Articles | Volume 21, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 15 Apr 2024
| 15 Apr 2024
Significant role of physical transport in the marine carbon monoxide (CO) cycle: observations in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), the western North Pacific, and the Bering Sea in summer
Young Shin Kwon
Ocean Climate Response & Ecosystem Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Sciences and Technology, Busan, 49111, Korea
Division of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Korea
Division of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Korea
Hyun-Cheol Kim
Center of Remote Sensing & GIS, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Korea
Hyoun-Woo Kang
Ocean Climate Solutions Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Sciences and Technology, Busan, 49111, Korea
Related authors
Young Shin Kwon and Tae Siek Rhee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5524, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5524, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic sea ice supports microscopic algae that can influence nearby ocean life, but these links are difficult to observe through the year. We developed an improved computer model and tested it at three Antarctic coastal sites. The simulations show that local ice conditions and iron availability strongly affect how much sea-ice production reaches the ocean and which animal groups dominate, while also revealing limits of one-dimensional models.
Young Shin Kwon and Tae Siek Rhee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5524, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5524, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic sea ice supports microscopic algae that can influence nearby ocean life, but these links are difficult to observe through the year. We developed an improved computer model and tested it at three Antarctic coastal sites. The simulations show that local ice conditions and iron availability strongly affect how much sea-ice production reaches the ocean and which animal groups dominate, while also revealing limits of one-dimensional models.
Joseph R. Pitt, Dominique Rust, Anita Ganesan, Luke M. Western, Martin K. Vollmer, Jens Mühle, Tobias Bühlmann, Christina M. Harth, Stephen A. Montzka, Brad D. Hall, Isaac J. Vimont, Alistair J. Manning, Alison L. Redington, Stephan Henne, Daniela B. Melo, Saurabh Annadate, Lionel Constantin, Brendan M. Murphy, Matthew Rigby, Dickon Young, Simon O'Doherty, Angelina Wenger, Chris R. Lunder, Ove Hermansen, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Andreas Engel, Jgor Arduini, Michela Maione, Jaegeun Yun, Blagoj Mitrevski, Paul B. Krummel, Paul J. Fraser, Jooil Kim, Ray H. J. Wang, Tae Siek Rhee, Peter K. Salameh, T. Gerard Spain, Stefan Reimann, Ronald G. Prinn, Ray F. Weiss, and Kieran M. Stanley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 10167–10195, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10167-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10167-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
1,2‑Dichloroethane (DCE) can contribute to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Whether DCE reaches the stratosphere depends on where and when it is emitted. We present the ongoing measurements of DCE from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) global monitoring networks. For the period 2017–2023, our modelled average global emissions based on these observations align with another study, while regional estimates differ. This suggests remaining uncertainty in the geographical distribution of emissions.
Martin K. Vollmer, Joseph R. Pitt, Dickon Young, Stephan Henne, Blagoj Mitrevski, Jens Mühle, Anita Ganesan, Jgor Arduini, Alistair J. Manning, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Alison L. Redington, Daniela B. Melo, Brendan Murphy, Ray Gluckmann, Kieran M. Stanley, Paul B. Krummel, Chris R. Lunder, Jaegeun Yun, Dominique Rust, Angelina Wenger, Myriam Guillevic, Jooil Kim, Ray H. J. Wang, Tae Siek Rhee, Lionel Constantin, Arnoud Frumau, Christina M. Harth, Peter K. Salameh, Ove Hermansen, Matthew Rigby, Luke M. Western, Andreas Engel, Simon O'Doherty, Sunyoung Park, Michela Maione, Paul J. Fraser, Ronald G. Prinn, Ray F. Weiss, and Stefan Reimann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 6993–7012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6993-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6993-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Halogenated olefins (HFOs) are newly emerging compounds in the atmosphere. They are in reach of the definition of PFAS (Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) and some decay to the eternal chemical trifluoroacetate (TFA). We provide atmospheric measurements of three HFOs from the large Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network and estimate emissions for Northwest Europe for the first time. We find a quasi-ubiquitous presence in the atmosphere and rapidly increasing emissions.
Woohui Nam, Changmin Cho, Begie Perdigones, Tae Siek Rhee, and Kyung-Eun Min
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4473–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe our vibration-resistant instrument for measuring ambient NO3, NO2, and H2O based on cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. By simultaneous retrieval of H2O with the other species using a measured H2O absorption spectrum, direct quantifications among all species are possible without any pre-treatment for H2O. Our instrument achieves the effective light path to ~101.5 km, which allows the sensitive measurements of NO3 and NO2 as 1.41 pptv and 6.92 ppbv (1σ) in 1 s.
Cited articles
Aagaard, K., Roach, A. T., and Schumacher, J. D.: On the wind-driven variability of the flow through Bering Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 90, 7213–7221, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC090iC04p07213, 2012.
Asher, E. C., Merzouk, A., and Tortell, P. D.: Fine-scale spatial and temporal variability of surface water dimethylsufide (DMS) concentrations and sea–air fluxes in the NE Subarctic Pacific, Mar. Chem., 126, 63–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.03.009, 2011.
Bates, T. S., Kelly, K. C., Johnson, J. E., and Gammon, R. H.: Regional and seasonal variations in the flux of oceanic carbon monoxide to the atmosphere, J. Geophys Res.-Atmos., 100, 23093–23101, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02737, 1995.
Bird, R. E. and Hulstrom, R. L.: Simplified clear sky model for direct and diffuse insolation on horizontal surfaces, Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA), https://doi.org/10.2172/6510849, 1981.
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.: Measurement of the abundance of 14CO in the atmosphere and the 13C
Bricaud, A., Morel, A., and Prieur, L.: Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains 1, Limnol. Oceanogr., 26, 43–53, 1981.
Capotondi, A., Jacox, M., Bowler, C., Kavanaugh, M., Lehodey, P., Barrie, D., Brodie, S., Chaffron, S., Cheng, W., Dias, D. F., Eveillard, D., Guidi, L., Iudicone, D., Lovenduski, N. S., Nye, J. A., Ortiz, I., Pirhalla, D., Pozo Buil, M., Saba, V., Sheridan, S., Siedlecki, S., Subramanian, A., de Vargas, C., Di Lorenzo, E., Doney, S. C., Hermann, A. J., Joyce, T., Merrifield, M., Miller, A. J., Not, F., and Pesant, S.: Observational Needs Supporting Marine Ecosystems Modeling and Forecasting: From the Global Ocean to Regional and Coastal Systems, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 623, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00623, 2019.
Carder, K. L., Chen, F. R., Lee, Z. P., Hawes, S. K., and Kamykowski, D.: Semianalytic Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer algorithms for chlorophyll a and absorption with bio-optical domains based on nitrate-depletion temperatures, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 5403–5421, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998jc900082, 1999.
Chen, J. L., Wilson, C. R., Blankenship, D., and Tapley, B. D.: Accelerated Antarctic ice loss from satellite gravity measurements, Nat. Geosci., 2, 859–862, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo694, 2009.
Conrad, R. and Seiler, W.: Photooxidative production and microbial consumption of carbon monoxide in seawater, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 9, 61–64, 1980.
Conrad, R., Seiler, W., Bunse, G., and Giehl, H.: Carbon monoxide in seawater (Atlantic Ocean), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 87, 8839–8852, 1982.
Conte, L., Szopa, S., Séférian, R., and Bopp, L.: The oceanic cycle of carbon monoxide and its emissions to the atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 16, 881–902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-881-2019, 2019.
Daniel, J. S. and Solomon, S.: On the climate forcing of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13249–13260, 1998.
Day, D. A. and Faloona, I.: Carbon monoxide and chromophoric dissolved organic matter cycles in the shelf waters of the northern California upwelling system, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C01006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jc004590, 2009.
de Boyer Montégut, C.: Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jc002378, 2004.
D'Sa, E. J., Goes, J. I., Gomes, H., and Mouw, C.: Absorption and fluorescence properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter of the eastern Bering Sea in the summer with special reference to the influence of a cold pool, Biogeosciences, 11, 3225–3244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3225-2014, 2014.
Edson, J. B., Jampana, V., Weller, R. A., Bigorre, S. P., Plueddemann, A. J., Fairall, C. W., Miller, S. D., Mahrt, L., Vickers, D., and Hersbach, H.: On the Exchange of Momentum over the Open Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1589–1610, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0173.1, 2013.
Erickson III, D. J.: Ocean to atmosphere carbon monoxide flux: Global inventory and climate implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 3, 305–314, 1989.
Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Hare, J. E., Grachev, A. A., and Edson, J. B.: Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm, J. Climate, 16, 571–591, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:Bpoasf>2.0.Co;2, 2003.
Fichot, C. G. and Miller, W. L.: An approach to quantify depth-resolved marine photochemical fluxes using remote sensing: Application to carbon monoxide (CO) photoproduction, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 1363–1377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.019, 2010.
Fujiki, T., Matsumoto, K., Mino, Y., Sasaoka, K., Wakita, M., Kawakami, H., Honda, M. C., Watanabe, S., and Saino, T.: Seasonal cycle of phytoplankton community structure and photophysiological state in the western subarctic gyre of the North Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 887–900, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.0887, 2014.
Gnanadesikan, A.: Modeling the diurnal cycle of carbon monoxide: Sensitivity to physics, chemistry, biology, and optics, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 12177–12191, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jc00463, 1996.
Gros, V., Peeken, I., Bluhm, K., Zöllner, E., Sarda-Esteve, R., and Bonsang, B.: Carbon monoxide emissions by phytoplankton: evidence from laboratory experiments, Environ. Chem., 6, 369–379, https://doi.org/10.1071/en09020, 2009.
Ho, D. T., Wanninkhof, R., Schlosser, P., Ullman, D. S., Hebert, D., and Sullivan, K. F.: Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with 3He
Ichiye, T. and Takano, K.: Mesoscale eddies in the Japan Sea, La mer, 26, 69–75, 1988.
Isobe, A.: Freshwater and temperature transports through the Tsushima-Korea Straits, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 2-1–2-20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000702, 2002.
Isoda, Y. and Saitoh, S.-i.: The northward intruding eddy along the East coast of Korea, J. Oceanogr., 49, 443–458, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02234959, 1993.
Johnson, J. E.: Evaluation of a seawater equilibrator for shipboard analysis of dissolved oceanic trace gases, Anal. Chim. Acta, 395, 119–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00361-X, 1999.
Johnson, J. E. and Bates, T. S.: Sources and sinks of carbon monoxide in the mixed layer of the tropical South Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 347-359, https://doi.org/10.1029/96gb00366, 1996.
Jones, R. D.: Carbon monoxide and methane distribution and consumption in the photic zone of the Sargasso Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt., 38, 625–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90002-w, 1991.
Jones, R. D. and Amador, J. A.: Methane and carbon monoxide production, oxidation, and turnover times in the Caribbean Sea as influenced by the Orinoco River, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 98, 2353–2359, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC02769, 1993.
Kettle, A. J.: A Model of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Carbon Monoxide in the Mixed layer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA, https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/54397/31727109-MIT.pdf;sequence=2 (last access: 1 February 2015), 1994.
Kettle, A. J.: Diurnal cycling of carbon monoxide (CO) in the upper ocean near Bermuda, Ocean Model., 8, 337–367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.01.003, 2005a.
Kettle, A. J.: Comparison of the nonlocal transport characteristics of a series of one-dimensional oceanic boundary layer models, Ocean Model., 8, 301–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.01.002, 2005b.
Kim, C.-H. and Yoon, J.-H.: Modeling of the wind-driven circulation in the Japan Sea using a reduced gravity model, J. Oceanogr., 52, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02235930, 1996.
Kim, C.-H. and Yoon, J.-H.: A Numerical Modeling of the Upper and the Intermediate Layer Circulation in the East Sea, J. Oceanogr., 55, 327–345, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007837212219, 1999.
Kim, I., Hahm, D., Park, K., Lee, Y., Choi, J. O., Zhang, M., Chen, L., Kim, H. C., and Lee, S.: Characteristics of the horizontal and vertical distributions of dimethyl sulfide throughout the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Sci. Total Environ., 584–585, 154–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.165, 2017.
Kinder, T. H., Coachman, L. K., and Galt, J. A.: The Bering Slope Current System, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1975)005<0231:Tbscs>2.0.Co;2, 1975.
Kitidis, V., Tilstone, G. H., Smyth, T. J., Torres, R., and Law, C. S.: Carbon monoxide emission from a Mauritanian upwelling filament, Mar. Chem., 127, 123–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.08.004, 2011.
Kuroda, H., Suyama, S., Miyamoto, H., Setou, T., and Nakanowatari, T.: Interdecadal variability of the Western Subarctic Gyre in the North Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 169, 103461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103461, 2021.
Kwak, J. H., Hwang, J., Choy, E. J., Park, H. J., Kang, D.-J., Lee, T., Chang, K.-I., Kim, K.-R., and Kang, C.-K.: High primary productivity and f-ratio in summer in the Ulleung basin of the East/Japan Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 79, 74–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.05.011, 2013.
Kwon, Y. S., Rhee, T. S., Kim, H. C., and Kang, H.-W.: Observations of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the Western North Pacific and the Bering Sea in 2012, KOPRI [data set], https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00002443.2, 2024.
Ladd, C. and Stabeno, P. J.: Freshwater transport from the Pacific to the Bering Sea through Amukta Pass, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L14608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039095, 2009.
Lamontagne, R. A.: Distribution of Carbon Monoxide and C1-C4 Hydrocarbons in the Northeastern Portion of the Bering Sea During the Summer of 1977, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 16, 1979.
Levy II, H.: Normal atmosphere: large radical and formaldehyde concentrations predicted, Science, 173, 141–143, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3992.141, 1971.
Mahadevan, A., Lévy, M., and Mémery, L.: Mesoscale variability of sea surface pCO2: What does it respond to?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002102, 2004.
Mannino, A., Novak, M. G., Hooker, S. B., Hyde, K., and Aurin, D.: Algorithm development and validation of CDOM properties for estuarine and continental shelf waters along the northeastern U.S. coast, Remote Sens. Environ., 152, 576–602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.06.027, 2014.
Mathis, J. T., Hansell, D. A., and Bates, N. R.: Strong hydrographic controls on spatial and seasonal variability of dissolved organic carbon in the Chukchi Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 3245–3258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.002, 2005.
Miller, W. L., Moran, M., Sheldon, W. M., Zepp, R. G., and Opsahl, S.: Determination of apparent quantum yield spectra for the formation of biologically labile photoproducts, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 343–352, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.2.0343, 2002.
Mopper, K. and Kieber, D.: Marine photochemistry and its impact on carbon cycling, in: The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment, 101–129, ISBN 9781139429511, 2000.
Morimoto, A., Takikawa, T., Onitsuka, G., Watanabe, A., Moku, M., and Yanagi, T.: Seasonal variation of horizontal material transport through the eastern channel of the Tsushima Straits, J. Oceanogr., 65, 61–71, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0006-z, 2009.
Nakagawa, F., Tsunogai, U., Gamo, T., and Yoshida, N.: Stable isotopic compositions and fractionations of carbon monoxide at coastal and open ocean stations in the Pacific, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, C06016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001108, 2004.
Nightingale, P. D., Malin, G., Law, C. S., Watson, A. J., Liss, P. S., Liddicoat, M. I., Boutin, J., and Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 373–387, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900091, 2000.
Ohta, K.: Diurnal Variations of Carbon Monoxide Concentration in the Equatorial Pacific Upwelling Region, J. Oceanogr., 53, 173–178, 1997.
Omand, M. M., D'Asaro, E. A., Lee, C. M., Perry, M. J., Briggs, N., Cetinic, I., and Mahadevan, A.: Eddy-driven subduction exports particulate organic carbon from the spring bloom, Science, 348, 222–225, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260062, 2015.
Park, K. and Rhee, T. S.: Source characterization of carbon monoxide and ozone over the Northwestern Pacific in summer 2012, Atmos. Environ., 111, 151–160, 2015.
Park, K. and Rhee, T. S.: Oceanic source strength of carbon monoxide on the basis of basin-wide observations in the Atlantic, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 18, 104–114, https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00546a, 2016.
Parsons, T., Maita, Y., and Lalli, C.: A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 173 pp., ISBN 9781483293394, https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=ilAvBQAAQBAJ&dq=A+manual+of+chemical+and+biological+methods+for+seawater+analysis&lr=&hl=ko&source=gbs_navlinks_s (last access: 1 July 2013), 1984.
Pathirana, S. L., van der Veen, C., Popa, M. E., and Röckmann, T.: An analytical system for stable isotope analysis on carbon monoxide using continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 5315–5324, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5315-2015, 2015.
Pohlman, J. W., Greinert, J., Ruppel, C., Silyakova, A., Vielstadte, L., Casso, M., Mienert, J., and Bunz, S.: Enhanced CO2 uptake at a shallow Arctic Ocean seep field overwhelms the positive warming potential of emitted methane, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 5355–5360, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618926114, 2017.
Rhee, T. S.: The process of air-water gas exchange and its application, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, USA, https://www.proquest.com/openview/5773680793866702072976f78d7c5bb6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y (last access: 1 July 2015), 2000.
Rhee, T. S., Kettle, A. J., and Andreae, M. O.: Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the ocean: A reassessment using basin-wide observations in the Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D12304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011662, 2009.
Seiler, W. and Junge, C.: Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 2217–2226, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC075i012p02217, 1970.
Shin, H.-R., Shin, C.-W., Kim, C., Byun, S.-K., and Hwang, S.-C.: Movement and structural variation of warm eddy WE92 for three years in the Western East/Japan Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 1742–1762, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.10.004, 2005.
Sikorski, R. J. and Zika, R. G.: Modeling mixed-layer photochemistry of H2O2: Optical and chemical modeling of production, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 98, 2315–2328, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jc02933, 2012.
Smith, S. R., Bourassa, M. A., and Sharp, R. J.: Establishing More Truth in True Winds, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 939–952, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0939:Emtitw>2.0.Co;2, 1999.
Stabeno, P. J. and Reed, R.: Circulation in the Bering Sea basin observed by satellite-tracked drifters: 1986–1993, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 848–854, 1994.
Stabeno, P. J., Schumacher, J. D., and Ohtani, K.: The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea, in: Dynamics of the Bering Sea, 1–28, https://people-new.ucsc.edu/~acr/migrated/BeringResources/Articles of interest/Bering Sea general/dynamics of the bering sea_2_book.pdf (last access: 1 December 2021), 1999.
Steinberg, D. K., Nelson, N., Carlson, C., and Prusak, A. C.: Production of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the open ocean by zooplankton and the colonial cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 267, 45–56, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps267045, 2004.
Stubbins, A., Uher, G., Kitidis, V., Law, C. S., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., and Woodward, E. M. S.: The open-ocean source of atmospheric carbon monoxide, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 1685–1694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.010, 2006a.
Stubbins, A., Uher, G., Law, C. S., Mopper, K., Robinson, C., and Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: Open-ocean carbon monoxide photoproduction, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 1695–1705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.011, 2006b.
Takao, S., Iida, T., Isada, T., Saitoh, S.-I., Hirata, T., and Suzuki, K.: Bio-optical properties during the summer season in the Sea of Okhotsk, Prog. Oceanogr., 126, 233–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.010, 2014.
Twardowski, M. S., Boss, E., Sullivan, J. M., and Donaghay, P. L.: Modeling the spectral shape of absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter, Mar. Chem., 89, 69–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.02.008, 2004.
Vodacek, A., Blough, N. V., DeGrandpre, M. D., DeGrandpre, M. D., and Nelson, R. K.: Seasonal variation of CDOM and DOC in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Terrestrial inputs and photooxidation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 674-686, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.4.0674, 1997.
Vollmer, M. K., Walter, S., Mohn, J., Steinbacher, M., Bond, S. W., Röckmann, T., and Reimann, S.: Molecular hydrogen (H2) combustion emissions and their isotope (D/H) signatures from domestic heaters, diesel vehicle engines, waste incinerator plants, and biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6275–6289, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6275-2012, 2012.
Walvoord, M. A. and Striegl, R. G.: Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030216, 2007.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 7373–7382, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00188, 1992.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 351–362, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.351, 2014.
Wanninkhof, R. and Thoning, K.: Measurement of fugacity of CO2 in surface water using continuous and discrete sampling methods, Mar. Chem., 44, 189–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(93)90202-Y, 1993.
Weinstock, B. and Niki, H.: Carbon monoxide balance in nature, Science, 176, 290–292, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.176.4032.290, 1972.
Wiesenburg, D. A. and Guinasso, N. L.: Equilibrium solubilities of methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in water and sea water, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 356–360, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60083a006, 1979.
Xie, H., Zafiriou, O. C., Umile, T. P., and Kieber, D. J.: Biological consumption of carbon monoxide in Delaware Bay, NW Atlantic and Beaufort Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 290, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps290001, 2005.
Xie, H. X. and Zafiriou, O. C.: Evidence for significant photochemical production of carbon monoxide by particles in coastal and oligotrophic marine waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041158, 2009.
Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Carmack, E., and McLaughlin, F.: Nitrogen balance and Arctic throughflow, Nature, 443, 43, https://doi.org/10.1038/443043a, 2006.
Yamashita, Y., Cory, R. M., Nishioka, J., Kuma, K., Tanoue, E., and Jaffé, R.: Fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the deep waters of the Okhotsk Sea and the northwestern North Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1478–1485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.016, 2010.
Yasuda, I.: The origin of the North Pacific Intermediate Water, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 893–909, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jc02938, 1997.
Yasuda, I.: Hydrographic Structure and Variability in the KuroshioOyashio Transition Area, J. Oceanogr., 59, 389–402, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025580313836, 2003.
Zafiriou, O. C., Andrews, S. S., and Wang, W.: Concordant estimates of oceanic carbon monoxide source and sink processes in the Pacific yield a balanced global “blue-water” CO budget, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001638, 2003.
Zafiriou, O. C., Xie, H., Nelson, N. B., Najjar, R. G., and Wang, W.: Diel carbon monoxide cycling in the upper Sargasso Sea near Bermuda at the onset of spring and in midsummer, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 835–850, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0835, 2008.
Zhang, Y., Xie, H. X., Fichot, C. G., and Chen, G. H.: Dark production of carbon monoxide (CO) from dissolved organic matter in the St. Lawrence estuarine system: Implication for the global coastal and blue water CO budgets, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C12020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jc004811, 2008.
Short summary
Delving into CO dynamics from the East Sea to the Bering Sea, our study unveils the influence of physical transport on CO budgets. By measuring CO concentrations and parameters, we elucidate the interplay between biological and physical processes, highlighting the role of lateral transport in shaping CO distributions. Our findings underscore the importance of considering both biogeochemical and physical drivers in understanding marine carbon fluxes.
Delving into CO dynamics from the East Sea to the Bering Sea, our study unveils the influence of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint