Articles | Volume 13, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2453-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2453-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Apr 2016
Research article |
| 27 Apr 2016
Changes in optical characteristics of surface microlayers hint to photochemically and microbially mediated DOM turnover in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru
Luisa Galgani
GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel,
Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Alfred-Wegener-Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel,
Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Related authors
Helmke Hepach, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Anja Engel, Astrid Bracher, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Luisa Galgani, Elliot L. Atlas, Johannes Lampel, Udo Frieß, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present surface seawater measurements of bromo- and iodocarbons, which are involved in numerous atmospheric processes such as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, from the highly productive Peruvian upwelling. By combining trace gas measurements, characterization of organic matter and phytoplankton species, and tropospheric modelling, we show that large amounts of iodocarbons produced from the pool of organic matter may contribute strongly to local tropospheric iodine loading.
Anja Engel and Luisa Galgani
Biogeosciences, 13, 989–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-989-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-989-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is a very thin layer at the interface between the ocean and the atmosphere. Organic compounds in the SML may influence the exchange of gases between seawater and air, as well as primary aerosol emission. Here, we report results from the SOPRAN M91 cruise, a field study to the coastal upwelling regime off Peru's coast in 2012. Our study provides novel insight to the relationship between plankton productivity, wind speed and organic matter accumulation in the SML.
Karine Sellegri, Theresa Barthelmeß, Jonathan Trueblood, Antonia Cristi, Evelyn Freney, Clémence Rose, Neill Barr, Mike Harvey, Karl Safi, Stacy Deppeler, Karen Thompson, Wayne Dillon, Anja Engel, and Cliff Law
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12949–12964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12949-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12949-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of sea spray emitted to the atmosphere depends on the ocean temperature, but this dependency is not well understood, especially when ocean biology is involved. In this study, we show that sea spray emissions are increased by up to a factor of 4 at low seawater temperatures compared to moderate temperatures, and we quantify the temperature dependence as a function of the ocean biogeochemistry.
Manon Rocco, Erin Dunne, Alexia Saint-Macary, Maija Peltola, Theresa Barthelmeß, Neill Barr, Karl Safi, Andrew Marriner, Stacy Deppeler, James Harnwell, Anja Engel, Aurélie Colomb, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Mike Harvey, Cliff S. Law, and Karine Sellegri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
During the Sea2cloud campaign in the Southern Pacific Ocean, we measured air-sea emissions from phytopankton of two key atmospheric compounds: DMS and MeSH. These compounds are well-known to play a great role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We see in this paper that these compounds are most emited by the nanophytoplankton population. We provide here parameters for climate models to predict future trends of the emissions of these compounds and their roles and impacts on the global warming.
Lin Yang, Jing Zhang, Anja Engel, and Gui-Peng Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 5251–5268, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Enrichment factors of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the eastern marginal seas of China exhibited a significant spatio-temporal variation. Photochemical and enrichment processes co-regulated DOM enrichment in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Autochthonous DOM was more frequently enriched in the SML than terrestrial DOM. DOM in the sub-surface water exhibited higher aromaticity than that in the SML.
Quentin Devresse, Kevin W. Becker, Arne Bendinger, Johannes Hahn, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5199–5219, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and alter physical, chemical, and biological processes. However, how they affect organic carbon production and consumption is largely unknown. Here we show how an eddy triggers a cascade effect on biomass production and metabolic activities of phyto- and bacterioplankton. Our results may contribute to the improvement of biogeochemical models used to estimate carbon fluxes in the ocean.
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
Manuela van Pinxteren, Tiera-Brandy Robinson, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Xianda Gong, Enno Bahlmann, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Nadja Triesch, Frank Stratmann, Oliver Wurl, Anja Engel, Heike Wex, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5725–5742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A class of marine particles (transparent exopolymer particles, TEPs) that is ubiquitously found in the world oceans was measured for the first time in ambient marine aerosol particles and marine cloud waters in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. TEPs are likely to have good properties for influencing clouds. We show that TEPs are transferred from the ocean to the marine atmosphere via sea-spray formation and our results suggest that they can also form directly in aerosol particles and in cloud water.
France Van Wambeke, Vincent Taillandier, Karine Desboeufs, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Emilio Marañón, Céline Ridame, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5699–5717, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous in situ measurements of (dry and wet) atmospheric deposition and biogeochemical stocks and fluxes in the sunlit waters of the open Mediterranean Sea revealed complex physical and biological processes occurring within the mixed layer. Nitrogen (N) budgets were computed to compare the sources and sinks of N in the mixed layer. The transitory effect observed after a wet dust deposition impacted the microbial food web down to the deep chlorophyll maximum.
Frédéric Gazeau, France Van Wambeke, Emilio Marañón, Maria Pérez-Lorenzo, Samir Alliouane, Christian Stolpe, Thierry Blasco, Nathalie Leblond, Birthe Zäncker, Anja Engel, Barbara Marie, Julie Dinasquet, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5423–5446, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the impact of dust deposition on primary production depends on the initial composition and metabolic state of the tested community and is constrained by the amount of nutrients added, to sustain both the fast response of heterotrophic prokaryotes and the delayed one of phytoplankton. Under future environmental conditions, heterotrophic metabolism will be more impacted than primary production, therefore reducing the capacity of surface waters to sequester anthropogenic CO2.
Evelyn Freney, Karine Sellegri, Alessia Nicosia, Leah R. Williams, Matteo Rinaldi, Jonathan T. Trueblood, André S. H. Prévôt, Melilotus Thyssen, Gérald Grégori, Nils Haëntjens, Julie Dinasquet, Ingrid Obernosterer, France Van Wambeke, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Karine Desboeufs, Eija Asmi, Hilkka Timonen, and Cécile Guieu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10625–10641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we present observations of the organic aerosol content in primary sea spray aerosols (SSAs) continuously generated along a 5-week cruise in the Mediterranean. This information is combined with seawater biogeochemical properties also measured continuously along the ship track to develop a number of parametrizations that can be used in models to determine SSA organic content in oligotrophic waters that represent 60 % of the oceans from commonly measured seawater variables.
Gerd Krahmann, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Andrew W. Dale, Marcus Dengler, Anja Engel, Nicolaas Glock, Patricia Grasse, Johannes Hahn, Helena Hauss, Mark Hopwood, Rainer Kiko, Alexandra Loginova, Carolin R. Löscher, Marie Maßmig, Alexandra-Sophie Roy, Renato Salvatteci, Stefan Sommer, Toste Tanhua, and Hela Mehrtens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The project "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" (SFB 754) was a multidisciplinary research project active from 2008 to 2019 aimed at a better understanding of the coupling between the tropical climate and ocean circulation and the ocean's oxygen and nutrient balance. On 34 research cruises, mainly in the Southeast Tropical Pacific and the Northeast Tropical Atlantic, 1071 physical, chemical and biological data sets were collected.
France Van Wambeke, Elvira Pulido, Philippe Catala, Julie Dinasquet, Kahina Djaoudi, Anja Engel, Marc Garel, Sophie Guasco, Barbara Marie, Sandra Nunige, Vincent Taillandier, Birthe Zäncker, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 18, 2301–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and β-glucosidase in the Mediterranean Sea. Although the ectoenzymatic-hydrolysis contribution to heterotrophic prokaryotic needs was high in terms of N, it was low in terms of C. This study points out the biases in interpretation of the relative differences in activities among the three tested enzymes in regard to the choice of added concentrations of fluorogenic substrates.
Jonathan V. Trueblood, Alessia Nicosia, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Matteo Rinaldi, Evelyn Freney, Melilotus Thyssen, Ingrid Obernosterer, Julie Dinasquet, Franco Belosi, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Araceli Rodriguez-Romero, Gianni Santachiara, Cécile Guieu, and Karine Sellegri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4659–4676, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) can be an important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) that impact cloud properties over the oceans. In the Mediterranean Sea, we found that the INPs in the seawater surface microlayer increased by an order of magnitude after a rain dust event that impacted iron and bacterial abundances. The INP properties of SSA (INPSSA) increased after a 3 d delay. Outside this event, INPSSA could be parameterized as a function of the seawater biogeochemistry.
Birthe Zäncker, Michael Cunliffe, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 18, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
Emilio Marañón, France Van Wambeke, Julia Uitz, Emmanuel S. Boss, Céline Dimier, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Nils Haëntjens, María Pérez-Lorenzo, Vincent Taillandier, and Birthe Zäncker
Biogeosciences, 18, 1749–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of chlorophyll is commonly used as an indicator of the abundance of photosynthetic plankton (phytoplankton) in lakes and oceans. Our study investigates why a deep chlorophyll maximum, located near the bottom of the upper, illuminated layer develops in the Mediterranean Sea. We find that the acclimation of cells to low light is the main mechanism involved and that this deep maximum represents also a maximum in the biomass and carbon fixation activity of phytoplankton.
Nadja Triesch, Manuela van Pinxteren, Anja Engel, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 163–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the sources of free amino acids (FAAs) in the marine atmosphere, concerted measurements (the simultaneous investigation of seawater, size-segregated aerosol particles and cloud water) were performed at the Cabo Verde islands. This study describes the transfer of FAAs as part of organic matter from the ocean into the atmosphere on a molecular level. In the investigated marine environment, a high enrichment of FAAs in submicron aerosol particles and in cloud droplets was observed.
Alexandra N. Loginova, Andrew W. Dale, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, Sören Thomsen, Stefan Sommer, David Clemens, Klaus Wallmann, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 17, 4663–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON) and matter (DOM) optical properties in pore waters and near-bottom waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific off Peru. The difference between diffusion-driven and net fluxes of DOC and DON and qualitative changes in DOM optical properties suggested active microbial utilisation of the released DOM at the sediment–water interface. Our results suggest that the sediment release of DOM contributes to microbial processes in the area.
Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Manuela van Pinxteren, Anja Engel, and Hartmut Herrmann
Ocean Sci., 16, 817–830, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-817-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-817-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An analytical method combining electro-dialysis with high-performance anionic exchange chromatography coupled to pulsed amperometric detection was developed and optimized for analyzing free and combined carbohydrates in seawater and other saline environmental samples.
Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Araceli Rodríguez-Romero, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Franck Fu, Emilio Marañón, María Pérez-Lorenzo, Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Sylvain Triquet, Guillaume Siour, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 17, 2349–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2349-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2349-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Residence times of particulate metals derived from aerosol deposition in the Sea Surface Microlayer of the Mediterranean Sea ranged from a couple of minutes (e.g., for Fe) to a few hours (e.g., for Cu). Microbial activity seems to play an important role in in this process and in the concentration and distribution of metals between diferent water layers.
Marie Maßmig, Jan Lüdke, Gerd Krahmann, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 17, 215–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-215-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-215-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the rates of bacterial element cycling in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We measured bacterial production and rates of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes at various in situ oxygen concentrations in the OMZ off Peru. Our field data show unhampered bacterial activity at low oxygen concentrations. Meanwhile bacterial degradation of organic matter substantially contributed to the formation of the OMZ.
Alexandra N. Loginova, Sören Thomsen, Marcus Dengler, Jan Lüdke, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 2033–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2033-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2033-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
High primary production in the Peruvian upwelling system is followed by rapid heterotrophic utilization of organic matter and supports the formation of one of the most intense oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world. Here, we estimated vertical fluxes of oxygen and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the surface to the OMZ. Our results suggest that DOM remineralization substantially reduces oxygen concentration in the upper water column and controls the shape of the upper oxycline.
Soeren Thomsen, Johannes Karstensen, Rainer Kiko, Gerd Krahmann, Marcus Dengler, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 979–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and biogeochemical observations from an autonomous underwater vehicle in combination with ship-based measurements are used to investigate remote and local drivers of the oxygen and nutrient variability off Mauritania. Beside the transport of oxygen and nutrients characteristics from remote areas towards Mauritania also local remineralization of organic material close to the seabed seems to be important for the distribution of oxygen and nutrients.
Carolina Cisternas-Novoa, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 927–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-927-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-927-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the composition and vertical fluxes of POM in two deep basins of the Baltic Sea (GB: Gotland Basin and LD: Landsort Deep). The two basins showed different O2 regimes resulting from the intrusion of oxygen-rich water from the North Sea that ventilated the deep waters in GB, but not in LD.
In GB, O2 intrusions lead to a high abundance of manganese oxides that aggregate with POM, altering its composition and vertical flux and contributing to a higher POC transfer efficiency in GB.
Cui-Ci Sun, Martin Sperling, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic gel particles such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) are important components in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Their potential role in air–sea gas exchange and in primary organic aerosol emission has generated considerable research interest. Our wind wave channel experiment revealed how wind speed controls the accumulation and size distribution of biogenic gel particles in the SML.
Anja Engel, Hannes Wagner, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, and Samuel T. Wilson
Biogeosciences, 14, 1825–1838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1825-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1825-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the role of oxygen for the biological carbon pump, we studied particle fluxes through hypoxic waters in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Attenuation of organic carbon fluxes over depth was lower than expected from seawater temperatures, indicating co-effects of oxygen concentration. Differences were observed for individual organic components, suggesting that future carbon export fluxes may depend on changes in surface ocean organic matter quality under global change.
Helmke Hepach, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Anja Engel, Astrid Bracher, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Luisa Galgani, Elliot L. Atlas, Johannes Lampel, Udo Frieß, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present surface seawater measurements of bromo- and iodocarbons, which are involved in numerous atmospheric processes such as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, from the highly productive Peruvian upwelling. By combining trace gas measurements, characterization of organic matter and phytoplankton species, and tropospheric modelling, we show that large amounts of iodocarbons produced from the pool of organic matter may contribute strongly to local tropospheric iodine loading.
Carolin R. Löscher, Hermann W. Bange, Ruth A. Schmitz, Cameron M. Callbeck, Anja Engel, Helena Hauss, Torsten Kanzow, Rainer Kiko, Gaute Lavik, Alexandra Loginova, Frank Melzner, Judith Meyer, Sven C. Neulinger, Markus Pahlow, Ulf Riebesell, Harald Schunck, Sören Thomsen, and Hannes Wagner
Biogeosciences, 13, 3585–3606, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3585-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3585-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean loses oxygen due to climate change. Addressing this issue in tropical ocean regions (off Peru and Mauritania), we aimed to understand the effects of oxygen depletion on various aspects of marine biogeochemistry, including primary production and export production, the nitrogen cycle, greenhouse gas production, organic matter fluxes and remineralization, and the role of zooplankton and viruses.
Anja Engel and Luisa Galgani
Biogeosciences, 13, 989–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-989-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-989-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is a very thin layer at the interface between the ocean and the atmosphere. Organic compounds in the SML may influence the exchange of gases between seawater and air, as well as primary aerosol emission. Here, we report results from the SOPRAN M91 cruise, a field study to the coastal upwelling regime off Peru's coast in 2012. Our study provides novel insight to the relationship between plankton productivity, wind speed and organic matter accumulation in the SML.
A. N. Loginova, C. Borchard, J. Meyer, H. Hauss, R. Kiko, and A. Engel
Biogeosciences, 12, 6897–6914, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6897-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6897-2015, 2015
A. Engel, C. Borchard, A. Loginova, J. Meyer, H. Hauss, and R. Kiko
Biogeosciences, 12, 5647–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5647-2015, 2015
C. Borchard and A. Engel
Biogeosciences, 12, 1271–1284, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1271-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1271-2015, 2015
A. Silyakova, R. G. J. Bellerby, K. G. Schulz, J. Czerny, T. Tanaka, G. Nondal, U. Riebesell, A. Engel, T. De Lange, and A. Ludvig
Biogeosciences, 10, 4847–4859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4847-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4847-2013, 2013
J. Czerny, K. G. Schulz, T. Boxhammer, R. G. J. Bellerby, J. Büdenbender, A. Engel, S. A. Krug, A. Ludwig, K. Nachtigall, G. Nondal, B. Niehoff, A. Silyakova, and U. Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 10, 3109–3125, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3109-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3109-2013, 2013
S. D. Archer, S. A. Kimmance, J. A. Stephens, F. E. Hopkins, R. G. J. Bellerby, K. G. Schulz, J. Piontek, and A. Engel
Biogeosciences, 10, 1893–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1893-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1893-2013, 2013
J. Unger, S. Endres, N. Wannicke, A. Engel, M. Voss, G. Nausch, and M. Nausch
Biogeosciences, 10, 1483–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1483-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1483-2013, 2013
A. Engel, C. Borchard, J. Piontek, K. G. Schulz, U. Riebesell, and R. Bellerby
Biogeosciences, 10, 1291–1308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1291-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1291-2013, 2013
J. Piontek, C. Borchard, M. Sperling, K. G. Schulz, U. Riebesell, and A. Engel
Biogeosciences, 10, 297–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-297-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-297-2013, 2013
M. Sperling, J. Piontek, G. Gerdts, A. Wichels, H. Schunck, A.-S. Roy, J. La Roche, J. Gilbert, J. I. Nissimov, L. Bittner, S. Romac, U. Riebesell, and A. Engel
Biogeosciences, 10, 181–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-181-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-181-2013, 2013
K. G. Schulz, R. G. J. Bellerby, C. P. D. Brussaard, J. Büdenbender, J. Czerny, A. Engel, M. Fischer, S. Koch-Klavsen, S. A. Krug, S. Lischka, A. Ludwig, M. Meyerhöfer, G. Nondal, A. Silyakova, A. Stuhr, and U. Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 10, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-161-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-161-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Bio-Optics
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter dynamics revealed through the optimization of an optical–biogeochemical model in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Estimating the seasonal impact of optically significant water constituents on surface heating rates in the western Baltic Sea
Variability of light absorption coefficients by different size fractions of suspensions in the southern Baltic Sea
Spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended sediment concentrations in coastal waters of the South China Sea, off Sarawak, Borneo: ocean colour remote sensing observations and analysis
Comment on “Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum” by K. Michaelian and A. Simeonov (2015)
A limited effect of sub-tropical typhoons on phytoplankton dynamics
The suspended small-particle layer in the oxygen-poor Black Sea: a proxy for delineating the effective N2-yielding section
Diel quenching of Southern Ocean phytoplankton fluorescence is related to iron limitation
A global end-member approach to derive aCDOM(440) from near-surface optical measurements
Floodwater impact on Galveston Bay phytoplankton taxonomy, pigment composition and photo-physiological state following Hurricane Harvey from field and ocean color (Sentinel-3A OLCI) observations
Diurnal regulation of photosynthetic light absorption, electron transport and carbon fixation in two contrasting oceanic environments
Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database
Carbon Flux Explorer optical assessment of C, N and P fluxes
Phytoplankton size class in the East China Sea derived from MODIS satellite data
An estuarine-tuned quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA-V): assessment and application to satellite estimates of SPM in Galveston Bay following Hurricane Harvey
Remote sensing of canopy nitrogen at regional scale in Mediterranean forests using the spaceborne MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index
Modelling ocean-colour-derived chlorophyll a
Optical properties of size fractions of suspended particulate matter in littoral waters of Québec
Methods to retrieve the complex refractive index of aquatic suspended particles: going beyond simple shapes
Quantifying the biological impact of surface ocean light attenuation by colored detrital matter in an ESM using a new optical parameterization
Monitoring seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthetic pigments with automated PRI and NDVI sensors
Autonomous profiling float observations of the high-biomass plume downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean
A simple optical index shows spatial and temporal heterogeneity in phytoplankton community composition during the 2008 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment
Ocean colour remote sensing in the southern Laptev Sea: evaluation and applications
Multidecadal time series of satellite-detected accumulations of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea
Absorption and fluorescence properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter of the eastern Bering Sea in the summer with special reference to the influence of a cold pool
A synthesis of light absorption properties of the Arctic Ocean: application to semianalytical estimates of dissolved organic carbon concentrations from space
Influence of the Changjiang River on the light absorption properties of phytoplankton from the East China Sea
On the consistency of MODIS chlorophyll $a$ products in the northern South China Sea
Contribution to a bio-optical model for remote sensing of Lena River water
Light absorption and partitioning in Arctic Ocean surface waters: impact of multiyear ice melting
Biogeochemical origins of particles obtained from the inversion of the volume scattering function and spectral absorption in coastal waters
Apparent optical properties of the Canadian Beaufort Sea – Part 1: Observational overview and water column relationships
Apparent optical properties of the Canadian Beaufort Sea – Part 2: The 1% and 1 cm perspective in deriving and validating AOP data products
Increasing cloudiness in Arctic damps the increase in phytoplankton primary production due to sea ice receding
Estimating absorption coefficients of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) using a semi-analytical algorithm for southern Beaufort Sea waters: application to deriving concentrations of dissolved organic carbon from space
Variations of net primary productivity and phytoplankton community composition in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as estimated from ocean color remote sensing data
Spectroscopic detection of a ubiquitous dissolved pigment degradation product in subsurface waters of the global ocean
Remote sensing of coccolithophore blooms in selected oceanic regions using the PhytoDOAS method applied to hyper-spectral satellite data
Tracing the transport of colored dissolved organic matter in water masses of the Southern Beaufort Sea: relationship with hydrographic characteristics
Bio-optical provinces in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and their biogeographical relevance
Inferring phytoplankton carbon and eco-physiological rates from diel cycles of spectral particulate beam-attenuation coefficient
Characterization of the bio-optical anomaly and diurnal variability of particulate matter, as seen from scattering and backscattering coefficients, in ultra-oligotrophic eddies of the Mediterranean Sea
MODIS observed phytoplankton dynamics in the Taiwan Strait: an absorption-based analysis
Global variability of phytoplankton functional types from space: assessment via the particle size distribution
Optical Characterization of an Eddy-induced Diatom Bloom West of the Island of Hawaii
The dissolved yellow substance and the shades of blue in the Mediterranean Sea
Eva Álvarez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Stefano Ciavatta, Vincenzo Vellucci, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, David Antoine, and Paolo Lazzari
Biogeosciences, 20, 4591–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) interacts with the ambient light and gives the waters of the Mediterranean Sea their colour. We propose a novel parameterization of the CDOM cycle, whose parameter values have been optimized by using the data of the monitoring site BOUSSOLE. Nutrient and light limitations for locally produced CDOM caused aCDOM(λ) to covary with chlorophyll, while the above-average CDOM concentrations observed at this site were maintained by allochthonous sources.
Bronwyn E. Cahill, Piotr Kowalczuk, Lena Kritten, Ulf Gräwe, John Wilkin, and Jürgen Fischer
Biogeosciences, 20, 2743–2768, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2743-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2743-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the impact of optically significant water constituents on surface heating rates and thermal energy fluxes in the western Baltic Sea. During productive months in 2018 (April to September) we found that the combined effect of coloured
dissolved organic matter and particulate absorption contributes to sea surface heating of between 0.4 and 0.9 K m−1 d−1 and a mean loss of heat (ca. 5 W m−2) from the sea to the atmosphere. This may be important for regional heat balance budgets.
Justyna Meler, Dagmara Litwicka, and Monika Zabłocka
Biogeosciences, 20, 2525–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a variability of absorption properties by different size fractions of particles suspended in the Baltic Sea waters. The light absorption coefficient by all suspended particles (ap), detritus (ad) and phytoplankton (aph) was determined for four size fractions: pico-particles, ultra-particles, nano-particles and micro-particles. We have shown the proportions of particles from the size classes (micro-, nano-, ultra- and pico-particles) in the total ap, ad and aph.
Jenny Choo, Nagur Cherukuru, Eric Lehmann, Matt Paget, Aazani Mujahid, Patrick Martin, and Moritz Müller
Biogeosciences, 19, 5837–5857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5837-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5837-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first observation of water quality changes over space and time in the coastal systems of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, using remote sensing technologies. While our findings demonstrate that the southwestern coast of Sarawak is within local water quality standards, historical patterns of water quality degradation that were detected can help to alert local authorities and enhance management and monitoring strategies of coastal waters in this region.
Lars Olof Björn
Biogeosciences, 19, 1013–1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1013-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1013-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The origin and evolution of life do not contradict the laws of thermodynamics, but we have no proof that it is an inevitable consequence of these laws. We do not know if the first life arose under illumination or in darkness in the deep ocean or in the Earth's crust. We have no proof that it arose due to a
thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum, as there are other ways for entropy increase in solar radiation. The biosphere may instead delay entropy production.
Fei Chai, Yuntao Wang, Xiaogang Xing, Yunwei Yan, Huijie Xue, Mark Wells, and Emmanuel Boss
Biogeosciences, 18, 849–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-849-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-849-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unique observations by a Biogeochemical Argo float in the NW Pacific Ocean captured the impact of a super typhoon on upper-ocean physical and biological processes. Our result reveals typhoons can increase the surface chlorophyll through strong vertical mixing without bringing nutrients upward from the depth. The vertical redistribution of chlorophyll contributes little to enhance the primary production, which is contradictory to many former satellite-based studies related to this topic.
Rafael Rasse, Hervé Claustre, and Antoine Poteau
Biogeosciences, 17, 6491–6505, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here, data collected by BGC-Argo floats are used to investigate the origin of the suspended small-particle layer inferred from optical sensors in the oxygen-poor Black Sea. Our results suggest that this layer is at least partially composed of the microbial communities that produce dinitrogen. We propose that oxygen and the optically derived small-particle layer can be used in combination to refine delineation of the effective N2-yielding section of the Black Sea and oxygen-deficient zones.
Christina Schallenberg, Robert F. Strzepek, Nina Schuback, Lesley A. Clementson, Philip W. Boyd, and Thomas W. Trull
Biogeosciences, 17, 793–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-793-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-793-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of phytoplankton health still require the use of research vessels and are thus costly and sparse. In this paper we propose a new way to assess the health of phytoplankton using simple fluorescence measurements, which can be made autonomously. In the Southern Ocean, where the most limiting nutrient for phytoplankton is iron, we found a relationship between iron limitation and the depression of fluorescence under high light, the so-called non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence.
Stanford B. Hooker, Atsushi Matsuoka, Raphael M. Kudela, Youhei Yamashita, Koji Suzuki, and Henry F. Houskeeper
Biogeosciences, 17, 475–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-475-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-475-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A Kd(λ) and aCDOM(440) data set spanned oceanic, coastal, and inland waters. The algorithmic approach, based on Kd end-member pairs, can be used globally. End-members with the largest spectral span had an accuracy of 1.2–2.4 % (RMSE). Validation was influenced by subjective
nonconservativewater masses. The influence of subcategories was confirmed with an objective cluster analysis.
Bingqing Liu, Eurico J. D'Sa, and Ishan D. Joshi
Biogeosciences, 16, 1975–2001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1975-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1975-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
An approach using bio-optical field and ocean color (Sentinel-3A OLCI) data combined with inversion models allowed for the first time an assessment of phytoplankton response (changes in taxonomy, pigment composition and physiological state) to a large hurricane-related floodwater perturbation in a turbid estuary. The study revealed the transition in phytoplankton community species as well as the spatiotemporal distributions of phytoplankton diagnostic pigments in the floodwater-impacted bay.
Nina Schuback and Philippe D. Tortell
Biogeosciences, 16, 1381–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1381-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1381-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the dynamics of primary productivity requires mechanistic insight into the coupling of light absorption, electron transport and carbon fixation in response to environmental variability. Measuring such rates over diurnal timescales in contrasting regions allowed us to gain information on the regulation of photosynthetic efficiencies, with implications for the interpretation of bio-optical data, and the parameterization of models needed to monitor productivity over large scales.
Marie Barbieux, Julia Uitz, Bernard Gentili, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Alexandre Mignot, Antoine Poteau, Catherine Schmechtig, Vincent Taillandier, Edouard Leymarie, Christophe Penkerc'h, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Hervé Claustre, and Annick Bricaud
Biogeosciences, 16, 1321–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1321-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1321-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As commonly observed in oligotrophic stratified waters, a subsurface (or deep) chlorophyll maximum (SCM) frequently characterizes the vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea. SCMs often result from photoacclimation of the phytoplankton organisms. However they can also result from an actual increase in phytoplankton carbon biomass. Our results also suggest that a variety of intermediate types of SCMs are encountered between these two endmember situations.
Hannah L. Bourne, James K. B. Bishop, Todd J. Wood, Timothy J. Loew, and Yizhuang Liu
Biogeosciences, 16, 1249–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1249-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1249-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The biological carbon pump, the process by which carbon-laden particles sink out of the surface ocean, is dynamic and fast. The use of autonomous observations will better inform carbon export simulations. The Carbon Flux Explorer (CFE) was developed to optically measure hourly variations of particle flux. We calibrate the optical measurements of the CFE against C and N flux using samples collected during a coastal California cruise in June 2017. Our results yield well-correlated calibrations.
Hailong Zhang, Shengqiang Wang, Zhongfeng Qiu, Deyong Sun, Joji Ishizaka, Shaojie Sun, and Yijun He
Biogeosciences, 15, 4271–4289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4271-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4271-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The PSC model was re-tuned for regional application in the East China Sea, and successfully applied to MODIS data. We investigated previously unknown temporal–spatial patterns of the PSC in the ECS and analyzed their responses to environmental factors. The results show the PSC varied across both spatial and temporal scales, and was probably affected by the water column stability, upwelling, and Kuroshio. In addition, human activity and riverine discharge may impact the PSC dynamics.
Ishan D. Joshi and Eurico J. D'Sa
Biogeosciences, 15, 4065–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4065-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4065-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The standard quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) was tuned for various ocean color sensors as QAA-V and optimized for and evaluated in a variety of waters from highly absorbing and turbid to relatively clear shelf waters. The QAA-V-derived optical properties of total absorption and backscattering coefficients showed an obvious improvement when compared to the standard QAA and were used to examine suspended particulate matter dynamics in Galveston Bay following flooding due to Hurricane Harvey.
Yasmina Loozen, Karin T. Rebel, Derek Karssenberg, Martin J. Wassen, Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuelas, and Steven M. De Jong
Biogeosciences, 15, 2723–2742, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2723-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2723-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It would be interesting to detect it using satellite data. The goal was to investigate if it is possible to remotely sense the canopy nitrogen concentration and content of Mediterranean trees using a product calculated from satellite reflectance data, the MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI). The tree plots were located in Catalonia, NE Spain. The relationship between MTCI and canopy N was present but dependent on the type of trees.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Anna E. Hickman, and Oliver Jahn
Biogeosciences, 15, 613–630, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-613-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-613-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a demonstration that a biogeochemical/ecosystem/optical computer model which explicitly captures how light is radiated at the surface of the ocean and can be used as a laboratory to explore products (such as Chl a) that are derived from satellite measurements of ocean colour. It explores uncertainties that arise from data input used to derive the algorithms for the products, and issues arising from the interplay between optically important constituents in the ocean.
Gholamreza Mohammadpour, Jean-Pierre Gagné, Pierre Larouche, and Martin A. Montes-Hugo
Biogeosciences, 14, 5297–5312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5297-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5297-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The mass-specific absorption coefficients of total suspended particulate matter (aSPM*) had relatively low (high) values in areas of of the St. Lawrence Estuary influenced by marine (freshwater) waters and dominated by large-sized (small-sized) and organic-rich (mineral-rich) particulates.
The inorganic content of particulates was correlated with size-fractionated aSPM* values at a wavelength of 440 nm and the spectral slope of aSPM* as computed within the spectral range 400–710 nm.
Albert-Miquel Sánchez and Jaume Piera
Biogeosciences, 13, 4081–4098, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4081-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4081-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, several methods for the retrieval of the refractive indices are used in three different examples modeling different shapes and particle size distributions. The error associated with each method is discussed and analyzed. It is finally demonstrated that those inverse methods using a genetic algorithm provide optimal estimations relative to other techniques that, although faster, are less accurate.
G. E. Kim, M.-A. Pradal, and A. Gnanadesikan
Biogeosciences, 12, 5119–5132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5119-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5119-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Light absorption by colored detrital material (CDM) was included in a fully coupled Earth system model. Chlorophyll and biomass increased near the surface but decreased at greater depths when CDM was included. Concurrently, total biomass decreased leaving more nutrients in the water. Regional changes were analyzed by comparing the competing factors of diminished light availability and increased nutrient availability on phytoplankton growth.
J. A. Gamon, O. Kovalchuck, C. Y. S. Wong, A. Harris, and S. R. Garrity
Biogeosciences, 12, 4149–4159, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4149-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4149-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
NDVI and PRI sensors (SRS, Decagon Inc.) exhibited complementary responses during spring photosynthetic activation in evergreen and deciduous stands. In evergreens, PRI was most strongly influenced by changing chlorophyll:carotenoid pool sizes over the several weeks of the study, while it was most affected by xanthophyll cycle pigment activity at the diurnal timescale. These automated PRI and NDVI sensors offer new ways to explore environmental and physiological constraints on photosynthesis.
M. Grenier, A. Della Penna, and T. W. Trull
Biogeosciences, 12, 2707–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2707-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2707-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Four bio-profilers were deployed in the high-biomass plume downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau (KP; Southern Ocean) to examine the conditions favouring phytoplankton accumulation. Regions of very high Chla accumulation were mainly associated with surface waters from the northern KP. Light limitation seems to have a limited influence on production. A cyclonic eddy was associated with a significant export of organic matter and a subsequent dissolved inorganic carbon storage in the ocean interior.
I. Cetinić, M. J. Perry, E. D'Asaro, N. Briggs, N. Poulton, M. E. Sieracki, and C. M. Lee
Biogeosciences, 12, 2179–2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2179-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2179-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The ratio of simple optical properties measured from underwater autonomous platforms, such as floats and gliders, is used as a new tool for studying phytoplankton distribution in the North Atlantic Ocean. The resolution that optical instruments carried by autonomous platforms provide allows us to study phytoplankton patchiness and its drivers in the oceanic systems.
B. Heim, E. Abramova, R. Doerffer, F. Günther, J. Hölemann, A. Kraberg, H. Lantuit, A. Loginova, F. Martynov, P. P. Overduin, and C. Wegner
Biogeosciences, 11, 4191–4210, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4191-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4191-2014, 2014
M. Kahru and R. Elmgren
Biogeosciences, 11, 3619–3633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3619-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3619-2014, 2014
E. J. D'Sa, J. I. Goes, H. Gomes, and C. Mouw
Biogeosciences, 11, 3225–3244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3225-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3225-2014, 2014
A. Matsuoka, M. Babin, D. Doxaran, S. B. Hooker, B. G. Mitchell, S. Bélanger, and A. Bricaud
Biogeosciences, 11, 3131–3147, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3131-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3131-2014, 2014
S. Q. Wang, J. Ishizaka, H. Yamaguchi, S. C. Tripathy, M. Hayashi, Y. J. Xu, Y. Mino, T. Matsuno, Y. Watanabe, and S. J. Yoo
Biogeosciences, 11, 1759–1773, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1759-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1759-2014, 2014
S. L. Shang, Q. Dong, C. M. Hu, G. Lin, Y. H. Li, and S. P. Shang
Biogeosciences, 11, 269–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-269-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-269-2014, 2014
H. Örek, R. Doerffer, R. Röttgers, M. Boersma, and K. H. Wiltshire
Biogeosciences, 10, 7081–7094, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7081-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7081-2013, 2013
S. Bélanger, S. A. Cizmeli, J. Ehn, A. Matsuoka, D. Doxaran, S. Hooker, and M. Babin
Biogeosciences, 10, 6433–6452, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6433-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6433-2013, 2013
X. Zhang, Y. Huot, D. J. Gray, A. Weidemann, and W. J. Rhea
Biogeosciences, 10, 6029–6043, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6029-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6029-2013, 2013
D. Antoine, S. B. Hooker, S. Bélanger, A. Matsuoka, and M. Babin
Biogeosciences, 10, 4493–4509, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4493-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4493-2013, 2013
S. B. Hooker, J. H. Morrow, and A. Matsuoka
Biogeosciences, 10, 4511–4527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4511-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4511-2013, 2013
S. Bélanger, M. Babin, and J.-É. Tremblay
Biogeosciences, 10, 4087–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4087-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4087-2013, 2013
A. Matsuoka, S. B. Hooker, A. Bricaud, B. Gentili, and M. Babin
Biogeosciences, 10, 917–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-917-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-917-2013, 2013
S. Takao, T. Hirawake, S. W. Wright, and K. Suzuki
Biogeosciences, 9, 3875–3890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3875-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3875-2012, 2012
R. Röttgers and B. P. Koch
Biogeosciences, 9, 2585–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2585-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2585-2012, 2012
A. Sadeghi, T. Dinter, M. Vountas, B. Taylor, M. Altenburg-Soppa, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences, 9, 2127–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2127-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2127-2012, 2012
A. Matsuoka, A. Bricaud, R. Benner, J. Para, R. Sempéré, L. Prieur, S. Bélanger, and M. Babin
Biogeosciences, 9, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-925-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-925-2012, 2012
B. B. Taylor, E. Torrecilla, A. Bernhardt, M. H. Taylor, I. Peeken, R. Röttgers, J. Piera, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences, 8, 3609–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3609-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3609-2011, 2011
G. Dall'Olmo, E. Boss, M. J. Behrenfeld, T. K. Westberry, C. Courties, L. Prieur, M. Pujo-Pay, N. Hardman-Mountford, and T. Moutin
Biogeosciences, 8, 3423–3439, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3423-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3423-2011, 2011
H. Loisel, V. Vantrepotte, K. Norkvist, X. Mériaux, M. Kheireddine, J. Ras, M. Pujo-Pay, Y. Combet, K. Leblanc, G. Dall'Olmo, R. Mauriac, D. Dessailly, and T. Moutin
Biogeosciences, 8, 3295–3317, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3295-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3295-2011, 2011
S. Shang, Q. Dong, Z. Lee, Y. Li, Y. Xie, and M. Behrenfeld
Biogeosciences, 8, 841–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-841-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-841-2011, 2011
T. S. Kostadinov, D. A. Siegel, and S. Maritorena
Biogeosciences, 7, 3239–3257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3239-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3239-2010, 2010
F. Nencioli, G. Chang, M. Twardowski, and T. D. Dickey
Biogeosciences, 7, 151–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-151-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-151-2010, 2010
A. Morel and B. Gentili
Biogeosciences, 6, 2625–2636, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2625-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2625-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Amon, R. M. W. and Fitznar, H. P.: Linkages among the bioreactivity, chemical composition, and diagenetic state of marine dissolved organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 287–297, 2001.
Aoki, S., Ohara, S., Kimura, K., Mizuguchi, H., Fuse, Y., and Yamada, E.: Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter Released from Microcystis aeruginosa, Anal. Sci., 24, 389–394, https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.24.389, 2008.
Arístegui, J., Barton, E. D., Tett, P., Montero, M. F., García-Muñoz, M., Basterretxea, G., Cussatlegras, A.-S., Ojeda, A., and de Armas, D.: Variability in plankton community structure, metabolism, and vertical carbon fluxes along an upwelling filament (Cape Juby, NW Africa), Prog. Oceanogr., 62, 95–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.004, 2004.
Bange, H. W.: Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru, Cruise No. M91, 1–26 December 2012, Callao (Peru), Bremen, 69 pp., 2013.
Bange, H. W., Rapsomanikis, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Nitrous oxide cycling in the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res-Oceans, 106, 1053–1065, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000284, 2001.
Benner, R.: Chemical composition and reactivity, in: Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter, edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, D. J., Academic Press – Elsevier, 59–90, 2002.
Bhatia, S., Garg, A., Sharma, K., Kumar, S., Sharma, A., and Purohit, A. P.: Mycosporine and mycosporine-like amino acids: A paramount tool against ultra violet irradiation, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5, 138–146, https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.91107, 2011.
Bigg, K. E., Leck, C., and Tranvik, L.: Particulates of the surface microlayer of open water in the central Arctic Ocean in summer, Mar. Chem., 91, 131–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.005, 2004.
Blough, N. V.: Photochemistry in the sea-surface microlayer, in: The Sea Surface and Global Change, edited by: Liss, P. S. and Duce, R. A., Cambridge University Press, 383–424, 2005.
Blough, N. V. and Del Vecchio, R.: Chromophoric DOM in the coastal environment, in: Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter, edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, D. J., Academic Press – Elsevier, 509–546, 2002.
Bopp, L., Le Quéré, C., Heimann, M., Manning, A. C., and Monfray, P.: Climate-induced oceanic oxygen fluxes: Implications for the contemporary carbon budget, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 6-1–6-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001445, 2002.
Bracchini, L., Dattilo, A. M., Falcucci, M., Hull, V., Tognazzi, A., Rossi, C., and Loiselle, S. A.: Competition for spectral irradiance between epilimnetic optically active dissolved and suspended matter and phytoplankton in the metalimnion. Consequences for limnology and chemistry, Photochem. Photobio. Sc., 10, 1000–1013, https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00291g, 2011.
Bricaud, A., Morel, A., and Prieur, L.: Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains, Limnol. Oceanogr., 26, 43–53, 1981.
Cao, Q., Gor, G. Y., Krogh-Jespersen, K., and Khriachtchev, L.: Non-covalent interactions of nitrous oxide with aromatic compounds: Spectroscopic and computational evidence for the formation of 1:1 complexes, J. Chem. Phys., 140, 144304, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4870516, 2014.
Capone, D. G. and Hutchins, D. A.: Microbial biogeochemistry of coastal upwelling regimes in a changing ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 711–717, 2013.
Carlson, C. A.: Production and Removal Processes, in: Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, C. A., Academic Press – Elsevier, 91–150, 2002.
Carlson, D. J.: Surface microlayer phenolic enrichments indicate sea surface slicks, Nature, 296, 426–429, 1982.
Carlson, D. J. and Mayer, L. M.: Enrichment of dissolved phenolic material in the surface microlayer of coastal waters, Nature, 286, 482–483, 1980.
Chavez, F. P. and Messié, M.: A comparison of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 80–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032, 2009.
Ciuraru, R., Fine, L., Pinxteren, M. V., D'Anna, B., Herrmann, H., and George, C.: Unravelling New Processes at Interfaces: Photochemical Isoprene Production at the Sea Surface, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 13199–13205, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02388, 2015.
Coble, P.: Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy, Mar. Chem., 51, 325–356, 1996.
Coble, P. G.: Marine Optical Biogeochemistry: The Chemistry of Ocean Color, Chem. Rev., 107, 402–418, 2007.
Cunliffe, M., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., and Murrell, J. C.: Microbiology of aquatic surface microlayers, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 35, 233–246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00246.x, 2011.
Cunliffe, M., Engel, A., Frka, S., Gašparović , B., Guitart, C., Murrell, J. C., Salter, M., Stolle, C., Upstill-Goddard, R., and Wurl, O.: Sea surface microlayers: A unified physicochemical and biological perspective of the air-ocean interface, Prog. Oceanogr., 109, 104–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.08.004, 2013.
Davis, J. and Benner, R.: Quantitative estimates of labile and semi-labile dissolved organic carbon in the western Arctic Ocean: A molecular approach, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 2434–2444, 2007.
Del Giorgio, P. A. and Duarte, C. M.: Respiration in the open ocean, Nature, 420, 379–384, 2002.
Engel, A.: Determination of Marine Gel Particles, in: Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Seawater, edited by: Wurl, O., CRC Press, 125–142, 2009.
Engel, A. and Galgani, L.: The organic sea-surface microlayer in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru and potential implications for air-sea exchange processes, Biogeosciences, 13, 989–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-989-2016, 2016.
Galgani, L., Stolle, C., Endres, S., Schulz, K. G., and Engel, A.: Effects of ocean acidification on the biogenic composition of the sea-surface microlayer: Results from a mesocosm study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 7911–7924, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010188, 2014.
Gao, Q., Leck, C., Rauschenberg, C., and Matrai, P. A.: On the chemical dynamics of extracellular polysaccharides in the high Arctic surface microlayer, Ocean Sci., 8, 401–418, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-401-2012, 2012.
Garabétian, F.: Production de CO2 à l'interface air-mer, Une approche par l'étude des phénomènes respiratoires dans la microcouche de surface. CO2 Production at the Sea-Air Interface, An Approach by the Study of Respiratory Processes in Surface Microlayer, Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobio., 75, 219–229, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19900750208, 1990.
Garcia-Pichel, F., Wingard, C. E., and Castenholz, R. W.: Evidence Regarding the UV Sunscreen Role of a Mycosporine-Like Compound in the Cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp, Appl. Environ. Microb., 59, 170–176, 1993.
Garrett, W. D.: Collection of slick-forming materials from the sea surface, Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 602–605, 1965.
GESAMP: The Sea-Surface Microlayer and its Role in Global Change, Reports and Studies, WMO, 1995.
Hardy, J. T.: The sea surface microlayer: Biology, chemistry and anthropogenic enrichment, Prog. Oceanogr., 11, 307–328, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(82)90001-5, 1982.
Harvey, G. W. and Burzell, L. A.: A simple microlayer method for small samples, Limnol. Oceanogr., 11, 608–614, 1972.
Helms, J. R., Stubbins, A., Ritchie, J. D., Minor, E. C., Kieber, D. J., and Mopper, K.: Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 955–969, 2008.
Huguet, A., Vacher, L., Relexans, S., Saubusse, S., Froidefond, J. M., and Parlanti, E.: Properties of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Gironde Estuary, Org. Geochem., 40, 706–719, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.03.002, 2009.
Ishii, S. K. L. and Boyer, T. H.: Behavior of Reoccurring PARAFAC Components in Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural and Engineered Systems: A Critical Review, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 2006–2017, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2043504, 2012.
Jørgensen, L., Stedmon, C. A., Kragh, T., Markager, S., Middelboe, M., and Søndergaard, M.: Global trends in the fluorescence characteristics and distribution of marine dissolved organic matter, Mar. Chem., 126, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.05.002, 2011.
Kaiser, K. and Benner, R.: Biochemical composition and size distribution of organic matter at the Pacific and Atlantic time-series stations, Mar. Chem., 113, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.12.004, 2009.
Keeling, R. F., Körtzinger, A., and Gruber, N.: Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World, Annual Review of Marine Science, 2, 199–229, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855, 2010.
Kieber, D. J.: Photochemical production of biological substrates, in: The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment, edited by: De Mora, S., Demers, S., and Vernet, M., Cambridge Environmental Chemistry Series (No. 10), Cambridge University Press, 130–148, 2000.
Kieber, D. J., McDaniel, J., and Mopper, K.: Photochemical source of biological substrates in sea water: implications for carbon cycling, Nature, 341, 637–639, 1989.
Kuznetsova, M., Lee, C., and Aller, J.: Enrichment of amino acids in the sea surface microlayer at coastal and open ocean sites in the North Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1605–1619, 2004.
Lachkar, Z. and Gruber, N.: What controls biological production in coastal upwelling systems? Insights from a comparative modeling study, Biogeosciences, 8, 2961–2976, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2961-2011, 2011.
Lawaetz, A. J. and Stedmon, C. A.: Fluorescence Intensity Calibration Using the Raman Scatter Peak of Water, Appl. Spectrosc., 63, 936–940, https://doi.org/10.1366/000370209788964548, 2009.
Liss, P. S. and Duce, R. A.: The Sea Surface and Global Change, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Liu, H. and Fang, H. H. P.: Characterization of electrostatic binding sites of extracellular polymers by linear programming analysis of titration data, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 80, 806–811, https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10432, 2002.
Loginova, A. N., Borchard, C., Meyer, J., Hauss, H., Kiko, R., and Engel, A.: Effects of nitrate and phosphate supply on chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic: a mesocosm study, Biogeosciences, 12, 6897–6914, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6897-2015, 2015.
Loiselle, S., Vione, D., Minero, C., Maurino, V., Tognazzi, A., Dattilo, A. M., Rossi, C., and Bracchini, L.: Chemical and optical phototransformation of dissolved organic matter, Water Res., 46, 3197–3207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.047, 2012.
Matrai, P. A., Tranvik, L., Leck, C., and Knulst, J. C.: Are high Arctic surface microlayers a potential source of aerosol organic precursors?, Mar. Chem., 108, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.001, 2008.
Miller, W. L. and Zepp, R. G.: Photochemical production of dissolved inorganic carbon from terrestrial organic matter: Significance to the oceanic organic carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 417–420, https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl03344, 1995.
Mopper, K. and Schultz, C. A.: Fluorescence as a possible tool for studying the nature and water column distribution of DOC components, Mar. Chem., 41, 229–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(93)90124-7, 1993.
Mopper, K., Kieber, D. J., and Stubbins, A.: Marine Photochemistry of Organic Matter: Processes and Impacts, in: Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter, Second Edn., edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, D. J., Academic Press – Elsevier, 390–450, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405940-5.00008-X, 2014.
Morán, X. A. G., Alonso-Sáez, L., Nogueira, E. Ducklow, H. W., González, N. López-Urrutia, Á., Díaz-Pérez, L., Calvo-Díaz, A., Arandia-Gorostidi, N., and Huete-Stauffer, T. M.: More, smaller bacteria in response to ocean's warming?, P. R. Soc. B., 282, 20150371, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0371, 2015.
Mostofa, K. G., Liu, C.-Q., Yoshioka, T., Vione, D., Zhang, Y., and Sakugawa, H.: Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters, in: Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter, edited by: Mostofa, K. M. G., Yoshioka, T., Mottaleb, A., and Vione, D., Environmental Science and Engineering, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 429–559, 2013.
Muller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Luerssen, R., Hu, C., and Walsh, J. J.: The importance of continental margins in the global carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021346, 2005.
Murphy, K. R., Stedmon, C. A., Waite, T. D., and Ruiz, G. M.: Distinguishing between terrestrial and autochthonous organic matter sources in marine environments using fluorescence spectroscopy, Mar. Chem., 108, 40–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.10.003, 2008.
Murphy, K. R., Stedmon, C. A., Graeber, D., and Bro, R.: Fluorescence spectroscopy and multi-way techniques. PARAFAC, Anal. Methods, 5, 6557–6566, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41160e, 2013.
Nelson, N. B. and Siegel, D. A.: The Global Distribution and Dynamics of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter, Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 447–476, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100751, 2013.
Nieto-Cid, M., Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., Gago, J., and Pérez, F. F.: DOM fluorescence, a tracer for biogeochemical processes in a coastal upwelling system (NW Iberian Peninsula), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 297, 33–50, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps297033, 2005.
Ortega-Retuerta, E., Passow, U., Duarte, C. M., and Reche, I.: Effects of ultraviolet B radiation on (not so) transparent exopolymer particles, Biogeosciences, 6, 3071–3080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3071-2009, 2009.
Paulmier, A. and Ruiz-Pino, D.: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 80, 113–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.08.001, 2009.
Paulmier, A., Ruiz-Pino, D., and Garcon, V.: The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Chile as intense source of CO2 and N2O, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 2746–2756, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.09.012, 2008.
Paulmier, A., Ruiz-Pino, D., and Garçon, V.: CO2 maximum in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), Biogeosciences, 8, 239–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-239-2011, 2011.
Piontek, J., Händel, N., Langer, G., Wohlers, J., Riebesell, U., and Engel, A.: Effects of rising temperature on the formation and microbial degradation of marine diatom aggregates, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 54, 305–318, 2009.
Riebesell, U., Kortzinger, A., and Oschlies, A.: Sensitivities of marine carbon fluxes to ocean change, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 20602–20609, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813291106, 2009.
Rosenberg, R., Arntz, W. E., de Flores, E. C., Flores, L. A., Carbajal, G., Finger, I., and Tarazona, J.: Benthos biomass and oxygen deficiency in the upwelling system off Peru, J. Mar. Res., 41, 263–279, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224083788520153, 1983.
Santín, C., Yamashita, Y., Otero, X. L., Álvarez, M. Á., and Jaffé, R.: Characterizing humic substances from estuarine soils and sediments by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis, Biogeochemistry, 96, 131–147, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9349-1, 2009.
Santos, A. L., Oliveira, V., Baptista, I., Henriques, I., Gomes, N. C., Almeida, A., Correia, A., and Cunha, A.: Effects of UV-B radiation on the structural and physiological diversity of bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton, Appl. Environ. Microb., 78, 2066–2069, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.06344-11, 2012.
Schneider-Zapp, K., Salter, M. E., Mann, P. J., and Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: Technical Note: Comparison of storage strategies of sea surface microlayer samples, Biogeosciences, 10, 4927–4936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4927-2013, 2013.
Senesi, N.: Molecular and quantitative aspects of the chemistry of fulvic acid and its interactions with metal ions and organic chemicals, Anal. Chim. Acta, 232, 77–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)81226-X, 1990.
Senesi, N., Miano, T. M., Provenzano, M. R., and Brunetti, G.: Characterization, differentiation and classification of humic substances by fluorescence spectroscopy, Soil Sci., 152, 259–271, 1991.
Shick, J. M. and Dunlap, W. C.: Mycosporine-like Amino Acids and related Gadusols: Biosynthesis, Accumulation, and UV-Protective Functions in Aquatic Organisms, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 64, 223–262, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155802, 2002.
Singh, S., D'Sa, E. J., and Swenson, E. M.: Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) variability in Barataria Basin using excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3211–3222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.044, 2010.
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L.: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Stedmon, C. A. and Bro, R.: Characterizing dissolved organic matter fluorescence with parallel factor analysis: a tutorial, Limnol. Ocenogr.-Meth., 6, 572–579, 2008.
Stedmon, C. A. and Markager, S.: Resolving the variability in dissolved organic matter fluorescence in a temperate estuary and its catchment using PARAFAC analysis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 686–697, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.2.0686, 2005a.
Stedmon, C. A. and Markager, S.: Tracing the production and degradation of autochthonous fractions of dissolved organic matter by fluorescence analysis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1415–1426, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.5.1415, 2005b.
Stedmon, C. A., Markager, S., Tranvik, L., Kronberg, L., Slätis, T., and Martinsen, W.: Photochemical production of ammonium and transformation of dissolved organic matter in the Baltic Sea, Mar. Chem., 104, 227–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.11.005, 2007.
Stramma, L., Johnson, G. C., Sprintall, J., and Mohrholz, V.: Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans, Science, 320, 655–658, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153847, 2008.
Swan, C. M., Siegel, D. A., Nelson, N. B., Carlson, C. A., and Nasir, E.: Biogeochemical and hydrographic controls on chromophoric dissolved organic matter distribution in the Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 2175–2192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.09.002, 2009.
Tilstone, G. H., Airs, R. L., Vicente, V. M., Widdicombe, C., and Llewellyn, C.: High concentrations of mycosporine-like amino acids and colored dissolved organic matter in the sea surface microlayer off the Iberian Peninsula, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1835–1850, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.5.1835, 2010.
Weishaar, J. L., Aiken, G. R., Bergamaschi, B. A., Fram, M. S., Fujii, R., and Mopper, K.: Evaluation of Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance as an Indicator of the Chemical Composition and Reactivity of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4702–4708, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030360x, 2003.
Wurl, O. and Holmes, M.: The gelatinous nature of the sea-surface microlayer, Mar. Chem., 110, 89–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.02.009, 2008.
Yamashita, Y. and Jaffé, R.: Characterizing the Interactions between Trace Metals and Dissolved Organic Matter Using Excitation-Emission Matrix and Parallel Factor Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7374–7379, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801357h, 2008.
Yamashita, Y. and Tanoue, E.: Chemical characterization of protein-like fluorophores in DOM in relation to aromatic amino acids, Mar. Chem., 82, 255–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(03)00073-2, 2003.
Yamashita, Y., Cory, R. M., Nishioka, J., Kuma, K., Tanoue, E., and Jaffé, R.: Fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the deep waters of the Okhotsk Sea and the northwestern North Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1478–1485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.016, 2010.
Zhang, J. and Yang, G.: Chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay, China in autumn and winter, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 32, 26–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-013-0306-4, 2013.
Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Wu, Z., Li, J., and Ding, H.: Physicochemical Studies of the Sea Surface Microlayer: I. Thickness of the Sea Surface Microlayer and Its Experimental Determination, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 204, 294–299, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1998.5538, 1998.
Zsolnay, A., Baigar, E., Jimenez, M., Steinweg, B., and Saccomandi, F.: Differentiating with fluorescence spectroscopy the sources of dissolved organic matter in soils subjected to drying, Chemosphere, 38, 45–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00166-0, 1999.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint