Articles | Volume 10, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6509-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6509-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
15 Oct 2013
Reviews and syntheses |
| 15 Oct 2013
Air–sea exchanges of CO2 in the world's coastal seas
C.-T. A. Chen
Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Institute of Marine Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
The International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
T.-H. Huang
Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Y.-C. Chen
Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Y. Bai
Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
X. He
Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
Y. Kang
Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
Related authors
Jing-Ying Wu, Siou-Yan Lin, Jung-Fu Huang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Jia-Jang Hung, Shao-Hung Peng, and Li-Lian Liu
Biogeosciences, 20, 2693–2706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The shallow-water hydrothermal vents off the Kueishan Island, Taiwan, have the most extreme records of pH values (1.52), temperatures (116 °C), and H2S concentrations (172.4 mmol mol−1) in the world. White and yellow vents differ in the color and physical and chemical characteristics of emitted plumes. We found that the feeding habits of the endemic vent crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) are adapted to their resident vent types at a distance of 100 m, and the trans-vent movement is uncommon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qianqian Liu, Selvaraj Kandasamy, Baozhi Lin, Huawei Wang, and Chen-Tung Arthur Chen
Biogeosciences, 15, 2091–2109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2091-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2091-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the global carbon cycling in the marginal seas is crucial to realize the climate–carbon link. Here we characterized the source of suspended particulate matter along the deep chlorophyll maximum layers and found that organic matter in these layers was largely derived from the primary production. Also this layer is insignificantly influenced by the land-derived organic matter. Our results may have a direct implication on the application of isotopic mixing models in marine sediments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Y. J. Chen, J. Y. Wu, C. T. A. Chen, and L. L. Liu
Biogeosciences, 12, 2631–2639, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2631-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2631-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This was the first study to compare snail’s morphological traits under varying shallow-vent stresses using populations previously classified by protein expression profiles. Anachis snails were classified as V-South (pH 7.78-7.82) and V-Rest (pH 7.31-7.83). There was a difference in shell width : length, with vent populations being more globular. Vent Anachis snails had thinner body whorl (56%) and penultimate whorl (29%) shells than non-vent Euplica sp.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S.-J. Kao, B.-Y. Wang, L.-W. Zheng, K. Selvaraj, S.-C. Hsu, X. H. Sean Wan, M. Xu, and C.-T. Arthur Chen
Biogeosciences, 12, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new sedimentary nitrogen isotope record (d15N) of a sediment core from the southeastern Arabian Sea (AS). By compiling the published nitrogen isotope data in the AS, we obtain geographically distinctive bottom-depth effects for the northern and southern AS since 35ka. After eliminating the bottom-depth bias, we observe opposite d15N trends in the Holocene between these two areas, reflecting a special coupling of denitrification to the north and N2-fixation to the south.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. Q. Han, M. H. Dai, J. P. Gan, S.-J. Kao, X. Z. Zhao, S. Jan, Q. Li, H. Lin, C.-T. A. Chen, L. Wang, J. Y. Hu, L. F. Wang, and F. Gong
Biogeosciences, 10, 8159–8170, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8159-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8159-2013, 2013
X. He, Y. Bai, D. Pan, C.-T. A. Chen, Q. Cheng, D. Wang, and F. Gong
Biogeosciences, 10, 4721–4739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4721-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4721-2013, 2013
Jing-Ying Wu, Siou-Yan Lin, Jung-Fu Huang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Jia-Jang Hung, Shao-Hung Peng, and Li-Lian Liu
Biogeosciences, 20, 2693–2706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The shallow-water hydrothermal vents off the Kueishan Island, Taiwan, have the most extreme records of pH values (1.52), temperatures (116 °C), and H2S concentrations (172.4 mmol mol−1) in the world. White and yellow vents differ in the color and physical and chemical characteristics of emitted plumes. We found that the feeding habits of the endemic vent crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) are adapted to their resident vent types at a distance of 100 m, and the trans-vent movement is uncommon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qianqian Liu, Selvaraj Kandasamy, Baozhi Lin, Huawei Wang, and Chen-Tung Arthur Chen
Biogeosciences, 15, 2091–2109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2091-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2091-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the global carbon cycling in the marginal seas is crucial to realize the climate–carbon link. Here we characterized the source of suspended particulate matter along the deep chlorophyll maximum layers and found that organic matter in these layers was largely derived from the primary production. Also this layer is insignificantly influenced by the land-derived organic matter. Our results may have a direct implication on the application of isotopic mixing models in marine sediments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Y. J. Chen, J. Y. Wu, C. T. A. Chen, and L. L. Liu
Biogeosciences, 12, 2631–2639, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2631-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2631-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This was the first study to compare snail’s morphological traits under varying shallow-vent stresses using populations previously classified by protein expression profiles. Anachis snails were classified as V-South (pH 7.78-7.82) and V-Rest (pH 7.31-7.83). There was a difference in shell width : length, with vent populations being more globular. Vent Anachis snails had thinner body whorl (56%) and penultimate whorl (29%) shells than non-vent Euplica sp.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S.-J. Kao, B.-Y. Wang, L.-W. Zheng, K. Selvaraj, S.-C. Hsu, X. H. Sean Wan, M. Xu, and C.-T. Arthur Chen
Biogeosciences, 12, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new sedimentary nitrogen isotope record (d15N) of a sediment core from the southeastern Arabian Sea (AS). By compiling the published nitrogen isotope data in the AS, we obtain geographically distinctive bottom-depth effects for the northern and southern AS since 35ka. After eliminating the bottom-depth bias, we observe opposite d15N trends in the Holocene between these two areas, reflecting a special coupling of denitrification to the north and N2-fixation to the south.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. Q. Han, M. H. Dai, J. P. Gan, S.-J. Kao, X. Z. Zhao, S. Jan, Q. Li, H. Lin, C.-T. A. Chen, L. Wang, J. Y. Hu, L. F. Wang, and F. Gong
Biogeosciences, 10, 8159–8170, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8159-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8159-2013, 2013
X. He, Y. Bai, D. Pan, C.-T. A. Chen, Q. Cheng, D. Wang, and F. Gong
Biogeosciences, 10, 4721–4739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4721-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4721-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Sea Exchange
Aerosol trace element solubility and deposition fluxes over the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea basins
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatologies, fluxes, and trends – Part 1: Differences between seawater DMS estimations
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatologies, fluxes, and trends – Part 2: Sea–air fluxes
Anomalous Summertime CO2 sink in the subpolar Southern Ocean promoted by early 2021 sea ice retreat
High-frequency continuous measurements reveal strong diel and seasonal cycling of pCO2 and CO2 flux in a mesohaline reach of the Chesapeake Bay
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Significant role of physical transport in the marine carbon monoxide (CO) cycle: observations in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), the western North Pacific, and the Bering Sea in summer
Central Arctic Ocean surface–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and CH4 constrained by direct measurements
Spatial and seasonal variability in volatile organic sulfur compounds in seawater and the overlying atmosphere of the Bohai and Yellow seas
Estimating marine carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific using a neural network approach
Sea–air methane flux estimates derived from marine surface observations and instantaneous atmospheric measurements in the northern Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay
Global analysis of the controls on seawater dimethylsulfide spatial variability
Air–sea gas exchange in a seagrass ecosystem – results from a 3He ∕ SF6 tracer release experiment
Concentrations of dissolved dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol and other trace gases in context of microbial communities from the temperate Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean
Marine nitrogen fixation as a possible source of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific
Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Winter season Southern Ocean distributions of climate-relevant trace gases
How biogenic polymers control surfactant dynamics in the surface microlayer: insights from a coastal Baltic Sea study
Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux
The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach
Physical mechanisms for biological carbon uptake during the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)
Wintertime process study of the North Brazil Current rings reveals the region as a larger sink for CO2 than expected
New constraints on biological production and mixing processes in the South China Sea from triple isotope composition of dissolved oxygen
Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans
Sea ice concentration impacts dissolved organic gases in the Canadian Arctic
Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers
An empirical MLR for estimating surface layer DIC and a comparative assessment to other gap-filling techniques for ocean carbon time series
Derivation of seawater pCO2 from net community production identifies the South Atlantic Ocean as a CO2 source
Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea
Enhancement of the North Atlantic CO2 sink by Arctic Waters
Global ocean dimethyl sulfide climatology estimated from observations and an artificial neural network
Atmospheric deposition of organic matter at a remote site in the central Mediterranean Sea: implications for the marine ecosystem
Underway seawater and atmospheric measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Southern Ocean
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), marine biogenic aerosols and the ecophysiology of coral reefs
Spatial variations in CO2 fluxes in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada) and results of a water mixing model
Gas exchange estimates in the Peruvian upwelling regime biased by multi-day near-surface stratification
Insights from year-long measurements of air–water CH4 and CO2 exchange in a coastal environment
On the role of climate modes in modulating the air–sea CO2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems
Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study
Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades
Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2
Effect of wind speed on the size distribution of gel particles in the sea surface microlayer: insights from a wind–wave channel experiment
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models
Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry mediates nonlinear interactions between nutrient supply, temperature, and atmospheric CO2
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean
Constraints on global oceanic emissions of N2O from observations and models
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis
Phytoplankton growth response to Asian dust addition in the northwest Pacific Ocean versus the Yellow Sea
Rachel U. Shelley, Alex R. Baker, Max Thomas, and Sam Murphy
Biogeosciences, 22, 585–600, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-585-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-585-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The fractions of trace elements in atmospheric particles that are soluble have been measured over the Mediterranean and Black seas. These soluble fractions can affect the growth of microorganisms in the ocean, and our results show that they are affected by mixing with pollutants from the surrounding land and shipping emissions. Atmospheric particles contribute to the loads of soluble elements found in the surface waters and influence the balance between nitrogen and phosphorus.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa A. Marandino, Martí Galí, Thomas G. Bell, and Rafel Simó
Biogeosciences, 21, 4439–4452, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4439-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4439-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur in the atmosphere and leads to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. DMS emission and quantification of its impacts have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in DMS seawater products, which can affect DMS fluxes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa A. Marandino, Martí Galí, Thomas G. Bell, Mingxi Yang, and Rafel Simó
Biogeosciences, 21, 4453–4467, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur in the atmosphere and leads to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. DMS emissions and quantification of their impacts have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in the effect of flux parameterizations used in models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kirtana Naëck, Jacqueline Boutin, Sebastiaan Swart, Marcel Du Plessis, Liliane Merlivat, Laurence Beaumont, Antonio Lourenco, Francesco d'Ovidio, Louise Rousselet, Brian Ward, and Jean-Baptiste Sallée
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2668, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In Summer 2022, a "CARbon Interface OCean Atmosphere"(CARIOCA) drifting buoy observed an anomalously strong ocean carbon sink in the subpolar Southern Ocean associated with large plumes of chlorophyll-a. Lagrangian backward trajectories indicate that these waters originated from the sea ice edge, the previous Spring 2021. Our study highlights the northward migration of the CO2 sink associated with early sea ice retreat.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. Whitman Miller, Jim R. Muirhead, Amanda C. Reynolds, Mark S. Minton, and Karl J. Klug
Biogeosciences, 21, 3717–3734, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High frequency pCO2 measurements reveal net neutral CO2 flux in a mesohaline reach of the Chesapeake Bay. Net off-gassing to the atmosphere begins in June when water temperatures rise above ~26ºC, continuing through November when temperatures fall below ~10ºC. Dissolved CO2 concentrations follow day–night cycles and are especially pronounced in warm waters. From December through May, the river is largely an uninterrupted sink for CO2 (i.e. CO2 is drawn out of the atmosphere into the river).
Young Shin Kwon, Tae Siek Rhee, Hyun-Cheol Kim, and Hyoun-Woo Kang
Biogeosciences, 21, 1847–1865, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Delving into CO dynamics from the East Sea to the Bering Sea, our study unveils the influence of physical transport on CO budgets. By measuring CO concentrations and parameters, we elucidate the interplay between biological and physical processes, highlighting the role of lateral transport in shaping CO distributions. Our findings underscore the importance of considering both biogeochemical and physical drivers in understanding marine carbon fluxes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
John Prytherch, Sonja Murto, Ian Brown, Adam Ulfsbo, Brett F. Thornton, Volker Brüchert, Michael Tjernström, Anna Lunde Hermansson, Amanda T. Nylund, and Lina A. Holthusen
Biogeosciences, 21, 671–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We directly measured methane and carbon dioxide exchange between ocean or sea ice and the atmosphere during an icebreaker-based expedition to the central Arctic Ocean (CAO) in summer 2021. These measurements can help constrain climate models and carbon budgets. The methane measurements, the first such made in the CAO, are lower than previous estimates and imply that the CAO is an insignificant contributor to Arctic methane emission. Gas exchange rates are slower than previous estimates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Juan Yu, Lei Yu, Zhen He, Gui-Peng Yang, Jing-Guang Lai, and Qian Liu
Biogeosciences, 21, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-161-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-161-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distributions of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs) (DMS, COS, and CS2) in the seawater and atmosphere of the Bohai and Yellow Seas were evaluated. Seasonal variations in VSCs were found and showed summer > spring. The COS concentrations exhibited positive correlation with DOC concentrations in seawater during summer. VSCs concentrations in seawater decreased with the depth. Sea-to-air fluxes of COS, DMS, and CS2 indicated that these marginal seas are sources of atmospheric VSCs.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Patrick J. Duke, Roberta C. Hamme, Debby Ianson, Peter Landschützer, Mohamed M. M. Ahmed, Neil C. Swart, and Paul A. Covert
Biogeosciences, 20, 3919–3941, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is both impacted by climate change and helps mitigate its effects through taking up carbon from the atmosphere. We used a machine learning approach to investigate what controls open-ocean carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean. Marine heatwaves that lasted 2–3 years increased uptake, while the upwelling strength of the Alaskan Gyre controlled uptake over 10-year time periods. The trend from 1998–2019 suggests carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean is increasing.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Judith Vogt, David Risk, Evelise Bourlon, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Evan N. Edinger, and Owen A. Sherwood
Biogeosciences, 20, 1773–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The release of the greenhouse gas methane from Arctic submarine sources could exacerbate climate change in a positive feedback. Continuous monitoring of atmospheric methane levels over a 5100 km voyage in the western margin of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay revealed above-global averages likely affected by both onshore and offshore methane sources. Instantaneous sea–air methane fluxes were near zero at all measured stations, including a persistent cold-seep location.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences, 20, 1813–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales of up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ryo Dobashi and David T. Ho
Biogeosciences, 20, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are productive ecosystems and bury much carbon. Understanding their role in the global carbon cycle requires knowledge of air–sea CO2 fluxes and hence the knowledge of gas transfer velocity (k). In this study, k was determined from the dual tracer technique in Florida Bay. The observed gas transfer velocity was lower than previous studies in the coastal and open oceans at the same wind speeds, most likely due to wave attenuation by seagrass and limited wind fetch in this area.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Valérie Gros, Bernard Bonsang, Roland Sarda-Estève, Anna Nikolopoulos, Katja Metfies, Matthias Wietz, and Ilka Peeken
Biogeosciences, 20, 851–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are both sources and sinks for trace gases important for atmospheric chemistry and marine ecology. Here, we quantified selected trace gases (including the biological metabolites dissolved dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and isoprene) along a 2500 km transect from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. In the context of phytoplankton and bacterial communities, our study suggests that methanethiol (rarely measured before) might substantially influence ocean–atmosphere cycling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tsukasa Dobashi, Yuzo Miyazaki, Eri Tachibana, Kazutaka Takahashi, Sachiko Horii, Fuminori Hashihama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Yoko Iwamoto, Shu-Kuan Wong, and Koji Hamasaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 439–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols is important for biogeochemical cycling of bioelements. Our shipboard measurements suggested that reactive nitrogen produced and exuded by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in surface seawater likely contributed to the formation of WSON aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific. This study provides new implications for the role of marine microbial activity in the formation of WSON aerosols in the ocean surface.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lukas Eickhoff, Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, and Thomas Koop
Biogeosciences, 20, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice is an important process in Earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere, in particular in polar regions. Our research focuses on the influence of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and of molecules produced by it upon heterogenous ice nucleation. For that purpose, we studied the freezing of tiny droplets containing the diatoms in a microfluidic device. Together with previous studies, our results suggest a common freezing behaviour of various sea ice diatoms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza, Erik Nilsson, Marcus B. Wallin, Erik Sahlée, and Anna Rutgersson
Biogeosciences, 19, 5645–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global carbon cycle and is highly relevant for the Earth's climate. In this study, we used 9 years of in situ measurements to evaluate the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, using this long record, we assessed the effect of atmospheric and water-side mechanisms controlling the efficiency of the air–sea CO2 exchange under different wind-speed conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Laique M. Djeutchouang, Nicolette Chang, Luke Gregor, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 19, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found that to significantly improve uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping in the Southern Ocean, it is essential to resolve the seasonal cycle (SC) of the meridional gradient of CO2 through high frequency (at least daily) observations that also span the region's meridional axis. We also showed that the estimated SC anomaly and mean annual CO2 are highly sensitive to seasonal sampling biases.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hana Jurikova, Osamu Abe, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Mao-Chang Liang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the isotopic composition of oxygen dissolved in seawater in the South China Sea. This tells us about the origin of oxygen in the water column, distinguishing between biological oxygen produced by phytoplankton communities and atmospheric oxygen entering seawater through gas exchange. We found that the East Asian Monsoon plays an important role in determining the amount of oxygen produced vs. consumed by the phytoplankton, as well as in inducing vertical water mass mixing.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, and Frédéric Chevallier
Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea CO2 fluxes and associated uncertainty over the open ocean to coastal shelves are estimated with a new ensemble-based reconstruction of pCO2 trained on observation-based data. The regional distribution and seasonality of CO2 sources and sinks are consistent with those suggested in previous studies as well as mechanisms discussed therein. The ensemble-based uncertainty field allows identifying critical regions where improvements in pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux estimates should be a priority.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Charel Wohl, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, Brent Else, Brian J. Butterworth, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 1021–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of five different organic gases in seawater in the high Arctic during summer. We found higher concentrations near the surface of the water column (top 5–10 m) and in areas of partial ice cover. This suggests that sea ice influences the concentrations of these gases. These gases indirectly exert a slight cooling effect on the climate, and it is therefore important to measure the levels accurately for future climate predictions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alain de Verneil, Zouhair Lachkar, Shafer Smith, and Marina Lévy
Biogeosciences, 19, 907–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arabian Sea is a natural CO2 source to the atmosphere, but previous work highlights discrepancies between data and models in estimating air–sea CO2 flux. In this study, we use a regional ocean model, achieve a flux closer to available data, and break down the seasonal cycles that impact it, with one result being the great importance of monsoon winds. As demonstrated in a meta-analysis, differences from data still remain, highlighting the great need for further regional data collection.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jesse M. Vance, Kim Currie, John Zeldis, Peter W. Dillingham, and Cliff S. Law
Biogeosciences, 19, 241–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring is needed to detect changes in our environment. Time series of ocean carbon have aided our understanding of seasonal cycles and provided evidence for ocean acidification. Data gaps are inevitable, yet no standard method for filling gaps exists. We present a regression approach here and compare it to seven other common methods to understand the impact of different approaches when assessing seasonal to climatic variability in ocean carbon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 93–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2 fields, which are key to assessing the ocean carbon sink. Our analysis shows that the net community production (NCP), the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, was more accurate than chlorophyll a within a neural network scheme. The improved pCO2 estimates, based on NCP, identified the South Atlantic Ocean as a net CO2 source, compared to a CO2 sink using chlorophyll a.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Birthe Zäncker, Michael Cunliffe, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 18, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jon Olafsson, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Taro Takahashi, Magnus Danielsen, and Thorarinn S. Arnarson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic north of 50° N is an intense ocean sink area for atmospheric CO2. Observations in the vicinity of Iceland reveal a previously unrecognized Arctic contribution to the North Atlantic CO2 sink. Sustained CO2 influx to waters flowing from the Arctic Ocean is linked to their excess alkalinity derived from sources in the changing Arctic. The results relate to the following question: will the North Atlantic continue to absorb CO2 in the future as it has in the past?
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wei-Lei Wang, Guisheng Song, François Primeau, Eric S. Saltzman, Thomas G. Bell, and J. Keith Moore
Biogeosciences, 17, 5335–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide, a volatile compound produced as a byproduct of marine phytoplankton activity, can be emitted to the atmosphere via gas exchange. In the atmosphere, DMS is oxidized to cloud condensation nuclei, thus contributing to cloud formation. Therefore, oceanic DMS plays an important role in regulating the planet's climate by influencing the radiation budget. In this study, we use an artificial neural network model to update the global DMS climatology and estimate the sea-to-air flux.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yuri Galletti, Silvia Becagli, Alcide di Sarra, Margherita Gonnelli, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Damiano M. Sferlazzo, Rita Traversi, Stefano Vestri, and Chiara Santinelli
Biogeosciences, 17, 3669–3684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first data about atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the island of Lampedusa. It also shows the implications for the surface marine layer by studying the impact of atmospheric organic carbon deposition in the marine ecosystem. It is a preliminary study, but it is pioneering and important for having new data that can be crucial in order to understand the impact of atmospheric deposition on the marine carbon cycle in a global climate change scenario.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rebecca L. Jackson, Albert J. Gabric, Roger Cropp, and Matthew T. Woodhouse
Biogeosciences, 17, 2181–2204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs are a strong source of atmospheric sulfur through stress-induced emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS). This biogenic sulfur can influence aerosol and cloud properties and, consequently, the radiative balance over the ocean. DMS emissions may therefore help to mitigate coral physiological stress via increased low-level cloud cover and reduced sea surface temperature. The importance of DMS in coral physiology and climate is reviewed and the implications for coral bleaching are discussed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Louise Delaigue, Helmuth Thomas, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the first compilation and analysis of the surface water pCO2 distribution in the Saguenay Fjord, the southernmost subarctic fjord in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus fills a significant knowledge gap in current regional estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tim Fischer, Annette Kock, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 16, 2307–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated air–sea gas exchange in oceanic upwelling regions for the case of nitrous oxide off Peru. In this region, routine concentration measurements from ships at 5 m or 10 m depth prove to overestimate surface (bulk) concentration. Thus, standard estimates of gas exchange will show systematic error. This is due to very shallow stratified layers that inhibit exchange between surface water and waters below and can exist for several days. Maximum bias occurs in moderate wind conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Riley X. Brady, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael A. Alexander, Michael Jacox, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 16, 329–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, 2019
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Akinori Ito, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, Maarten C. Krol, Natalie M. Mahowald, Rachel A. Scanza, Douglas S. Hamilton, Matthew S. Johnson, Nicholas Meskhidze, Jasper F. Kok, Cecile Guieu, Alex R. Baker, Timothy D. Jickells, Manmohan M. Sarin, Srinivas Bikkina, Rachel Shelley, Andrew Bowie, Morgane M. G. Perron, and Robert A. Duce
Biogeosciences, 15, 6659–6684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The first atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition model intercomparison is presented in this study, as a result of the deliberations of the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP; http://www.gesamp.org/) Working Group 38. We conclude that model diversity over remote oceans reflects uncertainty in the Fe content parameterizations of dust aerosols, combustion aerosol emissions and the size distribution of transported aerosol Fe.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda R. Fay, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Galen A. McKinley, David R. Munro, Colm Sweeney, Alison R. Gray, Peter Landschützer, Britton B. Stephens, Taro Takahashi, and Nancy Williams
Biogeosciences, 15, 3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is highly under-sampled and since this region dominates the ocean sink for CO2, understanding change is critical. Here we utilize available observations to evaluate how the seasonal cycle, variability, and trends in surface ocean carbon in the well-sampled Drake Passage region compare to that of the broader subpolar Southern Ocean. Results indicate that the Drake Passage is representative of the broader region; however, additional winter observations would improve comparisons.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cui-Ci Sun, Martin Sperling, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic gel particles such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) are important components in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Their potential role in air–sea gas exchange and in primary organic aerosol emission has generated considerable research interest. Our wind wave channel experiment revealed how wind speed controls the accumulation and size distribution of biogenic gel particles in the SML.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
N. Precious Mongwe, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Allison R. Moreno, George I. Hagstrom, Francois W. Primeau, Simon A. Levin, and Adam C. Martiny
Biogeosciences, 15, 2761–2779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the missing links between variable marine elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton physiology and carbon cycling, we embed four environmentally controlled stoichiometric models into a five-box ocean model. As predicted each model varied in its influence on the biological pump. Surprisingly, we found that variation can lead to nonlinear controls on atmospheric CO2 and carbon export, suggesting the need for further studies of ocean C : P and the impact on ocean carbon cycling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Erik T. Buitenhuis, Parvadha Suntharalingam, and Corinne Le Quéré
Biogeosciences, 15, 2161–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thanks to decreases in CFC concentrations, N2O is now the third-most important greenhouse gas, and the dominant contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion. Here we estimate the ocean–atmosphere N2O flux. We find that an estimate based on observations alone has a large uncertainty. By combining observations and a range of model simulations we find that the uncertainty is much reduced to 2.45 ± 0.8 Tg N yr−1, and better constrained and at the lower end of the estimate in the latest IPCC report.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sayaka Yasunaka, Eko Siswanto, Are Olsen, Mario Hoppema, Eiji Watanabe, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Akihiko Murata, Siv K. Lauvset, Rik Wanninkhof, Taro Takahashi, Naohiro Kosugi, Abdirahman M. Omar, Steven van Heuven, and Jeremy T. Mathis
Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping pCO2 in the surface water using a self-organizing map technique. The addition of Chl a as a parameter enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2 via better representation of its decline in spring. The uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C y−1 was determined to be significant.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 15, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, 2018
Chao Zhang, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Zongbo Shi, Jinhui Shi, Yang Yu, Ling Meng, and Xinyu Guo
Biogeosciences, 15, 749–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares the response of phytoplankton growth in the northwest Pacific to those in the Yellow Sea. In general, larger positive responses of phytoplankton induced by combined nutrients (in the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific) than those induced by a single nutrient (in the Kuroshio Extension and the Yellow Sea) from the dust are observed. We also emphasize the importance of an increase in bioavailable P stock for phytoplankton growth following dust addition.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Abril, G. and Borges, A.: Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from estuaries, in: Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Natural Environments and Hydroelectric Reservoirs: Fluxes and Processes. Environmental Science Series, edited by: Tremblay, A., Varfalvy, L., Roehm, C., and Garneau, M., Springer-Verlag Berlin, New York, 187–207, 2005.
Abril, G., Nogueira, M., Etcheber, H., Cabecadas, G., Lemaire, E., and Brogueira, M. J.: Behaviour of organic carbon in nine contrasting European estuaries, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 54, 241–262, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2001.0844, 2002.
Abril, G., Etcheber, H., Delille, B., Frankignoulle, M., and Borges, A. V.: Carbonate dissolution in the turbid and eutrophic Loire estuary, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 259, 129–138, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps259129, 2003.
Algesten, G., Wikner, J., Sobek, S., Tranvik, L. J., and Jansson, M.: Seasonal variation of CO2 saturation in the Gulf of Bothnia: Indications of marine net heterotrophy, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, Gb4021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002232, 2004.
Alongi, D. M.: Coastal ecosystem processes, Marine science series, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 448 pp., 1998.
Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., Doval, M. D., and Pérez, F. F.: Dissolved organic matter in shelf waters off the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian upwelling system), J. Mar. Syst., 18, 383–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(97)00114-0, 1999.
Bakker, D. C. E., de Baar, H. J. W., and de Jong, E.: The dependence on temperature and salinity of dissolved inorganic carbon in East Atlantic surface waters, Mar. Chem., 65, 263–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(99)00017-1, 1999.
Bates, N. R.: Air-sea CO2 fluxes and the continental shelf pump of carbon in the Chukchi Sea adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C10013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003083, 2006.
Bates, N. R., Hansell, D. A., Carlson, C. A., and Gordon, L. I.: Distribution of CO2 species, estimates of net community production, and air-sea CO2 exchange in the Ross Sea polynya, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2883–2896, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jc02473, 1998.
Battin, T. J., Kaplan, L. A., Findlay, S., Hopkinson, C. S., Marti, E., Packman, A. I., Newbold, J. D., and Sabater, F.: Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks, Nat. Geosci., 1, 95–100, 2008.
Belkin, I. M.: Rapid warming of large marine ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 81, 207–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.011, 2009.
Beusen, A. H. W., Dekkers, A. L. M., Bouwman, A. F., Ludwig, W., and Harrison, J.: Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, Gb4s05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002453, 2005.
Bianchi, T. S., and Allison, M. A.: Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural "recorders" of global environmental change, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 8085–8092, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812878106, 2009.
Boehme, S. E., Sabine, C. L., and Reimers, C. E.: CO2 fluxes from a coastal transect: a time-series approach, Mar. Chem., 63, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(98)00050-4, 1998.
Borges, A. V.: Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO2 fluxes in the coastal ocean?, Estuaries, 28, 3–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02732750, 2005.
Borges, A. V.: Present day carbon dioxide fluxes in the coastal ocean and possible feedbacks under global change, in: Oceans and the atmospheric carbon content edited by: Duarte, P. M. d. S. and Casiano, J. M. S., 47–77, 2011.
Borges, A. V. and Frankignoulle, M.: Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air-sea exchange in the English Channel and adjacent areas, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3140, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000571, 2003.
Borges, A. V., Djenidi, S., Lacroix, G., Theate, J., Delille, B., and Frankignoulle, M.: Atmospheric CO2 flux from mangrove surrounding waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1558, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017143, 2003.
Borges, A., Delille, B., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Gazeau, F., Abril, G., and Frankignoulle, M.: Gas transfer velocities of CO2 in three European estuaries (Randers Fjord, Scheldt and Thames), Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1630–1641, 2004.
Borges, A. V., Delille, B., and Frankignoulle, M.: Budgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023053, 2005.
Borges, A. V., Schiettecatte, L. S., Abril, G., Delille, B., and Gazeau, E.: Carbon dioxide in European coastal waters, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 70, 375–387, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.046, 2006.
Bouillon, S., Frankignoulle, M., Dehairs, F., Velimirov, B., Eiler, A., Abril, G., Etcheber, H., and Borges, A. V.: Inorganic and organic carbon biogeochemistry in the Gautami Godavari estuary (Andhra Pradesh, India) during pre-monsoon: The local impact of extensive mangrove forests, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb002026, 2003.
Bouillon, S., Korntheuer, M., Baeyens, W., and Dehairs, F.: A new automated setup for stable isotope analysis of dissolved organic carbon, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 4, 216–226, 2006.
Bouillon, S., Dehairs, F., Schiettecatte, L. S., and Borges, A. V.: Biogeochemistry of the Tana estuary and delta (northern Kenya), Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 46–59, 2007a.
Bouillon, S., Dehairs, F., Velimirov, B., Abril, G., and Borges, A. V.: Dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon across contiguous mangrove and seagrass systems (Gazi Bay, Kenya), J. Geophys. Res., 112, G02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jg000325, 2007b.
Bouillon, S., Middelburg, J. J., Dehairs, F., Borges, A. V., Abril, G., Flindt, M. R., Ulomi, S., and Kristensen, E.: Importance of intertidal sediment processes and porewater exchange on the water column biogeochemistry in a pristine mangrove creek (Ras Dege, Tanzania), Biogeosciences, 4, 311–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-311-2007, 2007c.
Bouillon, S., Connolly, R. M., and Lee, S. Y.: Organic matter exchange and cycling in mangrove ecosystems: Recent insights from stable isotope studies, J. Sea Res., 59, 44–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2007.05.001, 2008.
Bozec, Y., Merlivat, L., Baudoux, A.-C., Beaumont, L., Blain, S., Bucciarelli, E., Danguy, T., Grossteffan, E., Guillot, A., and Guillou, J.: Diurnal to inter-annual dynamics of pCO2 recorded by a CARIOCA sensor in a temperate coastal ecosystem (2003–2009), Mar. Chem., 126, 13–26, 2011.
Broecker, W. S., Peng, T.-H., and Beng, Z.: Tracers in the Sea, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, New York, 1982.
Broecker, W. S., Peng, T., Mathieu, G., Hesslein, R., and Torgersen, T.: Gas exchange rate measurements in natural systems, Radiocarbon, 22, 676–683, 1980.
Brush, G. S.: Historical land use, nitrogen, and coastal eutrophication: A paleoecological perspective, Estuar. Coast., 32, 18–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9106-z, 2009.
Cai, W. J.: Riverine inorganic carbon flux and rate of biological uptake in the Mississippi River plume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl016312, 2003.
Cai, W. J.: Estuarine and coastal ocean carbon paradox: CO2 sinks or sites of terrestrial carbon incineration?, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 123–145, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142723, 2011.
Cai, W. J. and Dai, M.: Comment on "Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping", Science, 306, 1477–1477, 2004.
Cai, W. J. and Wang, Y.: The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 657–668, 1998.
Cai, W. J., Pomeroy, L. R., Moran, M. A., and Wang, Y. C.: Oxygen and carbon dioxide mass balance for the estuarine-intertidal marsh complex of five rivers in the southeastern US, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 639–649, 1999.
Cai, W. J., Wiebe, W. J., Wang, Y. C., and Sheldon, J. E.: Intertidal marsh as a source of dissolved inorganic carbon and a sink of nitrate in the Satilla River-estuarine complex in the southeastern US, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 1743–1752, 2000.
Cai, W. J., Wang, Y. C., Krest, J., and Moore, W. S.: The geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a surficial groundwater aquifer in North Inlet, South Carolina, and the carbon fluxes to the coastal ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 631–639, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01167-5, 2003.
Cai, W. J., Dai, M. H., and Wang, Y. C.: Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province-based synthesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026219, 2006.
Cai, W.-J., Hu, X., Huang, W.-J., Murrell, M. C., Lehrter, J. C., Lohrenz, S. E., Chou, W.-C., Zhai, W., Hollibaugh, J. T., and Wang, Y.: Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication, Nat. Geosci., 4, 766–770, 2011.
Cameron, W. M. and Pritchard, D. W.: Estuaries, in: The Sea, edited by: Hill, M. N., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 306–324, 1963.
Carini, S., Weston, N., Hopkinson, C., Tucker, J., and Giblin, A.: Gas exchange rates in the Parker River estuary, Massachusetts, Biol. Bull., 191, 333–334, 1996.
Carrillo, C. J. and Karl, D. M.: Dissolved inorganic carbon pool dynamics in northern Gerlache Strait, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15873–15884, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900110, 1999.
Chavez, F. P., Takahashi, T., Cai, W.-J., Friederich, G., Hales, B., Wanninkhof, R., and Feely, R. A.: Coastal Oceans, in: The first state of the carbon cycle report (SOCCR): The north American carbon budget and implications for the global carbon cycle, edited by: King, A. W., Dilling, L., Zimmerman, G. P., Fairman, D. M., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Rose, A. Z., and Wilbanks, T. J., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Washington, DC, USA, 157–166, 2007.
Chen, C. T. A.: The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink, Chemosphere, 27, 1041–1064, 1993.
Chen, C. T. A.: Dams may impact fisheries even beyond the estuaries, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, the Netherlands, 177–178, 2002.
Chen, C. T. A.: New vs. export production on the continental shelf, Deep-Sea Res., 50, 1327–1333, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00026-2, 2003.
Chen, C. T. A.: Exchanges of carbon in the coastal seas, in: The global carbon cycle:integrating humans, climate, and the natural world, edited by: Field, C. B. and Raupauch, M. R., Island Press, 341–351, 2004.
Chen, C. T. A. and Borges, A. V.: Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean: Continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO2, Deep-Sea Res., 56, 578–590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.01.001, 2009.
Chen, C. T. A. and Tsunogai, S.: Carbon and nutrients in the ocean, in: Asian Change in the Contex of Global Change, edited by: Galloway, J. N. and Melillio, J. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 271–307, 1998.
Chen, C. T. A. and Wang, S. L.: Carbon, alkalinity and nutrient budgets on the East China Sea continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20675–20686, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900055, 1999.
Chen, C. T. A., Pytkowicz, R. M., and Olson, E. J.: Evaluation of the calcium problem in the South Pacific, Geochem. J., 16, 1–10, 1982.
Chen, C. T. A., Holligan, P., Hong, H. S., Iseki, K., Krishnaswami, S., Wollast, R., and Yoder, J.: Land–ocean interactions in the coastal zone, 20, 1994.
Chen, C. T. A., Liu, K. K., and MacDonald, R.: Continental margin exchanges, in: Ocean Biogeochemistry: a JGOFS Synthesis, edited by: Fasham, M. J. R., Springer, Berlin, 53–97, 2003.
Chen, C. T. A., Hou, W. P., Gamo, T., and Wang, S. L.: Carbonate-related parameters of subsurface waters in the West Philippine, South China and Sulu Seas, Mar. Chem., 99, 151–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.05.008, 2006a.
Chen, C. T. A., Wang, S. L., Chou, W. C., and Sheu, D. D.: Carbonate chemistry and projected future changes in pH and CaCO3 saturation state of the South China Sea, Mar. Chem., 101, 277–305, 2006b.
Chen, C. T. A., Wang, S. L., Lu, X. X., Zhang, S. R., Lui, H. K., Tseng, H. C., Wang, B. J., and Huang, H. I.: Hydrogeochemistry and greenhouse gases of the Pearl River, its estuary and beyond, Quatern. Int., 186, 79–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.024, 2008a.
Chen, C. T. A., Zhai, W., and Dai, M.: Riverine input and air-sea CO2 exchanges near the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary: Status quo and implication on possible future changes in metabolic status, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 1476–1482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.10.013, 2008b.
Chen, C. T. A., Huang, T. H., Fu, Y. H., Bai, Y., and He, X.: Strong sources of CO2 in upper estuaries become sinks of CO2 in large river plumes, Curr. Opin. Env. Sust., 4, 179–185, 2012.
Ciais, P., Borges, A. V., Abril, G., Meybeck, M., Folberth, G., Hauglustaine, D., and Janssens, I. A.: The impact of lateral carbon fluxes on the European carbon balance, Biogeosciences, 5, 1259–1271, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1259-2008, 2008.
Clark, J. F., Wanninkhof, R., Schlosser, P., and Simpson, H. J.: Gas exchange rates in the tidal Hudson River using a dual tracer technique, Tellus B, 46, 274–285, 1994.
Clark, J., Schlosser, P., Simpson, H., Stute, M., Wanninkhof, R., and Ho, D.: Relationship between gas transfer velocities and wind speeds in the tidal Hudson River determined by the dual tracer technique, in: Air-water gas transfer, edited by: Jhane, B. and Monahan, E., AEON Verlag and Studio, Germany, 785–800, 1995.
Clark, D. B., Taylor, C. M., and Thorpe, A. J.: Feedback between the land surface and rainfall at convective length scales, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 625–639, 2004.
Codispoti, L. A., Friederich, G. E., and Hood, D. W.: Variability in the inorganic carbon system over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf during spring 1980 and spring–summer 1981, Cont. Shelf Res., 5, 133–160, 1986.
Cole, J. J. and Caraco, N. F.: Carbon in catchments: connecting terrestrial carbon losses with aquatic metabolism, Mar. Freshwater Res., 52, 101–110, 2001.
Cooley, S. R., Coles, V. J., Subramaniam, A., and Yager, P. L.: Seasonal variations in the Amazon plume-related atmospheric carbon sink, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002831, 2007.
Crossland, C. J., Kremer, H. H., Lindeboom, H. J., Crossland, J. I. M., and Tissier, M. D. A. L.: Coastal fluxes in the anthropocene: the land-ocean interactions in the coastal zone project of the international geosphere-biosphere programme, Springer, Berlin, 232 pp., 2005.
Dagg, M. J., Bianchi, T. S., Breed, G. A., Cai, W. J., Duan, S., Liu, H., McKee, B. A., Powell, R. T., and Stewart, C. M.: Biogeochemical characteristics of the lower Mississippi River, USA, during June 2003, Estuaries, 28, 664–674, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02732905, 2005.
Dai, M., Yin, Z., Meng, F., Liu, Q., and Cai, W.-J.: Spatial distribution of riverine DOC Inputs to the ccean: An updated global synthesis, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sust., 4, 170–178, 2012.
Dai, M. H., Zhai, W. D., Cai, W. J., Callahan, J., Huang, B. Q., Shang, S. L., Huang, T., Li, X. L., Lu, Z. M., Chen, W. F., and Chen, Z. Z.: Effects of an estuarine plume-associated bloom on the carbonate system in the lower reaches of the Pearl River estuary and the coastal zone of the northern South China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 1416–1423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.018, 2008.
Dai, M. H., Lu, Z. M., Zhai, W. D., Chen, B. S., Cao, Z. M., Zhou, K. B., Cai, W. J., and Chen, C. T. A.: Diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in contrasting coastal environments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 735–745, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.3.0735, 2009.
Dai, Z. J., Du, J. Z., Zhang, X. L., Su, N., and Li, J. F.: Variation of Riverine Material Loads and Environmental Consequences on the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in Recent Decades (1955–2008), Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 223–227, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103026a, 2011.
DeGrandpre, M. D., Olbu, G. J., Beatty, C. M., and Hammar, T. R.: Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the US Middle Atlantic Bight, Deep-Sea Res., 49, 4355–4367, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00122-4, 2002.
de Haas, H., van Weering, T. C. E., and de Stieger, H.: Organic carbon in shelf seas: sinks or sources, processes and products, Cont. Shelf Res., 22, 691–717, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(01)00093-0, 2002.
de la Paz, M., Gomez-Parra, A., and Forja, J.: Inorganic carbon dynamic and air-water CO2 exchange in the Guadalquivir Estuary (SW Iberian peninsula), J. Mar. Syst., 68, 265–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.11.011, 2007.
de la Paz, M., Padín, X. A., Ríos, A. F., and Pérez, F. F.: Surface fCO2 variability in the Loire plume and adjacent shelf waters: High spatio-temporal resolution study using ships of opportunity, Mar. Chem., 118, 108–118, 2010.
de Madron, X. D., G., C., d'Alcalà, M. R., Raimbault, P., Krasakopoulou, E., and Goyet, C.: The Mediterranean Sea: The shelf-slope system, in: Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins: A global synthesis, edited by: Liu, K. K., Atkinson, L., and R., Q., Springer, New York, 364–382, 2010.
Doney, S. C., Mahowald, N., Lima, I., Feely, R. A., Mackenzie, F. T., Lamarque, J. F., and Rasch, P. J.: Impact of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition on ocean acidification and the inorganic carbon system, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 14580–14585, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702218104, 2007.
Ducklow, H. W., and McCallister, S. L.: The biogeochemistry of carbon dioxide in the coastal oceans, in: The Sea, edited by: Robinsion, A. R., and Brink, K.: The Global Coastal Ocean – Multiscale Interdisciplinary Processes, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 269–315, 2004.
Dürr, H. H., Laruelle, G. G., van Kempen, C. M., Slomp, C. P., Meybeck, M., and Middelkoop, H.: Worldwide typology of nearshore coastal systems: Defining the estuarine filter of river inputs to the oceans, Estuar. Coast., 34, 441–458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9381-y, 2011.
Elliott, M. and McLusky, D. S.: The need for definitions in understanding estuaries, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 55, 815–827, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2002.1031, 2002.
Else, B. G. T., Papakyriakou, T. N., Granskog, M. A., and Yackel, J. J.: Observations of sea surface fCO2 distributions and estimated air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Hudson Bay region (Canada) during the open water season, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C08026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jc004389, 2008.
Fagan, K. E. and Mackenzie, F. T.: Air-sea CO2 exchange in a subtropical estuarine-coral reef system, Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, Mar. Chem., 106, 174–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.01.016, 2007.
Fasham, M. J. R., Baliño, B. M., and Bowles, M. C.: A new vision of ocean biogeochemistry after a decade of the joint global ocean flux study (JGOFS), Ambio, 10, 4–31, 2001.
Ferron, S., Ortega, T., Gomez-Parra, A., and Forja, J. M.: Seasonal study of dissolved CH4, CO2 and N2O in a shallow tidal system of the bay of Cadiz (SW Spain), J. Mar. Syst., 66, 244–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.03.021, 2007.
Frankignoulle, M. and Borges, A. V.: European continental shelf as a significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 569–576, 2001.
Frankignoulle, M., Gattuso, J. P., Biondo, R., Bourge, I., CopinMontegut, G., and Pichon, M.: Carbon fluxes in coral reefs .2. Eulerian study of inorganic carbon dynamics and measurement of air-sea CO2 exchanges, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 145, 123–132, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps145123, 1996.
Frankignoulle, M., Abril, G., Borges, A., Bourge, I., Canon, C., DeLille, B., Libert, E., and Theate, J. M.: Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries, Science, 282, 434–436, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5388.434, 1998.
Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Anderson, L. C., Bussmann, I., Kattner, G., Jones, E. P., and Swift, J. H.: The importance of shelf processes for the modification of chemical constituents in the waters of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: implication for carbon fluxes, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 225–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(00)00088-1, 2001.
Fransson, A., Chierici, M., and Nojiri, Y.: Increased net CO2 outgassing in the upwelling region of the southern Bering Sea in a period of variable marine climate between 1995 and 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C08008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jc002759, 2006.
Friederich, G. E., Walz, P. M., Burczynski, M. G., and Chavez, F. P.: Inorganic carbon in the central California upwelling system during the 1997–1999 El Nino-La Nina event, Prog. Oceanogr., 54, 185–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00049-6, 2002.
Gao, X. L., Song, J. M., Li, X. G., Yuan, H. M., and Li, N.: Spatial and temporal variations in pH and total alkalinity at the beginning of the rainy season in the Changjiang Estuary, China, Acta. Oceanol. Sin., 24, 68–77, 2005.
Gattuso, J. P., Pichon, M., Delesalle, B., and Frankignoulle, M.: Community metabolism and air-sea CO2 fluxes in a coral-reef ecosystem (Moorea, French-Polynesia), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 96, 259–267, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps096259, 1993.
Gattuso, J. P., Frankignoulle, M., and Wollast, R.: Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29, 405–434, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.405, 1998.
Gazeau, F., Borges, A. V., Barron, C., Duarte, C. M., Iversen, N., Middelburg, J. J., Delille, B., Pizay, M. D., Frankignoulle, M., and Gattuso, J. P.: Net ecosystem metabolism in a micro-tidal estuary (Randers Fjord, Denmark): evaluation of methods, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 301, 23–41, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps301023, 2005.
Ghosh, S., Jana, T. K., Singh, B. N., and Choudhury, A.: Comparative study of carbon dioxide system in virgin and reclaimed mangrove waters of Sundarbans during freshet, Mahasagar-Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography, 20, 155–161, 1987.
Gibson, J. A. E. and Trull, T. W.: Annual cycle of fCO2 under sea-ice and in open water in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica, Mar. Chem., 66, 187–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(99)00040-7, 1999.
Gong, G. C., Shiah, F. K., Liu, K. K., Wen, Y. H., and Liang, M. H.: Spatial and temporal variation of chlorophyll a, primary productivity and chemical hydrography in the southern East China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 411–436, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(99)00079-5, 2000.
Goyet, C., Millero, F. J., O'Sullivan, D. W., Eischeid, G., McCue, S. J., and Bellerby, R. G. J.: Temporal variations of pCO2 in surface seawater of the Arabian Sea in 1995, Deep-Sea Res., 45, 609–623, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(97)00085-x, 1998.
Griffith, P. C., Douglas, D. J., and Wainright, S. C.: Metabolic-activity of size-fractionated microbial plankton in estuarine, nearshore, and continental-shelf waters of Georgia, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 59, 263–270, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps059263, 1990.
Guilderson, T. P., Schrag, D. P., Fallon, S. J., Dunbar, R. B., Kilbourne, K. H., and Prouty, N. G.: Surface water radiocarbon (Δ14C) reconstructed from reef-building zooxanthellate corals from 1751–2004, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2005.
Guo, X. H., Dai, M. H., Zhai, W. D., Cai, W. J., and Chen, B. S.: CO2 flux and seasonal variability in a large subtropical estuarine system, the Pearl River Estuary, China, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G03013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000905, 2009.
Gupta, G. V. M., Sarma, V., Robin, R. S., Raman, A. V., Kumar, M. J., Rakesh, M., and Subramanian, B. R.: Influence of net ecosystem metabolism in transferring riverine organic carbon to atmospheric CO2 in a tropical coastal lagoon (Chilka Lake, India), Biogeochemistry, 87, 265–285, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9183-x, 2008.
Hales, B., Takahashi, T., and Bandstra, L.: Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a coastal upwelling system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, Gb1009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002295, 2005.
Hales, B., Cai, W. J., Mitchell, B. G., Sabine, C. L., and Schofield, O.: North American continental margins : a synthesis and planning workshop: report of the North American Continental Margins Working Group for the US Carbon Cycle Scientific Steering Group and Interagency Working Group, US Carbon Cycle Science Program, Washington, DC, 110, 2008.
Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, C. A.: Deep-ocean gradients in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon, Nature, 395, 263–266, https://doi.org/10.1038/26200, 1998.
Hedges, J. I. and Keil, R. G.: Sedimentary organic-matter preservation – an assessment and speculative synthesis, Mar. Chem., 49, 81–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00008-f, 1995.
Hedges, J. I., Keil, R. G., and Benner, R.: What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean?, Org. Geochem., 27, 195–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(97)00066-1, 1997.
Heip, C. H. R., Goosen, N. K., Herman, P. M. J., Kromkamp, J., Middelburg, J. J., and Soetaert, K.: Production and consumption of biological particles in temperate tidal estuaries, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 33, 1–149, 1995.
Hidalgo-Gonzalez, R. M., Alvarez-Borrego, S., and Zirino, A.: Mixing in the region of the midrift islands of the Gulf of California: Effect on surface pCO2, Cienc. Mar., 23, 317–327, 1997.
Ho, D. T., Schlosser, P., and Orton, P. M.: On factors controlling air–water gas exchange in a large tidal river, Estuar. Coast., 34, 1103–1116, 2011.
Ho, D. T., Law, C. S., Smith, M. J., Schlosser, P., Harvey, M., and Hill, P.: Measurements of air-sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global parameterizations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16611, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026817, 2006.
Hofmann, E. E., Cahill, B., Fennel, K., Friedrichs, M. A., Hyde, K., Lee, C., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., O'Reilly, J. E., and Wilkin, J.: Modeling the dynamics of continental shelf carbon, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 93–122, 2011.
Hopkinson, C. S.: Shallow-water benthic and pelagic metabolism – Evidence of net heterotrophy in the nearshore Georgia Bight, Mar. Biol., 87, 19–32, 1985.
Hopkinson, C. S.: Patterns of organic carbon exchange between coastal ecosystems: The mass balance approach in slat marsh ecosystems., in: Coastal-Offshore Ecosystem Interactions, edited by: Jansson, B.-O., Springer, Berlin, 122–154, 1988.
Hopkinson, C. S., and Smith, E. M.: Estuarine respiration: an overview of benthic, pelagic and whole system respiration, in: Respiration in aquatic ecosystems, edited by: del Giorgio, P. A. and Williams, P. J. L., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 122–146, 2005.
Hoppema, J. M. J.: The seasonal behavior of carbon-dioxide and oxygen in the coastal North-Sea along the Netherlands, Neth. J. Sea Res., 28, 167–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(91)90015-s, 1991.
Huang, T.-H., Fu, Y.-H., Pan, P.-Y., and Chen, C.-T. A.: Fluvial carbon fluxes in tropical rivers, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sust., 4, 179–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.02.003, 2012.
Huertas, I. E., Navarro, G., Rodriguez-Galvez, S., and Lubian, L. M.: Temporal patterns of carbon dioxide in relation to hydrological conditions and primary production in the northeastern shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain), Deep-Sea Res., 53, 1344–1362, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.03.010, 2006.
Hunt, C. W., Salisbury, J. E., Vandemark, D., and McGillis, W.: Contrasting carbon dioxide inputs and exchange in three adjacent new England estuaries, Estuar. Coast., 34, 68–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-010-9299-9, 2011.
Hydes, D., Jiang, Z., Hartman, M. C., Campbell, J. M., Hartman, S. E., Pagnani, M. R., and Kelly-Gerreyn, B. A.: Surface DIC and TALK measurements along the M/V Pacific Celebes VOS Line during the 2007–2012 cruises, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2012.
Ianson, D. and Allen, S. E.: A two-dimensional nitrogen and carbon flux model in a coastal upwelling region, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001451, 2002.
IPCC: IPCC fourth assessment report climate change 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, 2007.
Ito, R. G., Schneider, B., and Thomas, H.: Distribution of surface fCO2 and air-sea fluxes in the Southwestern subtropical Atlantic and adjacent continental shelf, J. Mar. Syst., 56, 227–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.02.005, 2005.
Ittekkot, V., Nair, R. R., Honjo, S., Ramaswamy, V., Bartsch, M., Manganini, S., and Desai, B. N.: Enhanced particle fluxes in bay of Bengal induced by injection of fresh-water, Nature, 351, 385–387, https://doi.org/10.1038/351385a0, 1991.
Jahnke, R., Richards, M., Nelson, J., Robertson, C., Rao, A., and Jahnke, D.: Organic matter remineralization and porewater exchange rates in permeable South Atlantic Bight continental shelf sediments, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 1433–1452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2005.04.002, 2005.
Jahnke, R. A.: Global synthesis, in: Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins, edited by: Liu, K. K., Atkinson, L., Quiñones, R., and McManus, L. T., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 597–616, 2010.
Jiang, L. Q., Cai, W. J., and Wang, Y. C.: A comparative study of carbon dioxide degassing in river- and marine-dominated estuaries, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2603–2615, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.6.2603, 2008a.
Jiang, L. Q., Cai, W. J., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, Y. C., and Luger, H.: Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the US South Atlantic Bight: Spatial and seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jc004366, 2008b.
Jiang, L. Q., Cai, W. J., Wang, Y. C., Diaz, J., Yager, P. L., and Hu, X. P.: Pelagic community respiration on the continental shelf off Georgia, USA, Biogeochemistry, 98, 101–113, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9379-8, 2010.
Jiang, L.-Q., Cai, W.-J., Wang, Y., and Bauer, J. E.: Influence of terrestrial inputs on continental shelf carbon dioxide, Biogeosciences, 10, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-839-2013, 2013.
Johnson, D. R., Boyer, T. P., Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Baranova, O. K., and Zweng, M. M.: World Ocean Database 2009 Documentation, NOAA Printing Office ed., NODC Internal Report 20, Silver Spring, MD, 2009.
Kaltin, S. and Anderson, L. G.: Uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Arctic shelf seas: evaluation of the relative importance of processes that influence pCO2 in water transported over the Bering-Chukchi Sea shelf, Mar. Chem., 94, 67–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.07.010, 2005.
Kaltin, S., Anderson, L. G., Olsson, K., Fransson, A., and Chierici, M.: Uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Barents Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 38, 31–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(02)00168-9, 2002.
Kang, Y., Pan, D., Bai, Y., He, X., Chen, X., Chen, C. T. A., and Wang, D.: Areas of the global major river plumes, Acta. Oceanol. Sin., 32, 79–88, 2013.
Kawahata, H., Suzuki, A., and Goto, K.: Coral reefs as sources of atmospheric CO2 – Spatial distribution of pCO2 in Majuro Atoll, Geochem. J., 33, 295–303, 1999.
Kayanne, H., Hata, H., Kudo, S., Yamano, H., Watanabe, A., Ikeda, Y., Nozaki, K., Kato, K., Negishi, A., and Saito, H.: Seasonal and bleaching-induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO2 flux, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB3015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002400, 2005.
Keil, R. G., Mayer, L. M., Quay, P. D., Richey, J. E., and Hedges, J. I.: Loss of organic matter from riverine particles in deltas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 1507–1511, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00044-6, 1997.
Kelley, J. J. and Hood, D. W.: Carbon dioxide in the surface water of the ice-covered Bering Sea, Nature, 229, 37–39, 1971.
Kemp, W. M., Smith, E. M., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., and Boynton, W. R.: Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake Bay, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 150, 229–248, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps150229, 1997.
Kempe, S.: Carbon in the freshwater cycle, in: The global carbon cycle, edited by: Bolin, B., Degens, E. T., Kempe, S., and Ketner, P., Scope 13, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 317–342, 1979.
Kempe, S.: Long-term records of CO2 pressure fluctuations in fresh waters, Mitteilungen Aus Dem Geologisch Palaeontologischen Institut Der Universitat Hamburg, 52, 91–332, 1982.
Kempe, S.: Coastal seas: a net source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide?, LOICZ Core Project, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, the Netherlands, 1995.
Kempe, S. and Pegler, K.: Sinks and sources of CO2 in coastal seas – the North-Sea, Tellus B, 43, 224–235, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.00015.x, 1991.
Khatiwala, S., Tanhua, T., Mikaloff Fletcher, S., Gerber, M., Doney, S. C., Graven, H. D., Gruber, N., McKinley, G. A., Murata, A., Ríos, A. F., and Sabine, C. L.: Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon, Biogeosciences, 10, 2169–2191, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2169-2013, 2013.
Kitidis, V., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Litt, E., Brown, I., Cummings, D., Hartman, S., Hydes, D., Fishwick, J. R., Harris, C., and Martinez-Vicente, V.: Seasonal dynamics of the carbonate system in the Western English Channel, Cont. Shelf Res., 42, 30–40, 2012.
Kone, Y. J. M. and Borges, A. V.: Dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in the waters surrounding forested mangroves of the Ca Mau Province (Vietnam), Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 77, 409–421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.10.001, 2008.
Kone, Y. J. M., Abril, G., Kouadio, K. N., Delille, B., and Borges, A. V.: Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide in the rivers and lagoons of Ivory Coast (West Africa), Estuar. Coast., 32, 246–260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9121-0, 2009.
Kortzinger, A.: A significant CO2 sink in the tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with the Amazon River plume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018841, 2003.
Kremer, J. N., Nixon, S. W., Buckley, B., and Roques, P.: Technical note: Conditions for using the floating chamber method to estimate air-water gas exchange, Estuar. Coast., 26, 985–990, 2003.
Kristensen, E., Flindt, M. R., Ulomi, S., Borges, A. V., Abril, G., and Bouillon, S.: Emission of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere by sediments and open waters in two Tanzanian mangrove forests, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 370, 53–67, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07642, 2008.
Kuss, J., Nagel, K., and Schneider, B.: Evidence from the Baltic Sea for an enhanced CO2 air–sea transfer velocity, Tellus B, 56, 175–182, 2004.
Kuss, J., Roeder, W., Wlost, K. P., and DeGrandpre, M. D.: Time-series of surface water CO2 and oxygen measurements on a platform in the central Arkona Sea (Baltic Sea): Seasonality of uptake and release, Mar. Chem., 101, 220–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.03.004, 2006.
Laruelle, G. G., Dürr, H. H., Slomp, C. P., and Borges, A. V.: Evaluation of sinks and sources of CO2 in the global coastal ocean using a spatially-explicit typology of estuaries and continental shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043691, 2010.
Laruelle, G. G., Dürr, H. H., Lauerwald, R., Hartmann, J., Slomp, C. P., Goossens, N., and Regnier, P. A. G.: Global multi-scale segmentation of continental and coastal waters from the watersheds to the continental margins, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2029–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2029-2013, 2013.
Lauerwald, R., Hartmann, J., Ludwig, W., and Moosdorf, N.: Assessing the non-conservative fluvial fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in North America, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G01027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001820, 2012.
Leinweber, A., Gruber, N., Frenzel, H., Friederich, G. E., and Chavez, F. P.: Diurnal carbon cycling in the surface ocean and lower atmosphere of Santa Monica Bay, California, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl037018, 2009.
Le Quéré, C., Andres, R. J., Boden, T., Conway, T., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Marland, G., Peters, G. P., van der Werf, G. R., Ahlström, A., Andrew, R. M., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Doney, S. C., Enright, C., Friedlingstein, P., Huntingford, C., Jain, A. K., Jourdain, C., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Levis, S., Levy, P., Lomas, M., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Schwinger, J., Sitch, S., Stocker, B. D., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: The global carbon budget 1959–2011, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-165-2013, 2013.
Li, X. G., Song, J. M., Niu, L. F., Yuan, H. M., Li, N., and Gao, X. L.: Role of the Jiaozhon Bay as a source/sink of CO2 over a seasonal cycle, Sci. Mar., 71, 441–450, 2007.
Liss, P. and Merlivat, L.: Air-Sea Gas Exchange Rates: Introduction and Synthesis, in: The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited by: Buat-Ménard, P., NATO ASI Series, Springer Netherlands, 113–127, 1986.
Liu, K. K., Atkinson, L., Chen, C. T. A., Gao, S., Hall, J., MacDonald, R. W., McManus, L. T., and Quiñones, R.: Exploring continental margin carbon fluxes on a global scale, Eos Trans. AGU Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81, 641, 2000.
Ludwig, W., AmiotteSuchet, P., and Probst, J. L.: River discharges of carbon to the world's oceans: Determining local inputs of alkalinity and of dissolved and particulate organic carbon, CR Acad. Sci. Ser. II , 323, 1007–1014, 1996a.
Ludwig, W., Probst, J. L., and Kempe, S.: Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 23–41, https://doi.org/10.1029/95gb02925, 1996b.
Ma, L. M., Qiao, R., Zhang, B., Huang, Z. Q., and Zhang, Y. H.: Carbon dioxide in the East China Sea, in: Margin flux in the East China Sea, edited by: Hu, D. X. and Tsunogai, S., China Ocean Press, Beijing, 113–123, 1999.
Mackenzie, F. T., Bewers, J. M., Charlson, R. J., Hofmann, E. E., Knauer, G. A., Kraft, J. C., Nöthig, E. M., Quack, B., Walsh, J. J., Whitfield, M., and Wollast, R.: What is the importance of ocean margin processes in global change?, Ocean margin processes in global change, Chichester, 1991.
Mackenzie, F. T., Lerman, A., and Ver, L. M. B.: Role of the continental margin in the global carbon balance during the past three centuries, Geology, 26, 423–426, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)0262.3.co;2, 1998a.
Mackenzie, F. T., Ver, L. M. B., and Lerman, A.: Coupled biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur in the land-ocean-atmosphere system, in: Asian change in the context of global climate change, edited by: Galloway, J. N. and Melillo, J. M., Cambridge University, Cambridge, 44–100, 1998b.
Mackenzie, F. T., Ver, L. M., and Lerman, A.: Coastal-zone biogeochemical dynamics under global warming, Int. Geol. Rev., 42, 193–206, 2000.
Mackenzie, F. T., Lerman, A., and Andersson, A. J.: Past and present of sediment and carbon biogeochemical cycling models, Biogeosciences, 1, 11–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-1-11-2004, 2004.
Macpherson, G. L., Roberts, J. A., Blair, J. M., Townsend, M. A., Fowle, D. A., and Beisner, K. R.: Increasing shallow groundwater CO2 and limestone weathering, Konza Prairie, USA, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 72, 5581–5599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.004, 2008.
Maher, D. and Eyre, B. D.: Benthic carbon metabolism in southeast Australian estuaries: Habitat importance, driving forces, and application of artificial neural network models, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 439, 97–115, 2011.
Maher, D. T. and Eyre, B. D.: Carbon budgets for three autotrophic Australian estuaries: Implications for global estimates of the coastal air-water CO2 flux, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004075, 2012.
McGillis, W., Edson, J., Hare, J., and Fairall, C.: Direct covariance air-sea CO2 fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16729–16745, 2001.
McGillis, W. R., Edson, J. B., Zappa, C. J., Ware, J. D., McKenna, S. P., Terray, E. A., Hare, J. E., Fairall, C. W., Drennan, W., and Donelan, M.: Air-sea CO2 exchange in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, C08S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002256, 2004.
McKee, B. A.: RiOMar: The transport, transformation and fate of carbon in river-dominated ocean margins, RiOMar Workshop, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 1–3 November 2001, 2003.
McNeil, B. I.: Diagnosing coastal ocean CO2 interannual variability from a 40 year hydrographic time series station off the east coast of Australia, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, Gb4034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003870, 2010.
Meybeck, M.: Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers, Am. J. Sci., 282, 401–450, 1982.
Middelburg, J. J. and Herman, P. M. J.: Organic matter processing in tidal estuaries, Mar. Chem., 106, 127–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.02.007, 2007.
Miller, W. L. and Moran, M. A.: Interaction of photochemical and microbial processes in the degradation of refractory dissolved organic matter from a coastal marine environment, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1317–1324, 1997.
Millero, F. J., Hiscock, W. T., Huang, F., Roche, M., and Zhang, J. Z.: Seasonal variation of the carbonate system in Florida Bay, Bull. Mar. Sci., 68, 101–123, 2001.
Miyajima, T., Tsuboi, Y., Tanaka, Y., and Koike, I.: Export of inorganic carbon from two Southeast Asian mangrove forests to adjacent estuaries as estimated by the stable isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G01024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000861, 2009.
Moran, M. A., Pomeroy, L. R., Sheppard, E. S., Atkinson, L. P., and Hodson, R. E.: Distribution of terrestrially derived dissolved organic-matter on the southeastern United-States continental-shelf, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1134–1149, 1991.
Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Biswas, H., De, T. K., Sen, S., and Jana, T. K.: Seasonal effects on the air-water carbon dioxide exchange in the Hooghly estuary, NE coast of Bay of Bengal, India, J. Environ. Monit., 4, 549–552, https://doi.org/10.1039/b201614a, 2002.
Muller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Luerssen, R., Hu, C. M., and Walsh, J. J.: The importance of continental margins in the global carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021346, 2005.
Murata, A., and Takizawa, T.: Summertime CO2 sinks in shelf and slope waters of the western Arctic Ocean, Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 753–776, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00046-3, 2003.
Nakayama, N., Watanabe, S., and Tsunogai, S.: Difference in O2 and CO2 gas transfer velocities in Funka Bay, Mar. Chem., 72, 115–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00077-3, 2000.
Neal, C., House, W. A., Jarvie, H. P., and Eatherall, A.: The significance of dissolved carbon dioxide in major lowland rivers entering the North Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 210, 187–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00012-6, 1998.
Nedashkovsky, A. P., Sapozhnikov, V. V., Sagalaev, S. G., Isaeva, A. A., and Shevtsova, O. V.: Variability of the carbonate system components and inorganic carbon dynamics in the western Bering Sea in summer, in: Multiple investigations of the Bering Sea ecosystem, edited by: Kotenev, B. N. and Sapozhnikov, V. V., Moskva Russia Izd., Vniro, 155–162, 1995.
Nelson, J. R., Eckman, J. E., Robertson, C. Y., Marinelli, R. L., and Jahnke, R. A.: Benthic microalgal biomass and irradiance at the sea floor on the continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight: Spatial and temporal variability and storm effects, Cont. Shelf Res., 19, 477–505, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(98)00092-2, 1999.
Neubauer, S. C. and Anderson, I. C.: Transport of dissolved inorganic carbon from a tidal freshwater marsh to the York River estuary, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 299–307, 2003.
Nightingale, P. D., Malin, G., Law, C. S., Watson, A. J., Liss, P. S., Liddicoat, M. I., Boutin, J., and UpstillGoddard, R. C.: In situ evaluation of airsea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 373–387, 2000.
O'Connor, D. J. and Dobbins, W. E.: Mechanism of reaeration in natural streams, T. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 123, 641–666, 1958.
Odum, H. T. and Hoskin, C. M.: Comparative studies of the metabolism of Texas Bays, Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas, 5, 16–46, 1958.
Odum, H. T. and Wilson, R.: Further studies on the reaeration and metabolism of Texas Bays, Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas, 8, 23–55, 1962.
Oh, D. C., Park, M. K., and Kim, K. R.: CO2 exchange at air-sea interface in the Huanghai Sea, Acta. Oceanol. Sin., 19, 79–89, 2000.
Ortega, T., Ponce, R., Forja, J., and Gomez-Parra, A.: Fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain), J. Mar. Syst., 53, 125–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marsys.2004.06.006, 2005.
Otsuki, A. S., Watanabe, S., and Tsunogai, S.: Absorption of atmospheric CO2 and its transport to the intermediate layer in the Okhotsk Sea, J. Oceanogr., 59, 709–717, https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joce.0000009599.94380.30, 2003.
Ovalle, A. R. C., Rezende, C. E., Lacerda, L. D., and Silva, C. A. R.: Factors affecting the hydrochemistry of a mangrove tidal creek, sepetiba bay, Brazil, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 31, 639–650, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(90)90017-l, 1990.
Paquay, F. S., Mackenzie, F. T., and Borges, A. V.: Carbon dioxide dynamics in rivers and coastal waters of the "Big Island" of Hawaii, USA, during baseline and heavy rain conditions, Aquat. Geochem., 13, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-006-9005-5, 2007.
Peng, T. R., Chen, C. T. A., Wang, C. H., Zhanc, J., and Lin, Y. J.: Assessment of terrestrial factors controlling the submarine groundwater discharge in water shortage and highly deformed island of Taiwan, western Pacific Ocean, J. Oceanogr., 64, 323–337, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0026-0, 2008.
Peterson, D. H.: Sources and sinks of biologically reactive oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and silica in Northern San Francisco Bay, 1979.
Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Kozyr, A., Malczyk, J., Manke, A., Metzl, N., Sabine, C. L., Akl, J., Alin, S. R., Bates, N., Bellerby, R. G. J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P. J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F. P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Fassbender, A. J., Feely, R. A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hood, M., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C. W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, S. D., Key, R. M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A. M., Padin, X. A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., Ríos, A. F., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Tjiputra, J., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Weiss, R., Wong, C. S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 125–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-125-2013, 2013.
Pomeroy, L. R., Sheldon, J. E., Sheldon, W. M., Blanton, J. O., Amft, J., and Peters, F.: Seasonal changes in microbial processes in estuarine and continental shelf waters of the south-eastern USA, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 51, 415–428, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2000.0690, 2000.
Probst, J. L., Mortatti, J., and Tardy, Y.: Carbon river fluxes and weathering CO2 consumption in the Congo and Amazon river basins, Appl. Geochem., 9, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90047-7, 1994.
Rabouille, C., Mackenzie, F. T., and Ver, L. M.: Influence of the human perturbation on carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen biogeochemical cycles in the global coastal ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 3615–3641, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00760-8, 2001.
Radach, G. and Patsch, J.: Variability of continental riverine freshwater and nutrient inputs into the North Sea for the years 1977–2000 and its consequences for the assessment of eutrophication, Estuar. Coast., 30, 66–81, 2007.
Ralison, O. H., Borges, A. V., Dehairs, F., Middelburg, J. J., and Bouillon, S.: Carbon biogeochemistry of the Betsiboka estuary (north-western Madagascar), Org. Geochem., 39, 1649–1658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.010, 2008.
Raymond, P. A. and Bauer, J. E.: Bacterial consumption of DOC during transport through a temperate estuary, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 22, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame022001, 2000.
Raymond, P. A. and Cole, J. J.: Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries: Choosing a gas transfer velocity, Estuar. Coast., 24, 312–317, 2001.
Raymond, P. A. and Bauer, J. E.: Use of C-14 and C-13 natural abundances for evaluating riverine, estuarine, and coastal DOC and POC sources and cycling: a review and synthesis, Org. Geochem., 32, 469–485, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00190-x, 2001.
Raymond, P. A. and Hopkinson, C. S.: Ecosystem modulation of dissolved carbon age in a temperate marsh-dominated estuary, Ecosystems, 6, 694–705, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0213-6, 2003.
Raymond, P. A., Caraco, N. F., and Cole, J. J.: Carbon dioxide concentration and atmospheric flux in the Hudson River, Estuaries, 20, 381–390, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352351, 1997.
Raymond, P. A., Bauer, J. E., and Cole, J. J.: Atmospheric CO2 evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production, and net heterotrophy in the York River estuary, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 1707–1717, 2000.
Ribas-Ribas, M., Gomez-Parra, A., and Forja, J. M.: Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the north-eastern shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz (southwest Iberian Peninsula), Mar. Chem., 123, 56–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.09.005, 2011.
Richey, J. E.: Pathways of atmospheric CO2 through fluvial systems, in: The global carbon cycle, integrating humans, climate, and the natural world, edited by: Field, C. B. and Raupach, M. R., Island Press, Washington, 329–340, 2004.
Richey, J. E., Melack, J. M., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Ballester, V. M., and Hess, L. L.: Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2, Nature, 416, 617–620, 2002.
Riebesell, U., and Tortell, P. D.: Effects of ocean acidification on pelagic organisms and ecosystems, edited by: Gattuso, J. P. and Hanson, L., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 99–121, 2011.
Ruiz-Halpern, S., Sejr, M. K., Duarte, C. M., Krause-Jensen, D., Dalsgaard, T., Dachs, J., and Rysgaard, S.: Air-water exchange and vertical profiles of organic carbon in a subarctic fjord, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1733–1740, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1733, 2010.
Rysgaard, S., Mortensen, J., Juul-Pedersen, T., Sorensen, L. L., Lennert, K., Sogaard, D. H., Arendt, K. E., Blicher, M. E., Sejr, M. K., and Bendtsen, J.: High air-sea CO2 uptake rates in nearshore and shelf areas of Southern Greenland: Temporal and spatial variability, Mar. Chem., 128, 26–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.11.002, 2012.
Sabine, C., Maenner, S., and Sutton., A.: High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring LaPush_125W_48N, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2011.
Sabine, C., Maenner, S., and Sutton., A.: High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring CoastalMS_88W_30N, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2012.
Sakamoto, A., Watanabe, Y. W., Osawa, M., Kido, K., and Noriki, S.: Time series of carbonate system variables off Otaru coast in Hokkaido, Japan, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 79, 377–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.04.013, 2008.
Sarma, V., Kumar, M. D., and Manerikar, M.: Emission of carbon dioxide from a tropical estuarine system, Goa, India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1239–1242, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl006114, 2001.
Sarma, V., Kumar, N. A., Prasad, V. R., Venkataramana, V., Appalanaidu, S., Sridevi, B., Kumar, B. S. K., Bharati, M. D., Subbaiah, C. V., Acharyya, T., Rao, G. D., Viswanadham, R., Gawade, L., Manjary, D. T., Kumar, P. P., Rajeev, K., Reddy, N. P. C., Sarma, V. V., Kumar, M. D., Sadhuram, Y., and Murty, T. V. R.: High CO2 emissions from the tropical Godavari estuary (India) associated with monsoon river discharges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl046928, 2011.
Sarma, V., Viswanadham, R., Rao, G. D., Prasad, V. R., Kumar, B. S. K., Naidu, S. A., Kumar, N. A., Rao, D. B., Sridevi, T., Krishna, M. S., Reddy, N. P. C., Sadhuram, Y., and Murty, T. V. R.: Carbon dioxide emissions from Indian monsoonal estuaries, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050709, 2012.
Schiettecatte, L. S., Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., and Borges, A. V.: High temporal coverage of carbon dioxide measurements in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, Mar. Chem., 106, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.01.001, 2007.
Schlunz, B. and Schneider, R. R.: Transport of terrestrial organic carbon to the oceans by rivers: re-estimating flux- and burial rates, Int. J. Earth Sci., 88, 599–606, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310050290, 2000.
Schuster, U., McKinley, G. A., Bates, N., Chevallier, F., Doney, S. C., Fay, A. R., González-Dávila, M., Gruber, N., Jones, S., Krijnen, J., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Manizza, M., Mathis, J., Metzl, N., Olsen, A., Rios, A. F., Rödenbeck, C., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Takahashi, T., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.: An assessment of the Atlantic and Arctic sea-air CO2 fluxes, 1990–2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 607–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-607-2013, 2013.
Seitzinger, S. P., Mayorga, E., Bouwman, A. F., Kroeze, C., Beusen, A. H. W., Billen, G., Van Drecht, G., Dumont, E., Fekete, B. M., Garnier, J., and Harrison, J. A.: Global river nutrient export: A scenario analysis of past and future trends, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, Gb0a08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003587, 2010.
Shadwick, E. H., Thomas, H., Azetsu-Scott, K., Greenan, B. J. W., Head, E., and Horne, E.: Seasonal variability of dissolved inorganic carbon and surface water pCO2 in the Scotian Shelf region of the Northwestern Atlantic, Mar. Chem., 124, 23–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.11.004, 2011.
Shen, Z. L.: Historical changes in nutrient structure and its influences on phytoplantkon composition in Jiaozhou Bay, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 52, 211–224, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2000.0736, 2001.
Shen, Z. L., Liu, Q., and Zhang, S.: Distribution, variation and removal patterns of inorganic nitrogen in the Changjiang River, Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 34, 355–363, 2003.
Shim, J., Kim, D., Kang, Y. C., Lee, J. H., Jang, S. T., and Kim, C. H.: Seasonal variations in pCO2 and its controlling factors in surface seawater of the northern East China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 27, 2623–2636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.07.005, 2007.
Silvennoinen, H., Liikanen, A., Rintala, J., and Martikainen, P. J.: Greenhouse gas fluxes from the eutrophic Temmesjoki River and its Estuary in the Liminganlahti Bay (the Baltic Sea), Biogeochemistry, 90, 193–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9244-1, 2008.
Slomp, C. P. and Van Cappellen, P.: Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge: controls and potential impact, J. Hydrol., 295, 64–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhyfrol.2004.02.018, 2004.
Smith, S. V. and Hollibaugh, J. T.: Coastal metabolism and the oceanic organic-carbon balance, Rev. Geophys., 31, 75–89, https://doi.org/10.1029/92rg02584, 1993.
Smith, S. V. and Mackenzie, F. T.: The ocean as a net heterotrophic system: implications from the carbon biogeochemical cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 1, 187–198, https://doi.org/10.1029/GB001i003p00187, 1987.
Smith, V. H. and Schindler, D. W.: Eutrophication science: where do we go from here?, Trends Ecol. Evol., 24, 201–207, 2009.
Souza, M., Gomes, V., Freitas, S., Andrade, R., and Knoppers, B.: Net ecosystem metabolism and nonconservative fluxes of organic matter in a tropical mangrove estuary, Piauí River (NE of Brazil), Estuar. Coast., 32, 111–122, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9104-1, 2009.
Stainton, E. C.: Air-water carbon dioxide exchange in relation to chemical and physical characteristics of the Churchill River and estuary, southwestern Hudson Bay region Master of Science, Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitob, Winnipeg, 123 pp., 2009.
Sweeney, C.: The annual cycle of surface CO2 and O2 in the Ross Sea: A model for gas exchange on the continental shelves of Antarctica, Antarct. Res. Ser., 78, 295–312, 2003.
Syed, T. H., Famiglietti, J. S., Chambers, D. P., Willis, J. K., and Hilburn, K.: Satellite-based global-ocean mass balance estimates of interannual variability and emerging trends in continental freshwater discharge, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 17916–17921, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1003292107, 2010.
Syvitski, J. P., Vorosmarty, C. J., Kettner, A. J., and Green, P.: Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean, Science, 308, 376–380, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109454, 2005.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N., Tilbrook, B., Bates, N., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C., Olafsson, J., and Nojiri, Y.: Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects, 3rd International Symposium on Climatic Changes and the Cycle of Carbon, Brest, France, 2002, ISI:000175992000002, 1601–1622, 2002.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., and Kozyr, A.: Global ocean surface water partial pressure of CO2 database: Measurements performed during 1957–2011 (Version 2011), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2012.
Tans, P., Fung, I., and Takahashi, T.: Observationed constraints on the global carbon dioxide budget, Science, 247, 1431–1438, 1990.
Ternon, J. F., Oudot, C., Dessier, A., and Diverres, D.: A seasonal tropical sink for atmospheric CO2 in the Atlantic ocean: the role of the Amazon River discharge, Mar. Chem., 68, 183–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(99)00077-8, 2000.
Thomas, H. and Schneider, B.: The seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide in Baltic Sea surface waters, J. Mar. Syst., 22, 53–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(99)00030-5, 1999.
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., Elkalay, K., and de Baar, H. J.: Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping, Science, 304, 1005–1008, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095491, 2004.
Thomas, H., Prowe, A. E. F., van Heuven, S., Bozec, Y., de Baar, H. J. W., Schiettecatte, L. S., Suykens, K., Kone, M., Borges, A. V., Lima, I. D., and Doney, S. C.: Rapid decline of the CO2 buffering capacity in the North Sea and implications for the North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, Gb4001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002825, 2007.
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., de Baar, H., Elkalay, K., Frankignoulle, M., Kuhn, W., Lenhart, H., Moll, A., Pätsch, J., Radach, G., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Borges, A. V.: The North Sea in: Carbon andnutrient fluxes in continental margins, edited by: Liu, K. K., Atkinson, L., Quinones, R., and McManus, L. T., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 346–354, 2010.
Trenberth, K. E., Jones, P. D.,Ambenje, P., Bojariu, R., Easterling, D., Tank, A. K., Parker, D., Rahimzadeh, F., Renwick, J. A., Rusticucci, M., Soden, B., and Zhai, P.: Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chenge., Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom, New York, USA, 235–336, 2007.
Tsunogai, S., Watanabe, S., and Sato, T.: Is there a "continental shelf pump" for the absorption of atmospheric CO2?, Tellus B, 51, 701–712, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00010.x, 1999.
Turk, D., Malacic, V., DeGrandpre, M. D., and McGillis, W. R.: Carbon dioxide variability and air-sea fluxes in the northern Adriatic Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jc006034, 2010.
Ver, L. M. B., Mackenzie, F. T., and Lerman, A.: Biogeochemical responses of the carbon cycle to natural and human perturbations: Past, present, and future, Am. J. Sci., 299, 762–801, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.299.7-9.762, 1999a.
Ver, L. M. B., Mackenzie, F. T., and Lerman, A.: Carbon cycle in the coastal zone: effects of global perturbations and change in the past three centuries, Chem. Geol., 159, 283–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00042-x, 1999b.
Wakelin, S., Holt, J., Blackford, J., Allen, J., Butenschön, M., and Artioli, Y.: Modeling the carbon fluxes of the northwest European continental shelf: Validation and budgets, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C05020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007402, 2012.
Wakita, M., Watanabe, Y. W., Watanabe, S., Noriki, S., and Wakatsuchi, M.: Oceanic uptake rate of anthropogenic CO2 in a subpolar marginal sea: The Sea of Okhotsk, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2252, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018057, 2003.
Walsh, J. J.: On the nature of continental shelves, Academic Press, San Diego, 520 pp., 1988.
Walsh, J. J.: Importance of continental margins in the marine biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen, Nature, 350, 53–55, https://doi.org/10.1038/350053a0, 1991.
Walsh, J. J., and Dieterle, D. A.: CO2 cycling in the coastal ocean. I – A numerical analysis of the southeastern Bering Sea with applications to the Chukchi Sea and the northern Gulf of Mexico, Prog. Oceanogr., 34, 335–392, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(94)90019-1, 1994.
Walsh, J. J., Rowe, G. T., Iverson, R. L., and McRoy, C. P.: Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the global CO2 cycle, Nature, 291, 196–201, https://doi.org/10.1038/291196a0, 1981.
Wang, Z. H. A. and Cai, W. J.: Carbon dioxide degassing and inorganic carbon export from a marsh-dominated estuary (the Duplin River): A marsh CO2 pump, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 341–354, 2004.
Wang, B. D., Liu, F., and Zhan, R.: A review of the biogeochemical study on biogenic elements in the Yellow Sea, J. Oceanogr. Huanghai Bohai Seas, 19, 99–106, 2001.
Wang, S. L., Chen, C. T. A., Hong, G. H., and Chung, C. S.: Carbon dioxide and related parameters in the East China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 525–544, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(99)00084-9, 2000.
Wang, W. Q., Huang, X. B., and Zhang, Y. H.: Differences of CO2 partial pressure between sea-air and its flux in South Indian Ocean, J. Oceanogr. Taiwan Strait, 17, 262–268, 1998.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind-speed and gas-exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373–7382, 1992.
Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W. R.: A cubic relationship between airsea CO2 exchange and wind speed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1889–1892, 1999.
Wanninkhof, R., Lewis, E., Feely, R. A., and Millero, F. J.: The optimal carbonate dissociation constants for determining surface water pCO2 from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon, Mar. Chem., 65, 291–301, 1999.
Wanninkhof, R., Park, G.-H., Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Feely, R., Nojiri, Y., Gruber, N., Doney, S. C., McKinley, G. A., Lenton, A., Le Quéré, C., Heinze, C., Schwinger, J., Graven, H., and Khatiwala, S.: Global ocean carbon uptake: magnitude, variability and trends, Biogeosciences, 10, 1983–2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1983-2013, 2013.
Watanabe, A., Kayanne, H., Hata, H., Kudo, S., Nozaki, K., Kato, K., Negishi, A., Ikeda, Y., and Yamano, H.: Analysis of the seawater CO2 system in the barrier reef-lagoon system of Palau using total alkalinity-dissolved inorganic carbon diagrams, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1614–1628, 2006.
Wiegner, T. N. and Seitzinger, S. P.: Photochemical and microbial degradation of external dissolved organic matter inputs to rivers, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 24, 27–40, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame024027, 2001.
Wollast, R.: Interactions of carbon and nitrogen cycles in the coastal zone, in: Interactions of C, N, P, and S biogeochemical cycles and global change, edited by: Wollast, R., Mackenzie, F. T., and Chou, L., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 195–210, 1993.
Wollast, R.: Evaluation and comparison of the global carbon cycle in the coastal zone and in the open ocean, in: The Global Coastal Ocean, edited by: Brink, K. H. and Robinson, A. R., Wiley & Sons, New York, 213–252, 1998.
Woodwell, G. M., Houghton, R. A., and Tempel, N. R.: Atmospheric CO2 at Brookhaven, long-island, New-York – patterns of variation up to 125 meters, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 932–940, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC078i006p00932, 1973.
Woolf, D. K. and Thorpe, S.: Bubbles and the air-sea exchange of gases in near-saturation conditions, J. Mar. Res., 49, 435–466, 1991.
Xue, L., Zhang, L. J., Cai, W. J., and Jiang, L. Q.: Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the southern Yellow Sea: An examination of the continental shelf pump hypothesis, Cont. Shelf Res., 31, 1904–1914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.09.002, 2011.
Xue, L., Xue, M., Zhang, L. J., Sun, T. M., Guo, Z., and Wang, J. J.: Surface partial pressure of CO2 and air-sea exchange in the northern Yellow Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 105, 194–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.08.006, 2012.
Yool, A. and Fasham, M. J. R.: An examination of the "continental shelf pump" in an open ocean general circulation model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 831–844, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001359, 2001.
Zappa, C. J., McGillis, W. R., Raymond, P. A., Edson, J. B., Hintsa, E. J., Zemmelink, H. J., Dacey, J. W., and Ho, D. T.: Environmental turbulent mixing controls on airwater gas exchange in marine and aquatic systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028790, 2007.
Zemmelink, H. J., Slagter, H. A., van Slooten, C., Snoek, J., Heusinkveld, B., Elbers, J., Bink, N. J., Klaassen, W., Philippart, C. J. M., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Primary production and eddy correlation measurements of CO2 exchange over an intertidal estuary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039285, 2009.
Zeng, F.-W. and Masiello, C. A.: Sources of CO2 evasion from two subtropical rivers in North America, Biogeochemistry, 100, 211–225, 2010.
Zeng, F. W., Masiello, C. A., and Hockaday, W. C.: Controls on the origin and cycling of riverine dissolved inorganic carbon in the Brazos River, Texas, Biogeochemistry, 104, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9501-y, 2011.
Zhai, W. D. and Dai, M. H.: On the seasonal variation of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the outer Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea, Mar. Chem., 117, 2–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.02.008, 2009.
Zhai, W., Dai, M., and Guo, X.: Carbonate system and CO2 degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China, Mar. Chem., 107, 342–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.02.011, 2007.
Zhai, W. D., Dai, M. H., Cai, W. J., Wang, Y. C., and Wang, Z. H.: High partial pressure of CO2 and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary: the Pearl River estuary, China, Mar. Chem., 93, 21–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.07.003, 2005.
Zhou, Y. Y., Luckow, P., Smith, S. J., and Clarke, L.: Evaluation of Global Onshore Wind Energy Potential and Generation Costs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 7857–7864, https://doi.org/10.1021/es204706m, 2012.
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint