benedicte Ferré, and Giuliana Panieri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3906, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3906, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor methane emissions associated with cold-water corals have been reported worldwide. Yet, there are still knowledge gaps regarding their ecological relationships. We studied the geology, chemistry and biology of methane seeps in a coral area off northern Norway. We found that corals thrive in areas with methane-rich sediments and benefit from strong currents that deliver food, but the seep activity itself does not directly determine coral distribution.
Hiroshi Sumata, Mats A. Granskog, and Pedro Duarte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3022, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3022, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A major shift in Arctic sea ice occurred in 2007, transitioning from thicker, deformed ice to thinner, more uniform ice with reduced surface roughness. This abrupt change likely altered the dynamic and thermodynamic interactions between sea ice and ocean. We present a suite of regional coupled ocean-sea ice simulations designed to assess the potential impact of the regime shift on sea ice-ocean interactions, with a regional focus on the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Arya Mukherjee, Anni Hartikainen, Markus Somero, Viljami Luostari, Mika Ihalainen, Christopher P. Rüger, Timo Kekäläinen, Ville H. Nissinen, Luis M. F. Barreira, Hanna Koponen, Tuukka Kokkola, Delun Li, Lejish Vettikkat, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Muhammad Shahzaib, Meri M. Ruppel, Ville Vakkari, Kerneels Jaars, Stefan J. Siebert, Angela Buchholz, Kajar Köster, Pieter G. van Zyl, Hilkka Timonen, Niko Kinnunen, Janne Jänis, Annele Virtanen, Aki Virkkula, and Olli Sippula
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2759, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2759, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Warming climate is predicted to increase boreal and peatland fires in Northern Eurasia. Limited studies have characterized light absorbing aerosol emissions from these biomasses, thus necessitating this work. Brown carbon (BrC) emitted from laboratory-scale biomass burning had weak light absorptivities based on their complex refractive index values. A combustion temperature dependent light absorptivity continuum existed for emitted BrC. Photochemical aging decreased BrC light absorptivity.
Knut Ola Dølven, Håvard Espenes, Alfred Hanssen, Muhammed Fatih Sert, Magnus Drivdal, Achim Randelhoff, and Bénédicte Ferré
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-998, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-998, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have modelled how gas seeping from the seafloor spreads in the ocean and how much reaches the atmosphere. We estimate how much free gas dissolves in water, atmospheric release and 3-D concentration using data from a hydrodynamic model and gas loss modules. We applied the framework to a methane (CH4) seep site offshore Norway showing that atmospheric CH4 release is spread over a large area. However, with our assumptions, most of the CH4 (>90 %) is converted to CO2 by microbes.
Madison M. Smith, Niels Fuchs, Evgenii Salganik, Donald K. Perovich, Ian Raphael, Mats A. Granskog, Kirstin Schulz, Matthew D. Shupe, and Melinda Webster
The Cryosphere, 19, 619–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-619-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The fate of freshwater from Arctic sea ice and snowmelt impacts interactions of the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. We complete a comprehensive analysis of datasets from a 2020 central Arctic field campaign to understand the drivers of the sea ice freshwater budget and the fate of this water. Over half of the freshwater comes from surface melt, and a majority fraction is incorporated into the ocean. Results suggest that the representation of melt ponds is a key area for future development.
Tim R. de Groot, Julia C. Engelmann, Pierre Ramond, Julia Diorgio, Judith van Bleiswijk, and Helge Niemann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-316, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-316, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In the ocean, the potent greenhouse gas methane is largely produced – but also consumed – in coastal systems before reaching the atmosphere. Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns will likely impact the community composition of aerobic methanotrophic bacteria (MOB). Experiments with North Sea and Wadden Sea water showed that methane availability increased MOB abundance but that different MOB types could thrive under drastically changed environmental conditions.
Eva L. Doting, Ian T. Stevens, Anne M. Kellerman, Pamela E. Rossel, Runa Antony, Amy M. McKenna, Martyn Tranter, Liane G. Benning, Robert G. M. Spencer, Jon R. Hawkings, and Alexandre M. Anesio
Biogeosciences, 22, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-41-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-41-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides the first evidence for biogeochemical cycling of supraglacial dissolved organic matter (DOM) in meltwater flowing through the porous crust of weathering ice that covers glacier ice surfaces during the melt season. Movement of water through the weathering crust is slow, allowing microbes and solar radiation to alter the DOM in glacial meltwaters. This is important as supraglacial meltwaters deliver DOM to downstream aquatic environments.
Evgenii Salganik, Benjamin A. Lange, Christian Katlein, Ilkka Matero, Philipp Anhaus, Morven Muilwijk, Knut V. Høyland, and Mats A. Granskog
The Cryosphere, 17, 4873–4887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4873-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4873-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean is covered by a layer of sea ice that can break up, forming ice ridges. Here we measure ice thickness using an underwater sonar and compare ice thickness reduction for different ice types. We also study how the shape of ridged ice influences how it melts, showing that deeper, steeper, and narrower ridged ice melts the fastest. We show that deformed ice melts 3.8 times faster than undeformed ice at the bottom ice--ocean boundary, while at the surface they melt at a similar rate.
Tim René de Groot, Anne Margriet Mol, Katherine Mesdag, Pierre Ramond, Rachel Ndhlovu, Julia Catherine Engelmann, Thomas Röckmann, and Helge Niemann
Biogeosciences, 20, 3857–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates methane dynamics in the Wadden Sea. Our measurements revealed distinct variations triggered by seasonality and tidal forcing. The methane budget was higher in warmer seasons but surprisingly high in colder seasons. Methane dynamics were amplified during low tides, flushing the majority of methane into the North Sea or releasing it to the atmosphere. Methanotrophic activity was also elevated during low tide but mitigated only a small fraction of the methane efflux.
Taija Saarela, Xudan Zhu, Helena Jäntti, Mizue Ohashi, Jun'ichiro Ide, Henri Siljanen, Aake Pesonen, Heidi Aaltonen, Anne Ojala, Hiroshi Nishimura, Timo Kekäläinen, Janne Jänis, Frank Berninger, and Jukka Pumpanen
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-225, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-225, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the molecular composition and carbon dioxide production of water samples collected from two subarctic rivers that represent contrasting types of catchment characteristics. The results highlight the role of clearwater environments in microbial degradation and greenhouse gas dynamics of subarctic catchments.
Knut Ola Dølven, Juha Vierinen, Roberto Grilli, Jack Triest, and Bénédicte Ferré
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 293–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sensors capable of measuring rapid fluctuations are important to improve our understanding of environmental processes. Many sensors are unable to do this, due to their reliance on the transfer of the measured property, for instance a gas, across a semi-permeable barrier. We have developed a mathematical tool which enables the retrieval of fast-response signals from sensors with this type of sensor design.
Tristan Petit, Børge Hamre, Håkon Sandven, Rüdiger Röttgers, Piotr Kowalczuk, Monika Zablocka, and Mats A. Granskog
Ocean Sci., 18, 455–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-455-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the first insights on bio-optical processes in Storfjorden (Svalbard). Information on factors controlling light propagation in the water column in this arctic fjord becomes crucial in times of rapid sea ice decline. We find a significant contribution of dissolved matter to light absorption and a subsurface absorption maximum linked to phytoplankton production. Dense bottom waters from sea ice formation carry elevated levels of dissolved and particulate matter.
Knut Ola Dølven, Bénédicte Ferré, Anna Silyakova, Pär Jansson, Peter Linke, and Manuel Moser
Ocean Sci., 18, 233–254, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-233-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-233-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Natural sources of atmospheric methane need to be better described and quantified. We present time series from ocean observatories monitoring two seabed methane seep sites in the Arctic. Methane concentration varied considerably on short timescales and seasonal scales. Seeps persisted throughout the year, with increased potential for atmospheric release in winter due to water mixing. The results highlight and constrain uncertainties in current methane estimates from seabed methane seepage.
Tanya J. R. Lippmann, Michiel H. in 't Zandt, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Freek S. Busschers, Marc P. Hijma, Pieter van der Velden, Tim de Groot, Zicarlo van Aalderen, Ove H. Meisel, Caroline P. Slomp, Helge Niemann, Mike S. M. Jetten, Han A. J. Dolman, and Cornelia U. Welte
Biogeosciences, 18, 5491–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a step towards understanding the basal peat ecosystem beneath the North Sea. Plant remains followed parallel sequences. Methane concentrations were low with local exceptions, with the source likely being trapped pockets of millennia-old methane. Microbial community structure indicated the absence of a biofilter and was diverse across sites. Large carbon stores in the presence of methanogens and in the absence of methanotrophs have the potential to be metabolized into methane.
Cited articles
Aluwihare, L. I. and Meador, T.: Chemical Composition of Marine Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (Second edn.), edited by: Capone, D. G., Bronk, D. A., Mulholland, M. R., and Carpenter, E. J., Academic Press, San Diego, 95–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372522-6.00003-7, 2008.
Arrieta, J. M., Mayol, E., Hansman, R. L., Herndl, G. J., Dittmar, T., and Duarte, C. M.: Dilution limits dissolved organic carbon utilization in the deep ocean, Science, 348, 331–333, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258955, 2015.
Arrigo, K. R. and van Dijken, G. L.: Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production, Prog. Oceanogr., 136, 60–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002, 2015.
Baker, E. T., German, C. R., and Elderfield, H.: Hydrothermal Plumes Over Spreading-Center Axes: Global Distributions and Geological Inferences, in: Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 47–71, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM091p0047, 1995.
Bart, M. C., de Kluijver, A., Hoetjes, S., Absalah, S., Mueller, B., Kenchington, E., Rapp, H. T., and de Goeij, J. M.: Differential processing of dissolved and particulate organic matter by deep-sea sponges and their microbial symbionts, Sci. Rep., 10, 17515, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74670-0, 2020.
Bauch, D., Schlosser, P., and Fairbanks, R. G.: Freshwater balance and the sources of deep and bottom waters in the Arctic Ocean inferred from the distribution of H2180, Prog. Oceanogr., 35, 53–80, 1995.
Bauch, D., Polyak, L., and Ortiz, J. D.: A baseline for the vertical distribution of the stable carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in the Arctic Ocean, Arktos, 1, 15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41063-015-0001-0, 2015.
Baumberger, T., Früh-Green, G. L., Thorseth, I. H., Lilley, M. D., Hamelin, C., Bernasconi, S. M., Okland, I. E., and Pedersen, R. B.: Fluid composition of the sediment-influenced Loki's Castle vent field at the ultra-slow spreading Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 187, 156–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.017, 2016.
Beaulieu, S. E., Baker, E. T., and German, C. R.: Where are the undiscovered hydrothermal vents on oceanic spreading ridges?, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 121, 202–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.05.001, 2015.
Belzile, C., Gibson, J. A. E., and Vincent, W. F.: Colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon exclusion from lake ice: Implications for irradiance transmission and carbon cycling, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1283–1293, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1283, 2002.
Benner, R., Pakulski, J. D., Mccarthy, M., Hedges, J. I., and Hatcher, P. G.: Bulk Chemical Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean, Science, 255, 1561–1564, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5051.1561, 1992.
Boetius, A.: The Expedition PS86 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the Arctic Ocean in 2014, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, ISSN 1866-3192, https://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0685_2015, 2015.
Boetius, A., Bach, W., Borowski, C., Diehl, A., German, C. R., Kaul, N. E., Koehler, J., Marcon, Y., Mertens, C., Molari, M., Schlindwein, V. S. N., Tuerke, A., and Wegener, G.: Exploring the Habitability of Ice-covered Waterworlds: The Deep-Sea Hydrothermal System of the Aurora Mount at Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean (
Bray, J. R. and Curtis, J. T.: An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of Southern Wisconsin, Ecol. Monogr., 27, 325–349, https://doi.org/10.2307/1942268, 1957.
Bünz, S., Ramirez-Llodra, E., German, C., Ferre, B., Sert, F., Kalenickenko, D., Reeves, E., Hand, K., Dahle, H., Kutti, T., Purser, A., Hilario, A., Ramalho, S., Rapp, H. T., Ribeiro, P., Victorero, L., Hoge, U., Panieri, G., Bowen, A., Jakuba, M., Suman, S., Gomez-Ibanez, D., Judge, C., Curran, M., Nalicki, V., Vagenes, S., Lamar, L., Klesh, A., Dessandier, P. A., Steen, I., Mall, A., Vulcano, F., Meckel, E. M., and Drake, N.: RV Kronprins Håkon (cruise no. 2019708) Longyearbyen – Longyearbyen 19.09.–16.10.2019, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, 100 pp., https://haconfrinatek.com/2020/01/20/hacon-cruise-report/f (last access: 14 April 2022), 2020.
Burd, B. J. and Thomson, R. E.: Hydrothermal venting at endeavour ridge: effect on zooplankton biomass throughout the water column, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 41, 1407–1423, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90105-8, 1994.
Charlou, J. L., Donval, J. P., Fouquet, Y., Jean-Baptiste, P., and Holm, N.: Geochemistry of high H2 and CH4 vent fluids issuing from ultramafic rocks at the Rainbow hydrothermal field (36∘14′ N, MAR), Chem. Geol., 191, 345–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00134-1, 2002.
Coch, C., Juhls, B., Lamoureux, S. F., Lafrenière, M. J., Fritz, M., Heim, B., and Lantuit, H.: Comparisons of dissolved organic matter and its optical characteristics in small low and high Arctic catchments, Biogeosciences, 16, 4535–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4535-2019, 2019.
Cowen, J. P., Wen, X., and Popp, B. N.: Methane in aging hydrothermal plumes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 66, 3563–3571, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00975-4, 2002.
Damm, E. and Budéus, G.: Fate of vent-derived methane in seawater above the Håkon Mosby mud volcano (Norwegian Sea), Mar. Chem., 82, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(03)00031-8, 2003.
Damm, E., Kiene, R. P., Schwarz, J., Falck, E., and Dieckmann, G.: Methane cycling in Arctic shelf water and its relationship with phytoplankton biomass and DMSP, Mar. Chem., 109, 45–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.12.003, 2008.
Damm, E., Helmke, E., Thoms, S., Schauer, U., Nöthig, E., Bakker, K., and Kiene, R. P.: Methane production in aerobic oligotrophic surface water in the central Arctic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 7, 1099–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1099-2010, 2010.
de la Vega, C., Jeffreys, R. M., Tuerena, R., Ganeshram, R., and Mahaffey, C.: Temporal and spatial trends in marine carbon isotopes in the Arctic Ocean and implications for food web studies, Glob. Change Biol., 25, 4116–4130, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14832, 2019.
DeMets, C., Gordon, R., and Argus, D.: Geological current plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 1–80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x, 2010.
Dick, G. J.: The microbiomes of deep-sea hydrothermal vents: distributed globally, shaped locally, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 17, 271–283, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0160-2, 2019.
Dittmar, T. and Koch, B. P.: Thermogenic organic matter dissolved in the abyssal ocean, Mar. Chem., 102, 208–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.04.003, 2006.
Dittmar, T. and Stubbins, A.: Dissolved Organic Matter in Aquatic Systems, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier, Oxford, 125–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01010-X, 2014.
Dittmar, T., Koch, B., Hertkorn, N., and Kattner, G.: A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 6, 230–235, 2008.
Edmonds, H. N., Michael, P. J., Baker, E. T., Connelly, D. P., Snow, J. E., Langmuir, C. H., Dick, H. J. B., Mühe, R., German, C. R., and Graham, D. W.: Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Ocean, Nature, 421, 252–256, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01351, 2003.
Fahrbach, E., Meincke, J., Østerhus, S., Rohardt, G., Schauer, U., Tverberg, V., and Verduin, J.: Direct measurements of volume transports through Fram Strait, Polar Res., 20, 217–224, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v20i2.6520, 2001.
Folkers, M. and Rombouts, T.: Sponges Revealed: A Synthesis of Their Overlooked Ecological Functions Within Aquatic Ecosystems, in: YOUMARES 9 – The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future: Proceedings of the 2018 conference for YOUng MArine RESearcher in Oldenburg, Germany, September 2018, edited by: Jungblut, S., Liebich, V., and Bode-Dalby, M., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20389-4_9, 2020.
Fouilland, E., Floc'h, E. L., Brennan, D., Bell, E. M., Lordsmith, S. L., McNeill, S., Mitchell, E., Brand, T. D., García-Martín, E. E., and Leakey, R. J.: Assessment of bacterial dependence on marine primary production along a northern latitudinal gradient, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 94, fiy150, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy150, 2018.
Fuchida, S., Mizuno, Y., Masuda, H., Toki, T., and Makita, H.: Concentrations and distributions of amino acids in black and white smoker fluids at temperatures over 200 ∘C, Org. Geochem., 66, 98–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.11.008, 2014.
German, C. R. and Boetius, A.: Hydrothermal Exploration of the Gakkel Ridge, 2014 and 2016, Goldschmidt Abstracts, 1, 1324, https://goldschmidtabstracts.info/abstracts/abstractView?id=2017001867 (last access: 14 April 2022), 2017.
German, C. R. and Seyfried, W. E.: Hydrothermal Processes, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier, 191–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00607-0, 2014.
German, C. R., Bowen, A., Coleman, M. L., Honig, D. L., Huber, J. A., Jakuba, M. V., Kinsey, J. C., Kurz, M. D., Leroy, S., McDermott, J. M., de Lépinay, B. M., Nakamura, K., Seewald, J. S., Smith, J. L., Sylva, S. P., Van Dover, C. L., Whitcomb, L. L., and Yoerger, D. R.: Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 14020–14025, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009205107, 2010.
Graves, C. A., Steinle, L., Rehder, G., Niemann, H., Connelly, D. P., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., Stott, A. W., Sahling, H., and James, R. H.: Fluxes and fate of dissolved methane released at the seafloor at the landward limit of the gas hydrate stability zone offshore western Svalbard: Dissolved methane off western Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 6185–6201, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011084, 2015.
Grossart, H.-P., Frindte, K., Dziallas, C., Eckert, W., and Tang, K. W.: Microbial methane production in oxygenated water column of an oligotrophic lake, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 19657–19661, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110716108, 2011.
Grozeva, N. G., Klein, F., Seewald, J. S., and Sylva, S. P.: Chemical and isotopic analyses of hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions in olivine-rich rocks, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 378, 20180431, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0431, 2020.
Haberstroh, P. R. and Karl, D. M.: Dissolved free amino acids in hydrothermal vent habitats of the Guaymas Basin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 53, 2937–2945, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90170-1, 1989.
Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S., and Beaulieu, S.: The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide deposits, Geology, 39, 1155–1158, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32468.1, 2011.
Hansell, D. A.: Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon Fractions, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 5, 421–445, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100757, 2013.
Hansen, C. T., Niggemann, J., Giebel, H.-A., Simon, M., Bach, W., and Dittmar, T.: Biodegradability of hydrothermally altered deep-sea dissolved organic matter, Mar. Chem., 217, 103706, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103706, 2019.
Hawkes, J. A., Rossel, P. E., Stubbins, A., Butterfield, D., Connelly, D. P., Achterberg, E. P., Koschinsky, A., Chavagnac, V., Hansen, C. T., Bach, W., and Dittmar, T.: Efficient removal of recalcitrant deep-ocean dissolved organic matter during hydrothermal circulation, Nat. Geosci., 8, 856–860, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2543, 2015.
Hawkes, J. A., Hansen, C. T., Goldhammer, T., Bach, W., and Dittmar, T.: Molecular alteration of marine dissolved organic matter under experimental hydrothermal conditions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 175, 68–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.11.025, 2016.
Hedges, J. I.: Global biogeochemical cycles: progress and problems, Mar. Chem., 39, 67–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(92)90096-S, 1992.
Hertkorn, N., Harir, M., Cawley, K. M., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., and Jaffé, R.: Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter from subtropical wetlands: a comparative study through the analysis of optical properties, NMR and FTICR/MS, Biogeosciences, 13, 2257–2277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2257-2016, 2016.
Hestetun, J. T., Dahle, H., Jørgensen, S. L., Olsen, B. R., and Rapp, H. T.: The Microbiome and Occurrence of Methanotrophy in Carnivorous Sponges, Front. Microbiol., 7, 1781, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01781, 2016.
Hill, V. J. and Zimmerman, R. C.: Characteristics of colored dissolved organic material in first year landfast sea ice and the underlying water column in the Canadian Arctic in the early spring, Mar. Chem., 180, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.01.007, 2016.
Hockaday, W. C., Purcell, J. M., Marshall, A. G., Baldock, J. A., and Hatcher, P. G.: Electrospray and photoionization mass spectrometry for the characterization of organic matter in natural waters: a qualitative assessment, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 7, 81–95, 2009.
Hodgkins, S. B., Tfaily, M. M., Podgorski, D. C., McCalley, C. K., Saleska, S. R., Crill, P. M., Rich, V. I., Chanton, J. P., and Cooper, W. T.: Elemental composition and optical properties reveal changes in dissolved organic matter along a permafrost thaw chronosequence in a subarctic peatland, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 187, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.015, 2016.
Horiuchi, T., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Kobayashi, K.: Amino acids in water samples from deep sea hydrothermal vents at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean, Org. Geochem., 35, 1121–1128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.06.006, 2004.
Jaffé, R., Yamashita, Y., Maie, N., Cooper, W. T., Dittmar, T., Dodds, W. K., Jones, J. B., Myoshi, T., Ortiz-Zayas, J. R., Podgorski, D. C., and Watanabe, A.: Dissolved Organic Matter in Headwater Streams: Compositional Variability across Climatic Regions of North America, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 94, 95–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.031, 2012.
Jakobsson, M., Macnab, R., Mayer, L., Anderson, R., Edwards, M., Hatzky, J., Schenke, H. W., and Johnson, P.: An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysical and oceanographic analyses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033520, 2008.
Jørgensen, L., Stedmon, C. A., Kaartokallio, H., Middelboe, M., and Thomas, D. N.: Changes in the composition and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter during sea ice formation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 60, 817–830, 2015.
Karl, D., Beversdorf, L., Orkman, K., Church, M., Martinez, A., and Delong, E.: Aerobic production of methane in the sea, Nat. Geosci., 1, 473–478, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo234, 2008.
Keeling, C. D.: The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in rural and marine air, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 24, 277–298, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(61)90023-0, 1961.
Keir, R. S., Sültenfuß, J., Rhein, M., Petrick, G., and Greinert, J.: Separation of 3He and CH4 signals on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 5∘ N and 51∘ N, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 70, 5766–5778, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.005, 2006.
Keir, R. S., Schmale, O., Seifert, R., and Sültenfuß, J.: Isotope fractionation and mixing in methane plumes from the Logatchev hydrothermal field, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 10, Q05005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002403, 2009.
Kim, S., Kramer, R. W., and Hatcher, P. G.: Graphical Method for Analysis of Ultrahigh-Resolution Broadband Mass Spectra of Natural Organic Matter, the Van Krevelen Diagram, Anal. Chem., 75, 5336–5344, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034415p, 2003.
Kudo, K., Yamada, K., Toyoda, S., Yoshida, N., Sasano, D., Kosugi, N., Ishii, M., Yoshikawa, H., Murata, A., Uchida, H., and Nishino, S.: Spatial distribution of dissolved methane and its source in the western Arctic Ocean, J. Oceanogr., 74, 305–317, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0460-y, 2018.
Kujawinski, E. B., Longnecker, K., Blough, N. V., Vecchio, R. D., Finlay, L., Kitner, J. B., and Giovannoni, S. J.: Identification of possible source markers in marine dissolved organic matter using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 73, 4384–4399, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.04.033, 2009.
Lang, S. Q., Butterfield, D. A., Lilley, M. D., Johnson, H. P., and Hedges, J. I.: Dissolved organic carbon in ridge-axis and ridge-flank hydrothermal systems, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 70, 3830–3842, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.031, 2006.
Lang, S. Q., Butterfield, D. A., Schulte, M., Kelley, D. S., and Lilley, M. D.: Elevated concentrations of formate, acetate and dissolved organic carbon found at the Lost City hydrothermal field, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 941–952, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.045, 2010.
Levin, L. A., Baco, A. R., Bowden, D. A., Colaco, A., Cordes, E. E., Cunha, M. R., Demopoulos, A. W. J., Gobin, J., Grupe, B. M., Le, J., Metaxas, A., Netburn, A. N., Rouse, G. W., Thurber, A. R., Tunnicliffe, V., Van Dover, C. L., Vanreusel, A., and Watling, L.: Hydrothermal Vents and Methane Seeps: Rethinking the Sphere of Influence, Front. Mar. Sci., 3, 72, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00072, 2016.
Li, G., Xie, H., Song, G., and Gosselin, M.: Production of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in Laboratory Cultures of Arctic Sea Ice Algae, Water, 11, 926, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050926, 2019.
Liu, S., He, Z., Tang, Z., Liu, L., Hou, J., Li, T., Zhang, Y., Shi, Q., Giesy, J. P., and Wu, F.: Linking the molecular composition of autochthonous dissolved organic matter to source identification for freshwater lake ecosystems by combination of optical spectroscopy and FT-ICR-MS analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 703, 134764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134764, 2020.
Longnecker, K.: Dissolved organic matter in newly formed sea ice and surface seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 171, 39–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.08.014, 2015.
Longnecker, K., Sievert, S. M., Sylva, S. P., Seewald, J. S., and Kujawinski, E. B.: Dissolved organic carbon compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids from the East Pacific Rise at
Lorenson, T. D., Greinert, J., and Coffin, R. B.: Dissolved methane in the Beaufort Sea and the Arctic Ocean, 1992–2009; sources and atmospheric flux, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, S300–S323, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10457, 2016.
Lupton, J. E. and Craig, H.: A Major Helium-3 Source at 15∘ S on the East Pacific Rise, Science, 214, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4516.13, 1981.
Marcon, Y., Purser, A., Albers, E., Türke, A., German, C., Hand, K., Schlindwein, V., Dorschel, B., Boetius, A., and Bach, W.: Geological settings of hydrothermal vents at
Marnela, M., Rudels, B., Olsson, K. A., Anderson, L. G., Jeansson, E., Torres, D. J., Messias, M.-J., Swift, J. H., and Watson, A. J.: Transports of Nordic Seas water masses and excess SF6 through Fram Strait to the Arctic Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 78, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.06.004, 2008.
McCollom, T. M. and Seewald, J. S.: Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Compounds in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Environments, Chem. Rev., 107, 382–401, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0503660, 2007.
McCollom, T. M., Ritter, G., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Lipid Synthesis Under Hydrothermal Conditions by Fischer- Tropsch-Type Reactions, Origins Life Evol. B., 29, 153–166, 1999.
McCollom, T. M., Seewald, J. S., and German, C. R.: Investigation of extractable organic compounds in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 156, 122–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.022, 2015.
McDermott, J. M., Seewald, J. S., German, C. R., and Sylva, S. P.: Pathways for abiotic organic synthesis at submarine hydrothermal fields, PNAS, 112, 7668–7672, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506295112, 2015.
McDermott, J. M., Albers, E., Bach, W., Diehl, A., German, C. R., Hand, K., Koehler, J., Walter, M., Wegener, G., and Boetius, A.: Geochemistry, physics, and dispersion of a Gakkel Ridge hydrothermal plume, 87∘ N,
Michael, P. J., Langmuir, C. H., Dick, H. J. B., Snow, J. E., Goldstein, S. L., Graham, D. W., Lehnert, K., Kurras, G., Jokat, W., Mühe, R., and Edmonds, H. N.: Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean, Nature, 423, 956–961, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01704, 2003.
Mopper, K., Stubbins, A., Ritchie, J. D., Bialk, H. M., and Hatcher, P. G.: Advanced Instrumental Approaches for Characterization of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter: Extraction Techniques, Mass Spectrometry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Chem. Rev., 107, 419–442, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050359b, 2007.
Nakamura, K. and Takai, K.: Theoretical constraints of physical and chemical properties of hydrothermal fluids on variations in chemolithotrophic microbial communities in seafloor hydrothermal systems, Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 1, 5, https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-4284-1-5, 2014.
Noowong, A., Gomez-Saez, G. V., Hansen, C. T., Schwarz-Schampera, U., Koschinsky, A., and Dittmar, T.: Imprint of Kairei and Pelagia deep-sea hydrothermal systems (Indian Ocean) on marine dissolved organic matter, Org. Geochem., 152, 104141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104141, 2021.
Ohno, T., Sleighter, R. L., and Hatcher, P. G.: Comparative study of organic matter chemical characterization using negative and positive mode electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 408, 2497–2504, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9346-x, 2016.
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P. R., O’Hara, R. B., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., Szoecs, E., and Wagner, H.: vegan: Community Ecology Package, R package version 2.5-7, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan (last access: 14 April 2022), 2020.
Ortmann, A. and Suttle, C.: High abundance of viruses in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent system indicates viral mediated microbial mortality, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 52, 1515–1527, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.002, 2005.
Osterholz, H., Kirchman, D. L., Niggemann, J., and Dittmar, T.: Environmental Drivers of Dissolved Organic Matter Molecular Composition in the Delaware Estuary, Front. Earth Sci., 4, 35, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00095, 2016.
Östlund, H. G. and Hut, G.: Arctic Ocean water mass balance from isotope data, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6373, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC04p06373, 1984.
Paradis, E. and Schliep, K.: ape 5.0: an environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R, Bioinformatics, 35, 526–528, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty633, 2019.
Pataki, D. E., Ehleringer, J. R., Flanagan, L. B., Yakir, D., Bowling, D. R., Still, C. J., Buchmann, N., Kaplan, J. O., and Berry, J. A.: The application and interpretation of Keeling plots in terrestrial carbon cycle research, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001850, 2003.
Pedersen, R. B., Rapp, H. T., Thorseth, I. H., Lilley, M. D., Barriga, F. J. A. S., Baumberger, T., Flesland, K., Fonseca, R., Früh-Green, G. L., and Jorgensen, S. L.: Discovery of a black smoker vent field and vent fauna at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, Nat. Commun., 1, 126, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1124, 2010.
Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Dreutter, S., Hoge, U., Sablotny, B., Hehemann, L., Lemburg, J., Dorschel, B., Biebow, H., and Boetius, A.: Ocean Floor Observation and Bathymetry System (OFOBS): A New Towed Camera/Sonar System for Deep-Sea Habitat Surveys, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 44, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2018.2794095, 2019.
Qian, J. and Mopper, K.: Automated High-Performance, High-Temperature Combustion Total Organic Carbon Analyzer, Anal. Chem., 68, 3090–3097, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac960370z, 1996.
R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 14 April 2022), 2018.
Ramirez-Llodra, E., Brandt, A., Danovaro, R., De Mol, B., Escobar, E., German, C. R., Levin, L. A., Martinez Arbizu, P., Menot, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Smith, C. R., Tittensor, D. P., Tyler, P. A., Vanreusel, A., and Vecchione, M.: Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world's largest ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 7, 2851–2899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2851-2010, 2010.
Redfield, A. C.: The biological control of chemical factors in the environment, Am. Sci., 46, 205–221, 1958.
Reeburgh, W. S.: Oceanic Methane Biogeochemistry, Chem. Rev., 107, 486–513, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050362v, 2007.
Reeves, E. P. and Fiebig, J.: Abiotic Synthesis of Methane and Organic Compounds in Earth's Lithosphere, Elements, 16, 25–31, https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.16.1.25, 2020.
Retelletti Brogi, S., Ha, S.-Y., Kim, K., Derrien, M., Lee, Y. K., and Hur, J.: Optical and molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Arctic ice core and the underlying seawater (Cambridge Bay, Canada): Implication for increased autochthonous DOM during ice melting, Sci. Total Environ., 627, 802–811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.251, 2018.
Rossel, P. E., Stubbins, A., Hach, P. F., and Dittmar, T.: Bioavailability and molecular composition of dissolved organic matter from a diffuse hydrothermal system, Mar. Chem., 177, 257–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.07.002, 2015.
Rossel, P. E., Stubbins, A., Rebling, T., Koschinsky, A., Hawkes, J. A., and Dittmar, T.: Thermally altered marine dissolved organic matter in hydrothermal fluids, Org. Geochem., 110, 73–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.05.003, 2017.
Rudels, B., Wadhams, P., Dowdeswell, J. A., and Schofield, A. N.: The thermohaline circulation of the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland Sea, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 352, 287–299, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1995.0071, 1995.
Rudels, B., Björk, G., Nilsson, J., Winsor, P., Lake, I., and Nohr, C.: The interaction between waters from the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas north of Fram Strait and along the East Greenland Current: results from the Arctic Ocean-02 Oden expedition, J. Marine Syst., 55, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.06.008, 2005.
Rudnicki, M. D. and Elderfield, H.: A chemical model of the buoyant and neutrally buoyant plume above the TAG vent field, 26 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 57, 2939–2957, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90285-5, 1993.
Santibáñez, P. A., Michaud, A. B., Vick-Majors, T. J., D'Andrilli, J., Chiuchiolo, A., Hand, K. P., and Priscu, J. C.: Differential Incorporation of Bacteria, Organic Matter, and Inorganic Ions Into Lake Ice During Ice Formation, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 585–600, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004825, 2019.
Sert, M. F., D’Andrilli, J., Gründger, F., Niemann, H., Granskog, M. A., Pavlov, A. K., Ferré, B., and Silyakova, A.: Compositional Differences in Dissolved Organic Matter Between Arctic Cold Seeps Versus Non-Seep Sites at the Svalbard Continental Margin and the Barents Sea, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 552731, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.552731, 2020.
Sert, M. F., Reeves, E. P., Hand, K. P., and Ferré, B.: Replication data for: Compositions of dissolved organic matter in the ice-covered waters above the Aurora hydrothermal vent system, Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean, DataverseNO [data set] and [code], https://doi.org/10.18710/QPGDFW, 2021.
Simoneit, B. R. T.: Aqueous organic geochemistry at high temperature/high pressure, Origins Life Evol. B., 22, 43–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01808018, 1992.
Simoneit, B. R. T.: Evidence for organic synthesis in high temperature aqueous media – Facts and prognosis, Origins Life Evol. B., 25, 119–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01581578, 1995.
Simoneit, B. R. T., Lein, A. Yu., Peresypkin, V. I., and Osipov, G. A.: Composition and origin of hydrothermal petroleum and associated lipids in the sulfide deposits of the Rainbow field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36∘ N), Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 68, 2275–2294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.11.025, 2004.
Speer, K. G. and Rona, P. A.: A model of an Atlantic and Pacific hydrothermal plume, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 94, 6213–6220, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC05p06213, 1989.
Tao, Y., Rosswog, S., and Brüggen, M.: A simulation modeling approach to hydrothermal plumes and its comparison to analytical models, Ocean Model., 61, 68–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.10.001, 2013.
Thingstad, T. F., Hagström, Å., and Rassoulzadegan, F.: Accumulation of degradable DOC in surface waters: Is it caused by a malfunctioning microbial loop?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 398–404, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.2.0398, 1997.
Vanreusel, A., Andersen, A., Boetius, A., Connelly, D., Cunha, M., Decker, C., Heeschen, K., Hilario, A., Kormas, K., Maignien, L., Olu, K., Pachiadaki, M., Ritt, B., Rodrigues, C., Sarrazin, J., Tyler, P., Van Gaever, S., and Vanneste, H.: Biodiversity of Cold Seep Ecosystems Along the European Margins, Oceanography, 22, 110–127, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.12, 2009.
Vergeynst, L., Christensen, J. H., Kjeldsen, K. U., Meire, L., Boone, W., Malmquist, L. M. V., and Rysgaard, S.: In situ biodegradation, photooxidation and dissolution of petroleum compounds in Arctic seawater and sea ice, Water Res., 148, 459–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.066, 2019.
Wang, D. T., Reeves, E. P., McDermott, J. M., Seewald, J. S., and Ono, S.: Clumped isotopologue constraints on the origin of methane at seafloor hot springs, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 223, 141–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.030, 2018.
Whiticar, M. J.: Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane, Chem. Geol., 161, 291–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00092-3, 1999.
Winkler, L. W.: Die Bestimmung des im Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffes, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges., 21, 2843–2854, https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188802102122, 1888.
Xu, W., Gao, Q., He, C., Shi, Q., Hou, Z.-Q., and Zhao, H.-Z.: Using ESI FT-ICR MS to Characterize Dissolved Organic Matter in Salt Lakes with Different Salinity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 12929–12937, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01681, 2020.
Yahel, G., Sharp, J. H., Marie, D., Häse, C., and Genin, A.: In situ feeding and element removal in the symbiont-bearing sponge Theonella swinhoei: Bulk DOC is the major source for carbon, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 141–149, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.1.0141, 2003.
Yücel, M., Gartman, A., Chan, C. S., and Luther, G. W.: Hydrothermal vents as a kinetically stable source of iron-sulphide-bearing nanoparticles to the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 4, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1148, 2011.
Short summary
We investigate organic matter composition in the Arctic Ocean water column. We collected seawater samples from sea ice to deep waters at six vertical profiles near an active hydrothermal vent and its plume. In comparison to seawater, we found that the organic matter in waters directly affected by the hydrothermal plume had different chemical composition. We suggest that hydrothermal processes may influence the organic matter distribution in the deep ocean.
We investigate organic matter composition in the Arctic Ocean water column. We collected...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint