Articles | Volume 12, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5371-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5371-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Sep 2015
Research article |
| 18 Sep 2015
Dynamics of air–sea CO2 fluxes in the northwestern European shelf based on voluntary observing ship and satellite observations
P. Marrec
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Paris 06, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
T. Cariou
CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Paris 06, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
E. Macé
CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Paris 06, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
P. Morin
CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Paris 06, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
L. A. Salt
CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Paris 06, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
M. Vernet
CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Paris 06, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
B. Taylor
Remote Sensing Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place PL1 3DH, UK
K. Paxman
Remote Sensing Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place PL1 3DH, UK
Y. Bozec
CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Paris 06, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
Related authors
Pierre Marrec, Gérald Grégori, Andrea M. Doglioli, Mathilde Dugenne, Alice Della Penna, Nagib Bhairy, Thierry Cariou, Sandra Hélias Nunige, Soumaya Lahbib, Gilles Rougier, Thibaut Wagener, and Melilotus Thyssen
Biogeosciences, 15, 1579–1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1579-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1579-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study was to better understand the variability of the phytoplankton community structure in small physical structures at the surface of the ocean. After identifying such a structure in the Mediterranean Sea, we deployed cutting-edge physical and biological sensors in order to observe at a high frequency the dynamics of this structure. From these observations we described the variations of the phytoplankton community structure and how the physics controls this variability.
Pierre Marrec, Gérald Grégori, Andrea M. Doglioli, Mathilde Dugenne, Alice Della Penna, Nagib Bhairy, Thierry Cariou, Sandra Hélias Nunige, Soumaya Lahbib, Gilles Rougier, Thibaut Wagener, and Melilotus Thyssen
Biogeosciences, 15, 1579–1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1579-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1579-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study was to better understand the variability of the phytoplankton community structure in small physical structures at the surface of the ocean. After identifying such a structure in the Mediterranean Sea, we deployed cutting-edge physical and biological sensors in order to observe at a high frequency the dynamics of this structure. From these observations we described the variations of the phytoplankton community structure and how the physics controls this variability.
L. A. Salt, S. M. A. C. van Heuven, M. E. Claus, E. M. Jones, and H. J. W. de Baar
Biogeosciences, 12, 1387–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1387-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1387-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide is mitigated by uptake by the world ocean, which alters the pH of the water. In the South Atlantic we find the highest rates of acidification relative to increase in anthropogenic carbon (Cant) found in Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water. The moderate rates of increase in Cant combined with low buffering capacities, due to low salinity and alkalinity values, have caused rapid acidification in the Subantarctic Zone.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Sea Exchange
Air–sea gas exchange in a seagrass ecosystem – results from a 3He ∕ SF6 tracer release experiment
Concentrations of dissolved dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol and other trace gases in context of microbial communities from the temperate Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean
Marine nitrogen fixation as a possible source of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific
Global analysis of the controls on seawater dimethylsulfide spatial variability
Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Winter season Southern Ocean distributions of climate-relevant trace gases
How biogenic polymers control surfactant dynamics in the surface microlayer: insights from a coastal Baltic Sea study
Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux
The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach
Physical mechanisms for biological carbon uptake during the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)
Methane flux estimates from continuous atmospheric measurements and surface-water observations in the northern Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay
Wintertime process study of the North Brazil Current rings reveals the region as a larger sink for CO2 than expected
New constraints on biological production and mixing processes in the South China Sea from triple isotope composition of dissolved oxygen
Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans
Sea ice concentration impacts dissolved organic gases in the Canadian Arctic
Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers
An empirical MLR for estimating surface layer DIC and a comparative assessment to other gap-filling techniques for ocean carbon time series
Derivation of seawater pCO2 from net community production identifies the South Atlantic Ocean as a CO2 source
Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea
Enhancement of the North Atlantic CO2 sink by Arctic Waters
Global ocean dimethyl sulfide climatology estimated from observations and an artificial neural network
Atmospheric deposition of organic matter at a remote site in the central Mediterranean Sea: implications for the marine ecosystem
Underway seawater and atmospheric measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Southern Ocean
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), marine biogenic aerosols and the ecophysiology of coral reefs
Spatial variations in CO2 fluxes in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada) and results of a water mixing model
Gas exchange estimates in the Peruvian upwelling regime biased by multi-day near-surface stratification
Insights from year-long measurements of air–water CH4 and CO2 exchange in a coastal environment
On the role of climate modes in modulating the air–sea CO2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems
Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study
Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades
Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2
Effect of wind speed on the size distribution of gel particles in the sea surface microlayer: insights from a wind–wave channel experiment
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models
Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry mediates nonlinear interactions between nutrient supply, temperature, and atmospheric CO2
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean
Constraints on global oceanic emissions of N2O from observations and models
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis
Phytoplankton growth response to Asian dust addition in the northwest Pacific Ocean versus the Yellow Sea
Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation
Changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling region between 2005 and 2012
Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions
Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Bioavailable atmospheric phosphorous supply to the global ocean: a 3-D global modeling study
Coastal-ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon
Role of zooplankton dynamics for Southern Ocean phytoplankton biomass and global biogeochemical cycles
Surfactant control of gas transfer velocity along an offshore coastal transect: results from a laboratory gas exchange tank
Climate impacts on multidecadal pCO2 variability in the North Atlantic: 1948–2009
Ryo Dobashi and David T. Ho
Biogeosciences, 20, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are productive ecosystems and bury much carbon. Understanding their role in the global carbon cycle requires knowledge of air–sea CO2 fluxes and hence the knowledge of gas transfer velocity (k). In this study, k was determined from the dual tracer technique in Florida Bay. The observed gas transfer velocity was lower than previous studies in the coastal and open oceans at the same wind speeds, most likely due to wave attenuation by seagrass and limited wind fetch in this area.
Valérie Gros, Bernard Bonsang, Roland Sarda-Estève, Anna Nikolopoulos, Katja Metfies, Matthias Wietz, and Ilka Peeken
Biogeosciences, 20, 851–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are both sources and sinks for trace gases important for atmospheric chemistry and marine ecology. Here, we quantified selected trace gases (including the biological metabolites dissolved dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and isoprene) along a 2500 km transect from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. In the context of phytoplankton and bacterial communities, our study suggests that methanethiol (rarely measured before) might substantially influence ocean–atmosphere cycling.
Tsukasa Dobashi, Yuzo Miyazaki, Eri Tachibana, Kazutaka Takahashi, Sachiko Horii, Fuminori Hashihama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Yoko Iwamoto, Shu-Kuan Wong, and Koji Hamasaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 439–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols is important for biogeochemical cycling of bioelements. Our shipboard measurements suggested that reactive nitrogen produced and exuded by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in surface seawater likely contributed to the formation of WSON aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific. This study provides new implications for the role of marine microbial activity in the formation of WSON aerosols in the ocean surface.
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-250, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll-a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
Lukas Eickhoff, Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, and Thomas Koop
Biogeosciences, 20, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice is an important process in Earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere, in particular in polar regions. Our research focuses on the influence of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and of molecules produced by it upon heterogenous ice nucleation. For that purpose, we studied the freezing of tiny droplets containing the diatoms in a microfluidic device. Together with previous studies, our results suggest a common freezing behaviour of various sea ice diatoms.
Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza, Erik Nilsson, Marcus B. Wallin, Erik Sahlée, and Anna Rutgersson
Biogeosciences, 19, 5645–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global carbon cycle and is highly relevant for the Earth's climate. In this study, we used 9 years of in situ measurements to evaluate the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, using this long record, we assessed the effect of atmospheric and water-side mechanisms controlling the efficiency of the air–sea CO2 exchange under different wind-speed conditions.
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Laique M. Djeutchouang, Nicolette Chang, Luke Gregor, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 19, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found that to significantly improve uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping in the Southern Ocean, it is essential to resolve the seasonal cycle (SC) of the meridional gradient of CO2 through high frequency (at least daily) observations that also span the region's meridional axis. We also showed that the estimated SC anomaly and mean annual CO2 are highly sensitive to seasonal sampling biases.
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
Judith Vogt, David Risk, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Evan N. Edinger, and Owen A. Sherwood
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-545, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-545, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The release of the greenhouse gas methane from Arctic permafrost and submarine sources could exacerbate climate change in a positive feedback. Continuous monitoring conducted over a 5100 km voyage in the western margin of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay highlighted both onshore and offshore sources of atmospheric methane. The ocean-atmosphere flux of methane was positive at all measured stations, suggesting that the region in summer 2021 was a net positive source of methane to the atmosphere.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Hana Jurikova, Osamu Abe, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Mao-Chang Liang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the isotopic composition of oxygen dissolved in seawater in the South China Sea. This tells us about the origin of oxygen in the water column, distinguishing between biological oxygen produced by phytoplankton communities and atmospheric oxygen entering seawater through gas exchange. We found that the East Asian Monsoon plays an important role in determining the amount of oxygen produced vs. consumed by the phytoplankton, as well as in inducing vertical water mass mixing.
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, and Frédéric Chevallier
Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea CO2 fluxes and associated uncertainty over the open ocean to coastal shelves are estimated with a new ensemble-based reconstruction of pCO2 trained on observation-based data. The regional distribution and seasonality of CO2 sources and sinks are consistent with those suggested in previous studies as well as mechanisms discussed therein. The ensemble-based uncertainty field allows identifying critical regions where improvements in pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux estimates should be a priority.
Charel Wohl, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, Brent Else, Brian J. Butterworth, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 1021–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of five different organic gases in seawater in the high Arctic during summer. We found higher concentrations near the surface of the water column (top 5–10 m) and in areas of partial ice cover. This suggests that sea ice influences the concentrations of these gases. These gases indirectly exert a slight cooling effect on the climate, and it is therefore important to measure the levels accurately for future climate predictions.
Alain de Verneil, Zouhair Lachkar, Shafer Smith, and Marina Lévy
Biogeosciences, 19, 907–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arabian Sea is a natural CO2 source to the atmosphere, but previous work highlights discrepancies between data and models in estimating air–sea CO2 flux. In this study, we use a regional ocean model, achieve a flux closer to available data, and break down the seasonal cycles that impact it, with one result being the great importance of monsoon winds. As demonstrated in a meta-analysis, differences from data still remain, highlighting the great need for further regional data collection.
Jesse M. Vance, Kim Currie, John Zeldis, Peter W. Dillingham, and Cliff S. Law
Biogeosciences, 19, 241–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring is needed to detect changes in our environment. Time series of ocean carbon have aided our understanding of seasonal cycles and provided evidence for ocean acidification. Data gaps are inevitable, yet no standard method for filling gaps exists. We present a regression approach here and compare it to seven other common methods to understand the impact of different approaches when assessing seasonal to climatic variability in ocean carbon.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 93–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2 fields, which are key to assessing the ocean carbon sink. Our analysis shows that the net community production (NCP), the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, was more accurate than chlorophyll a within a neural network scheme. The improved pCO2 estimates, based on NCP, identified the South Atlantic Ocean as a net CO2 source, compared to a CO2 sink using chlorophyll a.
Birthe Zäncker, Michael Cunliffe, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 18, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
Jon Olafsson, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Taro Takahashi, Magnus Danielsen, and Thorarinn S. Arnarson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic north of 50° N is an intense ocean sink area for atmospheric CO2. Observations in the vicinity of Iceland reveal a previously unrecognized Arctic contribution to the North Atlantic CO2 sink. Sustained CO2 influx to waters flowing from the Arctic Ocean is linked to their excess alkalinity derived from sources in the changing Arctic. The results relate to the following question: will the North Atlantic continue to absorb CO2 in the future as it has in the past?
Wei-Lei Wang, Guisheng Song, François Primeau, Eric S. Saltzman, Thomas G. Bell, and J. Keith Moore
Biogeosciences, 17, 5335–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide, a volatile compound produced as a byproduct of marine phytoplankton activity, can be emitted to the atmosphere via gas exchange. In the atmosphere, DMS is oxidized to cloud condensation nuclei, thus contributing to cloud formation. Therefore, oceanic DMS plays an important role in regulating the planet's climate by influencing the radiation budget. In this study, we use an artificial neural network model to update the global DMS climatology and estimate the sea-to-air flux.
Yuri Galletti, Silvia Becagli, Alcide di Sarra, Margherita Gonnelli, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Damiano M. Sferlazzo, Rita Traversi, Stefano Vestri, and Chiara Santinelli
Biogeosciences, 17, 3669–3684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first data about atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the island of Lampedusa. It also shows the implications for the surface marine layer by studying the impact of atmospheric organic carbon deposition in the marine ecosystem. It is a preliminary study, but it is pioneering and important for having new data that can be crucial in order to understand the impact of atmospheric deposition on the marine carbon cycle in a global climate change scenario.
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
Rebecca L. Jackson, Albert J. Gabric, Roger Cropp, and Matthew T. Woodhouse
Biogeosciences, 17, 2181–2204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs are a strong source of atmospheric sulfur through stress-induced emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS). This biogenic sulfur can influence aerosol and cloud properties and, consequently, the radiative balance over the ocean. DMS emissions may therefore help to mitigate coral physiological stress via increased low-level cloud cover and reduced sea surface temperature. The importance of DMS in coral physiology and climate is reviewed and the implications for coral bleaching are discussed.
Louise Delaigue, Helmuth Thomas, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the first compilation and analysis of the surface water pCO2 distribution in the Saguenay Fjord, the southernmost subarctic fjord in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus fills a significant knowledge gap in current regional estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions.
Tim Fischer, Annette Kock, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 16, 2307–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated air–sea gas exchange in oceanic upwelling regions for the case of nitrous oxide off Peru. In this region, routine concentration measurements from ships at 5 m or 10 m depth prove to overestimate surface (bulk) concentration. Thus, standard estimates of gas exchange will show systematic error. This is due to very shallow stratified layers that inhibit exchange between surface water and waters below and can exist for several days. Maximum bias occurs in moderate wind conditions.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
Riley X. Brady, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael A. Alexander, Michael Jacox, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 16, 329–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, 2019
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Akinori Ito, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, Maarten C. Krol, Natalie M. Mahowald, Rachel A. Scanza, Douglas S. Hamilton, Matthew S. Johnson, Nicholas Meskhidze, Jasper F. Kok, Cecile Guieu, Alex R. Baker, Timothy D. Jickells, Manmohan M. Sarin, Srinivas Bikkina, Rachel Shelley, Andrew Bowie, Morgane M. G. Perron, and Robert A. Duce
Biogeosciences, 15, 6659–6684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The first atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition model intercomparison is presented in this study, as a result of the deliberations of the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP; http://www.gesamp.org/) Working Group 38. We conclude that model diversity over remote oceans reflects uncertainty in the Fe content parameterizations of dust aerosols, combustion aerosol emissions and the size distribution of transported aerosol Fe.
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
Amanda R. Fay, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Galen A. McKinley, David R. Munro, Colm Sweeney, Alison R. Gray, Peter Landschützer, Britton B. Stephens, Taro Takahashi, and Nancy Williams
Biogeosciences, 15, 3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is highly under-sampled and since this region dominates the ocean sink for CO2, understanding change is critical. Here we utilize available observations to evaluate how the seasonal cycle, variability, and trends in surface ocean carbon in the well-sampled Drake Passage region compare to that of the broader subpolar Southern Ocean. Results indicate that the Drake Passage is representative of the broader region; however, additional winter observations would improve comparisons.
Cui-Ci Sun, Martin Sperling, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic gel particles such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) are important components in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Their potential role in air–sea gas exchange and in primary organic aerosol emission has generated considerable research interest. Our wind wave channel experiment revealed how wind speed controls the accumulation and size distribution of biogenic gel particles in the SML.
N. Precious Mongwe, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
Allison R. Moreno, George I. Hagstrom, Francois W. Primeau, Simon A. Levin, and Adam C. Martiny
Biogeosciences, 15, 2761–2779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the missing links between variable marine elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton physiology and carbon cycling, we embed four environmentally controlled stoichiometric models into a five-box ocean model. As predicted each model varied in its influence on the biological pump. Surprisingly, we found that variation can lead to nonlinear controls on atmospheric CO2 and carbon export, suggesting the need for further studies of ocean C : P and the impact on ocean carbon cycling.
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
Erik T. Buitenhuis, Parvadha Suntharalingam, and Corinne Le Quéré
Biogeosciences, 15, 2161–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thanks to decreases in CFC concentrations, N2O is now the third-most important greenhouse gas, and the dominant contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion. Here we estimate the ocean–atmosphere N2O flux. We find that an estimate based on observations alone has a large uncertainty. By combining observations and a range of model simulations we find that the uncertainty is much reduced to 2.45 ± 0.8 Tg N yr−1, and better constrained and at the lower end of the estimate in the latest IPCC report.
Sayaka Yasunaka, Eko Siswanto, Are Olsen, Mario Hoppema, Eiji Watanabe, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Akihiko Murata, Siv K. Lauvset, Rik Wanninkhof, Taro Takahashi, Naohiro Kosugi, Abdirahman M. Omar, Steven van Heuven, and Jeremy T. Mathis
Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping pCO2 in the surface water using a self-organizing map technique. The addition of Chl a as a parameter enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2 via better representation of its decline in spring. The uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C y−1 was determined to be significant.
Alizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 15, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, 2018
Chao Zhang, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Zongbo Shi, Jinhui Shi, Yang Yu, Ling Meng, and Xinyu Guo
Biogeosciences, 15, 749–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares the response of phytoplankton growth in the northwest Pacific to those in the Yellow Sea. In general, larger positive responses of phytoplankton induced by combined nutrients (in the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific) than those induced by a single nutrient (in the Kuroshio Extension and the Yellow Sea) from the dust are observed. We also emphasize the importance of an increase in bioavailable P stock for phytoplankton growth following dust addition.
Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Nicolas Gruber, Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 14, 4545–4561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, 2017
Melchor González-Dávila, J. Magdalena Santana Casiano, and Francisco Machín
Biogeosciences, 14, 3859–3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling is shown to be sensitive to climate change forcing on upwelling processes, which strongly affects the CO2 surface distribution, ocean acidification rates, and air–sea CO2 exchange. We confirmed an upwelling intensification, an increase in the CO2 outgassing, and an important decrease in the pH of the surface waters. Upwelling areas are poorly studied and VOS lines are shown as one of the most significant contributors to our knowledge of the ocean's response.
Rachel Hussherr, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Michel Gosselin, Michel Starr, Lisa A. Miller, Tereza Jarniková, Nina Schuback, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and its synthesis of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), as well as its modulation, by two contrasting light regimes in the Arctic. The light regimes tested had no significant impact on either the phytoplankton or DMS concentration, whereas both variables decreased linearly with the decrease in pH. Thus, a rapid decrease in surface water pH could alter the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production in the Arctic.
Hilton B. Swan, Graham B. Jones, Elisabeth S. M. Deschaseaux, and Bradley D. Eyre
Biogeosciences, 14, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-229-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-229-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the sulfur gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) in marine air at a coral cay on the Great Barrier Reef. DMS is well known to be released from the world's oceans, but environmental evidence of coral reefs releasing DMS has not been clearly demonstrated. We showed the coral reef can sometimes release DMS to the air, which was seen as spikes above the DMS released from the ocean. The DMS from the reef supplements the DMS from the ocean to assist formation of clouds that influence local climate.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Athanasios Nenes, Alex R. Baker, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, and Maria Kanakidou
Biogeosciences, 13, 6519–6543, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6519-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6519-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global atmospheric cycle of P is simulated accounting for natural and anthropogenic sources, acid dissolution of dust aerosol and changes in atmospheric acidity. Simulations show that P-containing dust dissolution flux may have increased in the last 150 years but is expected to decrease in the future, and biological particles are important carriers of bioavailable P to the ocean. These insights to the P cycle have important implications for marine ecosystem responses to climate change.
Timothée Bourgeois, James C. Orr, Laure Resplandy, Jens Terhaar, Christian Ethé, Marion Gehlen, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 13, 4167–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global coastal ocean took up 0.1 Pg C yr−1 of anthropogenic carbon during 1993–2012 based on new biogeochemical simulations with an eddying 3-D global model. That is about half of the most recent estimate, an extrapolation based on surface areas. It should not be confused with the continental shelf pump, perhaps 10 times larger, which includes natural as well as anthropogenic carbon. Coastal uptake of anthropogenic carbon is limited by its offshore transport.
Corinne Le Quéré, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Róisín Moriarty, Séverine Alvain, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Sophie Chollet, Clare Enright, Daniel J. Franklin, Richard J. Geider, Sandy P. Harrison, Andrew G. Hirst, Stuart Larsen, Louis Legendre, Trevor Platt, I. Colin Prentice, Richard B. Rivkin, Sévrine Sailley, Shubha Sathyendranath, Nick Stephens, Meike Vogt, and Sergio M. Vallina
Biogeosciences, 13, 4111–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global biogeochemical model which incorporates ecosystem dynamics based on the representation of ten plankton functional types, and use the model to assess the relative roles of iron vs. grazing in determining phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean. Our results suggest that observed low phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean during summer is primarily explained by the dynamics of the Southern Ocean zooplankton community, despite iron limitation of phytoplankton growth.
R. Pereira, K. Schneider-Zapp, and R. C. Upstill-Goddard
Biogeosciences, 13, 3981–3989, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3981-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3981-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding controls of air–sea gas exchange is necessary for predicting regional- and global-scale trace gas fluxes and feedbacks. Recent studies demonstrated the importance of surfactants, which occur naturally in the uppermost layer of coastal water bodies, to suppress the gas transfer velocity (kw). Here we present data for seawater samples collected from the North Sea. Using a novel analytical approach we show a strong seasonal and spatial relationship between natural surfactants and kw.
Melissa L. Breeden and Galen A. McKinley
Biogeosciences, 13, 3387–3396, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3387-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3387-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Natural variability of the North Atlantic carbon cycle is modeled for 1948–2009. The dominant mode of surface ocean CO2 variability is associated with sea surface temperature (SST) variability composed of (a) the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and (b) a positive SST trend. In the subpolar gyre, positive AMO is associated with reduced vertical mixing that lowers pCO2. In the subtropical gyre, AMO-associated warming increases pCO2. Since 1980, the SST trend has amplified AMO impacts.
Cited articles
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.: An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 69–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014.
Bauer, J. E., Cai, W.-J., Raymond, P. A., Bianchi, T. S., Hopkinson, C. S., and Regnier, P. A. G.: The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean, Nature, 504, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12857, 2013.
Beaugrand, G., Ibanez, F., and Reid, P. C.: Spatial, seasonal and long-term fluctuations of plankton in relation to hydroclimatic features in the English Channel, Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 200, 93–102, 2000.
Berger, B. H., Dumas, F., Petton, S., and Lazure, P.: Evaluation of the hydrology and dynamics of the operational Mars3d configuration of the bay of Biscay, Mercator Ocean-Quaterly Newsletter, 49, 60–68, 2014.
Boalch, G. T., Harbour, D. S., and Butler, A. I.: Seasonal phytoplankton production in the western English Channel 1964–1974, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK., 58, 943–953, 1978.
Borges, A. V. and Frankignoulle, M.: Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air-sea exchange in the English Channel and adjacent areas, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000571, 2003.
Borges, A. V. and Gypens, N.: Carbonate chemistry in the coastal zone responds more strongly to eutrophication than to ocean acidification, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1–8, 2010.
Borges, A. V., Delille, B., and Frankignoulle, M.: Budgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023053, 2005.
Borges, A. V., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Abril, G., Delille, B., and Gazeau, F.: Carbon dioxide in European coastal waters, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 70, 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.046, 2006.
Borges, A. V., Alin, S. R., Chavez, F. P., Vlahos, P., Johnson, K. S., Holt, J. T., Balch, W. M., Bates, N., Brainard, R., Cai, W. J., Chen, C. T. A., Currie, K., Dai, M., Degrandpre, M., Delille, B., Dickson, A., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Friederich, G. E., Gong, G.-C., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hendee, J., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Hood, M., Huertas, E., Hydes, D., Ianson, D., Krasakopoulou, E., Litt, E., Luchetta, A., Mathis, J., McGillis, W. R., Murata, A., Newton, J., Ólafsson, J., Omar, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C., Salisbury, J. E., Salm, R., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schneider, B., Sigler, M., Thomas, H., Turk, D., Vandemark, D., Wanninkhof, R., and Ward, B.: A global sea surface carbon observing system: inorganic and organic carbon dynamics in coastal oceans, Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, edited by: Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., and Stammer, D., ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010a.
Borges, A. V., Ruddick, K., Lacroix, G., Nechad, B., Asteroca, R., Rousseau, V., and Harlay, J.: Estimating pCO2 from remote sensing in the Belgian coastal zone, ESA Special Publications, 686, 2–7, 2010b.
Bozec, Y., Thomas, H., Elkalay, K., and de Baar, H. J. W.: The continental shelf pump for CO2 in the North Sea – evidence from summer observation, Mar. Chem., 93, 131–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.07.006, 2005.
Bozec, Y., Thomas, H., and Schiettecatte, L.-S.: Assessment of the processes controlling seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic carbon in the North Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 2746–2762, 2006.
Cai, W.-J.: Estuarine and coastal ocean carbon paradox: CO2 sinks or sites of terrestrial carbon incineration?, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 123–145, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142723, 2011.
Cai, W.-J., Dai, M., and Wang, Y.: Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province-based synthesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026219, 2006.
Charria, G. and Repecaud, M.: PREVIMER: A contribution to in situ coastal observing systems, Mercator Ocean – Quaterly Newsletter, 49, 9–20, 2014.
Chen, C. A. and Borges, A. V.: Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean?: Continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO2, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 578–590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009, 2009.
Chierici, M., Olsen, A., Johannessen, T., Trinañes, J., and Wanninkhof, R.: Algorithms to estimate the carbon dioxide uptake in the northern North Atlantic using shipboard observations, satellite and ocean analysis data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 630–639, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.014, 2009.
Chierici, M., Signorini, S. R., Mattsdotter-Björk, M., Fransson, A., and Olsen, A.: Surface water fCO2 algorithms for the high-latitude Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, Remote Sens. Environ., 119, 184–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.020, 2012.
Darecki, M., Weeks, A., Sagan, S., Kowalczuk, P., and Kaczmarek, S.: Optical characteristics of two contrasting Case 2 waters and their influence on remote sensing algorithms, Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 237–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00222-4, 2003.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.: A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1733–1743, 1987.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R.: Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements, PICES Special Publication 3, IOCCP report No. 8, 191 pp., 2007.
Dumousseaud, C., Achterberg, E. P., Tyrrell, T., Charalampopoulou, A., Schuster, U., Hartman, M., and Hydes, D. J.: Contrasting effects of temperature and winter mixing on the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the carbonate system in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 7, 1481–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1481-2010, 2010.
Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A. V.: European continental shelf as a significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 569–576, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001307, 2001.
Friedrich, T. and Oschlies, A.: Neural network-based estimates of North Atlantic surface pCO2 from satellite data: A methodological study, J. Geophys. Res., 114, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004646, 2009.
Gattuso, J. P., Frankignoulle, M., and Wollast, R.: Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Sys., 29, 405–434, 1998.
Gledhill, D. K., Wanninkhof, R., Millero, F. J., and Eakin, M.: Ocean acidification of the Greater Caribbean Region 1996–2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004629, 2008.
Goberville, E., Beaugrand, G., Sautour, B., Tréguer, P., and Somlit, T.: Climate-driven changes in coastal marine systems of western Europe, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 408, 129–147, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08564, 2010.
Goberville, E., Beaugrand, G., and Edwards, M.: Synchronous response of marine plankton ecosystems to climate in the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea, J. Marine Syst., 129, 189–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.05.008, 2014.
Gohin, F., Druon, J. N., and Lampert, L.: A five channel chlorophyll concentration algorithm applied to SeaWiFS data processed by SeaDAS in coastal waters, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 1639–1661, 2002.
Gowen, R. J. and Stewart, B. M.: Regional differences in stratification and its effect on phytoplankton production and biomass in the northwestern Irish Sea, J. Plankton Res., 17, 753–769, 1995.
Groom, S., Martinez-Vicente, V., Fishwick, J., Tilstone, G., Moore, G., Smyth, T., and Harbour, D.: The Western English Channel observatory: Optical characteristics of station L4, J. Marine Syst., 77, 278–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.015, 2009.
Hales, B., Strutton, P.G., Saraceno, M., Letelier, R., Takahashi, T., Feely, R., Sabine, C., and Chavez, F.: Satellite-based prediction of pCO2 in coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific, Prog. Oceanogr., 103, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.03.001, 2012.
Hickman, A., Moore, C., Sharples, J., Lucas, M., Tilstone, G., Krivtsov, V., and Holligan, P.: Primary production and nitrate uptake within the seasonal thermocline of a stratified shelf sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 463, 39–57, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09836, 2012.
Hill, E., Brown, J., Fernand, L., Holt, J., Horsburgh, K. J., Proctor, R., Raine, R., and Turrell, W. R.: Thermohaline circulation of shallow tidal seas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033459, 2008.
Holligan, P. M.: Biological implications of fronts on the northwest European continental shelf, Philos. T. R. Soc. S-A, 302, 547–562, 1981.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
Jiang, L.-Q., Cai, W.-J., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, Y., and Lüger H.: Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the U.S. South Atlantic Bight: Spatial and seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004366, 2008.
Jo, Y.-H., Dai, M., Zhai, W., Yan, X.-H., and Shang, S.: On the variations of sea surface pCO2 in the northern South China Sea: A remote sensing based neural network approach, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007745, 2012.
Joint, I. and Groom, S.: Estimation of phytoplankton production from space: current status and future potential of satellite remote sensing, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 250, 233–255, 2000.
Joint, I., Wollast, R., Chou, L., Batten, S., Elskens, M., Edwards, E., Hirst, A., Burkill, P., Groom, S., Gibb, S., Miller, A., Hydes, D., Dehairs, F., Antia, A., Barlow, R., Rees, A., Pomroy, A., Brockmann, U., Cummings, D., Lampitt, R., Loijens, M., Mantoura, F., Miller, P., Raabe, T., Alvarez-Salgado, X., Stelfox, C., and Woolfenden, J.: Pelagic production at the Celtic Sea shelf break, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 3049–3081, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00032-7, 2001.
Keller, K. M., Joos, F., and Raible, C. C.: Time of emergence of trends in ocean biogeochemistry, Biogeosciences, 11, 3647–3659, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3647-2014, 2014.
Kitidis, V., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Litt, E., Brown, I., Cummings, D., Hartman, S., Hydes, D., Fishwick, J. R., Harris, C., Martinez-Vicente, V., Woodward, E. M. S., and Smyth, T. J.: Seasonal dynamics of the carbonate system in the Western English Channel, Cont. Shelf Res., 42, 30–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.04.012, 2012.
L'Helguen, S., Madec, C., and Le Corre, P.: Nitrogen uptake in permanently well-mixed temperate coastal waters., Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 42, 803–818, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0051, 1996.
Lauvset, S.K., Chierici, M., Counillon, F., Omar, A., Nondal, G., Johannessen, T., and Olsen, A.: Annual and seasonal fCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Barents Sea, J. Marine Sys., 113–114, 62–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.12.011, 2013.
Lazure, P. and Dumas, F.: An external–internal mode coupling for a 3D hydrodynamical model for applications at regional scale (MARS), Adv. Water Resour., 31, 233–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2007.06.010, 2008.
Le Boyer, A., Cambon, G., Daniault, N., Herbette, S., Le Cann, B., Marié, L., and Morin, P.: Observations of the Ushant tidal front in September 2007, Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 1026–1037, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.12.020, 2009.
Le Quéré, C., Takahashi, T., Buitenhuis, E. T., Rödenbeck, C., and Sutherland, S. C.: Impact of climate change and variability on the global oceanic sink of CO2, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB4007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003599, 2010.
Le Fèvre, J.: Aspects of the biology of frontal systems, Adv. Mar. Biol., 23, 163–299, 1986.
Lefèvre, N., Aiken, J., Rutllant, J., Daneri, G., Lavender, S., and Smyth, T.: Observations of pCO2 in the coastal upwelling off Chile: Spatial and temporal extrapolation using satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8–1, 2002.
Lefèvre, N., Watson, A. J., and Watson, A. R.: A comparison of multiple regression and neural network techniques for mapping in situ pCO2 data, Tellus B, 57, 375–384, 2005.
Lefèvre, N., Urbano, D.F., Gallois, F., and Diverrès, D.: Impact of physical processes on the seasonal distribution of the fugacity of CO2 in the western tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 646–663, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009248, 2014.
Liu, K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quinones, R., and Talaue-McManus, L. (Eds.): Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins A Global Synthesis, IGBP Book Series, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 744 pp., 2010.
Lohrenz, S. E., Cai, W.-J.: Satellite ocean color assessment of air-sea fluxes of CO2 in a river-dominated coastal margin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 2–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023942, 2006.
Lüger, H., Wallace, D. W. R., Körtzinger, A., and Nojiri, Y.: The pCO2 variability in the midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean during a full annual cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002200, 2004.
Marrec, P., Cariou, T., Collin, E., Durand, A., Latimier, M., Macé, E., Morin, P., Raimund, S., Vernet, M., and Bozec, Y.: Seasonal and latitudinal variability of the CO2 system in the western English Channel based on Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) measurements, Mar. Chem., 155, 29–41, 2013.
Marrec, P., Cariou, T., Latimier, M., Macé, E., Morin, P., Vernet, M., and Bozec, Y.: Spatio-temporal dynamics of biogeochemical processes and air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Western English Channel based on two years of FerryBox deployment, J. Marine Syst., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.05.010, 2014.
McClain, C. R.: A decade of satellite ocean color observations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 19–42, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163650, 2009.
McGillis, W. R. and Wanninkhof, R.: Aqueous CO2 gradients for air–sea flux estimates, Mar. Chem. 98, 100–108, 2006.
McKee, D. and Cunningham, A.: Identification and characterisation of two optical water types in the Irish Sea from in situ inherent optical properties and seawater constituents, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 68, 305–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.02.010, 2006.
McKee, D., Cunningham, A., and Dudek, A.: Optical water type discrimination and tuning remote sensing band-ratio algorithms: Application to retrieval of chlorophyll and Kd(490) in the Irish and Celtic Seas, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 73, 827–834, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.03.028, 2007.
Mehrbach, C., Culberso, C., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowic, R. M.: Measurement of apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897–907, 1973.
Monterey, G. and Levitus, S.: Seasonal variability of mixed layer depth for the world ocean, NOAA Atlas, NESDIS 14, Washington D.C., 96 pp., 1997.
Morel, A. and Prieur, L.: Analysis of variations in ocean color, Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 709–722, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709, 1977.
Morel, A., Gentili, B., Chami, M., and Ras, J.: Bio-optical properties of high chlorophyll Case 1 waters and of yellow-substance-dominated Case 2 waters, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 1439–1459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.07.007, 2006.
Morin, P.: Evolution des éléments nutritifs dans les systems frontaux de l'Iroise: assimilation et regeneration; relation avec les structures hydrologiques et les cycles de développemnt du phytoplankton, PhD thesis in the Univ. Bretagne Occid., 320 pp., 1984.
Muller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Luerssen, R., Hu, C., and Walsh J. J.: The importance of continental margins in the global carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021346, 2005.
Nightingale, P. D., Malin, G., Law, C. S., Watson, A. J., Liss, P. S., Liddicoat, M. I., and Boutin, J., Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 373–387, 2000.
Olsen, A., Triñanes, J., and Wanninkhof, R.: Sea–air flux of CO2 in the Caribbean Sea estimated using in situ and remote sensing data, Remote Sens. Environ., 89, 309–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.011, 2004.
Omar, A. M., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Kaltin, S., and Rey, F.: Seasonal and interannual variability of the air–sea CO2 flux in the Atlantic sector of the Barents Sea, Mar. Chem., 104, 203-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.11.002, 2007.
Omar, A. M., Olsen, A., and Johannessen, T.: Spatiotemporal variations of fCO2 in the North Sea, Ocean Sci., 6, 77–89, 2010.
Ono, T., Saino, T., Kurita, N., and Sasaki, K.: Basin-scale extrapolation of shipboard pCO2 data by using satellite SST and Chl a, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 3803–3815, 2004.
Padin, X. A., Vazquezrodriquez, M., Rios, A. F., and Perez, F. F.: Surface CO2 measurements in the English Channel and Southern Bight of North Sea using voluntary observing ships, J. Marine Syst., 66, 297–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.05.011, 2007.
Padin, X. A., Navarro, G., Gilcoto, M., Rios, A. F., and Pérez, F. F.: Estimation of air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Bay of Biscay based on empirical relationships and remotely sensed observations, J. Marine Syst., 75, 280–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.10.008, 2009.
Pemberton, K., Rees, A. P., Miller, P. I., Raine, R., and Joint, I.: The influence of water body characteristics on phytoplankton diversity and production in the Celtic Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 24, 2011–2028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.003, 2004.
Pierrot, D., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D. W. R.: MS Excel Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2006.
Pingree, R. D. and Griffiths, D. K.: Tidal fronts on the shelf seas around the British Isles, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4615–4622, 1978.
Pingree, R. D., Pugh, P. R., Holligan, P. M., and Forster, G. R.: Summer phytoplankton blooms and red tides along tidal fronts in the approaches to the English Channel, Nature, 258, 672–677, 1975.
Pingree, R. D., Holligan, P. M., and Mardell, G. T.: The effects of vertical stability on phytoplankton distributions in the summer on the northwest European Shelf, Deep-Sea Res., 25, 1011–1028, 1978.
Pingree, R. D.: Physical oceanography of the Celtic Sea and the English Channel, in: The Northwest European Shelf Seas: The Sea-bed and the Sea in Motion, edited by: Banner, F. T., Collins, B., and Massie, K. S., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 638 pp., 1980.
Pingree, R. D., Mardell G. T., and Cartwright, D. E.: Slope Turbulence, internal waves and phytoplankton growth at the Celtic Seas shelf-break, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 302, 663–682, 1981.
Prowe, A. E. F., Thomas, H., Pätsch, J., Kühn, W., Bozec, Y., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Borges, A. V., and de Baar, H. J.W.: Mechanisms controlling the air–sea CO2 flux in the North Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 1801–1808, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.06.003, 2009.
Rangama, Y., Boutin, J., Etcheto, J., Merlivat, L., Takahashi, T., Delille, B., Frankignoulle, M., and Bakker D. C. E.: Variability of the net air-sea CO2 flux inferred from shipboard and satellite measurements in the Southern Ocean south of Tasmania and New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 110, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002619, 2005.
Reid, P. C., Auger, C., Chaussepied, M., and Burn, M.: The channel, report on sub-region 9, quality status report of the North Sea 1993 (Eds.), UK Dep. of the Environ., Républ. Fr. Minist. de l'Environ., Inst. Fr. de Rech. Pour l'Exploit. de la Mer, Brest. 153 pp, 1993.
Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Hunt, C., Campbell, J., McGillis, W., Mcdowell, W.: Seasonal observations of surface waters in two Gulf of Maine estuary-plume systems: Relationships between watershed attributes, optical measurements and surface pCO2, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 77, 245–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.09.033, 2008.
Salt, L. A., Thomas, H., Prowe, A. E. F., Borges, A. V., Bozec, Y., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Variability of North Sea pH and CO2 in response to North Atlantic Oscillation forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1584–1592, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002306, 2013.
Schneider, B., Kaitala, S., Mand aunula, P.: Identification and quantification of plankton bloom events in the Baltic Sea by continuous pCO2 and chlorophyll a measurements on a cargo ship, J. Marine Syst., 59, 238–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.003, 2006.
Schneider, B., Gustafsson, E., and Sadkowiak, B.: Control of the mid-summer net community production and nitrogen fixation in the central Baltic Sea: An approach based on pCO2 measurements on a cargo ship, J. Marine Syst., 136, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.007, 2014.
Schiettecatte, L.-S., Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., and Borges, A.V.: High temporal coverage of carbon dioxide measurements in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, Mar. Chem., 106, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.01.001, 2007.
Schuster, U., McKinley, G. A., Bates, N., Chevallier, F., Doney, S. C., Fay, A. R., González-Dávila, M., Gruber, N., Jones, S., Krijnen, J., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Manizza, M., Mathis, J., Metzl, N., Olsen, A., Rios, A. F., Rödenbeck, C., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Takahashi, T., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.: An assessment of the Atlantic and Arctic sea-air CO2 fluxes, 1990–2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 607–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-607-2013, 2013.
Shadwick, E. H., Thomas, H., Comeau, A., Craig, S. E., Hunt, C. W., and Salisbury, J. E.: Air-Sea CO2 fluxes on the Scotian Shelf: s easonal to multi-annual variability, Biogeosciences, 7, 3851–3867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3851-2010, 2010.
Sharples, J. and Tweddle, J. F.: Spring-neap modulation of internal tide mixing and vertical nitrate fluxes at a shelf edge in summer, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1735–1747, 2007.
Signorini, S. R., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Cai, W.-J., Salisbury, J., Wang, Z. A., Thomas, H., and Shadwick, E. H.: Surface ocean pCO2 seasonality and sea-air CO2 flux estimates for the North American east coast, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5439–5460, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20369, 2013.
Simpson, J. H. and Hunter, J. R.: Fronts in the Irish Sea, Nature, 250, 404–406, 1974.
Simpson, J. H., Crisp, D. J., and Hearn, C.: The shelf-sea fronts: Implications of their existence and behavior, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 302, 531–546, 1981.
Smyth, T. J., Fishwick, J. R., AL-Moosawi, L., Cummings, D. G., Harris, C., Kitidis, V., Rees, A., Martinez-Vicente, V., and Woodward, E. M. S.: A broad spatio-temporal view of the Western English Channel observatory, J. Plankton Res., 32, 585–601, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp128, 2009.
Sournia, A., Brylinski, J. M., and Dallot, S.: Fronts hydrologiques au large des côtes françaises: Les sites-ateliers de programme Frontal, Oceanol. Acta, 13, 413–438, 1990.
Southward, A. J., Langmead, O., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Aiken, J., Boalch, G. T., Dando, P. R., Genner, M. J., Joint, I., Kendall, M. A., Halliday, N. C., Harris, R. P., Leaper, R., Mieszkowska, N., Pingree, R. D., Richardson, A. J., Sims, D. W., Smith, T., Walne, A. W., and Hawkins, S. J.: Long-term oceanographic and ecological research in the Western English Channel, Adv. Mar. Biol., 47, 1–105, 2005.
Steinhoff, T.: Carbon and nutrient fluxes in the North Atlantic Ocean, Dissertation, http://eldiss.uni-kiel.de/macau/receive/dissertation_diss_00005704 (last access: 9 September 2011), 2010.
Takahashi, T., Olafson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W., and Sutherland, S. C.: Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 843–878, 1993.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., and Kozyr, A.: Global Ocean Surface Water Partial Pressure of CO2 Database: Measurements Performed During 1957-2013 (Version 2013), ORNL/CDIAC-160, NDP-088(V2013), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP088(V2013), 2014.
Telszewski, M., Chazottes, A., Schuster, U., Watson, A. J., Moulin, C., Bakker, D. C. E., González-Dávila, M., Johannessen, T., Körtzinger, A., Lüger, H., Olsen, A., Omar, A., Padin, X. A., Ríos, A. F., Steinhoff, T., Santana-Casiano, M., Wallace, D. W. R., and Wanninkhof, R.: Estimating the monthly pCO2 distribution in the North Atlantic using a self-organizing neural network, Biogeosciences, 6, 1405–1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1405-2009, 2009.
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., Elkalay, K., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping, Science, 304, 1005–1008, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095491, 2004.
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., Elkalay, K., de Baar, H. J. W., Borges, A. V., and Schiettecatte, L.-S.: Controls of the surface water partial pressure of CO2 in the North Sea, Biogeosciences, 2, 323–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-323-2005, 2005.
Thomas, H., Prowe, F. E., Lima, I. D., Doney, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Greatbatch, R. J., Schuster, U., and Corbière, A.: Changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation influence CO2 uptake in the North Atlantic over the past 2 decades, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB4027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003167, 2008.
Tréguer, P., Goberville, E., Barrier, N., L'Helguen, S., Morin, P., Bozec, Y., Rimmelin-Maury, P., Czamanski, M., Grossteffan, E., Cariou, T., Répécaud, M., and Quéméner, L.: Large and local-scale influences on physical and chemical characteristics of coastal waters of Western Europe during winter, J. Marine Syst., 139, 79–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.05.019, 2014.
Tsunogai, S., Watanabe, S., and Sato, T.: Is there a "continental shelf pump" for the absorption of atmospheric CO2?, Tellus B, 51, 701–712, 1999.
Wafar, M. V. M., Corre, P. L., and Birrien, J. L.: Nutrients and primary production in permanently well-mixed temperate coastal waters, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 17, 431–446, 1983.
Wallace, R. B., Baumann, H., Grear, J. S., Aller, R. C., and Gobler, C. J.: Coastal ocean acidification: The other eutrophication problem, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 148, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.05.027, 2014.
Walsh, J. J.: Importance of continental margins in the marine biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen, Nature, 350, 53–55, 1991.
Walsh, J. J., Rowe, G. T., Iverson, R. L., and McRoy, C. P.: Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the global CO2 cycle, Nature, 291, 196–201, 1981.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373–7382, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00188, 1992.
Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W. R.: A cubic relationship between air-sea CO2 exchange and wind speed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1889–1892, 1999.
Wanninkhof, R., Doney, S. C., Takahashi, T., and McGillis, W. R.: The effect of using time-averaged winds on regional air-sea CO2 fluxes, in Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by: Donelan, M. A., Drennan, W. M., Saltzman, E. S. and Wanninkhof, R., vol. 127, 351– 356, AGU, Washington, D. C., 2002.
Weiss, R. F.: Solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater, Deep-Sea Res, 17, 721–735, 1970.
Weiss, R. F., and Price, B. A.: Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater, Mar. Chem., 8, 347–359, 1980.
Zeebe R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. A.: CO2 in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes, Elsevier Oceanography Series, 65, Amsterdam, 346 pp., 2001.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint