Articles | Volume 14, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| Highlight paper
| 
17 Nov 2017
Reviews and syntheses | Highlight paper |
| 17 Nov 2017
Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone
Earth and Environmental Systems Institute and Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
David M. Eissenstat
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Jill A. Marshall
Earth and Planetary Science, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Sarah E. Godsey
Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
Zsuzsanna Balogh-Brunstad
Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA
Diana L. Karwan
Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
Shirley A. Papuga
School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Joshua Roering
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
Todd E. Dawson
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Jaivime Evaristo
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
Oliver Chadwick
Department of Geography, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Jeffrey J. McDonnell
School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Kathleen C. Weathers
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
Related authors
Andrew R. Shaughnessy, Xin Gu, Tao Wen, and Susan L. Brantley
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3397–3409, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3397-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3397-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It is often difficult to determine the sources of solutes in streams and how much each source contributes. We developed a new method of unmixing stream chemistry via machine learning. We found that sulfate in three watersheds is related to groundwater flowpaths. Our results emphasize that acid rain reduces a watershed's capacity to remove CO2 from the atmosphere, a key geological control on climate. Our method will help scientists unmix stream chemistry in watersheds where sources are unknown.
Cansu Culha, Sarah Godsey, Shawn Chartrand, Melissa Lafreniere, James McNamara, and James Kirchner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4275, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4275, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study how Arctic rivers respond to rainfall in a warming climate. We show that runoff response can increase more than 5x under wetter conditions, and Active Layer Detachments amplify water and material runoff response to rainfall. Increasing subsurface storage can reduce runoff sensitivity to rainfall. Our results inform the flashiness of rainfall-runoff predictions based on expected weather and erosion conditions.
Nathaniel Klema, Leif Karlstrom, and Joshua Roering
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4431, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Geomorphology is built on process models that take topographic geometry as inputs. However, many studies calculate these metrics on 2-d projections of topography rather than on true surfaces in 3-d space. In this work we apply classical surface theory to fluvial topography of the Oregon Coast Range, USA. This formal approach improves the accuracy of geometry calculations, extracts more information than standard methods, and sheds light on the organizational structure of landscapes.
Joshua J. Roering, Margaret Darrow, Annette Patton, and Aaron Jacobs
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4123, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4123, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A deadly landslide struck Wrangell Island, Alaska, in November 2023, traveling over a kilometer and claiming six lives. Our study shows it was likely triggered by moderate rainfall combined with rapid snowmelt and drainage from a ridgetop wetland, which saturated deep soil deposits. The landslide grew unusually large as it entrained abundant soil downslope. Findings highlight the role of storm patterns, geology, and hydrology in driving future landslide hazards in SE Alaska.
Xiuqiang Liu, Xi Chen, Zhicai Zhang, Weihan Liu, Tao Peng, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3937, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3937, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Trees in rocky landscapes often depend on hidden water deep underground, yet the role of bedrock cracks remains unclear. In a karst forest in southwest China, we traced water movement and seasonal use by trees using stable isotopes. We found that large soil-filled fractures can store water for months, providing a crucial supply in the early growing season and helping forests cope with wet–dry changes in rainfall patterns.
Chen Yang, Zitong Jia, Wenjie Xu, Zhongwang Wei, Xiaolang Zhang, Yiguang Zou, Jeffrey McDonnell, Laura Condon, Yongjiu Dai, and Reed Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2201–2218, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2201-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2201-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the first high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater hydrologic model of the entirety of continental China using ParFlow. The model shows good performance in terms of streamflow and water table depth when compared to global data products and observations. It is essential for water resources management and decision-making in China within a consistent framework in the changing world. It also has significant implications for similar modeling in other places in the world.
Ian D. Wachino, Joshua J. Roering, Reuben Cash, and Annette I. Patton
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1168, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rockfalls are a common hazard in steep mountain valleys, especially near Skagway, Alaska, where recent events have threatened public safety and infrastructure. This study identifies zones prone to rockfall by analyzing rock formations, past rockfall deposits, and computer models predicting how rocks travel downslope. Our findings highlight high-risk areas and provide insights to improve hazard mitigation, helping protect communities and tourism in the region.
Greg Balco, Alan J. Hidy, William T. Struble, and Joshua J. Roering
Geochronology, 6, 71–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-71-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-71-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new method of reconstructing the long-term, pre-observational frequency and/or intensity of wildfires in forested landscapes using trace concentrations of the noble gases helium and neon that are formed in soil mineral grains by cosmic-ray bombardment of the Earth's surface.
Annette I. Patton, Lisa V. Luna, Joshua J. Roering, Aaron Jacobs, Oliver Korup, and Benjamin B. Mirus
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3261–3284, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3261-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3261-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslide warning systems often use statistical models to predict landslides based on rainfall. They are typically trained on large datasets with many landslide occurrences, but in rural areas large datasets may not exist. In this study, we evaluate which statistical model types are best suited to predicting landslides and demonstrate that even a small landslide inventory (five storms) can be used to train useful models for landslide early warning when non-landslide events are also included.
Leonie Kiewiet, Ernesto Trujillo, Andrew Hedrick, Scott Havens, Katherine Hale, Mark Seyfried, Stephanie Kampf, and Sarah E. Godsey
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2779–2796, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change affects precipitation phase, which can propagate into changes in streamflow timing and magnitude. This study examines how variations in rainfall and snowmelt affect discharge. We found that annual discharge and stream cessation depended on the magnitude and timing of rainfall and snowmelt and on the snowpack melt-out date. This highlights the importance of precipitation timing and emphasizes the need for spatiotemporally distributed simulations of snowpack and rainfall dynamics.
William T. Struble and Joshua J. Roering
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1279–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1279-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1279-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a mathematical technique known as a wavelet transform to calculate the curvature of hilltops in western Oregon, which we used to estimate erosion rate. We find that this technique operates over 1000 times faster than other techniques and produces accurate erosion rates. We additionally built artificial hillslopes to test the accuracy of curvature measurement methods. We find that at fast erosion rates, curvature is underestimated, raising questions of measurement accuracy elsewhere.
Andrew R. Shaughnessy, Xin Gu, Tao Wen, and Susan L. Brantley
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3397–3409, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3397-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3397-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It is often difficult to determine the sources of solutes in streams and how much each source contributes. We developed a new method of unmixing stream chemistry via machine learning. We found that sulfate in three watersheds is related to groundwater flowpaths. Our results emphasize that acid rain reduces a watershed's capacity to remove CO2 from the atmosphere, a key geological control on climate. Our method will help scientists unmix stream chemistry in watersheds where sources are unknown.
David Jon Furbish, Joshua J. Roering, Tyler H. Doane, Danica L. Roth, Sarah G. W. Williams, and Angel M. Abbott
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 539–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment particles skitter down steep hillslopes on Earth and Mars. Particles gain speed in going downhill but are slowed down and sometimes stop due to collisions with the rough surface. The likelihood of stopping depends on the energetics of speeding up (heating) versus slowing down (cooling). Statistical physics predicts that particle travel distances are described by a generalized Pareto distribution whose form varies with the Kirkby number – the ratio of heating to cooling.
David Jon Furbish, Sarah G. W. Williams, Danica L. Roth, Tyler H. Doane, and Joshua J. Roering
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 577–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The generalized Pareto distribution of particle travel distances on steep hillslopes, as described in a companion paper (Furbish et al., 2021a), is entirely consistent with measurements of travel distances obtained from laboratory and field-based experiments, supplemented with high-speed imaging and audio recordings that highlight the effects of bumpety-bump particle motions. Particle size and shape, in concert with surface roughness, strongly influence particle energetics and deposition.
Chris M. DeBeer, Howard S. Wheater, John W. Pomeroy, Alan G. Barr, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Jill F. Johnstone, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ronald E. Stewart, Masaki Hayashi, Garth van der Kamp, Shawn Marshall, Elizabeth Campbell, Philip Marsh, Sean K. Carey, William L. Quinton, Yanping Li, Saman Razavi, Aaron Berg, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Christopher Spence, Warren D. Helgason, Andrew M. Ireson, T. Andrew Black, Mohamed Elshamy, Fuad Yassin, Bruce Davison, Allan Howard, Julie M. Thériault, Kevin Shook, Michael N. Demuth, and Alain Pietroniro
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1849–1882, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article examines future changes in land cover and hydrological cycling across the interior of western Canada under climate conditions projected for the 21st century. Key insights into the mechanisms and interactions of Earth system and hydrological process responses are presented, and this understanding is used together with model application to provide a synthesis of future change. This has allowed more scientifically informed projections than have hitherto been available.
Cited articles
Aciego, S. M., Riebe, C. S., Hart, S. C., Blakowski, M. A., Carey, C. J., Aarons, S. M., Dove, N. C., Botthoff, J. K., Sims, K. W. W., and Aronson, E. L.: Dust outpaces bedrock in nutrient supply to montane forest ecosystems, Nat. Commun., 8, 14800, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14800, 2017.
Adams, T. S., McCormack, M. L., and Eissenstat, D. M.: Foraging strategies in trees of different root morphology: the role of root lifespan, Tree Physiol., 33, 940–948, 2013.
Ahmed, E. and Holmstrom, S. J.: Microbe-mineral interactions: the impact of surface attachment on mineral weathering and element selectivity by microorganisms, Chem. Geol., 403, 13–23, 2015.
Allen, M. F.: Mycorrhizal fungi: highways for water and nutrients in arid soils, Vadose Zone J., 6, 291–297, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2006.0068, 2007.
Allison, G. B., Barnes, C. J., Hughes, M. W., and Leaney, F. W.: Effect of climate and vegetation on 18O and deuterium profiles in soils, Proceedings Conference on Isotopes in Hydrology, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 105–123, 1983.
Amundson, R.: Soil formation, in: Treatise in Geochemistry: Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils, edited by: Drever, J. I., Elsevier Pergamon, Amsterdam, 1–35, 2004.
Anderson, M. A., Graham, R. C., Alyanakian, G. J., and Martynn, D. Z.: Late summer water status of soils and weathered bedrock in a giant sequoia grove, Soil Sci., 160, 415–422, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199512000-00007, 1995.
Anderson, S. A., Bales, R. C., and Duffy, C. J.: Critical Zone Observatories: building a network to advance interdisciplinary study of Earth surface processes, Mineral. Mag., 72, 7–10, 2008.
Armas, C., Kim, J. H., Bleby, T. M., and Jackson, R. B.: The effect of hydraulic lift on organic matter decomposition, soil nitrogen cycling, and nitrogen acquisition by a grass species, Oecologia, 168, 11–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2065-2, 2012.
Augé, R. M.: Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, Mycorrhiza, 11, 3–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005720100097, 2001.
Augustin, F., Houle, D., Gagnon, C., and Courchesne, F.: Long-term base cation weathering rates in forested catchments of the Canadian Shield, Geoderma, 247–248, 12–23, 2015.
Balogh-Brunstad, Z., Keller, C. K., Bormann, B. T., O'Brien, R., Wang, D., and Hawley, G.: Chemical weathering and chemical denudation dynamics through ecosystem development and disturbance, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002957, 2008a.
Balogh-Brunstad, Z., Keller, C. K., Gill, R. A., Bormann, B. T., and Li, C. Y.: The effect of bacteria and fungi on chemical weathering and chemical denudation fluxes in pine growth experiments, Biogeochemistry, 88, 153–167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9202-y, 2008b.
Banwart, S., Menon, M., Bernasconi, S. M., Bloem, J., Blum, W. E. H., Souza, D. M. D., Davidsdotir, B., Duffy, C., Lair, G. J., Kram, P., Lamacova, A., Lundin, L., Nikolaidis, N. P., Novak, M., Panagos, P., Ragnarsdottir, K. V., Reynolds, B., Robinson, D., Rousseva, S., de Ruiter, P., van Gaans, P., Weng, L., White, T., and Zhang, B.: Soil processes and functions across an international network of Critical Zone Observatories: introduction to experimental methods and initial results, CR Geosci., 344, 758–772, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2012.10.007, 2012.
Bárzana, G., Aroca, R., Paz, J. A., Chaumont, F., Martinez-Ballesta, M. C., Carvajal, M., and Ruiz-Lozano, J. M.: Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis increases relative apoplastic water flow in roots of the host plant under both well-watered and drought stress conditions, Ann. Bot.-London, 109, 1009–1017, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs007, 2012.
Bazilevskaya, E., Rother, G., Mildner, D. F. R., Pavich, M., Cole, D., Bhatt, M. P., Jin, L., Steefel, C. I., and Brantley, S. L.: How oxidation and dissolution in diabase and granite control porosity during weathering, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 79, 55–73, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.04.0135, 2015.
Becker, G. F.: Reconnaissance of the Gold Fields of the Southern Appalachians, Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, Washington, 5–85, 1895.
Belt, T.: The Naturalist in Nicaragua, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 326 pp., 1874.
Bennie, A. T. P.: Growth and mechanical impedance, in: Plant Roots: the Hidden Half, edited by: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., Kafkafi, U., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 453–470, 1991.
Bern, C. R., Thompson, A., and Chadwick, O. A.: Quantification of colloidal and aqueous element transfer in soils: the dual-phase mass balance model, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 151, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.12.008, 2015.
Berner, E. K., Berner, R. A., and Moulton, K. L.: Plants and mineral weathering: present and past, in: Treatise in Geochemistry: Volume 5. Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils, edited by: Drever, J. I., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 169–188, 2003.
Berry, Z. C., Evaristo, J., Moore, G., Poca, M., Steppe, K., Verrot, L., Asbjornsen, H., Borma, L. S., Bretfeld, M., Herve-Fernandez, P., Seyfried, M., Schwendenmann, L., Sinacore, K., De Wispelaere, L., and McDonnell, J.: The two water worlds hypothesis: addressing multiple working hypotheses and proposing a way forward, Ecohydrology, 2017, e1843, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1843, 2017.
Bonneville, S., Smits, M. M., Brown, A., Harrington, J., Leake, J. R., Brydson, R., and Benning, L. G.: Plant-driven fungal weathering: early stages of mineral alteration at the nanometer scale, Geology, 37, 615–618, https://doi.org/10.1130/G25699A.1, 2009.
Bonneville, S., Morgan, D. J., Schmalenberger, A., Bray, A., Brown, A., Banwart, S. A., and Benning, L. G.: Tree-mycorrhiza symbiosis accelerate mineral weathering: evidences from nanometer-scale elemental fluxes at the hypha-mineral interface, Geochim. Cosmochim., 75, 6988–7005, 2011.
Bornyasz, M. A., Graham, R. C., and Allen, M. G.: Ectomycorrhizae in a soil-weathered granitic bedrock regolith: linking matrix reources to plants, Geoderma, 126, 141–160, 2005.
Bowling, D. R., Schulze, E. S., and Hall, S. J.: Revisiting streamside trees that do not use stream water: Can the two water worlds hypothesis and snowpack isotopic effects explain a missing water source?, Ecohydrology, 10, e1771, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1771, 2016.
Bowling, D. R., Schulze, E. S., and Hall, S. J.: Revisiting streamside trees that do not use stream water: can the two water worlds hypothesis and snowpack isotopic effects explain a missing water source?, Ecohydrology, 2017, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1771, 2017.
Boyle, J. F., Chiverrell, R. C., Norton, S. A., and Plater, A. J.: A leaky model of long-term soil phosphorus dynamics, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 516–525, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20054, 2013.
Brantley, S. L., Lebedeva, M., and Hausrath, E. M.: A geobiological view of weathering and erosion, in: Fundamentals of Geobiology, edited by: Knoll, A., Canfield, D., Konhauser, K., Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, 205–227, 2012.
Brantley, S. L., Lebedeva, M. I., Balashov, V. N., Singha, K., Sullivan, P. L., and Stinchcomb, G.: Toward a conceptual model relating chemical reaction fronts to water flow paths in hills, Geomorphology, 277, 100–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.027, 2017a.
Brantley, S. L., McDowell, W. H., Dietrich, W. E., White, T. S., Kumar, P., Anderson, S., Chorover, J., Lohse, K. A., Bales, R. C., Richter, D., Grant, G., and Gaillardet, J.: Designing a network of critical zone observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth, Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-36, in review, 2017b.
Brimhall, G. H., Chadwick, O. A., Lewis, C. J., Compston, W., Williams, I. S., Danti, K. J., Dietrich, W. E., Power, M. E., Hendricks, D., and Bratt, J.: Deformational mass transport and invasive processes in soil evolution, Science, 255, 692–702, 1992.
Brooks, J. R., Barnard, H. R., Coulombe, R., and McDonnell, J. J.: Ecohydrologic separation of water between trees and streams in a Mediterranean climate, Nat. Geosci., 3, 100–104, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1722, 2010.
Brownlee, C., Duddridge, J., Malibari, A., and Read, D.: The structure and function of mycelial systems of ectomycorrhizal roots with special reference to their role in forming inter-plant connections and providing pathways for ammisilate and water transport, Plant Soil, 71, 433–443, 1983.
Brundrett, M. C.: Co-evolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants, New Phytol., 154, 275–304, 2002.
Bryla, D. R. and Duniway, J. M.: Water uptake by safflower and wheat roots infected with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, New Phytol., 136, 591–601, 1997.
Burgess, S. O., Adams, M. A., Turner, N. C., and Ong, C. K.: The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems, Oecologia, 115, 306–311, 1998.
Busch, D. E., Ingraham, N. L., and Smith, S. D.: Water-uptake in woody riparian phreatophytes of the southwestern United States – a stable isotope study, Ecol. Appl., 2, 450–459, 1992.
Caldwell, M. M., Dawson, T. E., and Richards, J. H.: Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants, Oecologia, 113, 151–161, 1998.
Callesen, I., Harrison, R., Stupak, I., Hatten, J., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Boyle, J., Clarke, N., and Zabowski, D.: Carbon storage and nutrient mobilization from soil minerals by deep roots and rhizospheres, Forest Ecol. Manage., 359, 322–331, 2016.
Calvaruso, C., Mareschal, L., Turpault, M. P., and Leclerc, E.: Rapid clay weathering in the rhizosphere of Norway spruce and oak in an acid forest ecosystem, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 73, 331–338, 2009.
Calvaruso, C., Collignon, C., Kies, A., and Turpault, M. P.: Seasonal evolution of the rhizosphere effect on major and trace elements in soil solutions of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) and beech (Quercus sessiliflora Smith) in an acidic forest soil, Open J. Soil Sci., 4, 323–336, 2014.
Canadell, J. and Zedler, P.: Underground structures of woody plants in Mediterranean ecosystems of Australia, California and Chile, in: Ecology and Biogeography of Mediterranean Ecosystems in Chile, California and Australia, edited by: Arroyo, M. T. K., Zedler, P., and Fox, M. D., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 177–210, 1995.
Canadell, J., Jackson, R. B., Ehleringer, J. R., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E., and Schulze, E.-D.: Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale, Oecologia, 108, 583–595, 1996.
Cavanaugh, M. L., Kurc, S. A., and Scott, R. L.: Evapotranspiration partioning in semiarid shrubland ecosystems: a two-site evaluation of soil moisture control on transpiration, Ecohydrology, 4, 671–681, 2011.
Chadwick, O. A., Derry, L. A., Vitousek, P. M., Huebert, B. J., and Hedin, L. O.: Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development, Nature, 397, 491–497, 1999.
Chadwick, O. A., Roering, J. J., Heimsath, A. M., Levick, S. R., Asner, G. P., and Khomo, L.: Shaping post-orogenic landscapes by climate and chemical weathering, Geology, 41, 1171–1174, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34721.1, 2013.
Chen, W., Zeng, H., Eissenstat, D. M., and Guo, D.: Variation of first-order root traits across climatic gradients and evolutionary trends in geological time, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 22, 846–856, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12048, 2013.
Chen, W., Koide, R. T., Adams, T. S., DeForest, J. L., Cheng, L., and Eissenstat, D. M.: Root morphology and mycorrhizal symbioses together shape nutrient foraging strategies of temperate trees, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 8741–8746, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601006113, 2016.
Cheng, L., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Wei, X., Li, L., McCormack, M. L., DeForest, J. L., Koide, R. T., and Eissenstat, D. M.: Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches, Ecology, 97, 2815–2823, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1514, 2016.
Clark, L. J., Whalley, W. R., and Barraclough, P. B.: How do roots penetrate strong soil?, Plant Soil, 255, 93–104, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026140122848, 2003.
Corenblit, D., Baas, A. C. W., Bornette, G., Darrozes, J., Delmotte, S., Francis, R. A., Gurnell, A. M., Julien, F., Naiman, R., and Steiger, J.: Feedbacks between geomorphology and biota controlling Earth surface processes and landforms: a review of foundation concepts and current understandings, Earth-Sci. Rev., 106, 307–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.03.002, 2011.
Cornelis, J.-T., Ranger, J., Iserentant, A., and Delvaux, B.: Tree species impact the terrestrial cycle of silicon through various uptakes, Biogeochemistry, 97, 231–245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9369-x, 2009.
Cox, N. J.: On the relationship between bedrock lowering and regolith thickness, Earth Surf. Process., 5, 271–274, 1980.
Dawson, T. E. and Ehleringer, J. R.: Streamside trees that do not use stream water, Nature, 350, 335–337, 1991.
Dawson, T. E. and Pate, J. S.: Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: a stable isotope investigation, Oecologia, 107, 13–20, 1996.
Dawson, T. E., Mambelli, S., Plamboeck, A. H., Templer, P. H., and Tu, K. P.: Stable isotopes in plant ecology, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 33, 507–559, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095451, 2002.
Denny, C. S. and Goodlett, J. C.: Microrelief resulting from fallen trees, USGS Prof. Publication 288, USGS, 59–68, 1956.
Deveau, A., Plett, J. M., Legue, V., Frey-Klett, P., and Martin, F.: Communication between plant, ectomycorrhizal fungi and helper bacteria, in: Biocommunication of Fungi, edited by: Witzany, G., Springer, Dordrecht, 229–247, 2012.
Dietrich, W. E. and Perron, J. T.: The search for a topographic signature of life, Nature, 439, 411–418, 2006.
Dijkstra, F. A. and Smits, M. M.: Tree species effects on calcium cycling: the role of calcium uptake in deep soils, Ecosystems, 5, 385–398, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0082-4, 2002.
Dokuchaev, V. V.: Russian Chernozem, in: Selected Works of V. V. Dokuchaev, S. Monson, Jerusalem, 14–419, 1883.
Duddridge, J. A., Malibari, A., and Read, D. J.: Structure and function of mycorrhizal rhizomorphs with special reference to their role in water transport, Nature, 287, 834–836, https://doi.org/10.1038/287834a0, 1980.
Eavis, B. W., Ratliff, L. F., and Taylor, H. M.: Use of the dead-load technique to determine the axial root growth pressure, Agron. J., 61, 640–643, 1969.
Egerton-Warburton, L. M., Graham, R. C., and Hubbert, K. R.: Spatial variability in mycorrhizal hyphae and nutrient and water availability in a soil-weathered bedrock profile, Plant Soil, 249, 331–342, 2003.
Ehleringer, J. R., Phillips, S. L., Schuster, W. S. F., and Sandquist, D. R.: Differential utilization of summer rains by desert plants, Oecologia, 88, 430–424, 1991.
Eissenstat, D. M., Kucharski, J. M., Zadworny, M., Adams, T. S., and Koide, R. T.: Linking root traits to nutrient foraging in arbuscular mycorrhizal trees in a temperate forest, New Phytol., 208, 114–124, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13451, 2015.
Estrada-Medina, H., Graham, R. C., Allen, M. F., Jimenez-Osornio, J. J., and Robles-Casolco, S.: The importance of limestone bedrock and dissolution karst features on tree root distribution in northern Yucatan, Mexico, Plant Soil, 362, 37–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1175-x, 2013.
Evaristo, J., Jasechko, S., and McDonnell, J. J.: Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow, Nature, 525, 91–94, 2015.
Fimmen, R. L., Richter, D., Vasudevan, D., Williams, M. A., and West, L. T.: Rhizogenic Fe-C redox cycling: a hypothetical biogeochemical mechanism that drives crustal weathering in upland soils, Biogeochemistry, 87, 127–141, 2007.
Finzi, A. C., Abramoff, R. Z., Spiller, K. S., Brzostek, E. R., Darby, B. A., Kramer, M., and Phillips, R. P.: Rhizosphere processes are quantitatively important components of terrestrial carbon and nutrient cycles, Global Change Biol., 21, 2082–2094, 2015.
Fletcher, R. C., Buss, H. L., and Brantley, S. L.: A spheroidal weathering model coupling porewater chemistry to soil thicknesses during steady-state denudation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 244, 444–457, 2006.
Furbish, D. J. and Fagherazzi, S.: Stability of creeping soil and implications for hillslope evolution, Water Resour. Res., 37, 2607–2618, 2001.
Gabet, E. J. and Mudd, S. M.: Bedrock erosion by root fracture and tree throw: a coupled biogeomorphic model to explore the humped soil production function and the persistence of hillslope soils, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F04005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001526, 2010.
Gabet, E. J., Reichman, O. J., and Seabloom, E. W.: The effects of bioturbation on soil processes and sediment transport, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 31, 249–273, 2003.
Gaines, K. P., Stanley, J. W., Meinzer, F. C., McCulloh, K. A., Woodruff, D. R., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Lin, H., and Eissenstat, D. M.: Reliance on shallow soil water in a mixed-hardwood forest in central Pennsylvania, Tree Physiol., 36, 444–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv113, 2016.
Gaj, M., Kaufhold, S., and McDonnell, J. J.: Potential limitation of cryogenic vacuum extractions and spiked experiments, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7850, 2017.
Gale, M. R. and Grigal, D. F.: Vertical root distributions of northern tree species in relation to successional status, Can. J. Forest Res., 17, 829–834, 1987.
George, E., Haussler, K.-U., Vetterlein, D., Gorgus, E., and Marschner, H.: Water and nutrient translocation by hyphae of Glomus mosseae, Can. J. Bot., 70, 2130–2137, 1992.
Ghestem, M., Sidle, R. C., and Stokes, A.: The influence of plant root systems on subsurface flow: implications for slope stability, BioScience, 61, 869–879, 2011.
Gill, W. R. and Bolt, G. H.: Pferrer's studies of the root growth pressures exerted by plants, Agron. J., 47, 166–168, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1955.00021962004700040004x, 1955.
Godderis, Y. and Brantley, S. L.: Earthcasting the future Critical Zone, Elementa, 1, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000019, 2014.
Godsey, S. E., Kirchner, J. W., and Clow, D. W.: Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments, Hydrol. Process., 23, 1844–1864, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7315, 2009.
Good, S. P., Noone, D., and Bowen, G.: Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes, Science, 349, 175–177, 2015.
Graham, R. C., Rossi, A. M., and Hubbert, K. R.: Rock to regolith conversion: producing hospitable substrates for terrestrial ecosystems, GSA Today, 20, 4–9, 2010.
Grantham, M. C., Dove, P. M., and DiChristina, T. J.: Microbially catalyzed dissolution of iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide mineral surface coatings, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 4467–4477, 1997.
Green, M. B., Bailey, A. S., Bailey, S. W., Battles, J. J., Campbell, J. L., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J., Lepine, L. C., Likens, G. E., Ollinger, S. V., and Schaberg, P. G.: Decreased water flowing from a forest amended with calcium silicate, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 5999–6003, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302445110, 2013.
Green, S. and Clothier, B.: The root zone dynamics of water uptake by a mature apple tree, Plant Soil, 206, 61–77, 1999.
Gregory, P. J.: Roots, rhizosphere and soil: the route to a better understanding of soil science, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 57, 11, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00778.x, 2006.
Hahm, W. J., Riebe, C. S., Lukens, C. E., and Araki, S.: Bedrock composition regulates mouontain ecosystems and landscape evolution, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 3338–3343, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315667111, 2014.
Hartmann, A., Rothballer, M., and Schmid, M.: Lorenz Hiltner, a pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and soil bacteriology research, Plant Soil, 312, 7–14, 2008.
Hasenmueller, E. A., Gu, X., Weitzman, J. N., Adams, T. S., Stinchcomb, G. E., Eissenstat, D. M., Drohan, P. J., Brantley, S. L., and Kaye, J. P.: Weathering of rock to regolith: the activity of deep roots in bedrock fractures, Geoderma, 300, 11–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.03.020, 2017.
Hasselquist, N. J., Allen, M. F., and Santiago, L. S.: Water relations of evergreen and drought-deciduous trees along a seasonally dry tropical forest chronosequence, Oecologia, 164, 881–890, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1725-y, 2010.
Heimsath, A. M., Dietrich, W. E., Nishiizumi, K., and Finkel, R. C.: The soil production function and landscape equilibrium, Nature, 388, 358–361, 1997.
Heimsath, A. M., Dietrich, W. E., Nishiizumi, K., and Finkel, R. C.: Stochastic processes of soil production and transport: erosion rates, topographic variation and cosmogenic nuclides in the Oregon Coast Range, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 531–552, 2001.
Heimsath, A. M., Furbish, D. J., and Dietrich, W. E.: The illusion of diffusion: field evidence for depth dependent sediment transport, Geology, 33, 949–952, 2005.
Heimsath, A. M., Chappell, J., and Fifield, K.: Eroding Australia: Rates and Processes from Bega Valley to Arnhem Land, Geological Society, Special Publications, London, 2010.
Hellmers, H., Horton, J. S., Juhren, G., and O'Keefe, J.: Root systems of some chaparral plants in Southern California, Ecology, 36, 667–678, 1955.
Hemwall, J. B.: The fixation of phosphorus by soil, Adv. Agron., 9, 95–112, 1957.
Herndon, E. M., Dere, A. L., Sullivan, P. L., Norris, D., Reynolds, B., and Brantley, S. L.: Landscape heterogeneity drives contrasting concentration–discharge relationships in shale headwater catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3333–3347, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3333-2015, 2015.
Hiltner, L.: Ueber neuere Erfahrungen und Probleme auf dem Gebiete der Bodenbakteriologie und unter besonderer BerUcksichtigung der Grundungung und Brache, Arb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 98, 59–78, 1904.
Hiscock, K. M., George, M. A., and Dennis, P. F.: Stable isotope evidence for hydrogeological characteristics of clay-rich till in northern East Anglia, Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydroge., 44, 173–189, 2011.
Hoffman, B. S. S. and Anderson, R. S.: Tree root mounds and their role in transporting soil on forested landscapes, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 711–722, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3470, 2014.
Holdo, R. M.: Revisiting the two-layer hypothesis: coexistence of alternative functional rooting strategies in Savannas, PLoS One, 8, e69625, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069625, 2013.
Hubbert, K. R., Beyers, J. L., and Graham, R. C.: Roles of weathered bedrock and soil in seasonal water relations of Pinus Jeffreyi and Arctostaphylos patula, Can. J. Forest Res., 31, 1947–1957, 2001a.
Hubbert, K. R., Graham, R. C., and Anderson, M. A.: Soil and weathered bedrock: components of a Jeffrey pine plantation substrate, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 1255–1262, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.6541255x, 2001b.
Jackson, G. and Sheldon, J.: The vegetation of magnesian limestone cliffs at MarklandGrips Near Sheffield, J. Ecol., 37, 38–50, 1949.
Jackson, R. B., Moore, L. A., Hoffmann, W. A., Pockman, W. T., and Linder, C. R.: Ecosystem rooting depth determined with caves and DNA, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 11387–11392, 1999.
James, A. L. and Roulet, N. T.: Investigating hydrologic connectivity and its association with threshold change in runoff response in a temperate forested watershed, Hydrol. Process., 21, 3391–3408, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6554, 2007.
Jasechko, S., Sharp, Z. D., Gibson, J. J., Birks, S. J., Yi, Y., and Fawcett, P.: Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration, Nature, 496, 347–350, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11983, 2013.
Jin, L., Ravella, R., Ketchum, B., Bierman, P. R., Heaney, P., White, T., and Brantley, S. L.: Mineral weathering and elemental transport during hillslope evolution at the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 3669–3691, 2010.
Jobbagy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B.: The uplift of soil nutrients by plants: biogeochemical consequences across scales, Ecology, 85, 2380–2389, 2004.
Johnson, J. E., Hamann, L. M. S., Dettman, D. L., Kim-Hak, D., Leavitt, S. W., Monson, R. K., and Papuga, S. A.: Performance of induction module-cavity ring-down spectroscopy (IM-CRDS) for measuring δ18O and δ2H values of soil, stem, and leaf waters, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 31, 547–560, 2017.
Johnson, M. S. and Lehmann, J.: Double-funneling of trees: stemflow and root-induced preferential flow, Ecoscience, 13, 324–333, 2006.
Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., and Richardson, A. D.: Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise, Nature, 499, 324, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291, 2013.
Keller, C. K., White, T. M., O'Brien, R., and Smith, J. L.: Soil CO2 dynamics and fluxes as affected by tree harvest in an experimental sand ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 111, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000157, 2006.
Kelly, E. F., Chadwick, O. A., and Hilinski, T. E.: The effect of plants on mineral weathering, Biogeochemistry, 42, 21–53, 1998.
Khomo, L., Bern, C. R., Hartshorn, A. R., Rogers, K. H., and Chadwick, O. A.: Chemical transfers along slowly eroding catenas on grantic cratons in southern Africa, Geoderma, 202–203, 192–202, 2013.
Kleber, M., Sollins, P., and Sutton, R.: A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces, Biogeochemistry, 85, 9–24, 2007.
Kochenderfer, J.: Root distribution under some forest types native to West Virginia, Ecology, 54, 445–448, 1973.
Koide, R. T.: Physiology of the Mycorrhizal Plant, in: Advances in Plant Pathology, edited by: Tommerup, I. C., Academic Press, New York, 33–54, 1993.
Kothari, S. K., Marschner, H., and George, E.: Effect of VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms on root and shoot morphology, growth and water relations in maize, New Phytol., 116, 303–311, 1990.
Kramer, P. J. and Boyer, J. S.: Water Relations of Plants and Soils, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 1995.
Kurc, S. A. and Benton, L. M.: Digital image-derived greenness links deep soil moisture to carbon uptake in a creosotebush-dominated shrubland, J. Arid Environ., 74, 585–594, 2010.
Kurc, S. A. and Small, E. E.: Soil moisture variations and ecosystem-scale fluxes of water and carbon in semiarid grassland and shrubland, Water Resour. Res., 43, W06416, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006/WR005011, 2007.
Larsen, L. G., Choi, J., Nungesser, M. K., and Harvey, J. W.: Directional connectivity in hydrology and ecology, Ecol. Appl., 22, 2204–2220, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1948.1, 2012.
Leake, J. R., Johnson, D., Donnelly, D., Muckle, G. E., Boddy, L., and Read, D. J.: Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agro-ecosystem functioning, Can. J. Bot., 82, 1016–1045, 2004.
Leake, J. R., Duran, A. L., Hardy, K. E., Johnson, I., Beerling, D. J., Banwart, S. A., and Smits, M. M.: Biological weathering in soil: the role of symbiotic root-associated fungi biosensing minerals and directing photosynthate-energy into grain-scale mineral weathering, Mineral Mag., 72, 85–89, 2008.
Lebedeva, M. I., Fletcher, R. C., Balashov, V. N., and Brantley, S. L.: A reactive diffusion model describing transformation of bedrock to saprolite, Chem. Geol., 244, 624–645, 2007.
Lehto, T. and Zwiazek, J. J.: Ectomycorrhizas and water relations of trees: a review, Mycorrhiza, 21, 21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-010-0348-9, 2011.
Lewis, D. C. and Burgy, R. H.: The relationshiop between oak tree roots and groundwater in fractured rock as determined by tritium tracing, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 2579–2588, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ069i012p02579, 1964.
Lichtner, P. C.: The quasi-stationary state approximation to coupled mass transport and fluid-rock interaction in a porous medium, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 52, 143–165, 1988.
Lin, G., McCormack, M. L., Ma, C., and Guo, D.: Similar below-ground carbon cycling dynamics but contrasting modes of nitrogen cycling between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal forests, New Phytol., 213, 1440–1451, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14206, 2017.
Lonsdale, W. M.: The self-thinning rule: dead or alive?, Ecology, 71, 1373–1388, 1990.
Lutz, H. J. and Griswold, F. S.: The influence of tree roots on soil morphology, Am. J. Sci., 237, 389–400, 1939.
Maeght, J.-L., Rewald, B., and Pierret, A.: How to study deep roots-and why it matters, Front. Plant Sci., 4, 1–14, 2013.
Maher, K., Steefel, C. I., White, A. F., and Stonestrom, D. A.: The role of reaction affinity and secondary minerals in regulating chemical weathering rates at the Santa Cruz soil chronosequence, California, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 73, 2804–2831, 2009.
Marschner, H.: Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, edited by: Marschner, P., Academic Press, London, 2011.
Marshall, J. A. and Roering, J. J.: Diagenetic variation in the Oregon Coast Range: implications for rock strength, soil production, hillslope form, and landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1395–1417, 2014.
Martinez-Vilalta, J., Poyatos, R., Aguade, D., Retana, J., and Mencuccini, M.: A new look at water transport regulation in plants, New Phytol., 204, 105–115, 2014.
McCormack, M. L., Dickie, I. A., Eissenstat, D. M., Fahey, T. J., Fernandez, C. W., Guo, D., Helmisaari, H.-S., Hobbie, E. A., Iversen, C. M., Jackson, R. B., Leppalammi-Kujansuu, J., Norby, R. J., Phillips, R. P., Pregitzer, K. S., Pritchard, S. G., Rewald, B., and Zadworny, M.: Redefining fine roots improves understanding of belowground contributions to terrestrial biosphere processes, New Phytol., 207, 505–518, 2015.
McCulley, R. L., Jobbagy, E. G., Pockman, W. T., and Jackson, R. B.: Nutrient uptake as a contributing explanation for deep rooting in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, Oecologia, 141, 620–628, 2004.
McCully, M.: How do real roots work?, Plant Physiol., 109, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.1.1, 1995.
McDonnell, J. J.: The two water worlds hypothesis: ecohydrological separation of water between streams and trees?, WIREs Water, 1, 323–329, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat1002.1027, 2014.
McGahan, D. G., Southard, R. J., and Zasoski, R. J.: Rhizosphere effects on soil solution composition and mineral stability, Geoderma, 226, 340–347, 2014.
McNear, J. D. H.: The rhizosphere-roots, soil and everything in between, The Nature Education: Knowledge Project, Nature Education Knowledge, 4, 3, 1, 2013.
McNickle, G. G. and Dybzinski, R.: Game theory and plant ecology, Ecol. Lett., 16, 545–555, 2013.
Meinzer, F. C., Woodruff, D. R., Marias, D. E., Smith, D. D., McCulloh, K. A., Howard, A. R., and Magedman, A. L.: Mapping “hydroscapes” along the iso-to anisohydric continuum of stomatal regulation of plant water status, Ecol. Lett., 19, 1343–1352, 2016.
Miller, D. J. and Dunne, T.: Topographic perturbations of regional stresses and consequent bedrock fracturing, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 101, 25523–25536, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02531, 1996.
Minasny, B., McBratney, A. B., and Salvador-Blanes, S.: Quantitative models for pedogenesis – a review, Geoderma, 144, 140–157, 2008.
Misra, R. K., Dexter, A. R., and Alston, A. M.: Maximum axial and radial growth pressures of plant roots, Plant Soil, 95, 315–326, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374612, 1986.
Moulton, K. K., West, J., and Berner, R. A.: Solute flux and mineral mass balance approaches to the quantification of plant effects on silicate weathering, Am. J. Sci., 300, 539–570, 2000.
Murphy, B. P., Johnson, J. P. L., Gasparini, N. M., and Sklar, L. S.: Chemical weathering as a mechanism for the climatic control of bedrock river incision, Nature, 532, 223–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17449, 2016.
Newman, B. D., Wilcox, B. P., and Graham, R. C.: Snowmelt-driven macropore flow and soil saturation in a semiarid forest, Hydrol. Process., 18, 1035–1042, 2004.
Nicoll, B. C., Berthier, S., Achim, A., Gouskou, K., Danjon, F., and van Beek, L. P. H.: The architecture of Picea sitchensis structural root systems on horizontal and sloping terrain, Trees, 20, 701–712, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-006-0085-z, 2006.
Nie, Y., Chen, H., Wang, K., and Yang, J.: Water source utilization by woody plants growing on dolomite outcrops and nearby soils during dry seasons in karst region of Southwest China, J. Hydrol., 264–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.011, 2012.
Nippert, J. B. and Knapp, A. K.: Linking water uptake with rooting patterns in grassland species, Oecologia, 153, 261–272, 2007.
Norman, S. A., Schaetzl, R. J., and Small, T. W.: Effects of slope angle on mass movement by tree uprooting, Geomorphology, 14, 19–27, 1995.
Oerter, E., Finstad, K., Schaefer, J., Goldsmith, G., Dawson, T., Amundson, R.: Oxygen isotope fractionation effects in soil water via interaction with cations (Mg, Ca, K, Na) adsorbed to phyllosilicate clay minerals, J. Hydrol., 515, 1–9, 2014.
Okin, G. S., Mahowald, N., Chadwick, O. A., and Artaxo, P.: Impact of desert dust on the biogeochemistry of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002145, 2004.
Oliveira, R. S., Dawson, T. E., Burgess, S. S. O., and Nepstad, D. C.: Hydraulic redistribution in three Amazonian trees, Oecologia, 145, 354–363, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0108-2, 2005.
Ollier, C.: Weathering, Longman, London, 270 pp., 1984.
Orlowski, N., Breuer, L., and McDonnell, J. J.: Critical issues with cryogenic extraction of soil water for stable isotope analysis, Ecohydrology, 9, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1722, 2016a.
Orlowski, N., Pratt, D. L., and McDonnell, J. J.: Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis, Hydrol. Process., 30, 3434–3449, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10870, 2016b.
Oshun, J., Dietrich, W. E., Dawson, T. E., and Fung, I.: Dynamic, structured heterogeneity of water isotopes inside hillslopes, Water Resour. Res., 52, 164–189, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017485, 2016.
Pate, J. S., Jesche, D., Dawson, T. E., Raphael, C., Hartung, W., and Bowen, B. J.: Growth and seasonal utilization of water and nutrients by Banskia prionotes, Aust. J. Bot., 46, 511–532, 1998.
Pavich, M., Leo, G. W., Obermeier, S. F., and Estabrook, J. R.: Investigations of the characteristics, origin, and residence time of the upland residual mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia, U. S. G. S. Professional Paper 1352, US Geological Survey, Washington, 1–58, 1989.
Pawlik, L., Phillips, J., and Samonil, P.: Roots, rock, and regolith: biomechanical and biochemical weathering by trees and its impact on hillslopes – a critical literature review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 159, 142–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.002, 2016.
Pett-Ridge, J. C.: Contributions of dust to phosphorus cycling in tropical forests of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico, Biogeochemistry, 94, 63–80, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9308-x, 2009.
Philippot, L., Raaijmakers, J. M., Lemanceau, P., and van der Putten, W. H.: Going back to the roots: the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 11, 789–799, 2013.
Phillips, J. D.: Biological energy in landscape evolution, Am. J. Sci., 309, 271–289, 2009.
Phillips, R. P., Brzostek, E., and Midgley, M. G.: The mycorrhizal-associated nutrient economy: a new framework for predicting carbon-nutrient couplings in temperate forests, New Phytol., 199, 41–51, 2013.
Phillips, S. L. and Ehleringer, J. R.: Limited uptake of summer precipitation by bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt) and Gambel's oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt), Trees, 9, 214–219, 1995.
Plamboeck, A. H., Dawson, T. E., Egerton-Warburton, L. M., North, M., Bruns, T. D., and Querejeta, J. I.: Water transfer via ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae to conifer seedlings, Mycorrhiza, 17, 439–447, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0119-4, 2007.
Poot, P., Hopper, S. D., and van Diggelen, J. M. H.: Exploring rock fissures: does a specialized root morphology explain endemism on granite outcrops?, Ann. Bot.-Lond., 110, 291–300, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr322, 2012.
Porder, S. and Chadwick, O. A.: Climate and soil-age constraints on nutrient uplift and retention by plants, Ecology, 90, 623–636, 2009.
Porder, S., Vitousek, P. M., Chadwick, O. A., Chamberlain, C. P., and Hilley, G. E.: Uplift, erosion, and phosphorus limitation in terrestrial ecosystems, Ecosystems, 10, 159–171, 2007.
Prosser, I. P., Dietrich, W. E., and Stevenson, J.: Flow resistance and sediment transport by concentrated overland flow in a grassland valley, Geomorphology, 13, 71–86, 1995.
Read, D.: Mycorrhizal fungi: the ties that bind, Nature, 388, 517–518, 1997.
Reed, S. C., Townsend, A. R., Taylor, P. G., and Cleveland, C. C.: Phosphorus cycling in tropical forests growing on highly weathered soils, in: Phosphorus in Action, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 339–369, 2011.
Reinhardt, K., Castanha, C., Germino, M. J., and Kueppers, L. M.: Ecophysiological variation in two provenances of Pinus flexilis seedlings across an elevation gradient from forest to alpine, Tree Physiol., 31, 615–625, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr055, 2011.
Rempe, D. M. and Dietrich, W. E.: A bottom-up control on fresh-bedrock topography under landscapes, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 6576–6581, 2014.
Reneau, S. L. and Dietrich, W. E.: Erosion rates in the Southern Oregon Coast Range: evidence for an equilibrium between hillslope erosion and sediment yield, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 16, 307–322, 1991.
Retallack, G. J.: Early forest soils and their role in Devonian global change, Science, 276, 583–585, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5312.583, 1997.
Roering, J. J., Marshall, J., Booth, A. M., Mort, M., and Jin, Q.: Evidence for biotic controls on topography and soil production, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 298, 183–190, 2010.
Rose, K. L., Graham, R. C., and Parker, D. R.: Water source utilization by Pinus jeffreyi and Arctostaphylos patula on thin soils over bedrock, Oecologia, 134, 46–54, 2003.
Rosling, A., Landeweert, R., Lindahl, B. D., Larsson, K. H., Kuyper, T. W., Taylor, A. F. S., and Finlay, R. D.: Vertical distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in a podzol soil profile, New Phytol., 159, 775–783, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00829.x, 2003.
Schaetzl, R. J., Burns, S. F., Small, T. W., and Johnson, D. L.: Tree uprooting: review of types and patterns of soil disturbance, Phys. Geogr., 11, 277–291, 1990.
Schaetzl, R. J. and Follmer, L. R.: Longevity of treethrow microtopography: implications for mass wasting, Geomorphology, 3, 113–123, 1990.
Schenk, H. J.: Soil depth, plant rooting strategies, and species' niches, New Phytol., 178, 223–225, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02427.x, 2008.
Schenk, H. J. and Jackson, R. B.: Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems, J. Ecol., 90, 480–494, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x, 2002a.
Schenk, H. J. and Jackson, R. B.: The global biogeography of roots, Ecol. Monogr., 72, 311–328, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0311:TGBOR]2.0.CO;2, 2002b.
Schenk, H. J. and Jackson, R. B.: Mapping the global distribution of deep roots in relation to climate and soil charateristics, Geoderma, 126, 129–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.018, 2005.
Schlesinger, W. H. and Jasechko, S.: Transpiration in the global water cycle, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 189–190, 115–117, 2014.
Schmidt, K. M., Roering, J. J., Stock, J. D., Dietrich, W. E., Montgomery, D. R., and Schaub, T.: The variability of root cohesion as an influence on shallow landslide susceptibility in the Oregon Coast Range, Can. Geotech. J., 38, 995–1024, 2001.
Scholl, D. G.: Soil moisture flux and evaporation determined from soil hydraulic properties in a chaparral stand, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40, 414–418, 1976.
Schwinning, S.: The water relations of two evergreen tree species in a karst savanna, Oecologia, 158, 373–383, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1147-2, 2008.
Schwinning, S.: The ecohydrology of roots in rocks, Ecohydrology, 3, 238–245, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.134, 2010.
Selby, M. J.: Hillslope Materials and Processes, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 480 pp., 1993.
Silvertown, J., Araya, Y., and Gowing, D.: Hydrological niches in terrestrial plant communities: a review, J. Ecol., 103, 93–108, 2015.
Sklar, L. S., Riebe, C. S., Marshall, J. A., Genetti, J., Leclere, S., Lukens, C. L., and Merces, V.: The problem of predicting the size distribution of sediment supplied by hillslopes to rivers, Geomorphology, 277, 31–49, 2017.
Smith, L. A., Eissenstat, D. M., and Kaye, M. W.: Variability in aboveground carbon driven by slope aspect and curvature in an eastern deciduous forest, USA, Can. J. Forest Res., 47, 149–158, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0147, 2017.
Smith, S. E. and Read, D. J.: Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Academic Press, London, 800 pp., 2008.
Smith, S. E., Facelli, E., Pope, S., and Smith, F. A.: Plant performance in stressful environments: interpreting new and established knowledge of the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas, Plant Soil, 326, 3–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9981-5, 2010.
Smits, M. M., Bonneville, S., and Benning, L. G.: Plant-driven weathering of apatite – the role of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Geobiology, 10, 445–456, 2012.
Snyder, K. A. and Williams, D. G.: Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River, Arizona, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 105, 227–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00193-3, 2000.
Spence, C. and Phillips, R. W.: Refining understanding of hydrological connectivity in a boreal catchment, Hydrol. Process., 29, 3491–3503, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10270, 2015.
Sprenger, M., Leistert, H., Gimbel, L., and Weiler, M.: Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes, Rev. Geophys., 54, 674–704, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000515, 2016.
St. Clair, J., Moon, S., Holbrook, S., Perron, J. T., Riebe, C. S., Martel, S., Carr, B., Harman, C., Singha, K., and Richter, D.: Geophysical imaging reveals topographic stress control of bedrock weathering, Science, 350, 534–538, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2210, 2015.
Sternberg, P. D., Anderson, M. A., Graham, R. C., Beyers, J. L., and Tice, K. R.: Root distribution and seasonal water status in weathered granitic bedrock under chaparral, Geoderma, 72, 9, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(96)00019-5, 1996.
Sterner, R. and Elser, J.: Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 584 pp., 2002.
Stewart, J. B., Moran, C. J., and Wood, J. T.: Macropore sheath: quantification of plant root and soil macropore, Plant Soil, 211, 59–67, 1999.
Stone, E. L. and Kalisz, P. J.: On the maximum extent of tree roots, Forest Ecol. Manage., 46, 59–102, 1991.
Taylor, L. L., Leake, J. R., Quirk, J., Hardy, K., Banwart, S. A., and Beerling, D. J.: Biological weathering and the long-term carbon cycle: integrating mycorrhizal evolution and function into the current paradigm, Geobiology, 7, 171–191, 2009.
Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: Threshold relations in subsurface stormflow 1: A 147 storm analysis of the Panola hillslope trench, Water Resour. Res., 42, W02410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003778, 2006.
US National Research Council Committee on Basic Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences: Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 154 pp., 2001.
van Breemen, N., Finlay, R., Lundstrom, U., Jongmans, A. G., Giesler, R., and Olsson, M.: Mycorrhizal weathering: a true case of mineral plant nutrition?, Biogeochemistry, 49, 53–67, 2000.
van der Heijden, M. G., Martin, F. M., Selosse, M. A., and Sanders, I. R.: Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future, New Phytol., 205, 1406–1423, 2015.
van Meerveld, H. J., Seibert, J., and Peters, N. E.: Hillslope-riparian-stream connectivity and flow directions at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Hydrol. Process., 29, 3556–3574, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10508, 2015.
van Scholl, L., Hoffland, E., and van Breeman, N.: Organic anion exudation by ectomycorrhizal fungi and Pinus sylvestris in response to nutrient deficiencies, New Phytol., 170, 153–163, 2006a.
van Scholl, L., Smits, M. M., and Hoffland, E.: Ectomycorrhizal weathering of the soil minerals muscovite and hornblende, New Phytol., 171, 805–814, 2006b.
Van Scholl, L., Kuyper, T. W., Smits, M. M., Landeweert, R., Hoffland, E., and Van Breemen, N.: Rock-eating mycorrhizas: their role in plant nutrition and biogeochemical cycles, Plant Soil, 303, 35–47, 2008.
Vargas, A. I., Schaffer, B., Yuhong, L., and da Silveira Lobo Sternberg, L.: Testing plant use of mobile vs. immobile soil water sources using stable isotope experiments, New Phytol., 215, 582–594, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14616, 2017.
Venkateshwaran, M., Volkening, J. D., Sussman, M. R., and Ane, J. M.: Symbiosis and the social network of higher plants, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 16, 118–127, 2013.
Venter, F. J., Scholes, R. J., and Eckhardt, H. C.: The abiotic template and its associated vegetation pattern, in: The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity, edited by: du Toit, J. T., Rogers, K. H., Biggs, H., Island Press, Washington, D.C., 83–129, 2003.
Vitousek, P. M., Porder, S., Houlton, B. Z., and Chadwick, O. A.: Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen-phosphorus interactions, Ecol. Appl., 20, 5–15, 2010.
Walker, C. D. and Richardson, S. B.: The use of stable isotopes of water in characterizing the source of water in vegetation, Chem. Geol., 94, 145–158, 1991.
Wallander, H. and Ekblad, A.: The importance of ectomycorrhizal networks for nutrient retention and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems, in: Mycorrhizal Networks, edited by: Horton, T. R., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 69–90, 2015.
Walter, H.: Grassland, Savanne und Busch der arideren Teile Afrikas in ihrer ökologischen Bedingtheit, Jahrb. Wissensch. Bot., 87, 750–860, 1939.
Ward, D., Wiegand, K., and Getzin, S.: Walter's two-layer hypothesis revisited: back to the roots!, Oecologia, 172, 617–630, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2538-y, 2013.
Warren, J. M., Brooks, J. R., Meinzer, F. C., and Eberhart, J. L.: Hydraulic redistribution of water from Pinus ponderosa trees to seedlings: evidence for an ectomycorrhizal pathway, New Phytol., 178, 382–394, 2008.
Washburn, E. W. and Smith, E. R.: The isotope fractionation of water by physiological processes, Science, 79, 188–189, 1934.
Weathers, K. C., Groffman, P. M., VanDolah, E., Bernhardt, E., Grimm, N. B., McMahon, K. A., Schimel, J., Paolisso, M., Baer, S., Brauman, K., and Hinckley, E. S.: Frontiers in ecosystem ecology from a community perspective: the future is boundless and bright, Ecosystems, 19, 753–770, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-9967-0, 2016.
Weltzin, J. F. and McPherson, G. R.: Spatial and temporal soil moisture resource partitioning by trees and grasses in a temperate savannna, Arizona, USA, Oecologia, 112, 156–164, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050295, 1997.
West, N., Kirby, E., Bierman, P. R., Slingerland, R., Ma, L., Rood, D., and Brantley, S. L.: Regolith production and transport at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory: Part 2 – Insights from meteoric 10Be, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1877–1896, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20121, 2013.
White, J. W. C., Cook, E. R., Lawrence, J. R., and Broecher, W. S.: The DH ratios of sap in trees: implications for water sources and tree ring DH ratios, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 49, 237–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90207-8, 1985.
Wilkinson, M. T. and Humphreys, G. S.: Exploring pedogenesis via nuclide-based soil production rates and OSL-based bioturbation rates, Aust. J. Soil Res., 43, 767–779, https://doi.org/10.1071/SR04158, 2005.
Witty, J. H., Graham, R. C., Hubbert, K. R., Doolittle, J. A., and Wald, J. A.: Contributions of water supply from the weathered bedrock zone to forest soil quality, Geoderma, 114, 389–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00051-X, 2003.
Wu, Y., Guo, L., Cui, X., Chen, J., Cao, X., and Lin, H.: Ground-penetrating radar-based automatic reconstruction of three-dimensional coarse root system architecture, Plant Soil, 383, 155–172, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2139-0, 2014.
Wyrick, G. G. and Borchers, J. W.: Hydrologic effects of stress-relief fracturing in an Appalachian valley, United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2177, United States Geological Survey, Washington, 51 pp., 1981.
Yoo, K., Weinman, B., Mudd, S. M., Hurst, M., Attal, M., and Maher, K.: Evolution of hillslope soils: the geomorphic theater and the geochemical play, Appl. Geochem., 26, S149–S153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.054, 2011.
Zadworny, M. and Eissenstat, D. M.: Contrasting the morphology, anatomy and fungal colonization of new pioneer and fibrous roots, New Phytol., 190, 213–221, 2011.
Zhao, L., Wang, L., Cernusak, L. A., Liu, X., Xiao, H., Zhou, M., and Zhang, S.: Significant difference in hydrogen isotope composition between xylem and tissue water in Populus Euphratica, Plant Cell Environ., 39, 1848–1857, 2016.
Zhu, Y., Duan, G., Chen, B., Peng, X., Chen, Z., and Sun, G.: Mineral weathering and element cycling in soil-microorganism-plant system, Sci. China Earth Sci., 57, 888–896, 2014.
Zwieniecki, M. A. and Newton, M.: Root distribution of 12-year-old forests at rocky sites in southwestern Oregon: effects of rock physical properties, Can. J. Forest Res., 24, 1791–1796, 1994.
Zwieniecki, M. A. and Newton, M.: Roots growing in rock fissures: their morphological adaptation, Plant Soil, 172, 181–187, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011320, 1995.
Zwieniecki, M. A. and Newton, M.: Seasonal pattern of water depletion from soil-rock profiles in a Mediterranean climate in southwestern Oregon, Can. J. Forest Res., 26, 1346–1352, 1996.
Short summary
This review represents the outcome from an invigorating workshop discussion that involved tree physiologists, geomorphologists, ecologists, geochemists, and hydrologists and developed nine hypotheses that could be tested. We argue these hypotheses point to the essence of issues we must explore if we are to understand how the natural system of the earth surface evolves, and how humans will affect its evolution. This paper will create discussion and interest both before and after publication.
This review represents the outcome from an invigorating workshop discussion that involved tree...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint