Articles | Volume 12, issue 24
Biogeosciences, 12, 7379–7402, 2015
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7379-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Biogeosciences, 12, 7379–7402, 2015
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7379-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article 16 Dec 2015
Research article | 16 Dec 2015
Composition and sources of sedimentary organic matter in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea
R. Pedrosa-Pàmies et al.
Related authors
C. Parinos, A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, R. Pedrosa-Pàmies, I. Hatzianestis, A. Sanchez-Vidal, G. Rousakis, D. Velaoras, G. Krokos, and V. Lykousis
Biogeosciences, 10, 6069–6089, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013, 2013
A. Rumín-Caparrós, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Calafat, M. Canals, J. Martín, P. Puig, and R. Pedrosa-Pàmies
Biogeosciences, 10, 3493–3505, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3493-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3493-2013, 2013
Irini Tsiodra, Georgios Grivas, Kalliopi Tavernaraki, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Maria Apostolaki, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Alexandra Gogou, Constantine Parinos, Konstantina Oikonomou, Maria Tsagkaraki, Pavlos Zarmpas, Athanasios Nenes, and Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-393, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-393, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze observations from year-long measurements at Athens, Greece. Nighttime wintertime PAH levels are four times higher than daytime, and wintertime values are 15 times higher than summertime. Biomass burning aerosol during wintertime pollution events is responsible for these significant wintertime enhancements, and accounts for 43 % of the population exposure to PAH carcinogenic risk. Biomass burning poses additional health risks beyond those associated with high PM levels that develop.
Dagmar Hainbucher, Marta Álvarez, Blanca Astray Uceda, Giancarlo Bachi, Vanessa Cardin, Paolo Celentano, Spyros Chaikalis, Maria del Mar Chaves Montero, Giuseppe Civitarese, Noelia M. Fajar, Francois Fripiat, Lennart Gerke, Alexandra Gogou, Elisa F. Guallart, Birte Gülk, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Nico Lange, Andrea Rochner, Chiara Santinelli, Tobias Steinhoff, Toste Tanhua, Lidia Urbini, Dimitrios Velaoras, Fabian Wolf, and Andreas Welsch
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2747–2763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2747-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2747-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report on data from an oceanographic cruise in the Mediterranean Sea (MSM72, March 2018). The main objective of the cruise was to contribute to the understanding of long-term changes and trends in physical and biogeochemical parameters, such as the anthropogenic carbon uptake, and further assess the hydrographical situation after the Eastern and Western Mediterranean Transients. Multidisciplinary measurements were conducted on a predominantly
zonal section throughout the Mediterranean Sea.
Alessandra D'Angelo, Federico Giglio, Stefano Miserocchi, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Stefano Aliani, Tommaso Tesi, Angelo Viola, Mauro Mazzola, and Leonardo Langone
Biogeosciences, 15, 5343–5363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5343-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5343-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A 6-year time series of physical parameters and particle fluxes collected by a mooring in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) suggests that the subglacial and watershed run-off driven by air temperature are the main processes affecting the lithogenic supply. As the Arctic temperature rises, glacier material will increase accordingly. The winter inflow of warm Atlantic waters is progressively increasing, hampering the nutrient supply from the bottom waters and severely reducing the biological production.
Oscar Serrano, Paul S. Lavery, Carlos M. Duarte, Gary A. Kendrick, Antoni Calafat, Paul H. York, Andy Steven, and Peter I. Macreadie
Biogeosciences, 13, 4915–4926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4915-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4915-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the relationship between organic carbon and mud (i.e. silt and clay) contents in seagrass ecosystems to address whether mud can be used to predict soil C content, thereby enabling robust scaling up exercises at a low cost as part of blue carbon stock assessments. We show that mud is not a universal proxy for blue carbon content in seagrass ecosystems, but it can be used to estimate soil Corg content when low biomass seagrass species (i.e. Zostera, Halodule and Halophila) are present.
Mercè Cisneros, Isabel Cacho, Jaime Frigola, Miquel Canals, Pere Masqué, Belen Martrat, Marta Casado, Joan O. Grimalt, Leopoldo D. Pena, Giulia Margaritelli, and Fabrizio Lirer
Clim. Past, 12, 849–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-849-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-849-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a high-resolution multi-proxy study about the evolution of sea surface conditions along the last 2700 yr in the north-western Mediterranean Sea based on five sediment records from two different sites north of Minorca. The novelty of the results and the followed approach, constructing stack records from the studied proxies to preserve the most robust patterns, provides a special value to the study. This complex period appears to have significant regional changes in the climatic signal.
C. Lavoie, E. W. Domack, E. C. Pettit, T. A. Scambos, R. D. Larter, H.-W. Schenke, K. C. Yoo, J. Gutt, J. Wellner, M. Canals, J. B. Anderson, and D. Amblas
The Cryosphere, 9, 613–629, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-613-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-613-2015, 2015
P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, V. Artale, G. L. Borzelli-Eusebi, S. Brenner, A. Crise, M. Gacic, N. Kress, S. Marullo, M. Ribera d'Alcalà, S. Sofianos, T. Tanhua, A. Theocharis, M. Alvarez, Y. Ashkenazy, A. Bergamasco, V. Cardin, S. Carniel, G. Civitarese, F. D'Ortenzio, J. Font, E. Garcia-Ladona, J. M. Garcia-Lafuente, A. Gogou, M. Gregoire, D. Hainbucher, H. Kontoyannis, V. Kovacevic, E. Kraskapoulou, G. Kroskos, A. Incarbona, M. G. Mazzocchi, M. Orlic, E. Ozsoy, A. Pascual, P.-M. Poulain, W. Roether, A. Rubino, K. Schroeder, J. Siokou-Frangou, E. Souvermezoglou, M. Sprovieri, J. Tintoré, and G. Triantafyllou
Ocean Sci., 10, 281–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014, 2014
M. Higueras, P. Kerhervé, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Calafat, W. Ludwig, M. Verdoit-Jarraya, S. Heussner, and M. Canals
Biogeosciences, 11, 157–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-157-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-157-2014, 2014
S. Stavrakakis, A. Gogou, E. Krasakopoulou, A. P. Karageorgis, H. Kontoyiannis, G. Rousakis, D. Velaoras, L. Perivoliotis, G. Kambouri, I. Stavrakaki, and V. Lykousis
Biogeosciences, 10, 7235–7254, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7235-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7235-2013, 2013
C. Parinos, A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, R. Pedrosa-Pàmies, I. Hatzianestis, A. Sanchez-Vidal, G. Rousakis, D. Velaoras, G. Krokos, and V. Lykousis
Biogeosciences, 10, 6069–6089, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013, 2013
N. Lampadariou, V. Kalogeropoulou, K. Sevastou, K. Keklikoglou, and J. Sarrazin
Biogeosciences, 10, 5381–5398, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5381-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5381-2013, 2013
K. Sevastou, N. Lampadariou, P. N. Polymenakou, and A. Tselepides
Biogeosciences, 10, 4861–4878, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4861-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4861-2013, 2013
C. Theodosi, C. Parinos, A. Gogou, A. Kokotos, S. Stavrakakis, V. Lykousis, J. Hatzianestis, and N. Mihalopoulos
Biogeosciences, 10, 4449–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4449-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4449-2013, 2013
A. Rumín-Caparrós, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Calafat, M. Canals, J. Martín, P. Puig, and R. Pedrosa-Pàmies
Biogeosciences, 10, 3493–3505, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3493-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3493-2013, 2013
P. Lopez-Fernandez, S. Bianchelli, A. Pusceddu, A. Calafat, A. Sanchez-Vidal, and R. Danovaro
Biogeosciences, 10, 3405–3420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3405-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3405-2013, 2013
J. Martín, X. Durrieu de Madron, P. Puig, F. Bourrin, A. Palanques, L. Houpert, M. Higueras, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. M. Calafat, M. Canals, S. Heussner, N. Delsaut, and C. Sotin
Biogeosciences, 10, 3221–3239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3221-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3221-2013, 2013
A. Dell'Anno, A. Pusceddu, C. Corinaldesi, M. Canals, S. Heussner, L. Thomsen, and R. Danovaro
Biogeosciences, 10, 2945–2957, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2945-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2945-2013, 2013
A. Pusceddu, M. Mea, M. Canals, S. Heussner, X. Durrieu de Madron, A. Sanchez-Vidal, S. Bianchelli, C. Corinaldesi, A. Dell'Anno, L. Thomsen, and R. Danovaro
Biogeosciences, 10, 2659–2670, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2659-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2659-2013, 2013
M. Stabholz, X. Durrieu de Madron, M. Canals, A. Khripounoff, I. Taupier-Letage, P. Testor, S. Heussner, P. Kerhervé, N. Delsaut, L. Houpert, G. Lastras, and B. Dennielou
Biogeosciences, 10, 1097–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1097-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1097-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Open Ocean
Comparing CLE-AdCSV applications using SA and TAC to determine the Fe-binding characteristics of model ligands in seawater
Impact of dust addition on Mediterranean plankton communities under present and future conditions of pH and temperature: an experimental overview
Reviews and syntheses: Trends in primary production in the Bay of Bengal – is it at a tipping point?
Incorporating the stable carbon isotope 13C in the ocean biogeochemical component of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model
Seasonal cycling of zinc and cobalt in the south-eastern Atlantic along the GEOTRACES GA10 section
Carbon export and fate beneath a dynamic upwelled filament off the California coast
Contrasted release of insoluble elements (Fe, Al, rare earth elements, Th, Pa) after dust deposition in seawater: a tank experiment approach
Phosphorus cycling in the upper waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Peacetime cruise): relative contribution of external and internal sources
Impact of dust addition on the metabolism of Mediterranean plankton communities and carbon export under present and future conditions of pH and temperature
On the barium–oxygen consumption relationship in the Mediterranean Sea: implications for mesopelagic marine snow remineralization
Compound high-temperature and low-chlorophyll extremes in the ocean over the satellite period
Can machine learning extract the mechanisms controlling phytoplankton growth from large-scale observations? – A proof-of-concept study
Reviews and syntheses: The biogeochemical cycle of silicon in the modern ocean
Oxygen budget of the north-western Mediterranean deep- convection region
Cross-basin differences in the nutrient assimilation characteristics of induced phytoplankton blooms in the subtropical Pacific waters
Dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum in the Black Sea as depicted by BGC-Argo floats
Nitrate assimilation and regeneration in the Barents Sea: insights from nitrate isotopes
Long distance particle transport to the central Ionian Sea
Assimilating synthetic Biogeochemical-Argo and ocean colour observations into a global ocean model to inform observing system design
Southern Ocean Biogeochemical Argo detect under-ice phytoplankton growth before sea ice retreat
A new intermittent regime of convective ventilation threatens the Black Sea oxygenation status
Reviews and syntheses: Present, past, and future of the oxygen minimum zone in the northern Indian Ocean
Influence of atmospheric deposition on biogeochemical cycles in an oligotrophic ocean system
Particulate rare earth element behavior in the North Atlantic (GEOVIDE cruise)
Elevated sources of cobalt in the Arctic Ocean
Increase in ocean acidity variability and extremes under increasing atmospheric CO2
Fast local warming of sea-surface is the main factor of recent deoxygenation in the Arabian Sea
Can ocean community production and respiration be determined by measuring high-frequency oxygen profiles from autonomous floats?
Assessing the value of biogeochemical Argo profiles versus ocean color observations for biogeochemical model optimization in the Gulf of Mexico
The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) influences phytoplankton communities in the seasonal ice zone of the Southern Ocean
Profiling float observation of thermohaline staircases in the western Mediterranean Sea and impact on nutrient fluxes
Ocean carbonate system variability in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water (1993–2017)
Characterizing the surface microlayer in the Mediterranean Sea: trace metal concentrations and microbial plankton abundance
Spatial variations in silicate-to-nitrate ratios in Southern Ocean surface waters are controlled in the short term by physics rather than biology
Phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide dynamics at two contrasting Arctic ice edges
Experiment design and bacterial abundance control extracellular H2O2 concentrations during four series of mesocosm experiments
Dissolved iron in the North Atlantic Ocean and Labrador Sea along the GEOVIDE section (GEOTRACES section GA01)
No nitrogen fixation in the Bay of Bengal?
Trends and decadal oscillations of oxygen and nutrients at 50 to 300 m depth in the equatorial and North Pacific
Physical drivers of the nitrate seasonal variability in the Atlantic cold tongue
Coccolithophore biodiversity controls carbonate export in the Southern Ocean
Arctic (Svalbard islands) active and exported diatom stocks and cell health status
How will the key marine calcifier Emiliania huxleyi respond to a warmer and more thermally variable ocean?
Ideas and perspectives: Is dark carbon fixation relevant for oceanic primary production estimates?
Sensitivity of ocean biogeochemistry to the iron supply from the Antarctic Ice Sheet explored with a biogeochemical model
Isotopic fractionation of carbon during uptake by phytoplankton across the South Atlantic subtropical convergence
The effect of marine aggregate parameterisations on nutrients and oxygen minimum zones in a global biogeochemical model
Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 to regional variability in particulate organic matter remineralization depths
Nutrient distribution and nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in water masses of the subtropical southern Indian Ocean
What drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration?
Loes J. A. Gerringa, Martha Gledhill, Indah Ardiningsih, Niels Muntjewerf, and Luis M. Laglera
Biogeosciences, 18, 5265–5289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5265-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For 3 decades, competitive ligand exchange–adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry was used to estimate the Fe-binding capacity of organic matter in seawater. In this paper the performance of the competing ligands is compared through the analysis of a series of model ligands.
The main finding of this paper is that the determined speciation parameters are not independent of the application, making interpretation of Fe speciation data more complex than it was thought before.
Frédéric Gazeau, Céline Ridame, France Van Wambeke, Samir Alliouane, Christian Stolpe, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Sophie Marro, Jean-Michel Grisoni, Guillaume De Liège, Sandra Nunige, Kahina Djaoudi, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Julie Dinasquet, Ingrid Obernosterer, Philippe Catala, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5011–5034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5011-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5011-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows that the impacts of Saharan dust deposition in different Mediterranean basins are as strong as those observed in coastal waters but differed substantially between the three tested stations, differences attributed to variable initial metabolic states. A stronger impact of warming and acidification on mineralization suggests a decreased capacity of Mediterranean surface communities to sequester CO2 following the deposition of atmospheric particles in the coming decades.
Carolin R. Löscher
Biogeosciences, 18, 4953–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4953-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4953-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is classically seen as an ocean region with low primary production, which has been predicted to decrease even further. Here, the importance of such a trend is used to explore what could happen to the BoB's low-oxygen core waters if primary production decreases. Lower biological production leads to less oxygen loss in deeper waters by respiration; thus it could be that oxygen will not further decrease and the BoB will not become anoxic, different to other low-oxygen areas.
Bo Liu, Katharina D. Six, and Tatiana Ilyina
Biogeosciences, 18, 4389–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We incorporate a new representation of the stable carbon isotope 13C in a global ocean biogeochemistry model. The model well reproduces the present-day 13C observations. We find a recent observation-based estimate of the oceanic 13C Suess effect (the decrease in 13C/12C ratio due to uptake of anthropogenic CO2; 13CSE) possibly underestimates 13CSE by 0.1–0.26 per mil. The new model will aid in better understanding the past ocean state via comparison to 13C/12C measurements from sediment cores.
Neil J. Wyatt, Angela Milne, Eric P. Achterberg, Thomas J. Browning, Heather A. Bouman, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, and Maeve C. Lohan
Biogeosciences, 18, 4265–4280, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4265-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using data collected during two expeditions to the South Atlantic Ocean, we investigated how the interaction between external sources and biological activity influenced the availability of the trace metals zinc and cobalt. This is important as both metals play essential roles in the metabolism and growth of phytoplankton and thus influence primary productivity of the oceans. We found seasonal changes in both processes that helped explain upper-ocean trace metal cycling.
Hannah L. Bourne, James K. B. Bishop, Elizabeth J. Connors, and Todd J. Wood
Biogeosciences, 18, 3053–3086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To learn how the biological carbon pump works in productive coastal upwelling systems, four autonomous carbon flux explorers measured carbon flux through the twilight zone beneath an offshore-flowing filament of biologically productive water. Strikingly different particle classes dominated the carbon fluxes during successive stages of the filament evolution over 30 d. Both flux and transfer efficiency were far greater than expected, suggesting an outsized filament impact in California waters.
Matthieu Roy-Barman, Lorna Foliot, Eric Douville, Nathalie Leblond, Fréderic Gazeau, Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Céline Ridame, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 2663–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2663-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2663-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The release of insoluble elements such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), rare earth elements (REEs), thorium (Th) and protactinium (Pa) when Saharan dust falls over the Mediterranean Sea was studied during tank experiments under present and future climate conditions. Each element exhibited different dissolution kinetics and dissolution fractions (always lower than a few percent). Changes in temperature and/or pH under greenhouse conditions lead to a lower Th release and a higher light REE release.
Elvira Pulido-Villena, Karine Desboeufs, Kahina Djaoudi, France Van Wambeke, Stéphanie Barrillon, Andrea Doglioli, Anne Petrenko, Vincent Taillandier, Franck Fu, Tiphanie Gaillard, Sophie Guasco, Sandra Nunige, Sylvain Triquet, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-94, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-94, 2021
Revised manuscript under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
High sensitive phosphate measurements in the Mediterranean Sea allowed detecting vertical gradients of phosphate concentration above the phosphacline. Estimated phosphate fluxes from below were comparable to atmospheric deposition except under the influence of rain and Saharan dust. Taken together, external sources of phosphate contributed little to total phosphate requirements which were mainly sustained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the organic phosphorus pool.
Frédéric Gazeau, France Van Wambeke, Emilio Marañón, Maria Pérez-Lorenzo, Samir Alliouane, Christian Stolpe, Thierry Blasco, Nathalie Leblond, Birthe Zäncker, Anja Engel, Barbara Marie, Julie Dinasquet, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-20, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-20, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the impact of dust deposition on primary production depends on the initial composition and metabolic state of the tested community and is constrained by the amount of nutrients added, to sustain both the fast response of heterotrophic prokaryotes and the delayed one of phytoplankton. Under future environmental conditions, heterotrophic metabolism will be more impacted than primary production, therefore reducing the capacity of surface waters to sequester anthropogenic CO2.
Stéphanie H. M. Jacquet, Dominique Lefèvre, Christian Tamburini, Marc Garel, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, Nagib Bhairy, and Sophie Guasco
Biogeosciences, 18, 2205–2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2205-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2205-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present new data concerning the relation between biogenic barium (Baxs, a tracer of carbon remineralization at mesopelagic depths), O2 consumption and prokaryotic heterotrophic production (PHP) in the Mediterranean Sea. The purpose of this paper is to improve our understanding of the relation between Baxs, PHP and O2 and to test the validity of the Dehairs transfer function in the Mediterranean Sea. This relation has never been tested in the Mediterranean Sea.
Natacha Le Grix, Jakob Zscheischler, Charlotte Laufkötter, Cecile S. Rousseaux, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 18, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Marine ecosystems could suffer severe damage from the co-occurrence of a marine heat wave with extremely low chlorophyll concentration. Here, we provide a first assessment of compound marine heat wave and
low-chlorophyll events in the global ocean from 1998 to 2018. We reveal hotspots of these compound events in the equatorial Pacific and in the Arabian Sea and show that they mostly occur in summer at high latitudes and their frequency is modulated by large-scale modes of climate variability.
Christopher Holder and Anand Gnanadesikan
Biogeosciences, 18, 1941–1970, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1941-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1941-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A challenge for marine ecologists in studying phytoplankton is linking small-scale relationships found in a lab to broader relationships observed on large scales in the environment. We investigated whether machine learning (ML) could help connect these small- and large-scale relationships. ML was able to provide qualitative information about the small-scale processes from large-scale information. This method could help identify important relationships from observations in future research.
Paul J. Tréguer, Jill N. Sutton, Mark Brzezinski, Matthew A. Charette, Timothy Devries, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Claudia Ehlert, Jon Hawkings, Aude Leynaert, Su Mei Liu, Natalia Llopis Monferrer, María López-Acosta, Manuel Maldonado, Shaily Rahman, Lihua Ran, and Olivier Rouxel
Biogeosciences, 18, 1269–1289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon is the second most abundant element of the Earth's crust. In this review, we show that silicon inputs and outputs, to and from the world ocean, are 57 % and 37 % higher, respectively, than previous estimates. These changes are significant, modifying factors such as the geochemical residence time of silicon, which is now about 8000 years and 2 times faster than previously assumed. We also update the total biogenic silica pelagic production and provide an estimate for sponge production.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Fayçal Kessouri, Dominique Lefèvre, and Patrick Marsaleix
Biogeosciences, 18, 937–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the seasonal cycle of O2 and estimate an annual O2 budget in the north-western Mediterranean deep-convection region, using a numerical model. We show that this region acts as a large sink of atmospheric O2 and as a major source of O2 for the western Mediterranean Sea. The decrease in the deep convection intensity predicted in recent projections may have important consequences on the overall uptake of O2 in the Mediterranean Sea and on the O2 exchanges with the Atlantic Ocean.
Fuminori Hashihama, Hiroaki Saito, Taketoshi Kodama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Jota Kanda, Iwao Tanita, Hiroshi Ogawa, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, Philip W. Boyd, and Ken Furuya
Biogeosciences, 18, 897–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the nutrient assimilation characteristics of deep-water-induced phytoplankton blooms across the subtropical North and South Pacific Ocean. Nutrient drawdown ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphate were anomalously low in the western North Pacific, likely due to the high phosphate uptake capability of low-phosphate-adapted phytoplankton. The anomalous phosphate uptake might influence the maintenance of chronic phosphate depletion in the western North Pacific.
Florian Ricour, Arthur Capet, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Bruno Delille, and Marilaure Grégoire
Biogeosciences, 18, 755–774, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper addresses the phenology of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) in the Black Sea (BS). We show that the DCM forms in March at a density level set by the winter mixed layer. It maintains this location until June, suggesting an influence of the DCM on light and nutrient profiles rather than mere adaptation to external factors. In summer, the DCM concentrates ~55 % of the chlorophyll in a 10 m layer at ~35 m depth and should be considered a major feature of the BS phytoplankton dynamics.
Robyn E. Tuerena, Joanne Hopkins, Raja S. Ganeshram, Louisa Norman, Camille de la Vega, Rachel Jeffreys, and Claire Mahaffey
Biogeosciences, 18, 637–653, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Sea is a rapidly changing shallow sea within the Arctic. Here, nitrate, an essential nutrient, is fully consumed by algae in surface waters during summer months. Nitrate is efficiently regenerated in the Barents Sea, and there is no evidence for nitrogen loss from the sediments by denitrification, which is prevalent on other Arctic shelves. This suggests that nitrogen availability in the Barents Sea is largely determined by the supply of nutrients in water masses from the Atlantic.
Léo Berline, Andrea Michelangelo Doglioli, Anne Petrenko, Stéphanie Barrillon, Boris Espinasse, Frederic A. C. Le Moigne, François Simon-Bot, Melilotus Thyssen, and François Carlotti
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-481, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-481, 2021
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
While Ionian Sea is considered as a nutrient depleted and low phytoplankton biomass area, it is a crossroad for water mass circulation. In the central Ionian Sea, we observed a strong contrast in particle distribution across a relatively short distance. Using remote sensing and Lagrangian simulations, we suggest that this contrast originate from long distance transport of particles from the north, west and east of Ionian Sea, where phytoplankton production was more intense.
David Ford
Biogeosciences, 18, 509–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogeochemical-Argo floats are starting to routinely measure ocean chlorophyll, nutrients, oxygen, and pH. This study generated synthetic observations representing two potential Biogeochemical-Argo observing system designs and created a data assimilation scheme to combine them with an ocean model. The proposed system of 1000 floats brought clear benefits to model results, with additional floats giving further benefit. Existing satellite ocean colour observations gave complementary information.
Mark Hague and Marcello Vichi
Biogeosciences, 18, 25–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the question of what causes the rapid spring growth of microscopic marine algae (phytoplankton) in the ice-covered ocean surrounding Antarctica. One prominent hypothesis proposes that the melting of sea ice is the primary cause, while our results suggest that this is only part of the explanation. In particular, we show that phytoplankton are able to start growing before the sea ice melts appreciably, much earlier than previously thought.
Arthur Capet, Luc Vandenbulcke, and Marilaure Grégoire
Biogeosciences, 17, 6507–6525, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6507-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6507-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Black Sea is 2000 m deep, but, due to limited ventilation, only about the upper 100 m contains enough oxygen to support marine life such as fish. This oxygenation depth has been shown to be decreasing (1955–2019). Here, we evidence that atmospheric warming induced a clear shift in an important ventilation mechanism. We highlight the impact of this shift on oxygenation. There are important implications for marine life and carbon and nutrient cycling if this new ventilation regime persists.
Tim Rixen, Greg Cowie, Birgit Gaye, Joaquim Goes, Helga do Rosário Gomes, Raleigh R. Hood, Zouhair Lachkar, Henrike Schmidt, Joachim Segschneider, and Arvind Singh
Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Indian Ocean hosts an extensive oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which intensified due to human-induced global changes. This includes the occurrence of anoxic events on the Indian shelf and affects benthic ecosystems and the pelagic ecosystem structure in the Arabian Sea. Consequences for biogeochemical cycles are unknown, which, in addition to the poor representation of mesoscale features, reduces the reliability of predictions of the future OMZ development in the northern Indian Ocean.
France Van Wambeke, Vincent Taillandier, Karine Deboeufs, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Emilio Marañón, Céline Ridame, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-411, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous in situ measurements of (dry and wet) atmospheric deposition, and biogeochemical stocks and fluxes in the sunlight waters of the open Mediterranean Sea revealed complex physical and biological processes. Dry N deposition contributed moderately to the N biological demand in the mixed layer (11 % for primary producers, 27 % for heterotrophic bacteria). The transitory effect observed after a wet dust deposition impacted the microbial food web down to the DCM.
Marion Lagarde, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Hélène Planquette, Mélanie Grenier, Moustafa Belhadj, Pascale Lherminier, and Catherine Jeandel
Biogeosciences, 17, 5539–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5539-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5539-2020, 2020
Randelle M. Bundy, Alessandro Tagliabue, Nicholas J. Hawco, Peter L. Morton, Benjamin S. Twining, Mariko Hatta, Abigail E. Noble, Mattias R. Cape, Seth G. John, Jay T. Cullen, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 17, 4745–4767, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4745-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4745-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Cobalt (Co) is an essential nutrient for ocean microbes and is scarce in most areas of the ocean. This study measured Co concentrations in the Arctic Ocean for the first time and found that Co levels are extremely high in the surface waters of the Canadian Arctic. Although the Co primarily originates from the shelf, the high concentrations persist throughout the central Arctic. Co in the Arctic appears to be increasing over time and might be a source of Co to the North Atlantic.
Friedrich A. Burger, Jasmin G. John, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 17, 4633–4662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4633-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4633-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ensemble simulations of an Earth system model reveal that ocean acidity extremes have increased in the past few decades and are projected to increase further in terms of frequency, intensity, duration, and volume extent. The increase is not only caused by the long-term ocean acidification due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2, but also due to changes in short-term variability. The increase in ocean acidity extremes may enhance the risk of detrimental impacts on marine organisms.
Zouhair Lachkar, Michael Mehari, Muchamad Al Azhar, Marina Lévy, and Shafer Smith
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-325, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-325, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
This study documents and quantifies a significant recent oxygen decline in the upper layers of the Arabian Sea and explores its drivers. Using a modeling approach we show that the fast local warming of sea surface is the main factor causing this oxygen drop. Concomitant summer monsoon intensification contributes to this trend, although to a lesser extent. These changes exacerbate oxygen depletion in the subsurface, threatening marine habitats and altering the local biogeochemistry.
Christopher Gordon, Katja Fennel, Clark Richards, Lynn K. Shay, and Jodi K. Brewster
Biogeosciences, 17, 4119–4134, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4119-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4119-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method for correcting errors in oxygen optode measurements on autonomous platforms in the ocean. The errors result from the relatively slow response time of the sensor. The correction method includes an in situ determination of the effective response time and requires the time stamps of the individual measurements. It is highly relevant for the BGC-Argo program and also applicable to gliders. We also explore if diurnal changes in oxygen can be obtained from profiling floats.
Bin Wang, Katja Fennel, Liuqian Yu, and Christopher Gordon
Biogeosciences, 17, 4059–4074, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4059-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4059-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess trade-offs between different types of biological observations, specifically satellite ocean color and BGC-Argo profiles and the benefits of combining both for optimizing a biogeochemical model of the Gulf of Mexico. Using all available observations leads to significant improvements in observed and unobserved variables (including primary production and C export). Our results highlight the significant benefits of BGC-Argo measurements for biogeochemical model optimization and validation.
Bruce L. Greaves, Andrew T. Davidson, Alexander D. Fraser, John P. McKinlay, Andrew Martin, Andrew McMinn, and Simon W. Wright
Biogeosciences, 17, 3815–3835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3815-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3815-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We observed that variation in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) over 11 years showed a relationship with the species composition of hard-shelled phytoplankton in the seasonal ice zone (SIZ) of the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton in the SIZ are productive during the southern spring and summer when the area is ice-free, with production feeding most Antarctic life. The SAM is known to be increasing with climate change, and changes in phytoplankton in the SIZ may have implications for higher life forms.
Vincent Taillandier, Louis Prieur, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Maurizio Ribera d'Alcalà, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 17, 3343–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3343-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the role played by vertical diffusion in the nutrient enrichment of the Levantine intermediate waters, a process particularly relevant inside thermohaline staircases. Thanks to a high profiling frequency over a 4-year period, BGC-Argo float observations reveal the temporal continuity of the layering patterns encountered during the cruise PEACETIME and their impact on vertical and lateral transfers of nitrate between the deep reservoir and the surface productive zone.
Coraline Leseurre, Claire Lo Monaco, Gilles Reverdin, Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Solveig Olafsdottir, and Virginie Racapé
Biogeosciences, 17, 2553–2577, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2553-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2553-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the evolution of CO2 uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water. Our results show an important reduction in the capacity of the ocean to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere (1993–2007), due to a rapid increase in the fCO2 and associated with a rapid decrease in pH. Conversely, data obtained during the last decade (2008–2017) show a stagnation of fCO2 (increasing the ocean sink for CO2) and pH.
Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Araceli Rodríguez-Romero, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Franck Fu, Emilio Marañón, María Pérez-Lorenzo, Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Sylvain Triquet, Guillaume Siour, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 17, 2349–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2349-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2349-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Residence times of particulate metals derived from aerosol deposition in the Sea Surface Microlayer of the Mediterranean Sea ranged from a couple of minutes (e.g., for Fe) to a few hours (e.g., for Cu). Microbial activity seems to play an important role in in this process and in the concentration and distribution of metals between diferent water layers.
Pieter Demuynck, Toby Tyrrell, Alberto Naveira Garabato, Mark Christopher Moore, and Adrian Peter Martin
Biogeosciences, 17, 2289–2314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2289-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2289-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The availability of macronutrients N and Si is of key importance to sustain life in the Southern Ocean. N and Si are available in abundance at the southern boundary of the Southern Ocean due to constant supply from the deep ocean. In the more northern regions of the Southern Ocean, a decline in macronutrient concentration is noticed, especially strong for Si rather than N. This paper uses a simplified biogeochemical model to investigate processes responsible for this decline in concentration.
Martine Lizotte, Maurice Levasseur, Virginie Galindo, Margaux Gourdal, Michel Gosselin, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Marjolaine Blais, Joannie Charette, and Rachel Hussherr
Biogeosciences, 17, 1557–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1557-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study brings further support to the premise that the prevalence of younger and thinner icescapes over older and thicker ones in the Canadian High Arctic favors the early development of under-ice microorganisms as well as their production of the climate-relevant gas dimethylsulfide (DMS). Given the rapid rate of climate-driven changes in Arctic sea ice, our results suggest implications for the timing and magnitude of DMS pulses in the Arctic, with ramifications for climate forecasting.
Mark J. Hopwood, Nicolas Sanchez, Despo Polyviou, Øystein Leiknes, Julián Alberto Gallego-Urrea, Eric P. Achterberg, Murat V. Ardelan, Javier Aristegui, Lennart Bach, Sengul Besiktepe, Yohann Heriot, Ioanna Kalantzi, Tuba Terbıyık Kurt, Ioulia Santi, Tatiana M. Tsagaraki, and David Turner
Biogeosciences, 17, 1309–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is formed naturally in sunlight-exposed water by photochemistry. At high concentrations it is undesirable to biological cells because it is a stressor. Here, across a range of incubation experiments in diverse marine environments (Gran Canaria, the Mediterranean, Patagonia and Svalbard), we determine that two factors consistently affect the H2O2 concentrations irrespective of geographical location: bacteria abundance and experiment design.
Manon Tonnard, Hélène Planquette, Andrew R. Bowie, Pier van der Merwe, Morgane Gallinari, Floriane Desprez de Gésincourt, Yoan Germain, Arthur Gourain, Marion Benetti, Gilles Reverdin, Paul Tréguer, Julia Boutorh, Marie Cheize, François Lacan, Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Leonardo Pereira-Contreira, Rachel Shelley, Pascale Lherminier, and Géraldine Sarthou
Biogeosciences, 17, 917–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the spatial distribution of dissolved Fe during spring 2014, in order to understand the processes influencing the biogeochemical cycle in the North Atlantic. Our results highlighted elevated Fe close to riverine inputs at the Iberian Margin and glacial inputs at the Newfoundland and Greenland margins. Atmospheric deposition appeared to be a minor source of Fe. Convection was an important source of Fe in the Irminger Sea, which was depleted in Fe relative to nitrate.
Carolin R. Löscher, Wiebke Mohr, Hermann W. Bange, and Donald E. Canfield
Biogeosciences, 17, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-851-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-851-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are ocean areas severely depleted in oxygen as a result of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Biologically, organic material is produced in the sea surface and exported to deeper waters, where it respires. In the Bay of Bengal (BoB), an OMZ is present, but there are traces of oxygen left. Our study now suggests that this is because one key process, nitrogen fixation, is absent in the BoB, thus preventing primary production and consecutive respiration.
Lothar Stramma, Sunke Schmidtko, Steven J. Bograd, Tsuneo Ono, Tetjana Ross, Daisuke Sasano, and Frank A. Whitney
Biogeosciences, 17, 813–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-813-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-813-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of climate signals in the Pacific, especially the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, as well as El Niño–La Niña and an 18.6-year nodal tidal cycle on oxygen and nutrient trends is investigated. At different locations in the Pacific Ocean different climate signals dominate. Hence, not only trends related to warming but also the influence of climate signals need to be investigated to understand oxygen and nutrient changes in the ocean.
Marie-Hélène Radenac, Julien Jouanno, Christine Carine Tchamabi, Mesmin Awo, Bernard Bourlès, Sabine Arnault, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 17, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-529-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-529-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data and a remarkable set of in situ measurements show a main bloom of microscopic seaweed, the phytoplankton, in summer and a secondary bloom in December in the central equatorial Atlantic. They are driven by a strong vertical supply of nitrate in May–July and a shorter and moderate supply in November. In between, transport of low-nitrate water from the west explains most nitrate losses in the sunlit layer. Horizontal eddy-induced processes also contribute to seasonal nitrate removal.
Andrés S. Rigual Hernández, Thomas W. Trull, Scott D. Nodder, José A. Flores, Helen Bostock, Fátima Abrantes, Ruth S. Eriksen, Francisco J. Sierro, Diana M. Davies, Anne-Marie Ballegeer, Miguel A. Fuertes, and Lisa C. Northcote
Biogeosciences, 17, 245–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coccolithophores account for a major fraction of the carbonate produced in the world's oceans. However, their contribution in the subantarctic Southern Ocean remains undocumented. We quantitatively partition calcium carbonate fluxes amongst coccolithophore species in the Australian–New Zealand sector of the Southern Ocean. We provide new insights into the importance of species other than Emiliania huxleyi in the carbon cycle and assess their possible response to projected environmental change.
Susana Agustí, Jeffrey W. Krause, Israel A. Marquez, Paul Wassmann, Svein Kristiansen, and Carlos M. Duarte
Biogeosciences, 17, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-35-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-35-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that 24 % of the total diatoms community in the Arctic water column (450 m depth) was located below the photic layer. Healthy diatom communities in active spring–bloom stages remained in the photic layer. Dying diatom communities exported a large fraction of the biomass to the aphotic zone, fuelling carbon sequestration and benthic ecosystems in the Arctic. The results of the study conform to a conceptual model where diatoms grow during the bloom until silicic acid stocks are depleted.
Xinwei Wang, Feixue Fu, Pingping Qu, Joshua D. Kling, Haibo Jiang, Yahui Gao, and David A. Hutchins
Biogeosciences, 16, 4393–4409, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4393-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4393-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we examine the responses of E. huxleyi to a future warmer and more thermally variable ocean. Elevated temperatures and thermal variation have negative effects on growth rate and physiology that are especially pronounced at high temperatures, but high-frequency thermal variation may reduce the risk of extreme high-temperature events. These findings have potentially large implications for ocean productivity and marine biogeochemical cycles under a future changing climate.
Federico Baltar and Gerhard J. Herndl
Biogeosciences, 16, 3793–3799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3793-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3793-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Around half of the global primary production (PP) is produced in the ocean. Here we quantified how much oceanic PP estimates would increase if we included the dark DIC fixation rates (which are usually excluded in the carbon-14 method) into the PP estimation. We found that the inclusion of dark DIC fixation would increase PP estimates by 5–22 %. This represents ca. 1.2 to 11 Pg C yr−1 of newly synthesized organic carbon available for the marine food web.
Renaud Person, Olivier Aumont, Gurvan Madec, Martin Vancoppenolle, Laurent Bopp, and Nacho Merino
Biogeosciences, 16, 3583–3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3583-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3583-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is considered a possibly important but largely overlooked source of iron (Fe). Here we explore its fertilization capacity by evaluating the response of marine biogeochemistry to Fe release from icebergs and ice shelves in a global ocean model. Large regional impacts are simulated, leading to only modest primary production and carbon export increases at the scale of the Southern Ocean. Large uncertainties are due to low observational constraints on modeling choices.
Robyn E. Tuerena, Raja S. Ganeshram, Matthew P. Humphreys, Thomas J. Browning, Heather Bouman, and Alexander P. Piotrowski
Biogeosciences, 16, 3621–3635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3621-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3621-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon isotopes in algae can be used to predict food sources and environmental change. We explore how dissolved carbon is taken up by algae in the South Atlantic Ocean and how this affects their carbon isotope signature. We find that cell size controls isotope fractionation. We use our results to investigate how climate change may impact the carbon isotopes in algae. We suggest a shift to smaller algae in this region would decrease the carbon isotope ratio at the base of the food web.
Daniela Niemeyer, Iris Kriest, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 16, 3095–3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3095-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3095-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies suggest spatial variations of the marine particle flux length scale. Using a global biogeochemical ocean model, we investigate whether changes in particle size and size-dependent sinking can explain this variation. We address uncertainties by varying aggregate properties and circulation. Both aspects have an impact on the representation of nutrients, oxygen and oxygen minimum zones. The formation and sinking of large aggregates in productive areas lead to deeper flux penetration.
Jamie D. Wilson, Stephen Barker, Neil R. Edwards, Philip B. Holden, and Andy Ridgwell
Biogeosciences, 16, 2923–2936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2923-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2923-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The remains of plankton rain down from the surface ocean to the deep ocean, acting to store CO2 in the deep ocean. We used a model of biology and ocean circulation to explore the importance of this process in different regions of the ocean. The amount of CO2 stored in the deep ocean is most sensitive to changes in the Southern Ocean. As plankton in the Southern Ocean are likely those most impacted by future climate change, the amount of CO2 they store in the deep ocean could also be affected.
Natalie C. Harms, Niko Lahajnar, Birgit Gaye, Tim Rixen, Kirstin Dähnke, Markus Ankele, Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Biogeosciences, 16, 2715–2732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2715-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2715-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Indian Ocean subtropical gyre is a large oligotrophic area that is likely to adjust to continued warming by increasing stratification, reduced nutrient supply and decreasing biological production. In this study, we investigated concentrations of nutrients and stable isotopes of nitrate. We determine the lateral influence of water masses entering the gyre from the northern Indian Ocean and from the Southern Ocean and quantify the input of nitrogen by N2 fixation into the surface layer.
Yingxu Wu, Mathis P. Hain, Matthew P. Humphreys, Sue Hartman, and Toby Tyrrell
Biogeosciences, 16, 2661–2681, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2661-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2661-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study takes advantage of the GLODAPv2 database to investigate the processes driving the surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon distribution, with the focus on its latitudinal gradient between the polar oceans and the low-latitude oceans. Based on our quantitative study, we find that temperature-driven CO2 gas exchange and high-latitude upwelling of DIC- and TA-rich deep waters are the two major drivers, with the importance of the latter not having been previously realized.
Cited articles
Amblàs, D., Canals, M., Lastras, G., Berné, S., and Loubrieu, B.: Imaging the Seascapes of the Mediterranean, Oceanography, 17, 144–155, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2004.11, 2004.
Bensi, M., Cardin, V., Rubino, A., Notarstefano, G., and Poulain, P. M.: Effects of winter convection on the deep layer of the Southern Adriatic Sea in 2012, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 6064–6075, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009432, 2013.
Bergamaschi, B. A., Tsamakis, E., Keil, R. G., Eglinton, T. I., Montluçon, D. B., and Hedges, J. I.: The effect of grain size and surface area on organic matter, lignin and carbohydrate concentration, and molecular compositions in Peru Margin sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 1247–1260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00394-8, 1997.
Bethoux, J. P.: Budgets of the Mediterranean Sea. Their dependence on the local climate and on the characteristics of the Atlantic waters, Oceanol. Acta, 2, 157–163, 1979.
Bethoux, J. P.: Oxygen consumption, new production, vertical advection and environmental evolution in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 36, 769–781, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90150-7, 1989.
Bianchi, A., Tholosan, O., Garcin, J., Polychronaki, T., Tselepides, A., Buscail, R., and Duineveld, G.: Microbial activities at the benthic boundary layer in the Aegean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 57, 219–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(03)00034-X, 2003.
Blott, S. J. and Pye, K.: GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 1237–1248, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.261, 2001.
Bosc, E., Bricaud, A., and Antoine, D.: Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002034, 2004.
Bouloubassi, I., Lipiatou, E., Saliot, A., Tolosa, I., Bayona, J. M., and Albaigés, J.: Carbon sources and cycle in the western Mediterranean-the use of molecular markers to determine the origin of organic matter, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 44, 781–799, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(96)00094-X, 1997.
Burdige, D. J.: Preservation of organic matter in marine sediments: controls, mechanisms, and an imbalance in sediment organic carbon budgets?, Chem. Rev., 107, 467–485, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050347q, 2007.
Canals, M., Danovaro, R., Heussner, S., Lykousis, V., Puig, P., Trincardi, F., Calafat, A., Durrieu de Madron, X., and Palanques, A.: Cascades in Mediterranean Submarine Grand Canyons, Oceanography, 22, 26–43, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.03, 2009.
Carlier, A., Ritt, B., Rodrigues, C. F., Sarrazin, J., Olu, K., Grall, J., and Clavier, J.: Heterogeneous energetic pathways and carbon sources on deep eastern Mediterranean cold seep communities, Mar. Biol., 157, 2545–2565, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1518-1, 2010.
Castro-Jiménez, J., Berrojalbiz, N., Wollgast, J., and Dachs, J.: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mediterranean Sea: atmospheric occurrence, deposition and decoupling with settling fluxes in the water column, Environ. Pollut., 166, 40–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.003, 2012.
Chester, R., Baxter, G. G., Behairy, A. K. A., Connor, K., Cross, D., Elderfield, H., and Padgham, R. C.: Soil-sized eolian dusts from the lower troposphere of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Geol., 24, 201–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90028-7, 1977.
Collatz, G. J., Berry, J. a., and Clark, J. S.: Effects of climate and atmospheric CO2 partial pressure on the global distribution of C4 grasses: present, past, and future, Oecologia, 114, 441–454, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050468, 1998.
Collister, J. W., Rieley, G., Stern, B., Eglinton, G., and Fry, B.: Compound-specific δ13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms, Org. Geochem., 21, 619–627, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90008-6, 1994.
Correggiari, A., Guerzoni, S., Lenaz, R., Quarantotto, G., and Rampazzo, G.: Dust deposition in the central Mediterranean (Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas): relationships with marine sediments and riverine input, Terra Nova, 1, 549–558, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1989.tb00431.x, 1989.
Cros, L.: Calcareous nannoplankton in surficial sediments of the Catalano-Balearic Sea (northeastern Mediterranean), in: 5th INA Conference in Salamanca Proceedings, 47–59, 1995.
Danovaro, R., Company, J. B., Corinaldesi, C., D'Onghia, G., Galil, B., Gambi, C., Gooday, A. J., Lampadariou, N., Luna, G. M., Morigi, C., Olu, K., Polymenakou, P. N., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Sabbatini, A., Sardà, F., Sibuet, M., and Tselepides, A.: Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable, PLoS One, 5, e11832, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011832, 2010.
Danovaro, R., Company, J. B., Corinaldesi, C., D'Onghia, G., Galil, B., Gambi, C., Gooday, A. J., Lampadariou, N., Luna, G. M., Morigi, C., Olu, K., Polymenakou, P. N., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Sabbatini, A., Sardà, F., Sibuet, M. and Tselepides, A.: Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable., PLoS One, 5, e11832, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011832, 2010.
Di Leonardo, R., Vizzini, S., Bellanca, A., and Mazzola, A.: Sedimentary record of anthropogenic contaminants (trace metals and PAHs) and organic matter in a Mediterranean coastal area (Gulf of Palermo, Italy), J. Marine Syst., 78, 136–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.04.004, 2009.
Durrieu de Madron, X., Abassi, A., Heussner, S., Monaco, A., Aloisi, J. C., Radakovitch, O., Giresse, P., Buscail, R., and Kerherve, P.: Particulate matter and organic carbon budgets for the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean), Oceanol. Acta, 23, 717–730, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(00)00119-5, 2000.
Eglinton, G. and Hamilton, R. J.: Leaf epicuticular waxes, Science, 156, 1322–1335, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3780.1322, 1967.
Eglinton, T. I., Eglinton, G., Dupont, L., Sholkovitz, E. R., Montluçon, D., and Reddy, C. M.: Composition, age, and provenance of organic matter in NW African dust over the Atlantic Ocean, Geochemistry, Geophys. Geosystems, 3, 1–27, 2002.
Ehrmann, W., Schmiedl, G., Hamann, Y., Kuhnt, T., Hemleben, C., and Siebel, W.: Clay minerals in late glacial and Holocene sediments of the northern and southern Aegean Sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 249, 36–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.01.004, 2007.
Emelyanov, E. M. and Shimkus, K. M.: Geochemistry and Sedimentology of the Mediterranean Sea, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1986.
Folk, R. L. and Ward, W. C.: Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters, J. Sediment. Res., 27, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D, 1957.
Frenz, M., Baumann, K. H., Boeckel, B., Hoppner, R., and Henrich, R.: Quantification of foraminifer and coccolith carbonate in South Atlantic surface sediments by means of carbonate grain-size distributions, J. Sediment. Res., 75, 464–475, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2005.036, 2005.
Friedman, G. M.: Trace elements as possible environmental indicators in carbonate sediments, in: Depos. Environ. Carbonate Rocks, 193–198, 1969.
Friligos, N., Moriki, A., Sklivagou, E., Krasakopoulou, E., and Hatzianestis, I.: Geochemical characteristics of the surficial sediments of the Aegean Sea, in: 3rd MTP-MATER Workshop, Rhodos, vol. 35, 28–209, 1998.
Garcia-Orellana, J., Pates, J. M., Masqué, P., Bruach, J. M., and Sanchez-Cabeza, J. A.: Distribution of artificial radionuclides in deep sediments of the Mediterranean Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 407, 887–898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.018, 2009.
Goericke, R. and Fry, B.: Variations of marine plankton δ13C with latitude, temperature, and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 8, 85–90, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB03272, 1994.
Gogou, A. and Stephanou, E. G.: Marine organic geochemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean, Mar. Chem., 85, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2003.08.005, 2004.
Gogou, A., Stratigakis, N., Kanakidou, M., and Stephanou, E. G.: Organic aerosols in Eastern Mediterranean: components source reconciliation by using molecular markers and atmospheric back trajectories, Org. Geochem., 25, 79–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00105-2, 1996.
Gogou, A., Apostolaki, M., and Stephanou, E. G.: Determination of organic molecular markers in marine aerosols and sediments: one-step flash chromatography compound class fractionation and capillary gas chromatographic analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 799, 215–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01106-0, 1998.
Gogou, A., Bouloubassi, I., and Stephanou, E. G.: Marine organic geochemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean: 1. aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Cretan Sea surficial sediments, Mar. Chem., 68, 265–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00082-1, 2000.
Gogou, A., Bouloubassi, I., Lykousis, V., Arnaboldi, M., Gaitani, P., and Meyers, P. A.: Organic geochemical evidence of Late Glacial–Holocene climate instability in the North Aegean Sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 256, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.08.002, 2007.
Gogou, A., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Durrieu de Madron, X., Stavrakakis, S., Calafat, A., Stabholz, M., Psarra, S., Canals, M., Heussner, S., Stavrakaki, I., and Papathanassiou, E.: Carbon flux to the deep in three open sites of the Southern European Seas (SES), J. Marine Syst., 129, 224–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.05.013, 2014.
Goñi, M. A., Ruttenberg, K. C., and Eglinton, T. I.: A reassessment of the sources and importance of land-derived organic matter in surface sediments from the Gulf of Mexico, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 3055–3075, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00217-8, 1998.
Goñi, M. A., Teixeira, M. J., and Perkey, D. W.: Sources and distribution of organic matter in a river-dominated estuary (Winyah Bay, SC, USA), Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 57, 1023–1048, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00008-8, 2003.
Goñi, M. A., Monacci, N., Gisewhite, R., Ogston, A., Crockett, J., and Nittrouer, C.: Distribution and sources of particulate organic matter in the water column and sediments of the Fly River Delta, Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea), Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 69, 225–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.04.012, 2006.
Goudeau, M.-L. S., Grauel, A.-L., Bernasconi, S. M., and de Lange, G. J.: Provenance of surface sediments along the southeastern Adriatic coast off Italy: an overview, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 134, 45–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.09.009, 2013.
Gough, M. A. and Rowland, S. J.: Characterization of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in petroleum, Nature, 344, 648–650, https://doi.org/10.1038/344648a0, 1990.
Grice, K., Klein Breteler, W., Schouten, S., Grossi, V., Leeuw, J. W., and Damsté, J. S. S.: Effects of zooplankton herbivory on biomarker proxy records, Paleoceanography, 13, 686–693, https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA01871, 1998.
Grimalt, J. O. and Albaigés, J.: Characterization of the depositional environments of the Ebro Delta (western Mediterranean) by the study of sedimentary lipid markers, Mar. Geol., 95, 207–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90117-3, 1990.
Guerzoni, S. and Molinaroli, E.: Input of various chemicals transported by Saharan dust and depositing at the sea surface in the Mediterranean Sea, Environ. Chem., 5, 237–268, https://doi.org/10.1007/b107149, 2005.
Guerzoni, S., Chester, R., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Loÿe-Pilot, M.-D., Measures, C., Migon, C., Molinaroli, E., Moulin, C., Rossini, P., Saydam, C., Soudine, A., and Ziveri, P.: The role of atmospheric deposition in the biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 147–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00024-5, 1999.
Hamann, Y., Ehrmann, W., Schmiedl, G., Krüger, S., Stuut, J.-B., and Kuhnt, T.: Sedimentation processes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the Late Glacial and Holocene revealed by end-member modelling of the terrigenous fraction in marine sediments, Mar. Geol., 248, 97–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.10.009, 2008.
Harmelin-Vivien, M., Loizeau, V., Mellon, C., and Beker, B.: Comparison of C and N stable isotope ratios between surface particulate organic matter and microphytoplankton in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean), Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 1911–1919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.03.002, 2008.
Hedges, J. I. and Keil, R. G.: Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis, Mar. Chem., 49, 81–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00008-F, 1995.
Hedges, J. I. and Oades, J. M.: Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments, Org. Geochem., 27, 319–361, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00056-9, 1997.
Hedges, J. I., Keil, R. G., and Benner, R.: What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean?, Org. Geochem., 27, 195–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00066-1, 1997.
Heussner, S., Calafat, A., and Palanques, A.: Quantitative and qualitative features of particle fluxes in the North-Balearic Basin, in: EUROMARGE-NB Final Report, edited by: Canals, M., Casamor, J. L., Cacho, I., Calafat, A. M., Monaco, A., MAST II Program, EC, 2, 41–66, 1996.
Hopmans, E. C., Weijers, J. W.., Schefuß, E., Herfort, L., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 224, 107–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.012, 2004.
Hu, J., Peng, P., Jia, G., Mai, B., and Zhang, G.: Distribution and sources of organic carbon, nitrogen and their isotopes in sediments of the subtropical Pearl River estuary and adjacent shelf, Southern China, Mar. Chem., 98, 274–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.03.008, 2006.
IOC, IHO and BODC: Centenary edition of the GEBCO digital atlas, published on CD-ROM on behalf of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the International Hydrographic Organization as part of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, Liverpool, UK, 2003.
Jickells, T. D.: Atmospheric inputs of metals and nutrients to the oceans: their magnitude and effects, Mar. Chem., 48, 199–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)92784-P, 1995.
Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J. J., Boyd, P. W., Duce, R. A., Hunter, K. A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., laRoche, J., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J. M., Ridgwell, A. J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R.: Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate, Science, 308, 67–71, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105959, 2005.
Kaiser, J., Ruggieri, N., Hefter, J., Siegel, H., Mollenhauer, G., Arz, H. W., and Lamy, F.: Lipid biomarkers in surface sediments from the gulf of genoa, Ligurian sea (NW Mediterranean sea) and their potential for the reconstruction of palaeo-environments, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 89, 68–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.009, 2014.
Kelepertsis, A. E., Alexakis, D. E., Nastos, P. T., and Kanellopoulou, E. A.: The presence of volcanic ash in the western Greece and its association with the eruption of the Etna volcano, Italy, consequences on the environment, in: 8th International Conference on Environmantal Science and Technology, Lemnos Island, Greece, 408–415, 2003.
Kemp, A. E. S., Pearce, R. B., Koizumi, I., Pike, J., and Rance, S. J.: The role of mat-forming diatoms in the formation of Mediterranean sapropels, Nature, 398, 57–61, https://doi.org/10.1038/18001, 1999.
Kontoyiannis, H., Balopoulos, E., Gotsis-Skretas, O., Pavlidou, A., Assimakopoulou, G., and Papageorgiou, E.: The hydrology and biochemistry of the Cretan Straits (Antikithira and Kassos Straits) revisited in the period June 1997–May 1998, J. Marine Syst., 53, 37–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.06.007, 2005.
Krom, M. D., Groom, S., and Zohary, T.: The Eastern Mediterranean, the Biogeo., edited by: Black, G. B. and Shimmield, K. D., Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 91–122, 2003.
Krom, M. D., Woodward, E. M. S., Herut, B., Kress, N., Carbo, P., Mantoura, R. F. C., Spyres, G., Thingstad, T. F., Wassmann, P., Wexels-Riser, C., Kitidis, V., Law, C. S., and Zodiatis, G.: Nutrient cycling in the south east Levantine basin of the eastern Mediterranean: results from a phosphorus starved system, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 2879–2896, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.009, 2005.
Larnicol, G., Ayoub, N., and Le Traon, P. Y.: Major changes in Mediterranean Sea level variability from 7 years of TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2 data, J. Marine Syst., 33–34, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00053-2, 2002.
Lascaratos, A., Williams, R. G., and Tragou, E.: A mixed-layer study of the formation of Levantine intermediate water, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14739, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC00912, 1993.
Lascaratos, A., Roether, W., Nittis, K., and Klein, B.: Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 5–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00019-1, 1999.
Lutz, M., Dunbar, R., and Caldeira, K.: Regional variability in the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in the ocean interior, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 11-1–11-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001383, 2002.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Hecht, A.: Large-scale properties of the eastern mediterranean-A review, Oceanol. Acta, 11(4), 323–335, 1988.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Manca, B. B., Alcala, M. R. D., Bergamasco, A., Bregant, D., and Georgopoulos, D.: A synthesis of the Ionian Sea hydrography, circulation and water mass pathways during POEM-Phase I, Prog. Oceanogr., 39, 153–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(97)00013-X, 1997.
Manca, B. B., Kovacević, V., Gacić, M., and Viezzoli, D.: Dense water formation in the Southern Adriatic Sea and spreading into the Ionian Sea in the period 1997–1999, J. Mar. Syst., 33–34, 133–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00056-8, 2002.
Marlowe, I. T., Green, J. C., Neal, A. C., Brassell, S. C., Eglinton, G., and Course, P. A.: Long chain (n-C37–C39) alkenones in the Prymnesiophyceae. Distribution of alkenones and other lipids and their taxonomic significance, Brit. Phycol. J., 19, 203–216, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618400650221, 1984.
Masqué, P., Fabres, J., Canals, M., Sanchez-Cabeza, J. A., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Cacho, I., Calafat, A., and Bruach, J. M.: Accumulation rates of major constituents of hemipelagic sediments in the deep Alboran Sea: a centennial perspective of sedimentary dynamics, Mar. Geol., 193, 207–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00593-5, 2003.
Mayer, L. M.: Relationships between mineral surfaces and organic carbon concentrations in soils and sediments, Chem. Geol., 114, 347–363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90063-9, 1994.
Meador, T. B., Gogou, A., Spyres, G., Herndl, G. J., Krasakopoulou, E., Psarra, S., Yokokawa, T., De Corte, D., Zervakis, V., and Repeta, D. J.: Biogeochemical relationships between ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter and picoplankton activity in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1460–1477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.015, 2010.
Medimap Group: Morpho-bathymetry of the Mediterranean Sea, E: 1=2 000 000, CIESM/Ifremer Sp. Publ., Maps and Atlases, two maps (Western Mediterranean and Eastern Mediterranean), Montecarlo/Brest, Monaco/France, 2007.
Meyers, P. A.: Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter, Chem. Geol., 114, 289–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90059-0, 1994.
Meyers, P. A.: Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes, Org. Geochem., 27, 213–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00049-1, 1997.
Meyers, P. A. and Arnaboldi, M.: Paleoceanographic implications of nitrogen and organic carbon isotopic excursions in mid-Pleistocene sapropels from the Tyrrhenian and Levantine Basins, Mediterranean Sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 266, 112–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.018, 2008.
Meyers, P. A., Silliman, J. E., and Shaw, T. J.: Effects of turbidity flows on organic matter accumulation, sulfate reduction, and methane generation in deep-sea sediments on the Iberia Abyssal Plain, Org. Geochem., 25, 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00106-4, 1996.
Milliff, R. F. and Robinson, A. R.: Structure and dynamics of the Rhodes gyre system and dynamical interpolation for estimates of the mesoscale variability, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 317–337, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<0317:SADOTR>2.0.CO;2, 1992.
Millot, C. and Taupier-Letage, I.: Additional evidence of LIW entrainment across the Algerian subbasin by mesoscale eddies and not by a permanent westward flow, Prog. Oceanogr., 66, 231–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.03.002, 2005.
Mortlock, R. A. and Froelich, P. N.: A simple method for the rapid determination of biogenic opal in pelagic marine sediments, Deep-Sea Res., 36, 1415–1426, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90092-7, 1989.
Müller, P. J.: C/N ratios in Pacific deep-sea sediments: effect of inorganic ammonium and organic nitrogen compounds sorbed by clays, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 41, 765–776, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90047-3, 1977.
Nieuwenhuize, J., Maas, Y. E. M., and Middelburg, J. J.: Rapid analysis of organic carbon and nitrogen in particulate materials, Mar. Chem., 45, 217–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(94)90005-1, 1994.
Ohkouchi, N., Kawamura, K., Kawahata, H., and Taira, A.: Latitudinal distributions of terrestrial biomarkers in the sediments from the Central Pacific, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 1911–1918, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00040-9, 1997.
Olgun, N., Duggen, S., Andronico, D., Kutterolf, S., Croot, P. L., Giammanco, S., Censi, P., and Randazzo, L.: Possible impacts of volcanic ash emissions of Mount Etna on the primary productivity in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea: results from nutrient-release experiments in seawater, Mar. Chem., 152, 32–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2013.04.004, 2013.
Orlic, M., Gacic, M., and Laviolette, P. E.: The currents and circulation of the Adriatic Sea, Oceanol. Acta, 15, 109–124, 1992.
Parinos, C., Gogou, A., Bouloubassi, I., Pedrosa-Pàmies, R., Hatzianestis, I., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Rousakis, G., Velaoras, D., Krokos, G., and Lykousis, V.: Occurrence, sources and transport pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 10, 6069–6089, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013, 2013.
Pedrosa-Pàmies, R., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Calafat, A., Canals, M., and Durán, R.: Impact of storm-induced remobilization on grain size distribution and organic carbon content in sediments from the Blanes Canyon area, NW Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 118, 122–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.023, 2013.
Perdue, E. M. and Koprivnjak, J.-F.: Using the C/N ratio to estimate terrigenous inputs of organic matter to aquatic environments, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 73, 65–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.021, 2007.
Polymenakou, P. N., Tselepides, A., Stephanou, E. G., and Bertilsson, S.: Carbon speciation and composition of natural microbial communities in polluted and pristine sediments of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 52, 1396–1405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.03.021, 2006.
Psarra, S., Tselepides, A., and Ignatiades, L.: Primary productivity in the oligotrophic Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean): seasonal and interannual variability, Prog. Oceanogr., 46, 187–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00018-5, 2000.
Rabitti, S., Bianchi, F., Boldrin, A., Daros, L., Socal, G., and Totti, C.: Particulate matter and phytoplankton in the Ionian Sea, Oceanol. Acta, 17, 297–307, 1994.
Rampen, S. W., Willmott, V., Kim, J.-H., Uliana, E., Mollenhauer, G., Schefuß, E., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Long chain 1,13- and 1,15-diols as a potential proxy for palaeotemperature reconstruction, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 84, 204–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.024, 2012.
Ratmeyer, V., Balzer, W., Bergametti, G., Chiapello, I., Fischer, G., and Wyputta, U.: Seasonal impact of mineral dust on deep-ocean particle flux in the eastern subtropical Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Geol., 159, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00197-2, 1999.
Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A.: The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water, in: The Sea, edited by: Hill, M. N., Interscience, New York, 26–77, 1963.
Robinson, A. R., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Hecht, A., Michelato, A., Roether, W., Theocharis, A., Ünlüata, Ü., Pinardi, N., Artegiani, A., and Bergamasco, A.: General circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean, Earth-Sci. Rev., 32, 285–309, 1992.
Robinson, A. R., Leslie, W. G., Theocharis, A., and Lascaratos, A.: Mediterranean Sea circulation, in: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Academic Press, 1689–1706, 2001.
Roether, W. and Well, R.: Oxygen consumption in the Eastern Mediterranean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 1535–1551, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00102-3, 2001.
Romero, I. C., Schwing, P. T., Brooks, G. R., Larson, R. A., Hastings, D. W., Ellis, G., Goddard, E. A., and Hollander, D. J.: Hydrocarbons in Deep-Sea Sediments following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Blowout in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico, edited by: Chin, W.-C., PLoS One, 10, e0128371, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128371, 2015.
Roussiez, V., Ludwig, W., Monaco, A., Probst, J.-L., Bouloubassi, I., Buscail, R., and Saragoni, G.: Sources and sinks of sediment-bound contaminants in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean Sea): a multi-tracer approach, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 1843–1857, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.04.010, 2006.
Rullkötter, J.: Organic matter: the driving force for early diagenesis, in Marine geochemistry, edited by: Schulz, H. D. and Zabel, M., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 125–168, 2006.
Rumolo, P., Barra, M., Gherardi, S., Marsella, E., and Sprovieri, M.: Stable isotopes and C/N ratios in marine sediments as a tool for discriminating anthropogenic impact., J. Environ. Monitor., 13, 3399–408, https://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10568j, 2011.
Rutten, A., de Lange, G.., Ziveri, P., Thomson, J., Van Santvoort, P. J. M., Colley, S., and Corselli, C.: Recent terrestrial and carbonate fluxes in the pelagic eastern Mediterranean; a comparison between sediment trap and surface sediment, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 158, 197–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00050-X, 2000.
Salihoğlu, \.I., Saydam, C., Baştürk, Ö., Yilmaz, K., Göçmen, D., Hatipoglu, E., and Yilmaz, A.: Transport and distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll a by mesoscale eddies in the northeastern Mediterranean, Mar. Chem., 29, 375–390, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(90)90024-7, 1990.
Sanchez-Vidal, A., Pasqual, C., Kerhervé, P., Calafat, A., Heussner, S., Palanques, a., Durrieu de Madron, X., Canals, M., and Puig, P.: Impact of dense shelf water cascading on the transfer of organic matter to the deep western Mediterranean basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032825, 2008.
Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View, available at: http://odv.awi.de, 2011.
Schlitzer, R., Roether, W., Oster, H., Junghans, H.-G., Hausmann, M., Johannsen, H., and Michelato, A.: Chlorofluoromethane and oxygen in the Eastern Mediterranean, Deep-Sea Res., 38, 1531–1551, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90088-W, 1991.
Seiter, K., Hensen, C., Schröter, J., and Zabel, M.: Organic carbon content in surface sediments – defining regional provinces, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 2001–2026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.06.014, 2004.
Selvaraj, K., Lee, T. Y., Yang, J. Y. T., Canuel, E. A., Huang, J. C., Dai, M., Liu, J. T., and Kao, S. J.: Stable isotopic and biomarker evidence of terrigenous organic matter export to the deep sea during tropical storms, Mar. Geol., 364, 32–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.03.005, 2015.
Siokou-Frangou, I., Gotsis-Skretas, O., Christou, E. D., and Pagou, K.: Plankton characteristics in the Aegean, Ionian and NW Levantine Seas, in: The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems, edited by: Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Eremeev, V. N., Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht Boston London, 465–473, 1999.
Skonieczny, C., Bory, A., Bout-Roumazeilles, V., Abouchami, W., Galer, S. J. G., Crosta, X., Diallo, A., and Ndiaye, T.: A three-year time series of mineral dust deposits on the West African margin: sedimentological and geochemical signatures and implications for interpretation of marine paleo-dust records, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 364, 145–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.039, 2013.
Statham, P. J. and Hart, V.: Dissolved iron in the Cretan Sea (eastern Mediterranean), Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1142–1148, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.4.1142, 2005.
Stavrakakis, S., Chronis, G., Tselepides, A., Heussner, S., Monaco, A., and Abassi, A.: Downward fluxes of settling particles in the deep Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean), Prog. Oceanogr., 46, 217–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00020-3, 2000.
Stavrakakis, S., Gogou, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Karageorgis, A. P., Kontoyiannis, H., Rousakis, G., Velaoras, D., Perivoliotis, L., Kambouri, G., Stavrakaki, I., and Lykousis, V.: Downward fluxes of sinking particulate matter in the deep Ionian Sea (NESTOR site), eastern Mediterranean: seasonal and interannual variability, Biogeosciences, 10, 7235–7254, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7235-2013, 2013.
Struck, U., Emeis, K.-C., Voß, M., Krom, M. D., and Rau, G. H.: Biological productivity during sapropel S5 formation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: evidence from stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 3249–3266, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00668-8, 2001.
Taupier-Letage, I.: On the use of thermal images for circulation studies: applications to the Eastern Mediterranean basin, in: Remote Sensing of the European Seas, edited by: Barale, V. and Gade, M., Springer Netherlands, 153–164, 2008.
Tesi, T., Miserocchi, S., Goñi, M. A., Langone, L., Boldrin, A., and Turchetto, M.: Organic matter origin and distribution in suspended particulate materials and surficial sediments from the western Adriatic Sea (Italy), Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 73, 431–446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.02.008, 2007a.
Tesi, T., Miserocchi, S., Goñi, M. A., and Langone, L.: Source, transport and fate of terrestrial organic carbon on the western Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Lions, France, Mar. Chem., 105, 101–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.01.005, 2007b.
Tesi, T., Langone, L., Goñi, M. A., Turchetto, M., Miserocchi, S., and Boldrin, A.: Source and composition of organic matter in the Bari canyon (Italy): Dense water cascading versus particulate export from the upper ocean, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 813–831, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.007, 2008.
Theocharis, A., Georgopoulos, D., Lascaratos, A., and Nittis, K.: Water masses and circulation in the central region of the Eastern Mediterranean: Eastern Ionian, South Aegean and Northwest Levantine, 1986–1987, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 40, 1121–1142, 1993.
Theocharis, A., Balopoulos, E., Kioroglou, S., Kontoyiannis, H., and Iona, A.: A synthesis of the circulation and hydrography of the South Aegean Sea and the Straits of the Cretan Arc (March 1994–January 1995), Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 469–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00041-5, 1999.
Theodosi, C., Parinos, C., Gogou, A., Kokotos, A., Stavrakakis, S., Lykousis, V., Hatzianestis, J., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Downward fluxes of elemental carbon, metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settling particles from the deep Ionian Sea (NESTOR site), Eastern Mediterranean, Biogeosciences, 10, 4449–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4449-2013, 2013.
Thingstad, T. F., Krom, M. D., Mantoura, R. F. C., Flaten, G. A. F., Groom, S., Herut, B., Kress, N., Law, C. S., Pasternak, A., Pitta, P., Psarra, S., Rassoulzadegan, F., Tanaka, T., Tselepides, A., Wassmann, P., Woodward, E. M. S., Riser, C. W., Zodiatis, G., and Zohary, T.: Nature of phosphorus limitation in the ultraoligotrophic eastern Mediterranean, Science, 309, 1068–1071, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112632, 2005.
Triantaphyllou, M. V.: Coccolithophore export production and response to seasonal surface water variability in the oligotrophic Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean), Micropaleontology, 50(Suppl_1), 127–144, https://doi.org/10.2113/50.Suppl_1.127, 2004.
Tsapakis, M. and Stephanou, E. G.: Occurrence of gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: study of sources and ambient temperature effect on the gas/particle concentration and distribution, Environ. Pollut., 133, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.012, 2005.
Turchetto, M., Boldrin, A., Langone, L., Miserocchi, S., Tesi, T., and Foglini, F.: Particle transport in the Bari Canyon (southern Adriatic Sea), Mar. Geol., 246, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.02.007, 2007.
UNEP/MAP/MEDPOL: Sub-Regional Assessment of the Status of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and of Pressures to the Marine and Coastal Environment Eastern Mediterranean Sea UNEP(DEPI)/MEDWG.350/Inf.4, Barcelona, 37–38, 2010.
Ursella, L., Kovačević, V., and Gačić, M.: Tidal variability of the motion in the Strait of Otranto, Ocean Sci., 10, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-49-2014, 2014.
Van Santvoort, P. J. M., de Lange, G. J., Thomson, J., Cussen, H., Wilson, T. R. S., Krom, M. D., and Ströhle, K.: Active post-depositional oxidation of the most recent sapropel (S1) in sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 60, 4007–4024, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00253-0, 1996.
Van Santvoort, P. J. M., De Lange, G. J., Thomson, J., Colley, S., Meysman, F. J. R., and Slomp, C. P.: Oxidation and origin of organic matter in surficial eastern Mediterranean hemipelagic sediments, Aquat. Geochem., 8, 153–175, 2002.
Volkman, J. K.: A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter, Org. Geochem., 9, 83–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(86)90089-6, 1986.
Volkman, J. K.: Lipid markers for marine organic matter, in: Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, edited by: Volkman, J. K., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 27–70, 2006.
Volkman, J. K., Kearney, P., and Jeffrey, S. W.: A new source of 4-methyl sterols and 5α (H)-stanols in sediments: prymnesiophyte microalgae of the genus Pavlova, Org. Geochem., 15, 489–497, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(90)90094-G, 1990.
Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., and Blackburn, S. I.: Eustigmatophyte microalgae are potential sources of C29 sterols, C22–C28 n-alcohols and C28–C32 n-alkyl diols in freshwater environments, Org. Geochem., 30, 307–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00009-1, 1999.
Wang, Z., Fingas, M., and Page, D. S.: Oil spill identification, J. Chromatogr. A, 843, 369–411, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00120-X, 1999.
Weldeab, S., Emeis, K.-C., Hemleben, C., and Siebel, W.: Provenance of lithogenic surface sediments and pathways of riverine suspended matter in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: evidence from 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios, Chem. Geol., 186, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00415-6, 2002.
Ziveri, P., Rutten, A., de Lange, G.., Thomson, J., and Corselli, C.: Present-day coccolith fluxes recorded in central eastern Mediterranean sediment traps and surface sediments, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 158, 175–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00049-3, 2000.
Zoccolotti, L. and Salusti, E.: Observations of a vein of very dense marine water in the southern Adriatic Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 7, 535–551, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(87)90020-3, 1987.
Short summary
A multi-proxy approach is applied in surface sediments collected from deep slopes and basins (1018-4087 m depth) of the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea. This study sheds new light on the sources and transport mechanisms along with the impact of preservation vs. diagenetic processes on the composition of sedimentary organic matter in the deep basins of the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea.
A multi-proxy approach is applied in surface sediments collected from deep slopes and basins...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint