Articles | Volume 7, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-809-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-809-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
02 Mar 2010
The impact of Saharan dust on the particulate export in the water column of the North Western Mediterranean Sea
E. Ternon
INSU-CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
C. Guieu
INSU-CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
M.-D. Loÿe-Pilot
CERES-ERTI, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
N. Leblond
INSU-CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
E. Bosc
IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, Monaco
B. Gasser
IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, Monaco
J.-C. Miquel
IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, Monaco
J. Martín
IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, Monaco
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Sea Exchange
High-frequency continuous measurements reveal strong diel and seasonal cycling of pCO2 and CO2 flux in a mesohaline reach of the Chesapeake Bay
Significant role of physical transport in the marine carbon monoxide (CO) cycle: observations in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), the western North Pacific, and the Bering Sea in summer
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatologies, fluxes and trends – Part A: Differences between seawater DMS estimations
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatologies, fluxes, and trends – Part B: Sea-air fluxes
Central Arctic Ocean surface–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and CH4 constrained by direct measurements
Spatial and seasonal variability in volatile organic sulfur compounds in seawater and the overlying atmosphere of the Bohai and Yellow seas
Estimating marine carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific using a neural network approach
Sea–air methane flux estimates derived from marine surface observations and instantaneous atmospheric measurements in the northern Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay
Global analysis of the controls on seawater dimethylsulfide spatial variability
Air–sea gas exchange in a seagrass ecosystem – results from a 3He ∕ SF6 tracer release experiment
Concentrations of dissolved dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol and other trace gases in context of microbial communities from the temperate Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean
Marine nitrogen fixation as a possible source of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific
Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Winter season Southern Ocean distributions of climate-relevant trace gases
How biogenic polymers control surfactant dynamics in the surface microlayer: insights from a coastal Baltic Sea study
Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux
The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach
Physical mechanisms for biological carbon uptake during the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)
Wintertime process study of the North Brazil Current rings reveals the region as a larger sink for CO2 than expected
New constraints on biological production and mixing processes in the South China Sea from triple isotope composition of dissolved oxygen
Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans
Sea ice concentration impacts dissolved organic gases in the Canadian Arctic
Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers
An empirical MLR for estimating surface layer DIC and a comparative assessment to other gap-filling techniques for ocean carbon time series
Derivation of seawater pCO2 from net community production identifies the South Atlantic Ocean as a CO2 source
Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea
Enhancement of the North Atlantic CO2 sink by Arctic Waters
Global ocean dimethyl sulfide climatology estimated from observations and an artificial neural network
Atmospheric deposition of organic matter at a remote site in the central Mediterranean Sea: implications for the marine ecosystem
Underway seawater and atmospheric measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Southern Ocean
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), marine biogenic aerosols and the ecophysiology of coral reefs
Spatial variations in CO2 fluxes in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada) and results of a water mixing model
Gas exchange estimates in the Peruvian upwelling regime biased by multi-day near-surface stratification
Insights from year-long measurements of air–water CH4 and CO2 exchange in a coastal environment
On the role of climate modes in modulating the air–sea CO2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems
Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study
Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades
Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2
Effect of wind speed on the size distribution of gel particles in the sea surface microlayer: insights from a wind–wave channel experiment
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models
Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry mediates nonlinear interactions between nutrient supply, temperature, and atmospheric CO2
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean
Constraints on global oceanic emissions of N2O from observations and models
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis
Phytoplankton growth response to Asian dust addition in the northwest Pacific Ocean versus the Yellow Sea
Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation
Changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling region between 2005 and 2012
A. Whitman Miller, Jim R. Muirhead, Amanda C. Reynolds, Mark S. Minton, and Karl J. Klug
Biogeosciences, 21, 3717–3734, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High frequency pCO2 measurements reveal net neutral CO2 flux in a mesohaline reach of the Chesapeake Bay. Net off-gassing to the atmosphere begins in June when water temperatures rise above ~26ºC, continuing through November when temperatures fall below ~10ºC. Dissolved CO2 concentrations follow day–night cycles and are especially pronounced in warm waters. From December through May, the river is largely an uninterrupted sink for CO2 (i.e. CO2 is drawn out of the atmosphere into the river).
Young Shin Kwon, Tae Siek Rhee, Hyun-Cheol Kim, and Hyoun-Woo Kang
Biogeosciences, 21, 1847–1865, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Delving into CO dynamics from the East Sea to the Bering Sea, our study unveils the influence of physical transport on CO budgets. By measuring CO concentrations and parameters, we elucidate the interplay between biological and physical processes, highlighting the role of lateral transport in shaping CO distributions. Our findings underscore the importance of considering both biogeochemical and physical drivers in understanding marine carbon fluxes.
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa Marandino, Martí Galí, Thomas Bell, and Rafel Simo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-173, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-173, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur into the atmosphere and leads to the formation of CCN. DMS emissions, and hence the quantification of its impacts, have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in DMS seawater products, which can affect the DMS fluxes.
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa Marandino, Marti Gali, Thomas Bell, Mingxi Yang, and Rafel Simo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-175, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur into the atmosphere and leads to the formation of CCN. DMS emissions, and hence the quantification of its impacts, have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in the effect of flux parameterisations used in models.
John Prytherch, Sonja Murto, Ian Brown, Adam Ulfsbo, Brett F. Thornton, Volker Brüchert, Michael Tjernström, Anna Lunde Hermansson, Amanda T. Nylund, and Lina A. Holthusen
Biogeosciences, 21, 671–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We directly measured methane and carbon dioxide exchange between ocean or sea ice and the atmosphere during an icebreaker-based expedition to the central Arctic Ocean (CAO) in summer 2021. These measurements can help constrain climate models and carbon budgets. The methane measurements, the first such made in the CAO, are lower than previous estimates and imply that the CAO is an insignificant contributor to Arctic methane emission. Gas exchange rates are slower than previous estimates.
Juan Yu, Lei Yu, Zhen He, Gui-Peng Yang, Jing-Guang Lai, and Qian Liu
Biogeosciences, 21, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-161-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-161-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distributions of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs) (DMS, COS, and CS2) in the seawater and atmosphere of the Bohai and Yellow Seas were evaluated. Seasonal variations in VSCs were found and showed summer > spring. The COS concentrations exhibited positive correlation with DOC concentrations in seawater during summer. VSCs concentrations in seawater decreased with the depth. Sea-to-air fluxes of COS, DMS, and CS2 indicated that these marginal seas are sources of atmospheric VSCs.
Patrick J. Duke, Roberta C. Hamme, Debby Ianson, Peter Landschützer, Mohamed M. M. Ahmed, Neil C. Swart, and Paul A. Covert
Biogeosciences, 20, 3919–3941, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is both impacted by climate change and helps mitigate its effects through taking up carbon from the atmosphere. We used a machine learning approach to investigate what controls open-ocean carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean. Marine heatwaves that lasted 2–3 years increased uptake, while the upwelling strength of the Alaskan Gyre controlled uptake over 10-year time periods. The trend from 1998–2019 suggests carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean is increasing.
Judith Vogt, David Risk, Evelise Bourlon, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Evan N. Edinger, and Owen A. Sherwood
Biogeosciences, 20, 1773–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The release of the greenhouse gas methane from Arctic submarine sources could exacerbate climate change in a positive feedback. Continuous monitoring of atmospheric methane levels over a 5100 km voyage in the western margin of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay revealed above-global averages likely affected by both onshore and offshore methane sources. Instantaneous sea–air methane fluxes were near zero at all measured stations, including a persistent cold-seep location.
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences, 20, 1813–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales of up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
Ryo Dobashi and David T. Ho
Biogeosciences, 20, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are productive ecosystems and bury much carbon. Understanding their role in the global carbon cycle requires knowledge of air–sea CO2 fluxes and hence the knowledge of gas transfer velocity (k). In this study, k was determined from the dual tracer technique in Florida Bay. The observed gas transfer velocity was lower than previous studies in the coastal and open oceans at the same wind speeds, most likely due to wave attenuation by seagrass and limited wind fetch in this area.
Valérie Gros, Bernard Bonsang, Roland Sarda-Estève, Anna Nikolopoulos, Katja Metfies, Matthias Wietz, and Ilka Peeken
Biogeosciences, 20, 851–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are both sources and sinks for trace gases important for atmospheric chemistry and marine ecology. Here, we quantified selected trace gases (including the biological metabolites dissolved dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and isoprene) along a 2500 km transect from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. In the context of phytoplankton and bacterial communities, our study suggests that methanethiol (rarely measured before) might substantially influence ocean–atmosphere cycling.
Tsukasa Dobashi, Yuzo Miyazaki, Eri Tachibana, Kazutaka Takahashi, Sachiko Horii, Fuminori Hashihama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Yoko Iwamoto, Shu-Kuan Wong, and Koji Hamasaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 439–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols is important for biogeochemical cycling of bioelements. Our shipboard measurements suggested that reactive nitrogen produced and exuded by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in surface seawater likely contributed to the formation of WSON aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific. This study provides new implications for the role of marine microbial activity in the formation of WSON aerosols in the ocean surface.
Lukas Eickhoff, Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, and Thomas Koop
Biogeosciences, 20, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice is an important process in Earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere, in particular in polar regions. Our research focuses on the influence of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and of molecules produced by it upon heterogenous ice nucleation. For that purpose, we studied the freezing of tiny droplets containing the diatoms in a microfluidic device. Together with previous studies, our results suggest a common freezing behaviour of various sea ice diatoms.
Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza, Erik Nilsson, Marcus B. Wallin, Erik Sahlée, and Anna Rutgersson
Biogeosciences, 19, 5645–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global carbon cycle and is highly relevant for the Earth's climate. In this study, we used 9 years of in situ measurements to evaluate the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, using this long record, we assessed the effect of atmospheric and water-side mechanisms controlling the efficiency of the air–sea CO2 exchange under different wind-speed conditions.
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Laique M. Djeutchouang, Nicolette Chang, Luke Gregor, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 19, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found that to significantly improve uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping in the Southern Ocean, it is essential to resolve the seasonal cycle (SC) of the meridional gradient of CO2 through high frequency (at least daily) observations that also span the region's meridional axis. We also showed that the estimated SC anomaly and mean annual CO2 are highly sensitive to seasonal sampling biases.
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Hana Jurikova, Osamu Abe, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Mao-Chang Liang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the isotopic composition of oxygen dissolved in seawater in the South China Sea. This tells us about the origin of oxygen in the water column, distinguishing between biological oxygen produced by phytoplankton communities and atmospheric oxygen entering seawater through gas exchange. We found that the East Asian Monsoon plays an important role in determining the amount of oxygen produced vs. consumed by the phytoplankton, as well as in inducing vertical water mass mixing.
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, and Frédéric Chevallier
Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea CO2 fluxes and associated uncertainty over the open ocean to coastal shelves are estimated with a new ensemble-based reconstruction of pCO2 trained on observation-based data. The regional distribution and seasonality of CO2 sources and sinks are consistent with those suggested in previous studies as well as mechanisms discussed therein. The ensemble-based uncertainty field allows identifying critical regions where improvements in pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux estimates should be a priority.
Charel Wohl, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, Brent Else, Brian J. Butterworth, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 1021–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of five different organic gases in seawater in the high Arctic during summer. We found higher concentrations near the surface of the water column (top 5–10 m) and in areas of partial ice cover. This suggests that sea ice influences the concentrations of these gases. These gases indirectly exert a slight cooling effect on the climate, and it is therefore important to measure the levels accurately for future climate predictions.
Alain de Verneil, Zouhair Lachkar, Shafer Smith, and Marina Lévy
Biogeosciences, 19, 907–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arabian Sea is a natural CO2 source to the atmosphere, but previous work highlights discrepancies between data and models in estimating air–sea CO2 flux. In this study, we use a regional ocean model, achieve a flux closer to available data, and break down the seasonal cycles that impact it, with one result being the great importance of monsoon winds. As demonstrated in a meta-analysis, differences from data still remain, highlighting the great need for further regional data collection.
Jesse M. Vance, Kim Currie, John Zeldis, Peter W. Dillingham, and Cliff S. Law
Biogeosciences, 19, 241–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring is needed to detect changes in our environment. Time series of ocean carbon have aided our understanding of seasonal cycles and provided evidence for ocean acidification. Data gaps are inevitable, yet no standard method for filling gaps exists. We present a regression approach here and compare it to seven other common methods to understand the impact of different approaches when assessing seasonal to climatic variability in ocean carbon.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 93–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2 fields, which are key to assessing the ocean carbon sink. Our analysis shows that the net community production (NCP), the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, was more accurate than chlorophyll a within a neural network scheme. The improved pCO2 estimates, based on NCP, identified the South Atlantic Ocean as a net CO2 source, compared to a CO2 sink using chlorophyll a.
Birthe Zäncker, Michael Cunliffe, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 18, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
Jon Olafsson, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Taro Takahashi, Magnus Danielsen, and Thorarinn S. Arnarson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic north of 50° N is an intense ocean sink area for atmospheric CO2. Observations in the vicinity of Iceland reveal a previously unrecognized Arctic contribution to the North Atlantic CO2 sink. Sustained CO2 influx to waters flowing from the Arctic Ocean is linked to their excess alkalinity derived from sources in the changing Arctic. The results relate to the following question: will the North Atlantic continue to absorb CO2 in the future as it has in the past?
Wei-Lei Wang, Guisheng Song, François Primeau, Eric S. Saltzman, Thomas G. Bell, and J. Keith Moore
Biogeosciences, 17, 5335–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide, a volatile compound produced as a byproduct of marine phytoplankton activity, can be emitted to the atmosphere via gas exchange. In the atmosphere, DMS is oxidized to cloud condensation nuclei, thus contributing to cloud formation. Therefore, oceanic DMS plays an important role in regulating the planet's climate by influencing the radiation budget. In this study, we use an artificial neural network model to update the global DMS climatology and estimate the sea-to-air flux.
Yuri Galletti, Silvia Becagli, Alcide di Sarra, Margherita Gonnelli, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Damiano M. Sferlazzo, Rita Traversi, Stefano Vestri, and Chiara Santinelli
Biogeosciences, 17, 3669–3684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first data about atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the island of Lampedusa. It also shows the implications for the surface marine layer by studying the impact of atmospheric organic carbon deposition in the marine ecosystem. It is a preliminary study, but it is pioneering and important for having new data that can be crucial in order to understand the impact of atmospheric deposition on the marine carbon cycle in a global climate change scenario.
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
Rebecca L. Jackson, Albert J. Gabric, Roger Cropp, and Matthew T. Woodhouse
Biogeosciences, 17, 2181–2204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs are a strong source of atmospheric sulfur through stress-induced emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS). This biogenic sulfur can influence aerosol and cloud properties and, consequently, the radiative balance over the ocean. DMS emissions may therefore help to mitigate coral physiological stress via increased low-level cloud cover and reduced sea surface temperature. The importance of DMS in coral physiology and climate is reviewed and the implications for coral bleaching are discussed.
Louise Delaigue, Helmuth Thomas, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the first compilation and analysis of the surface water pCO2 distribution in the Saguenay Fjord, the southernmost subarctic fjord in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus fills a significant knowledge gap in current regional estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions.
Tim Fischer, Annette Kock, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 16, 2307–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated air–sea gas exchange in oceanic upwelling regions for the case of nitrous oxide off Peru. In this region, routine concentration measurements from ships at 5 m or 10 m depth prove to overestimate surface (bulk) concentration. Thus, standard estimates of gas exchange will show systematic error. This is due to very shallow stratified layers that inhibit exchange between surface water and waters below and can exist for several days. Maximum bias occurs in moderate wind conditions.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
Riley X. Brady, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael A. Alexander, Michael Jacox, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 16, 329–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, 2019
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Akinori Ito, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, Maarten C. Krol, Natalie M. Mahowald, Rachel A. Scanza, Douglas S. Hamilton, Matthew S. Johnson, Nicholas Meskhidze, Jasper F. Kok, Cecile Guieu, Alex R. Baker, Timothy D. Jickells, Manmohan M. Sarin, Srinivas Bikkina, Rachel Shelley, Andrew Bowie, Morgane M. G. Perron, and Robert A. Duce
Biogeosciences, 15, 6659–6684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The first atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition model intercomparison is presented in this study, as a result of the deliberations of the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP; http://www.gesamp.org/) Working Group 38. We conclude that model diversity over remote oceans reflects uncertainty in the Fe content parameterizations of dust aerosols, combustion aerosol emissions and the size distribution of transported aerosol Fe.
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
Amanda R. Fay, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Galen A. McKinley, David R. Munro, Colm Sweeney, Alison R. Gray, Peter Landschützer, Britton B. Stephens, Taro Takahashi, and Nancy Williams
Biogeosciences, 15, 3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is highly under-sampled and since this region dominates the ocean sink for CO2, understanding change is critical. Here we utilize available observations to evaluate how the seasonal cycle, variability, and trends in surface ocean carbon in the well-sampled Drake Passage region compare to that of the broader subpolar Southern Ocean. Results indicate that the Drake Passage is representative of the broader region; however, additional winter observations would improve comparisons.
Cui-Ci Sun, Martin Sperling, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic gel particles such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) are important components in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Their potential role in air–sea gas exchange and in primary organic aerosol emission has generated considerable research interest. Our wind wave channel experiment revealed how wind speed controls the accumulation and size distribution of biogenic gel particles in the SML.
N. Precious Mongwe, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
Allison R. Moreno, George I. Hagstrom, Francois W. Primeau, Simon A. Levin, and Adam C. Martiny
Biogeosciences, 15, 2761–2779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the missing links between variable marine elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton physiology and carbon cycling, we embed four environmentally controlled stoichiometric models into a five-box ocean model. As predicted each model varied in its influence on the biological pump. Surprisingly, we found that variation can lead to nonlinear controls on atmospheric CO2 and carbon export, suggesting the need for further studies of ocean C : P and the impact on ocean carbon cycling.
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
Erik T. Buitenhuis, Parvadha Suntharalingam, and Corinne Le Quéré
Biogeosciences, 15, 2161–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thanks to decreases in CFC concentrations, N2O is now the third-most important greenhouse gas, and the dominant contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion. Here we estimate the ocean–atmosphere N2O flux. We find that an estimate based on observations alone has a large uncertainty. By combining observations and a range of model simulations we find that the uncertainty is much reduced to 2.45 ± 0.8 Tg N yr−1, and better constrained and at the lower end of the estimate in the latest IPCC report.
Sayaka Yasunaka, Eko Siswanto, Are Olsen, Mario Hoppema, Eiji Watanabe, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Akihiko Murata, Siv K. Lauvset, Rik Wanninkhof, Taro Takahashi, Naohiro Kosugi, Abdirahman M. Omar, Steven van Heuven, and Jeremy T. Mathis
Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping pCO2 in the surface water using a self-organizing map technique. The addition of Chl a as a parameter enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2 via better representation of its decline in spring. The uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C y−1 was determined to be significant.
Alizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 15, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, 2018
Chao Zhang, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Zongbo Shi, Jinhui Shi, Yang Yu, Ling Meng, and Xinyu Guo
Biogeosciences, 15, 749–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares the response of phytoplankton growth in the northwest Pacific to those in the Yellow Sea. In general, larger positive responses of phytoplankton induced by combined nutrients (in the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific) than those induced by a single nutrient (in the Kuroshio Extension and the Yellow Sea) from the dust are observed. We also emphasize the importance of an increase in bioavailable P stock for phytoplankton growth following dust addition.
Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Nicolas Gruber, Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 14, 4545–4561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, 2017
Melchor González-Dávila, J. Magdalena Santana Casiano, and Francisco Machín
Biogeosciences, 14, 3859–3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling is shown to be sensitive to climate change forcing on upwelling processes, which strongly affects the CO2 surface distribution, ocean acidification rates, and air–sea CO2 exchange. We confirmed an upwelling intensification, an increase in the CO2 outgassing, and an important decrease in the pH of the surface waters. Upwelling areas are poorly studied and VOS lines are shown as one of the most significant contributors to our knowledge of the ocean's response.
Cited articles
Alldredge, A., Passow U., and Logan, E.: The abundance and significance of a class of large, transparent organic particles in the ocean, Deep Sea Res. I, 40, 1131–1141, 1993.
Andersen, V. and Prieur, L.: One-month study in the open NW Mediterranean Sea (DYNAPROC experiment, May 1995); overview of the hydrobiogeochemical structures and effects of wind events, Deep Sea Res. II, 47, 397–422, 2000.
Armstrong, R. A., Peterson, M. L., Lee, C., and Wakeham, S. G.: Settling velocity spectra and the ballast ratio hypothesis, Deep Sea Res. II, 56(18), 1740–1748, 2009.
Bergametti, G., Gomes, L., Remoudaki, E., Desbois, M., Martin, D., and Buat-Ménard, P.: Present transport and deposition patterns of African dusts to the North Western Mediterranean, in: Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, edited by: Leinen, M. and Sarnthein, M., Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 227–252, 1989.
Béthoux, J. P. and Prieur, L.: Hydrologie et circulation en Mediterranée Nord-Occidentale, Pétroles et techniques, 299, 25–34, 1983.
Bishop, J. K. B., Davies, J. E., and Sherman, J. T.: Robotic Observations of Dust Storm Enhancement of Carbon Biomass in the North Pacific, Science, 298(5594), 817–821, 2002.
Boldrin, A., Miserocchi, S., Rabitti, S., Turchetto, M. M., Balboni, V., and Socal, G.: Particulate matter in the southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea: characterisation and downward fluxes, J. Mar. Syst., 33–34, 389–410, 2002.
Bonnet, S., Guieu, C., Chiaverini, J., Ras, J., and Stock, A.: Effect of atmospheric nutrients on the autotrophic communities in a low nutrient, low chlorophyll system, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50(6), 1810–1819, 2005.
Bonnet, S. and Guieu, C.: Atmospheric forcing on the annual iron cycle in the western Mediterranean Sea: A 1-year survey, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C09010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003213.2006.
Bory, A., Jeandel, C., Leblond, N., Vangriesheime, A., Khripounoffe, A., Beaufort, L., Rabouille, C., Nicolas, E., Tachikawag, K., Etcheberh, H., and Buat-Menard, P.: Downward particle fluxes within different productivity regimes off the Mauritanian upwelling zone (EUMELI program), Deep Sea Res. I, 48, 2251–2282, 2001.
Bosc, E., Bricaud, A., and Antoine, D.: Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB1005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002034, 2004.
Bourguet, N., Gotux, M., Ghiglione, J.-F., Pujo-Pay, M., Mével, G., Momzikoff, A., Mousseau, L., Guigue, C., Garcia, N., Raimbault, P., Pete, R., Oriol, L., and Lefèvre, D.: Lipid biomarkers and bacterial lipase activities as indicators of organic matter and bacterial dynamics in contrasted regimes at the DYFAMED site, NW Mediterranean, Deep Sea Res. II, 56(18), 1454–1469, 2009.
Boyd, P. W. and Trull, T.: Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: Is there consensus?, Progr. in Ocean., 72, 276–312, 2007.
Buat-Ménard, P., Davies, P. J., Remoudaki, E., Miquel, J.-C., Bergametti, G., Lamber, C. E., Ezat, E., Quétel, C. R., La Rosa, J., and Fowler, S. W.: Non-steady-state biological removal of atmospheric particles from Mediterranean surface waters, Nature, 340, 131–133, 1989.
Burd, A. B. and Jackson, G. A.: Particle Aggregation, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 65–90, 2009.
Conte, M. H., Ralph, N., and Ross, E. H.: Seasonal and interannual variability in deep ocean particle fluxes at the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP)/Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) site in the western Sargasso Sea near Bermuda, Deep Sea Res. II, 48, 1471–1505, 2001.
D'Ortenzio, F., Iudicone, D., Boyer Montegut, C., Testor, P., Antoine, D., Marullo, S., Santoleri, R., and Madec, G.: Seasonal variability of the mixed layer depth in the Mediterraenan sea as derived from in situ profiles, Geoph. Res. Lett., 32, L12605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL.022463, 2005.
Duce, R. A., Liss, P. S., Merrill, J. T., Atlas, E. L., Buat-Menrad, P., Hicks, B. B., Miller, J. M., Prospero, J. M., Arimoto, R., Church, T. M., Ellis, W., Galloway, J. N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T. D., Knap, A. H., Reinhardt, K. H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J. J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R., and Zhou, M.: The atmospheric input of trace species in the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 195–259, 1991.
Engel, A., Szlosek, J., Abramson, L., Liu, Z., and Lee, C.: Investigating the effect of ballasting by CaCO3 in Emiliana huxley: I. Formation, settling velocities and physical properties of aggregates, Deep Sea Res. II, 56(18), 1396–1407, 2009.
Fabres, J., Calafat, A., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., and Heussner, S.: Composition and spatio-temporal variability of particle fluxes in the Western Alboran Gyre, Mediterranean Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 33–34, 431–456, 2002.
Fowler, S.W., Buat-Ménard, P., Yokoyama, Y., Ballestra, S., Holm, E., Van Nguyen, H.: Rapid removal of Chernobyl fallout from Mediterranean surface waters by biological activity, Nature, 329(6134), 56–58, 1987.
Gehlen, M., Beck, L., Calas, G., Flank, M.-A., Van Bennekom, A. J., and Van Beusekom, J. E. E.: Unraveling the atomic structure of biogenic silica: Evidence of the structural association of Al and Si in diatom frustules, Geoch. Cosm. Acta, 66(9), 1601–1609, 2002.
Goutx, M., Momzikoff, M., Striby, L., Andersen, V., Marty, J.-C., and Vescovali, I.: High-frequency fluxes of labile compounds in the central Ligurian Sea, northwestern Mediterranean, Deep Sea Res. I, 47, 533–556, 2000.
Guerzoni, S., Chester, R., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Loÿe-Pilot, M. D., Measures, C., Migon, C., Molinaroli, E., Moulin, C., Rossini, P., Saydam, C., Soudine, A., and Ziveri, P.: The role of atmospheric deposition in the biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean Sea, Progress in Oceanography, 44, 147–190, 1999.
Guieu, C., Loÿe-Pilot, M. D., Ridame, C., and Thomas, C.: Chemical characterization of the Saharan dust end-member: Some biogeochemical implications for the western Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D15), 4258, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000582, 2002.
Guieu, C., Roy-Barman, M., Leblond, N., Jeandel, C., Souhaut, M., Le Cann, B., Dufour, A., and Bournot, C.: Vertical particle flux in the northeast Atlantic Ocean (POMME experiment), J. Geophys. Res., 110, 1–21, 2005.
Guieu, C., Loÿe-Pilot, M.-D., Benyaya, L., and Dufour, A.: Spatial variability of atmospheric fluxes of metals (Al, Fe, Cd, Zn and Pb) and phosphorus over the whole Mediterranean from a one-year monitoring experiment; biogeochemical implications, Mar. Chem., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.02.004, in press, 2010.
Guidi-Guilvard, L.: DYFAMED-BENTHOS, a long time-series benthic survey at 2347-m depth in the north-western Mediterranean: general introduction, Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 2183–2193, 2002.
Hamm, C. E.: Interactive aggregation and sedimentation of diatoms and clay-sized lithogenic material, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47(6), 1790–1795, 2002.
Han, Q., Moore, J. K., Zender, C., Measures, C., and Hydes, D. J.: Constraining oceanic dust deposition using surface ocean dissolved Al, Global Biogeoch. Cycles, 22, GB2003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002975, 2008.
Hedges, I. H., Eglinton, G., Hatcher, P. G., Kirchman, D. L., Arnosti, C., Derenne, S., Evershed, R. P., Ogel-Knabner, I. K., De Leeuw, J. W., Littke, R., Michaelis, W., and Rullkotter, J.: The molecularly uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments, Organic Geochem., 31, 945–951, 2000.
Herut, B., Collier, R., and Krom, M. D.: The role of dust in supplying nitrogen and phosphorus to the Southeast Mediterranean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47(3), 870–878, 1999.
Hydes, D. J.: Aluminum in Seawater: Control by Inorganic Processes, Science, 205, 1260–1262, 1979.
Jackson, G. A.: Effect of mixed layer depth on phytoplankton removal by coagulation and on the critical depth concept, Deep Sea Res. I, 55, 766–776, 2008.
Journel, B.: Apports atmosphériques de métaux en mer Ligure: caractérisation géochimique et devenir dans la colonne d'eau (site DYFAMED), PhD thesis, University of Aix-Marseille, 344 pp, 1998.
Karl, D. M., Christian, J. R., Dore, J. E., Hebel, D. V., Letelier, R. M., Tupas, L. M., and Winn, C. D.: Seasonal and interannual variability in primary production and particle flux at Station ALOHA, Deep Sea Res. II, 43, 2–3, 539–568, 1996.
Klein, C., Dolan, J., and Rassoulzadegan, F.: Experimental examination of the effects of rainwater on microbial communities in the surface layer of the NW Mediterranean Sea, Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 158, 41–50, 1997.
Kouvarakis, G., Mihalopoulos, N., Tselepides, A., and Stavrakakis, S.: On the importance of atmospheric inputs of inorganic nitrogen species on the productivity of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(4), 805–817, 2001.
Krom, M. D., Herut, B., and Mantoura, R. F. C.: Nutrient budget for the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for P limitation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1582–1592, 2004.
Lee, C., Peterson, M. L., Wakeham, S. G., Armstrong, R. A., Cochran, J. K., Miquel, J. C., Fowler, S. W., Hirschberg, D., Beck, A., and Xue, J.: Particulate organic matter and ballast fluxes measured using time-series and settling velocity sediment traps in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Res. II, 56(18), 1420–1436, 2009.
Lévy, M., Mémery, L., and André, J.-M.: Simulation of primary production and export fluxes in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, J. Mar. Res., 56, 197–238, 1998.
Loÿe-Pilot, M. D., Martin, J. M., and Morelli, J.: Influence of Saharan dust on the rain acidity and atmospheric input to the Mediterranean, Nature, 321, 427–428, 1986.
Loÿe-Pilot, M. D. and Morelli, J.: Fluctuations of inoic composition of precipitations collected in Corsica related to changes in the origins of incoming aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 19(5), 577–585, 1988.
Loÿe-Pilot, M. D., Martin, J. M., and Morelli, J.: Atmospheric input of inorganic nitrogen to the Western Mediterranean, Biogeochem., 9, 117–134, 1990.
Loÿe-Pilot, M. D. and Martin, J. M.: Saharan dust input to the Western Mediterranean: and eleven years record in Corsica, in: The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean, edited by: Guerzoni, S. and Chester R., Kluwer A.P., Dordrecht, 191–199, 1996.
Mackenzie, F. T., Soffyn, M., and Wollast, R.: Aluminum in seawater: control by biological activity, Science, 199, 680–682, 1978.
Markaki, Z., Oikonomou, K., Kocak, M., Kouvarakis, G., Chaniotaki, A., Kubilay, N., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Atmospheric deposition of inorganic phosphorus in the Levantine Basin, eastern Mediterranean: Spatial and temporal variability and its role in seawater productivity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48(4), 1557–1568, 2003.
Martin, J. M. and Windom, H. L.: Present and future roles of ocean margins in regulating marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements, In R. F. C. Mantoura et al., Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change, Wiley, 45–67, 1991.
Marty, J.-C., Nicolas, E., Miquel, J. C., and Fowler, S. W.: Particulate fluxes of organic compounds and their relationship to zooplankton faecal pellets in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Chem., 46(3), 387–405, 1994.
Marty, J.-C., Chiavérini, J., Pizay, M. D., and Avril, B.: Seasonal and interannual dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton pigments in the western Mediterranean Sea at the DYFAMED time-series station (1991–1999), Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 1965–1985, 2002.
Measures, C.: The distribution of Al in the IOC stations of the eastern Atlantic between 30° S and 34° N, Mar. Chem., 49, 267–281, 1995.
Migon, C. and Sandroni, V.: Phosphorus in rainwater: Partitioning inputs and impact on the surface coastal ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44(4), 1160–1165, 1999.
Migon, C., Sandroni, V., Marty, J. C., Gasser, B., and Miquel, J. C.: Transfer of atmospheric matter through the euphotic layer in the northwestern Mediterranean: seasonal pattern and driving forces, Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 2125–2141, 2002.
Miquel, J. C., Fowler, S. W., La Rosa, J., and Buat-Menard, P.: Dynamics of the downward flux of particles and carbon in the open northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Res. I, 41(2), 243–261, 1994.
Miserocchi, S., Faganeli, J., Balboni, V., Heussner, S., Monaco, A., and Kerherve, P.: Characteristics and sources of the settling particulate organic matter in the South Adriatic basin, Org. Geochem., 30, 411–421, 1999.
Monaco, A., Durrieu de Madron, X., Radakovitch, O., Heussner, S., and Carbonne, J.: Origin and variability of downward biogeochemical fluxes on the Rhone continental margin (NW mediterranean), Deep Sea Res. I, 46, 1483–1511, 1999.
Moutin, T., Thingstad, T. F., Van Wambeke, F., Marie, D., Slawik, G., Raimbault, P., and Claustre, H.: Does competition for nanomolar phosphate supply explain the predominance of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47(5), 1562–1567, 2002.
Neuer, S., Torres-Padron, M. E., Gelado-Caballero, M. D., Rueda, M. J., Hernandez-Brito, J., Davenport, R., and Wefer, G.: Dust deposition pulses to the eastern subtropical North Atlantic gyre: Does ocean's biogeochemistry respond?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002228, 2004.
Passow, U.: Switching perspectives: Do mineral fluxes determine particulate organic carbon fluxes or vice versa?, Geochem. Geoph. Geosyst., 5(4), Q04002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000670, 2004.
Passow, U. and De La Rocha, C.: Accumulation of mineral ballast on organic aggregates, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB1013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002579, 2006.
Ploug, H., Hvitfeld Iversen, M., and Fischer, G.: Ballast, sinking velocity, and apparent diffusivity within marine snow and zooplankton fecal pellets: Implications for substrate turnover by attached bacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53(5), 1878–1886, 2008.
Pulido-Villena, E., Wagener, T., and Guieu, C.: Bacterial response to dust pulses in the western Mediterranean: Implications for carbon cycling in the oligotrophic ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB1020, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003091, 2008.
Quétel, C. R., Remoudaki, E., Davies, J. E., Miquel, J. C., Fowler, S. W., Lambert, C. E., Bergametti, G., and Buat-Menard, P.: Impact of atmospheric deposition on particulate iron flux and distribution in northwestern Mediterranean waters, Deep Sea Res. I, 40(5), 989–1002, 1993.
Ridame, C.: Rôle des apports atmosphériques d'origine continentale dans la biogéochimie marine: Impact des apports sahariens sur la production primaire en Méditerrannée, PhD thesis, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, 253 pp, 2001.
Sanchez-Vidal, A., Calafat, A., Canals, M., Frigola, J., and Fabres, J.: Particle fluxes and organic carbon balance across the Eastern Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean Sea), Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 609–628, 2005.
Stavrakakis, S., Chronis, G., Tselepides, A., Heussner, S., Monaco, A., and Abassi, A.: Downward fluxes of settling particles in the deep Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean), Progr. Oceanogr., 46, 217–240, 2000.
Stemmann, L.: Analyse spatio-temporelle de la matière particulaire déterminée par une nouvelle technique vidéo en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale, Ph.D. thesis, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, paris 6, 200 pp, 1998.
Stemmann, L., Gorsky, G., Marty, J.-C., Gasser, B., and Miquel, J.-C.: Four-year study of large-particle vertical distribution (0–1000 m) in the NW Mediterranean in relation to hydrology, phytoplankton and vertical flux, Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 2143–2162, 2002.
Thingstad, T. F., Zweifel, U. L., and Rassoulzadegan, F.: P limitation of heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton in the northwest Mediterranean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 88–94, 1998.
Tomadin, L. and Lenaz, R.: Eolian dust over the Mediterranean and their contribution to the present sedimentation, in: Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, edited by: Leinen, M. and Sarnthein, M., Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 267–282, 1989.
Volpe, G., Banzon, V. F., Evans, R. H., Santoreli, R., Mariano, A. J., and Sciarra, R.: Satellite observations of the impact of dust in a low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region: Fertilisation or artifact?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB3007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003216, 2009.
Wakeham, S. G., Lee, C., Peterson, M. L., Liu, Z., Szlosek, J., Putnam, I. F., and Xue, J.: Organic biomarkers in the twilight zone – Time series and settling velocity sediment traps during MedFlux, Deep Sea Res. II , 5(18), 1437–1453, 2009.
Wedepohl, K. H.: The composition of the continental crust, Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1217–1232, 1995.
Zuniga, D., Calafat, A., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canalsa, M., Price, B., Heussner, S., and Miserocchi, S.: Particulate organic carbon budget in the open Algero-Balearic Basin (Western Mediterranean): Assessment from a one-year sediment trap experiment, Deep Sea Res. I, 54, 1530–1548, 2007.
Zuniga, D., Calafat, A., Heussner, S., Miserocchi, S., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Garcia-Orellana, J., Canals, M., Sanchez-Cabeza, J. A., Carbonne, J., Delsaut, N., and Saragoni, N.: Compositional and temporal evolution of particle fluxes in the open Algero-Balearic basin (Western Mediterranean), J. Mar. Syst., 70(1–2), 196–214, 2008.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint