Articles | Volume 18, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1009-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1009-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Feb 2021
Research article |
| 11 Feb 2021
| 11 Feb 2021
Subsurface flow and phosphorus dynamics in beech forest hillslopes during sprinkling experiments: how fast is phosphorus replenished?
Michael Rinderer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Chair of Hydrology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Jaane Krüger
Chair of Soil Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Friederike Lang
Chair of Soil Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Heike Puhlmann
Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute
Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
Markus Weiler
Chair of Hydrology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Related authors
Barbara Herbstritt, Benjamin Gralher, Stefan Seeger, Michael Rinderer, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3701–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to collect water vapor samples into bags in the field without an in-field analyser, followed by isotope analysis in the lab. This new method resolves even fine-scaled natural isotope variations. It combines low-cost and lightweight components for maximum spatial and temporal flexibility regarding environmental setups. Hence, it allows for sampling even in terrains that are rather difficult to access, enabling future extended isotope datasets in soil sciences and ecohydrology.
Romane Berthelin, Tunde Olarinoye, Michael Rinderer, Matías Mudarra, Dominic Demand, Mirjam Scheller, and Andreas Hartmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 385–400, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-385-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-385-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Karstic recharge processes have mainly been explored using discharge analysis despite the high influence of the heterogeneous surface on hydrological processes. In this paper, we introduce an event-based method which allows for recharge estimation from soil moisture measurements. The method was tested at a karst catchment in Germany but can be applied to other karst areas with precipitation and soil moisture data available. It will allow for a better characterization of karst recharge processes.
David Mennekes, Michael Rinderer, Stefan Seeger, and Natalie Orlowski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4513–4530, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ stable water isotope measurements are a recently developed method to measure water movement from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere in high resolution and precision. Here, we present important advantages of the new method in comparison to commonly used measurement methods in an experimental setup. Overall, this method can help to answer research questions such as plant responses to climate change with potentially shifting water availability or temperatures.
Lea Dedden and Markus Weiler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4285, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Throughfall in forests varies in space and time creating distinct patterns. We developed a novel throughfall monitoring approach for continuous, automated measurement that features 60 self-built and cost effective throughfall samplers. Collected data show the potential of the approach to capture throughfall variability at small distances, among and within rainfall events and between different trees species.
Jonas Pyschik and Markus Weiler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2411, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2411, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new method of detecting how water moves quickly through certain paths in soil, bypassing the usual, slower flow. By analysing natural water markers in soil samples taken at different depths, we identified unusual flow patterns. Our method is simple and non-invasive, and can be used to cover large areas. This helps us to better understand how water travels through the ground, which is important for managing water resources and protecting the environment.
Heinke Paulsen and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2309–2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2309-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2309-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This technical note describes the development of a weighing forest floor grid lysimeter. The device is needed to investigate the dynamics of the water balance components of the organic layer in forests, quantifying precipitation, drainage, evaporation, and storage. We designed a setup that can be easily rebuilt and that is cost-effective, which allows for customized applications. Performance metrics from laboratory results and initial field data are presented.
Svenja Hoffmeister, Sibylle Kathrin Hassler, Friederike Lang, Rebekka Maier, Betserai Isaac Nyoka, and Erwin Zehe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1719, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1719, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Combining trees and crops in agroforestry systems can potentially be a sustainable option for agriculture facing climate change impacts. We used methods from soil science and hydrology to assess the effect of adding gliricidia trees to maize fields, on carbon content, soil properties and water availability. Our results show a clear increase in carbon contents and effects on physical soil characteristics and water uptake and retention as a consequence of the agroforestry treatment.
Markus Weiler, Julia Krumm, Ingo Haag, Hannes Leistert, Max Schmit, Andreas Steinbrich, and Andreas Hänsler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1519, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1519, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Pluvial (flash) floods, caused by intense local rainfall, result in surface runoff and overland flow, making them different from fluvial floods. A new Pluvial Flood Index (PFI) combines precipitation, hydrological, and hydrodynamic processes to assess surface flooding hazards. The PFI, based on flood hazard areas, helps forecast flash floods and supports real-time warning systems, aiding municipal decision-making, preparedness, and planning.
Jonas Pyschik, Stefan Seeger, Barbara Herbstritt, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 525–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-525-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-525-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a device (named VapAuSa) that automates stable water isotope analysis. Stable water isotopes are a natural tracer that many researchers use to investigate water (re-)distribution processes in environmental systems. VapAuSa helps to analyse such environmental samples by automating a formerly tedious manual process, allowing for higher sample throughput. This enables larger sampling campaigns, as more samples can be processed before reaching their limited storage time.
Robin Schwemmle, Hannes Leistert, Andreas Steinbrich, and Markus Weiler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5249–5262, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new process-based hydrological toolbox model, RoGeR (https://roger.readthedocs.io/), can be used to estimate the components of the hydrological cycle and the related travel times of pollutants through parts of the hydrological cycle. These estimations may contribute to effective water resources management. This paper presents the toolbox concept and provides a simple example of providing estimations to water resources management.
Barbara Herbstritt, Benjamin Gralher, Stefan Seeger, Michael Rinderer, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3701–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to collect water vapor samples into bags in the field without an in-field analyser, followed by isotope analysis in the lab. This new method resolves even fine-scaled natural isotope variations. It combines low-cost and lightweight components for maximum spatial and temporal flexibility regarding environmental setups. Hence, it allows for sampling even in terrains that are rather difficult to access, enabling future extended isotope datasets in soil sciences and ecohydrology.
Stefan Seeger and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3393–3404, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a low-budget method to quantify the radial distribution of water transport velocities within trees at a high spatial resolution. We observed a wide spread of water transport velocities within a tree stem section, which were on average 3 times faster than the flux velocity. The distribution of transport velocities has implications for studies that use water isotopic signatures to study root water uptake and usually assume uniform or even implicitly infinite velocities.
Romane Berthelin, Tunde Olarinoye, Michael Rinderer, Matías Mudarra, Dominic Demand, Mirjam Scheller, and Andreas Hartmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 385–400, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-385-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-385-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Karstic recharge processes have mainly been explored using discharge analysis despite the high influence of the heterogeneous surface on hydrological processes. In this paper, we introduce an event-based method which allows for recharge estimation from soil moisture measurements. The method was tested at a karst catchment in Germany but can be applied to other karst areas with precipitation and soil moisture data available. It will allow for a better characterization of karst recharge processes.
Andreas Hänsler and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5069–5084, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5069-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5069-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spatially explicit quantification of design storms is essential for flood risk assessment and planning. However, available datasets are mainly based on spatially interpolated station-based design storms. Since the spatial interpolation of the data inherits a large potential for uncertainty, we develop an approach to be able to derive spatially explicit design storms on the basis of weather radar data. We find that our approach leads to an improved spatial representation of design storms.
Anne Hartmann, Markus Weiler, Konrad Greinwald, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4953–4974, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing the impact of soil age and rainfall intensity on vertical subsurface flow paths in calcareous soils, with a special focus on preferential flow occurrence, shows how water flow paths are linked to the organization of evolving landscapes. The observed increase in preferential flow occurrence with increasing moraine age provides important but rare data for a proper representation of hydrological processes within the feedback cycle of the hydro-pedo-geomorphological system.
Nils Hinrich Kaplan, Theresa Blume, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2671–2696, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study is analyses how characteristics of precipitation events and soil moisture and temperature dynamics during these events can be used to model the associated streamflow responses in intermittent streams. The models are used to identify differences between the dominant controls of streamflow intermittency in three distinct geologies of the Attert catchment, Luxembourg. Overall, soil moisture was found to be the most important control of intermittent streamflow in all geologies.
Benjamin Gralher, Barbara Herbstritt, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5219–5235, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We scrutinized the quickest currently available method for stable isotope analysis of matrix-bound water. Simulating common procedures, we demonstrated the limits of certain materials currently used and identified a reliable and cost-efficient alternative. Further, we calculated the optimum proportions of important protocol aspects critical for precise and accurate analyses. Our unifying protocol suggestions increase data quality and comparability as well as the method's general applicability.
David Mennekes, Michael Rinderer, Stefan Seeger, and Natalie Orlowski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4513–4530, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ stable water isotope measurements are a recently developed method to measure water movement from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere in high resolution and precision. Here, we present important advantages of the new method in comparison to commonly used measurement methods in an experimental setup. Overall, this method can help to answer research questions such as plant responses to climate change with potentially shifting water availability or temperatures.
Jan Greiwe, Markus Weiler, and Jens Lange
Biogeosciences, 18, 4705–4715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed variability in diel nitrate patterns at three locations in a lowland stream. Comparison of time lags between monitoring sites with water travel time indicated that diel patterns were created by in-stream processes rather than transported downstream from an upstream point of origin. Most of the patterns (70 %) could be explained by assimilatory nitrate uptake. The remaining patterns suggest seasonally varying dominance and synchronicity of different biochemical processes.
Stefan Seeger and Markus Weiler
Biogeosciences, 18, 4603–4627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4603-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4603-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a setup for fully automated in situ measurements of stable water isotopes in soil and the stems of fully grown trees. We used this setup in a 12-week field campaign to monitor the propagation of a labelling pulse from the soil up to a stem height of 8 m.
We could observe trees shifting their main water uptake depths multiple times, depending on water availability.
The gained knowledge about the temporal dynamics can help to improve water uptake models and future study designs.
Andreas Hänsler and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-366, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-366, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Spatially explicit quantification on design storms are essential for flood risk assessment. However this information can be only achieved from substantially long records of rainfall measurements, usually only available for a few stations. Hence, design storms estimates from these few stations are then spatially interpolated leading to a major source of uncertainty. Therefore we defined a methodology to extend spatially explicit weather radar data to be used for the estimation of design storms.
Anne Hartmann, Markus Weiler, Konrad Greinwald, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-242, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-242, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Our field observation-based examination of flow path evolution, soil formation and vegetation succession across ten millennia on calcareous parent material shows how water flow paths and subsurface water storage are linked to the organization of evolving landscapes. We provide important but rare data and observations for a proper handling of hydrologic processes and their role within the feedback cycle of the hydro-pedo-geomorphological system.
Axel Schaffitel, Tobias Schuetz, and Markus Weiler
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2127–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents FluSM, an algorithm to derive the water balance from soil moisture and metrological measurements. This data-driven water balance framework uses soil moisture as an input and therefore is applicable for cases with unclear processes and lacking parameters. In a case study, we apply FluSM to derive the water balance of 15 different permeable pavements under field conditions. These findings are of special interest for urban hydrology.
Robin Schwemmle, Dominic Demand, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2187–2198, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of the reasons why model performance is unsatisfying represents a crucial part for meaningful model evaluation. We propose the novel diagnostic efficiency (DE) measure and diagnostic polar plots. The proposed evaluation approach provides a diagnostic tool for model developers and model users and facilitates interpretation of model performance.
Merle Koelbing, Tobias Schuetz, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-24, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-24, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a unique and comprehensive data set of urban micro-meteorological variables, which were observed with a mobile climate station, we developed a new method to transfer mesoscale reference potential evapotranspiration to the urban microscale in street canyons. Our findings can be transferred easily to existing urban hydrologic models to improve modelling results with a more precise estimate of potential evapotranspiration on street level.
Frederick Büks, Gilles Kayser, Antonia Zieger, Friederike Lang, and Martin Kaupenjohann
Biogeosciences, 18, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ultrasonication/density fractionation is a common method used to extract particulate organic matter (POM) and, recently, microplastic (MP) from soil samples. In this study, ultrasonic treatment with mechanical stress increasing from 0 to 500 J mL−1 caused comminution and a reduced recovery rate of soil-derived POMs but no such effects with MP particles. In consequence, the extraction of MP from soils is not affected by particle size and recovery rate artifacts.
Anne Hartmann, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3189–3204, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3189-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3189-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis of soil physical and hydraulic properties across two soil chronosequences of 10 millennia in the Swiss Alps provides important observation of the evolution of soil hydraulic behavior. A strong co-evolution of soil physical and hydraulic properties was revealed by the observed change of fast-draining coarse-textured soils to slow-draining soils with a high water-holding capacity in correlation with a distinct change in structural properties and organic matter content.
Daniel Beiter, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5713–5744, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the interactions between streams and their adjacent hillslopes in terms of water flow. It could be revealed that soil structure has a strong influence on how hillslopes connect to the streams, while the groundwater table tells us a lot about when the two connect. This observation could be used to improve models that try to predict whether or not hillslopes are in a state where a rain event will be likely to produce a flood in the stream.
Maria Staudinger, Stefan Seeger, Barbara Herbstritt, Michael Stoelzle, Jan Seibert, Kerstin Stahl, and Markus Weiler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3057–3066, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3057-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3057-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The data set CH-IRP provides isotope composition in precipitation and streamflow from 23 Swiss catchments, being unique regarding its long-term multi-catchment coverage along an alpine–pre-alpine gradient. CH-IRP contains fortnightly time series of stable water isotopes from streamflow grab samples complemented by time series in precipitation. Sampling conditions, catchment and climate information, lab standards and errors are provided together with areal precipitation and catchment boundaries.
Nils Hinrich Kaplan, Theresa Blume, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5453–5472, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5453-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5453-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In recent decades the demand for detailed information of spatial and temporal dynamics of the stream network has grown in the fields of eco-hydrology and extreme flow prediction. We use temporal streamflow intermittency data obtained at various sites using innovative sensing technology as well as spatial predictors to predict and map probabilities of streamflow intermittency. This approach has the potential to provide intermittency maps for hydrological modelling and management practices.
Michael Stoelzle, Maria Staudinger, Kerstin Stahl, and Markus Weiler
Proc. IAHS, 383, 43–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-43-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-43-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The role of recharge and catchment storage is crucial to understand streamflow drought sensitivity. Here we introduce a model experiment with recharge stress tests as complement to climate scenarios to quantify the streamflow drought sensitivities of catchments in Switzerland. We identified a pre-drought period of 12 months as maximum storage-memory for the study catchments. From stress testing, we found up to 200 days longer summer streamflow droughts and minimum flow reductions of 50 %–80 %.
Cited articles
Achat, D. L., Pousse, N., Nicolas, M., Brédoire, F., and Augusto, L.:
Soil properties controlling inorganic phosphorus availability: general
results from a national forest network and a global compilation of the
literature, Biogeochemistry, 127, 255–272,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0178-0, 2016.
Aciego, S. M., Riebe, C. S., Hart, S. C., Blakowski, M. A., Carey, C. J.,
Aarons, S. M., Dove, N. C., Botthoff, J. K., Sims, K. W. W., and Aronson, E.
L.: Dust outpaces bedrock in nutrient supply to montane forest ecosystems,
Nat. Commun., 8, 14800, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14800, 2017.
Backnäs, S., Laine-Kaulio, H., and Kløve, B.: Phosphorus forms and
related soil chemistry in preferential flowpaths and the soil matrix of a
forested podzolic till soil profile, Geoderma, 189–190, 50–64,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.04.016, 2012.
Benning, R., Schua, K., Schwärzel, K., and Feger, K. H.: Fluxes of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Dissolved Organic Carbon in the inflow of the Lehnmühle reservoir (Saxony) as compared to streams draining three main land-use types in the catchment, Adv. Geosci., 32, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-32-1-2012, 2012.
Bol, R., Julich, D., Brödlin, D., Siemens, J., Kaiser, K., Dippold, M.
A., Spielvogel, S., Zilla, T., Mewes, D., von Blanckenburg, F., Puhlmann,
H., Holzmann, S., Weiler, M., Amelung, W., Lang, F., Kuzyakov, Y., Feger,
K., Gottselig, N., Klumpp, E., Missong, A., Winkelmann, C., Uhlig, D.,
Sohrt, J., von Wilpert, K., Wu, B., and Hagedorn, F.: Dissolved and colloidal
phosphorus fluxes in forest ecosystems — an almost blind spot in ecosystem
research, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 179, 425–438,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201600079, 2016.
Braun, S., Thomas, V. F. D., Quiring, R., and Flückiger, W.: Does
nitrogen deposition increase forest production? The role of phosphorus,
Environ. Pollut., 158, 2043–2052, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.030,
2010.
Brinson, M. M.: Decomposition and Nutrient Exchange of Litter in an Alluvial
Swamp Forest, Ecology, 58, 601–609, 1977.
Brödlin, D., Kaiser, K., Kessler, A., and Hagedorn, F.: Drying and
rewetting foster phosphorus depletion of forest soils, Soil Biol. Biochem.,
128, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.001, 2019.
Bünemann, E. K., Keller, B., Hoop, D., and Jud, K.: Increased
availability of phosphorus after drying and rewetting of a grassland soil:
processes and plant use, Plant Soil, 370, 511–526,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1651-y, 2013.
Burns, D. A., Hooper, R. P., Mcdonnell, J. J., Freer, J. E., Kendall, C., and
Beven, K.: Base cation concentrations in subsurface flow from a forested
hillslope: The role of flushing frequency, Water Resour. Res., 34,
3535–3544, 1998.
Carlyle, G. C. and Hill, A. R.: Groundwater phosphate dynamics in a river
riparian zone: Effects of hydrologic flowpaths, lithology and redox
chemistry, J. Hydrol., 247, 151–168,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00375-4, 2001.
Chadwick, O. A., Derry, L. A., Vitousek, P. M., Huebert, B. J., and Hedin, L.
O.: Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem
development, Nature, 397, 491–497, https://doi.org/10.1038/17276, 1999.
Cole, D. and Rapp, M.: Elemental Cycling in Forest Ecosystems, in: Dynamic
Properties of Forest Ecosystems, edited by: Reichle, D., Cambridge University Press, London, UK, 341–409, 1981.
Compton, J. E. and Cole, D. W.: Phosphorus cycling and soil P fractions in
Douglas-fir and red alder stands, Forest Ecol. Manage., 110, 101–112,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00278-3, 1998.
Cox, J. W., Kirkby, C. A., Chittleborough, D. J., Smythe, L. J., and Fleming,
N. K.: Mobility of phosphorus through intact soil cores collected from the
Adelaide Hills, South Australia, Aust. J. Soil Res., 38, 973–990,
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR99125, 2000.
Diaconu, D., Kahle, H. P., and Spiecker, H.: Thinning increases drought
tolerance of European beech: a case study on two forested slopes on opposite
sides of a valley, Eur. J. For. Res., 136, 319–328,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-017-1033-8, 2017.
DIN: DIN ES ISO 6878 – Water quality determination for phosphorus – Ammonium
molybdata spectrometric method, 1–30, 2004.
DIN: DIN 32645: Chemical analysis – Decision limit, detection limit and
determination limit under repeatability conditions – Terms, methods,
evaluation, 1–20, 2008.
Dincher, M. and Calvaruso, C.: Particles in humus leaching solution
influence the input – output budget of the major elements in a beech
forest, Biogeochemistry, 151, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00702-6,
2020.
Duquesnay, A., Dupouey, J. L., Clement, A., Ulrich, E., and Le Tacon, F.:
Spatial and temporal variability of foliar mineral concentration in beech
(Fagus sylvatica) stands in northeastern France, Tree Physiol., 20,
13–22, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.1.13, 2000.
DWD Climate Data Center: Raster der Wiederkehrintervalle für
Starkregen(Bemessungsniederschläge) in Deutschland (KOSTRA-DWD), Version
2010R, 2010 (in German).
Elser, J. J., Fagan, W. F., Denno, R. F., Dobberfuhl, D. R., Folarin, A.,
Huberty, A., Interlandi, S., Kilham, S. S., McCauley, E., Schulz, K. L.,
Siemann, E. H., and Sterner, R. W.: Nutritional constraints in terrestrial
and freshwater food webs, Nature, 408, 578–580, https://doi.org/10.1038/35046058,
2000.
Elser, J. J., Bracken, M. E. S., Cleland, E. E., Gruner, D. S., Harpole, W.
S., Hillebrand, H., Ngai, J. T., Seabloom, E. W., Shurin, J. B., and Smith,
J. E.: Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary
producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecol. Lett.,
10, 1135–1142, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x, 2007.
Fuchs, J. W., Fox, G. A., Storm, D. E., Penn, C. J., and Brown, G. O.:
Subsurface transport of phosphorus in riparian floodplains: Influence of
preferential flow paths, J. Environ. Qual., 38, 473–484,
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0201, 2009.
Gordon, H., Haygarth, P. M., and Bardgett, R. D.: Drying and rewetting
effects on soil microbial community composition and nutrient leaching, Soil
Biol. Biochem., 40, 302–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.08.008, 2008.
Gottselig, N., Amelung, W., Kirchner, J. W., Bol, R., Eugster, W., Granger,
S. J., Hernández-Crespo, C., Herrmann, F., Keizer, J. J., Korkiakoski,
M., Laudon, H., Lehner, I., Löfgren, S., Lohila, A., Macleod, C. J. A.,
Mölder, M., Müller, C., Nasta, P., Nischwitz, V., Paul-Limoges, E.,
Pierret, M. C., Pilegaard, K., Romano, N., Sebastià, M. T., Stähli,
M., Voltz, M., Vereecken, H., Siemens, J., and Klumpp, E.: Elemental
Composition of Natural Nanoparticles and Fine Colloids in European Forest
Stream Waters and Their Role as Phosphorus Carriers, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 31, 1592–1607, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005657, 2017.
Gregory, S. V.: Phosphorus dynamics on organic and inorganic substrates in
streams, Int. Vereinigung der Angew. und Theor. Limnol., 20, 1340–1346,
1978.
Hagedorn, F. and Bundt, M.: The age of preferential flow paths, Geoderma,
108, 119–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00129-5, 2002.
Hartmann, J., Moosdorf, N., Lauerwald, R., Hinderer, M., and West, A. J.:
Global chemical weathering and associated P-release – The role of lithology,
temperature and soil properties, Chem. Geol., 363, 145–163,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.10.025, 2014.
Hauenstein, S., Neidhardt, H., Lang, F., Krüger, J., Hofmann, D., Pütz, T., and Oelmann, Y.: Organic layers favor phosphorus storage and uptake by young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) at nutrient poor ecosystems, Plant Soil, 432, 289301, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3804-5, 2018.
Heathwaite, A. and Dils, R.: Characterising phosphorus loss in surface and
subsurface hydrological pathways, Sci. Total Environ., 251–252, 523–538,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00393-4, 2000.
Helfenstein, J., Jegminat, J., McLaren, T. I., and Frossard, E.: Soil solution phosphorus turnover: derivation, interpretation, and insights from a global compilation of isotope exchange kinetic studies, Biogeosciences, 15, 105–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-105-2018, 2018.
Hill, B. H., Mccormick, F. H., Harvey, B. C., Johnson, S. L., Warren, M. L.,
and Elonen, C. M.: Microbial enzyme activity, nutrient uptake and nutrient
limitation in forested streams, Freshwater Biol., 55, 1005–1019,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02337.x, 2010.
Hornberger, G. M., Bencala, K. E., and McKnight, D. M.: Hydrological controls
on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near
Montezuma, Colorado, Biogeochemistry, 25, 147–165,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024390, 1994.
Hou, E., Tan, X., Heenan, M., and Wen, D.: A global dataset of plant
available and unavailable phosphorus in natural soils derived by hedley
method, Sci. Data, 5, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.166, 2018.
Ilg, K., Wellbrock, N., and Lux, W.: Phosphorus supply and cycling at
long-term forest monitoring sites in Germany, Eur. J. For. Res., 128,
483–492, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-009-0297-z, 2009.
Jackson, C. R., Du, E., Klaus, J., Griffiths, N. A., Bitew, M., and
McDonnell, J. J.: Interactions among hydraulic conductivity distributions,
subsurface topography, and transport thresholds revealed by a multitracer
hillslope irrigation experiment, Water Resour. Res., 52, 6186–6206,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018364, 2016.
Jardine, P. M., Wilson, G. V., McCarthy, J. F., Luxmoore, R. J., Taylor, D.
L., and Zelazny, L. W.: Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the transport
of dissolved organic carbon through a forested hillslope, J. Contam.
Hydrol., 6, 3–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(90)90008-5, 1990.
Johnson, D. W., Trettin, C. C., and Todd, D. E.: Changes in forest floor and
soil nutrients in a mixed oak forest 33 years after stem only and whole-tree
harvest, For. Ecol. Manag., 361, 56–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.012,
2016.
Jonard, M., Fürst, A., Verstraeten, A., Thimonier, A., Timmermann, V.,
Potočić, N., Waldner, P., Benham, S., Hansen, K., Merilä, P.,
Ponette, Q., de la Cruz, A. C., Roskams, P., Nicolas, M., Croisé, L.,
Ingerslev, M., Matteucci, G., Decinti, B., Bascietto, M., and Rautio, P.:
Tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in Europe, Glob. Change Biol.,
21, 418–430, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12657, 2015.
Julich, D., Julich, S., and Feger, K. H.: Phosphorus fractions in
preferential flow pathways and soil matrix in hillslope soils in the
Thuringian Forest (Central Germany), Z. Pflanz. Bodenkunde, 180, 407–417, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201600305, 2017a.
Julich, D., Julich, S., and Feger, K. H.: Phosphorus in preferential flow
pathways of forest soils in Germany, Forests, 8, 19, https://doi.org/10.3390/f8010019,
2017b.
Kabeya, D., Inagaki, Y., Noguchi, K., and Han, Q.: Growth rate reduction
causes a decline in the annual incremental trunk growth in masting Fagus
crenata trees, Tree Physiol., 37, 1444–1452, 1444–1452, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx081, 2017.
Kaiser, K., Guggenberger, G., and Zech, W.: Organically Bound Nutrients in
Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions in Seepage and Pore Water of Weakly
Developed Forest Soils, Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 28, 411–419,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-401x(20017)28:7<411::aid-aheh411>3.0.co;2-d, 2000.
Kaiser, K., Guggenberger, G., and Haumaier, L.: Organic phosphorus in soil
water under a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand in northeastern Bavaria, Germany: Seasonal variability and changes with soil depth, Biogeochemistry, 66, 287–310, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000005325.86131.5f,
2003.
Kirschbaum, M. U. F.: The temperature dependence of soil organic matter
decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage,
Soil Biol. Biochem., 27, 753–760, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)00242-S,
1995.
Kunimatsu, T., Hamabata, E., Sudo, M., and Hida, Y.: Comparison of nutrient
budgets betwen three forested mountain watersheds on granite bedrock, Water
Sci. Technol., 44, 129–140, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0406, 2001.
Lambers, H., Raven, J. A., Shaver, G. R., and Smith, S. E.: Plant
nutrient-acquisition strategies change with soil age, Trends Ecol. Evol.,
23, 95–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.008, 2008.
Lang, F., Krüger, J., Amelung, W., Willbold, S., Frossard, E.,
Bünemann, E. K., Bauhus, J., Nitschke, R., Kandeler, E., Marhan, S.,
Schulz, S., Bergkemper, F., Schloter, M., Luster, J., Guggisberg, F.,
Kaiser, K., Mikutta, R., Guggenberger, G., Polle, A., Pena, R., Prietzel,
J., Rodionov, A., Talkner, U., Meesenburg, H., von Wilpert, K.,
Hölscher, A., Dietrich, H. P., and Chmara, I.: Soil phosphorus supply
controls P nutrition strategies of beech forest ecosystems in Central
Europe, Biogeochemistry, 136, 5–29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0375-0, 2017.
Makowski, V., Julich, S., Feger, K., Breuer, L., and Julich, D.: Leaching of
dissolved and particulate phosphorus via preferential flow pathways in a
forest soil: An approach using zero-tension lysimeters Leaching of
dissolved and particulate phosphorus via preferential flow pathways in a
forest soil: An approach using zero‐tension lysimeters, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 186, 238–247, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201900216, 2020.
Missong, A., Holzmann, S., Bol, R., Nischwitz, V., Puhlmann, H., v. Wilpert,
K., Siemens, J., and Klumpp, E.: Leaching of natural colloids from forest
topsoils and their relevance for phosphorus mobility, Sci. Total Environ.,
634, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.265, 2018a.
Missong, A., Bol, R., Nischwitz, V., Krüger, J., Lang, F., Siemens, J.,
and Klumpp, E.: Phosphorus in water dispersible-colloids of forest soil
profiles, Plant Soil, 427, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3430-7,
2018b.
Mulholland, P. J. and Hill, W. R.: Seasonal patterns in streamwater nutrient
and dissolved organic carbon concentrations: Separating catchment flow path
and in-stream effects, Water Resour. Res., 33, 1297–1306,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00490, 1997.
Pypers, P., Delrue, J., Diels, J., Smolders, E., and Merckx, R.: Phosphorus
intensity determines short-term P uptake by pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) grown in soils with differing P buffering capacity, Plant Soil, 284, 217–227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-0051-y, 2006.
Qualls, G. and Haines, L.: Geochemistry of Dissolved Organic Nutrients in
Water Percolating through a Forest Ecosystem, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55,
1112–1123, 1991.
Qualls, R. G., Haines, B. L., Swank, W. T., and Tyler, S. W.: Soluble Organic
and Inorganic Nutrient Fluxes in Clearcut and Mature Deciduous Forests, Soil
Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 1068–1077, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6431068x, 2000.
Qualls, R. G., Haines, B. L., Swank, W. T., and Tyler, S. W.: Retention of
soluble organic nutrients by a forested ecosystem, Biogeochemistry, 61,
135–171, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020239112586, 2002.
Rinderer, M., Krüger, J., Lang, F., Puhlmann, H., and Weiler, M.: Subsurface flow and phosphorus dynamics in beech forest hillslopes during sprinkling experiments: Dataset, available at: https://1drv.ms/u/s!AhSOi7EfJ5qmfyJQrT3O65OLBuE?e=BrwfFp, last access: 29 January 2021.
Schindler, D. and Nighswander, J.: Nutrient supply and primary production in
Clear Lake, Eastern Ontario, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 27, 2009–2036,
https://doi.org/10.1139/f70-226, 1970.
Sklash, M. and Farvolden, R.: The role of groundwater in storm runoff, J.
Hydrol., 43, 45–65, 1979.
Sohrt, J., Lang, F., and Weiler, M.: Quantifying components of the phosphorus
cycle in temperate forests, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water, 4, e1243,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1243, 2017.
Sohrt, J., Puhlmann, H., and Weiler, M.: Phosphorus transport in lateral subsurface flow at forested hillslopes, SOIL Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2018-13, 2018.
Sohrt, J., Uhlig, D., Kaiser, K., von Blanckenburg, F., Siemens, J., Seeger,
S., Frick, D. A., Krüger, J., Lang, F., and Weiler, M.: Phosphorus Fluxes
in a Temperate Forested Watershed: Canopy Leaching, Runoff Sources, and
In-Stream Transformation, Front. For. Glob. Chang., 2, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00085, 2019.
Steegen, A., Govers, G., Takken, I., Nachtergaele, J., Poesen, J., and
Merckx, R.: Factors controlling sediment and phosphorus export from two
Belgian agricultural catchments, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 1249–1258,
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3041249x, 2001.
Stelzer, R. S., Heffernan, J., and Likens, G. E.: The influence of dissolved
nutrients and particulate organic matter quality on microbial respiration
and biomass in a forest stream, Freshw. Biol., 48, 1925–1937,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01141.x, 2003.
Tayor, A., Edwards, E., and Simpson, E.: Nutrients in Streams Draining
Woodland and Farmland near Coshocton, Ohio, Water Resour. Res., 7, 81–89,
https://doi.org/10.1029/WR007i001p00081, 1971.
Timmons, D. R., Verry, S., Burwell, R. E., and Holtz, R. F.: Nutrient
Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen-Birch Fores, J. Environ. Qual., 6,
188–192, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600020018x,
1977.
Tipping, E., Benham, S., Boyle, J. F., Crow, P., Davies, J., Fischer, U.,
Guyatt, H., Helliwell, R., Jackson-Blake, L., Lawlor, A. J., Monteith, D.
T., Rowe, E. C., and Toberman, H.: Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to
land and freshwater, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 16, 1608–1617,
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00641g, 2014.
Turner, B. L., Driessen, J. P., Haygarth, P. M., and Mckelvie, I. D.:
Potential contribution of lysed bacterial cells to phosphorus solubilisation
in two rewetted Australian pasture soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 187–189,
2003.
Uhlig, D. and von Blanckenburg, F.: How slow rock weathering balances
nutrient loss during fast forest floor turnover in montane, temperate forest
ecosystems, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 159, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00159, 2019.
Vanek, V.: Transport of groundwater-borne phosphorus to Lake Bysjön,
South Sweden, Hydrobiologia, 251, 211–216, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007180,
1993.
van Verseveld, W. J., McDonnell, J. J., and Lajtha, K.: A mechanistic
assessment of nutrient flushing at the catchment scale, J. Hydrol.,
358, 268–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.009, 2008.
Vitousek, P.: Patterns and Processes in long-term ecosystem development, in:
Nutrient Cycling and Limitation Hawaii as a Model System,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, 42–66, 2004.
Weiler, M. and Mcdonnell, J.: Testing nutrient flushing hypotheses at the
hillslope scale: A virtual experiment approach, J. Hydrol., 319,
339–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.040, 2006.
White, R. E. and Beckett, P. H. T.: Studies on the phosphate potentials of
soils – Part I – The measurement of phosphate potential, Plant Soil, 20,
1–16, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01378093, 1964.
Zhang, Z., Fukushima, T., Shi, P., Tao, F., Onda, Y., Gomi, T., Mizugaki,
S., Asano, Y., Kosugi, K., Hiramatsu, S., Kitahara, H., Kuraji, K.,
Terajima, T., and Matsushige, K.: Baseflow concentrations of nitrogen and
phosphorus in forested headwaters in Japan, Sci. Total Environ., 402,
113–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.045, 2008.
Short summary
We quantified the lateral and vertical subsurface flow (SSF) and P concentrations of three beech forest plots with contrasting soil properties during sprinkling experiments. Vertical SSF was 2 orders of magnitude larger than lateral SSF, and both consisted mainly of pre-event water. P concentrations in SSF were high during the first 1 to 2 h (nutrient flushing) but nearly constant thereafter. This suggests that P in the soil solution was replenished fast by mineral or organic sources.
We quantified the lateral and vertical subsurface flow (SSF) and P concentrations of three beech...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint