Biogeosciences
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Articles | Volume 20, issue 23
Articles | Volume 20, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4751-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4751-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 20, issue 23
Research article
 | 
30 Nov 2023
Research article |  | 30 Nov 2023

Marked recent declines in boron in Baltic Sea cod otoliths – a bellwether of incipient acidification in a vast hypoxic system?

Karin E. Limburg, Yvette Heimbrand, and Karol Kuliński

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Changes in population depth distribution and oxygen stratification are involved in the current low condition of the eastern Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua)
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Cited articles

Casini, M., Käll, F., Hansson, M., Plikshs, M., Baranova, T., Karlsson, O., Lundström, K., Neuenfeldt, S., Gårdmark, A., and Hjelm, J.: Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator, Roy. Soc. Open Sci., 3, 160416, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160416, 2016. 
Casini, M., Hansson, M., Orio, A., and Limburg, K.: Changes in population depth distribution and oxygen stratification are involved in the current low condition of the eastern Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua), Biogeosciences, 18, 1321–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1321-2021, 2021. 
Cavole, L. M.: Fish otoliths and fisher knowledge as mobile monitors of environmental conditions: an integrated approach, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at San Diego, ProQuest ID: Cavole_ucsd_0033D_20228, Merritt ID: ark:/13030/m5868htx, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3531j2t0 (last access: 24 November 2023), 2021. 
Cavole, L. M., Limburg, K. E., Gallo, N. D., Salvanes, A. G. V., Ramirez-Valdez, A., Levin, L. A., Oropeza, O. A., Hertwig, A., Liu, M.-C., and McKeegan, K. D.: Otoliths of marine fishes record evidence of low oxygen, temperature and pH conditions of deep Oxygen Minimum Zones, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. 1, 103941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103941, 2023. 
Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A.: Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169–192, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834, 2009. 
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We found a 3-to-5-fold decline in boron in Baltic cod otoliths between the late 1990s and 2021. The trend correlates with declines in oxygen and pH but not with increased salinity. Otolith B : Ca correlated with phosphorus in a healthy out-group (Icelandic cod) but not in Baltic cod. The otolith biomarkers Mn : Mg (hypoxia proxy) and B : Ca in cod otoliths suggest a general increase in both hypoxia and acidification within Baltic intermediate and deep waters in the last decade.
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