Articles | Volume 12, issue 11
Biogeosciences, 12, 3171–3195, 2015
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3171-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue: KEOPS2: Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau Study 2
Biogeosciences, 12, 3171–3195, 2015
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3171-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article 02 Jun 2015
Research article | 02 Jun 2015
Export fluxes in a naturally iron-fertilized area of the Southern Ocean – Part 2: Importance of diatom resting spores and faecal pellets for export
M. Rembauville et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Mathieu Rembauville, Stéphane Blain, Clara Manno, Geraint Tarling, Anu Thompson, George Wolff, and Ian Salter
Biogeosciences, 15, 3071–3084, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3071-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3071-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Sinking phytoplankton from the surface ocean provide the principal energy source to deep-ocean ecosystems. Our aim was to understand how different phytoplankton communities impact the chemical nature of this sinking material. We show certain types of phytoplankton can preferentially export energy-rich storage compounds to the seafloor. Any climate-driven effects on phytoplankton community structure could thus impact remote deep-ocean ecosystems thousands of kilometres beneath the surface.
Ivia Closset, Damien Cardinal, Mathieu Rembauville, François Thil, and Stéphane Blain
Biogeosciences, 13, 6049–6066, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6049-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6049-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Isotopic measurements were used to investigate the seasonal evolution of the silicon (Si) biogeochemical cycle in a naturally iron-fertilized area of the Southern Ocean. When comparing data from early spring and summer periods, the relationship between Si depletion, biogenic silica production, and their isotopic composition appears decoupled in this region. Considering these results, we refined the seasonal net Si production that was mainly sustained by surface phytoplankton populations.
A. J. Cavagna, F. Fripiat, M. Elskens, P. Mangion, L. Chirurgien, I. Closset, M. Lasbleiz, L. Florez-Leiva, D. Cardinal, K. Leblanc, C. Fernandez, D. Lefèvre, L. Oriol, S. Blain, B. Quéguiner, and F. Dehairs
Biogeosciences, 12, 6515–6528, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6515-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6515-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Primary production, NO3- and NH4+ uptake, and nitrification rates were measured during the KEOPS 2 cruise (austral spring 2011) in the Kerguelen Plateau area. Natural iron fertilization stimulated primary production which is much higher in the fertilized areas compared to the HNLC site. We report high rates of nitrification in the mixed layer below the euphotic zone. We conclude that high productivity in deep mixing system stimulates the N cycle by increasing both assimilation and regeneration.
F. d'Ovidio, A. Della Penna, T. W. Trull, F. Nencioli, M.-I. Pujol, M.-H. Rio, Y.-H. Park, C. Cotté, M. Zhou, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 5567–5581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5567-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5567-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Field campaigns are instrumental in providing ground truth for understanding and modeling global ocean biogeochemical budgets. A survey however can only inspect a fraction of the global oceans, typically a region hundreds of kilometers wide for a temporal window of the order of (at most) several weeks. In this spatiotemporal domain, mesoscale variability can mask climatological contrasts. Here we propose the use of multisatellite-based Lagrangian diagnostics to solve this issue.
A. S. Rigual-Hernández, T. W. Trull, S. G. Bray, A. Cortina, and L. K. Armand
Biogeosciences, 12, 5309–5337, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5309-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5309-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Diatom and major components of the flux collected by two sediment traps in subantarctic and polar frontal zones were studied. Despite significant differences in the composition and magnitude of the flux, POC flux was similar between sites. The development of a group of bloom-forming diatoms during summer led to the formation of aggregates and enhanced POC export. Our results suggest that high biogenic silica accumulation rates should be interpreted as a proxy for iron-limited diatom assemblages.
A. R. Bowie, P. van der Merwe, F. Quéroué, T. Trull, M. Fourquez, F. Planchon, G. Sarthou, F. Chever, A. T. Townsend, I. Obernosterer, J.-B. Sallée, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 4421–4445, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4421-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4421-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Iron biogeochemical budgets during the natural ocean fertilisation experiment KEOPS-2 showed that complex circulation and transport pathways were responsible for differences in the mode and strength of iron supply, with vertical supply dominant on the plateau and lateral supply dominant in the plume. The exchange of iron between dissolved, biogenic and lithogenic pools was highly dynamic, resulting in a decoupling of iron supply and carbon export and controlling the efficiency of fertilization.
F. Quéroué, G. Sarthou, H. F. Planquette, E. Bucciarelli, F. Chever, P. van der Merwe, D. Lannuzel, A. T. Townsend, M. Cheize, S. Blain, F. d'Ovidio, and A. R. Bowie
Biogeosciences, 12, 3869–3883, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3869-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3869-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved Fe (dFe) concentrations were measured in the vicinity of the Kerguelen Islands. Direct island runoff, glacial melting, and resuspended sediments were identified as important inputs of dFe that could potentially fertilise the northern part of the plateau. Overall, heterogeneous sources of Fe over and off the plateau, in addition to strong variability in Fe supply by vertical or horizontal transport, may explain the high variability in dFe concentrations observed during this study.
M. Rembauville, I. Salter, N. Leblond, A. Gueneugues, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 3153–3170, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3153-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3153-2015, 2015
I. Obernosterer, M. Fourquez, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 1983–1992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1983-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1983-2015, 2015
M. Fourquez, I. Obernosterer, D. M. Davies, T. W. Trull, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 1893–1906, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1893-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1893-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript, we present the results of iron uptake measured in the naturally iron-fertilized area during the Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study 2 cruise (KEOPS2). Iron uptake by bulk community and several size fractions (microplankton, pico-nanoplankton and bacteria) are presented, compared and discussed in the present paper. This work also presents first investigations on the potential competition between bacteria and phytoplankton for access to iron.
V. Sanial, P. van Beek, B. Lansard, M. Souhaut, E. Kestenare, F. d'Ovidio, M. Zhou, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 1415–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1415-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1415-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the origin and mechanisms of the natural iron fertilization that sustains a phytoplankton bloom downstream of the Kerguelen Islands. We used radium isotopes to trace the fate of shelf waters that may transport iron and other micronutrients towards offshore waters. We show that shelf waters are rapidly transferred offshore and may be transported across the polar front (PF). The PF may thus not be a strong physical barrier for chemical elements released by the shelf sediments.
T. W. Trull, D. M. Davies, F. Dehairs, A.-J. Cavagna, M. Lasbleiz, E. C. Laurenceau-Cornec, F. d'Ovidio, F. Planchon, K. Leblanc, B. Quéguiner, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 1029–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1029-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1029-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The KEOPS2 oceanographic study surveyed more than 30 sites downstream from the Kerguelen Islands in the Southern Ocean to examine the degree of variation in phytoplankton community responses to natural iron inputs. Our observations of community structure based on the chemical compositions of six microbial size fractions suggest that early spring trophodynamic and export responses differed between regions with persistently low levels versus punctually high levels of iron fertilisation.
E. C. Laurenceau-Cornec, T. W. Trull, D. M. Davies, S. G. Bray, J. Doran, F. Planchon, F. Carlotti, M.-P. Jouandet, A.-J. Cavagna, A. M. Waite, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 1007–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1007-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1007-2015, 2015
P. van der Merwe, A. R. Bowie, F. Quéroué, L. Armand, S. Blain, F. Chever, D. Davies, F. Dehairs, F. Planchon, G. Sarthou, A. T. Townsend, and T. W. Trull
Biogeosciences, 12, 739–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-739-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-739-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Trace metal analysis of suspended and settling particles and underlying sediment was undertaken to elucidate the source to sink progression of the particulate trace metal pool near Kerguelen Island (Southern Ocean). Findings indicate that the Kerguelen Plateau is a source of trace metals via resuspended shelf sediments, especially below the mixed layer. However, glacial/fluvial runoff into shallow coastal waters is an important mode of fertilisation to areas downstream of Kerguelen Island.
S. Blain, J. Capparos, A. Guéneuguès, I. Obernosterer, and L. Oriol
Biogeosciences, 12, 623–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-623-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-623-2015, 2015
U. Christaki, D. Lefèvre, C. Georges, J. Colombet, P. Catala, C. Courties, T. Sime-Ngando, S. Blain, and I. Obernosterer
Biogeosciences, 11, 6739–6753, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6739-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6739-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The concurrent investigation of several parameters has provided insight into two key roles of heterotrophic bacteria, and the microbial food web functioning, at the onset and late phase of the spring phytoplankton bloom induced by natural iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean.
M. Lasbleiz, K. Leblanc, S. Blain, J. Ras, V. Cornet-Barthaux, S. Hélias Nunige, and B. Quéguiner
Biogeosciences, 11, 5931–5955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5931-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5931-2014, 2014
O. Sackett, L. Armand, J. Beardall, R. Hill, M. Doblin, C. Connelly, J. Howes, B. Stuart, P. Ralph, and P. Heraud
Biogeosciences, 11, 5795–5808, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5795-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5795-2014, 2014
M.-P. Jouandet, G. A. Jackson, F. Carlotti, M. Picheral, L. Stemmann, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 11, 4393–4406, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4393-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4393-2014, 2014
M. Zhou, Y. Zhu, F. d'Ovidio, Y.-H. Park, I. Durand, E. Kestenare, V. Sanial, P. Van-Beek, B. Queguiner, F. Carlotti, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-6845-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-6845-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
C. Guinet, X. Xing, E. Walker, P. Monestiez, S. Marchand, B. Picard, T. Jaud, M. Authier, C. Cotté, A. C. Dragon, E. Diamond, D. Antoine, P. Lovell, S. Blain, F. D'Ortenzio, and H. Claustre
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-15-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-15-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Open Ocean
Seasonal flux patterns and carbon transport from low-oxygen eddies at the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory: lessons learned from a time series sediment trap study (2009–2016)
Subsurface iron accumulation and rapid aluminum removal in the Mediterranean following African dust deposition
Long-distance particle transport to the central Ionian Sea
Deep chlorophyll maximum and nutricline in the Mediterranean Sea: emerging properties from a multi-platform assimilated biogeochemical model experiment
Phosphorus cycling in the upper waters of the Mediterranean Sea (PEACETIME cruise): relative contribution of external and internal sources
Fast local warming is the main driver of recent deoxygenation in the northern Arabian Sea
Influence of atmospheric deposition on biogeochemical cycles in an oligotrophic ocean system
Impact of dust addition on the metabolism of Mediterranean plankton communities and carbon export under present and future conditions of pH and temperature
Comparing CLE-AdCSV applications using SA and TAC to determine the Fe-binding characteristics of model ligands in seawater
Dissolution of a submarine carbonate platform by a submerged lake of acidic seawater
Impact of dust addition on Mediterranean plankton communities under present and future conditions of pH and temperature: an experimental overview
Reviews and syntheses: Trends in primary production in the Bay of Bengal – is it at a tipping point?
N2 fixation in the Mediterranean Sea related to the composition of the diazotrophic community, and impact of dust under present and future environmental conditions
Oxygen export to the deep ocean following Labrador Sea Water formation
Incorporating the stable carbon isotope 13C in the ocean biogeochemical component of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model
Seasonal cycling of zinc and cobalt in the south-eastern Atlantic along the GEOTRACES GA10 section
Biogeochemical controls on wintertime ammonium accumulation in the surface layer of the Southern Ocean
Carbon export and fate beneath a dynamic upwelled filament off the California coast
Contrasted release of insoluble elements (Fe, Al, rare earth elements, Th, Pa) after dust deposition in seawater: a tank experiment approach
On the barium–oxygen consumption relationship in the Mediterranean Sea: implications for mesopelagic marine snow remineralization
Compound high-temperature and low-chlorophyll extremes in the ocean over the satellite period
Can machine learning extract the mechanisms controlling phytoplankton growth from large-scale observations? – A proof-of-concept study
Reviews and syntheses: The biogeochemical cycle of silicon in the modern ocean
Oxygen budget of the north-western Mediterranean deep- convection region
Cross-basin differences in the nutrient assimilation characteristics of induced phytoplankton blooms in the subtropical Pacific waters
Dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum in the Black Sea as depicted by BGC-Argo floats
Nitrate assimilation and regeneration in the Barents Sea: insights from nitrate isotopes
Assimilating synthetic Biogeochemical-Argo and ocean colour observations into a global ocean model to inform observing system design
Southern Ocean Biogeochemical Argo detect under-ice phytoplankton growth before sea ice retreat
A new intermittent regime of convective ventilation threatens the Black Sea oxygenation status
Reviews and syntheses: Present, past, and future of the oxygen minimum zone in the northern Indian Ocean
Particulate rare earth element behavior in the North Atlantic (GEOVIDE cruise)
Elevated sources of cobalt in the Arctic Ocean
Nordic Seas Acidification
Increase in ocean acidity variability and extremes under increasing atmospheric CO2
Can ocean community production and respiration be determined by measuring high-frequency oxygen profiles from autonomous floats?
Assessing the value of biogeochemical Argo profiles versus ocean color observations for biogeochemical model optimization in the Gulf of Mexico
The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) influences phytoplankton communities in the seasonal ice zone of the Southern Ocean
Profiling float observation of thermohaline staircases in the western Mediterranean Sea and impact on nutrient fluxes
Ocean carbonate system variability in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water (1993–2017)
Characterizing the surface microlayer in the Mediterranean Sea: trace metal concentrations and microbial plankton abundance
Spatial variations in silicate-to-nitrate ratios in Southern Ocean surface waters are controlled in the short term by physics rather than biology
Phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide dynamics at two contrasting Arctic ice edges
Experiment design and bacterial abundance control extracellular H2O2 concentrations during four series of mesocosm experiments
Dissolved iron in the North Atlantic Ocean and Labrador Sea along the GEOVIDE section (GEOTRACES section GA01)
No nitrogen fixation in the Bay of Bengal?
Trends and decadal oscillations of oxygen and nutrients at 50 to 300 m depth in the equatorial and North Pacific
Physical drivers of the nitrate seasonal variability in the Atlantic cold tongue
Coccolithophore biodiversity controls carbonate export in the Southern Ocean
Arctic (Svalbard islands) active and exported diatom stocks and cell health status
Gerhard Fischer, Oscar E. Romero, Johannes Karstensen, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Nasrollah Moradi, Morten Iversen, Götz Ruhland, Marco Klann, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 6479–6500, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Low-oxygen eddies in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic can form an oasis for phytoplankton growth. Here we report on particle flux dynamics at the oligotrophic Cape Verde Ocean Observatory. We observed consistent flux patterns during the passages of low-oxygen eddies. We found distinct flux peaks in late winter, clearly exceeding background fluxes. Our findings suggest that the low-oxygen eddies sequester higher organic carbon than expected for oligotrophic settings.
Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Nathalie Leblond, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Céline Ridame, Vincent Taillandier, Samuel Albani, Sophie Guasco, Aurélie Dufour, Stéphanie H. M. Jacquet, François Dulac, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 6435–6453, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6435-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6435-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton growth is limited by the availability of iron in about 50 % of the ocean. Atmospheric deposition of desert dust represents a key source of iron. Here, we present direct observations of dust deposition in the Mediterranean Sea. A key finding is that the input of iron from dust primarily occurred in the deep ocean, while previous studies mainly focused on the ocean surface. This new insight will enable us to better represent controls on global marine productivity in models.
Léo Berline, Andrea Michelangelo Doglioli, Anne Petrenko, Stéphanie Barrillon, Boris Espinasse, Frederic A. C. Le Moigne, François Simon-Bot, Melilotus Thyssen, and François Carlotti
Biogeosciences, 18, 6377–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6377-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6377-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
While the Ionian Sea is considered a nutrient-depleted and low-phytoplankton biomass area, it is a crossroad for water mass circulation. In the central Ionian Sea, we observed a strong contrast in particle distribution across a ~100 km long transect. Using remote sensing and Lagrangian simulations, we suggest that this contrast finds its origin in the long-distance transport of particles from the north, west and east of the Ionian Sea, where phytoplankton production was more intense.
Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During summer, maxima of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (DCM) occur in the subsurface of the Mediterranean Sea and can play a relevant role in carbon sequestration into the ocean interior. A numerical model based on in situ and satellite observations provides insights into the range of DCM conditions across the relatively small Mediterranean Sea and shows a western DCM that is 25 % shallower and with a higher phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration than in the eastern Mediterranean.
Elvira Pulido-Villena, Karine Desboeufs, Kahina Djaoudi, France Van Wambeke, Stéphanie Barrillon, Andrea Doglioli, Anne Petrenko, Vincent Taillandier, Franck Fu, Tiphanie Gaillard, Sophie Guasco, Sandra Nunige, Sylvain Triquet, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5871–5889, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report on phosphorus dynamics in the surface layer of the Mediterranean Sea. Highly sensitive phosphate measurements revealed vertical gradients above the phosphacline. The relative contribution of diapycnal fluxes to total external supply of phosphate to the mixed layer decreased towards the east, where atmospheric deposition dominated. Taken together, external sources of phosphate contributed little to total supply, which was mainly sustained by enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus.
Zouhair Lachkar, Michael Mehari, Muchamad Al Azhar, Marina Lévy, and Shafer Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 5831–5849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study documents and quantifies a significant recent oxygen decline in the upper layers of the Arabian Sea and explores its drivers. Using a modeling approach we show that the fast local warming of sea surface is the main factor causing this oxygen drop. Concomitant summer monsoon intensification contributes to this trend, although to a lesser extent. These changes exacerbate oxygen depletion in the subsurface, threatening marine habitats and altering the local biogeochemistry.
France Van Wambeke, Vincent Taillandier, Karine Desboeufs, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Emilio Marañón, Céline Ridame, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5699–5717, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous in situ measurements of (dry and wet) atmospheric deposition and biogeochemical stocks and fluxes in the sunlit waters of the open Mediterranean Sea revealed complex physical and biological processes occurring within the mixed layer. Nitrogen (N) budgets were computed to compare the sources and sinks of N in the mixed layer. The transitory effect observed after a wet dust deposition impacted the microbial food web down to the deep chlorophyll maximum.
Frédéric Gazeau, France Van Wambeke, Emilio Marañón, Maria Pérez-Lorenzo, Samir Alliouane, Christian Stolpe, Thierry Blasco, Nathalie Leblond, Birthe Zäncker, Anja Engel, Barbara Marie, Julie Dinasquet, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5423–5446, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the impact of dust deposition on primary production depends on the initial composition and metabolic state of the tested community and is constrained by the amount of nutrients added, to sustain both the fast response of heterotrophic prokaryotes and the delayed one of phytoplankton. Under future environmental conditions, heterotrophic metabolism will be more impacted than primary production, therefore reducing the capacity of surface waters to sequester anthropogenic CO2.
Loes J. A. Gerringa, Martha Gledhill, Indah Ardiningsih, Niels Muntjewerf, and Luis M. Laglera
Biogeosciences, 18, 5265–5289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5265-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For 3 decades, competitive ligand exchange–adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry was used to estimate the Fe-binding capacity of organic matter in seawater. In this paper the performance of the competing ligands is compared through the analysis of a series of model ligands.
The main finding of this paper is that the determined speciation parameters are not independent of the application, making interpretation of Fe speciation data more complex than it was thought before.
Matthew P. Humphreys, Erik H. Meesters, Henk de Haas, Szabina Karancz, Louise Delaigue, Karel Bakker, Gerard Duineveld, Siham de Goeyse, Andi Haas, Furu Mienis, Sharyn Ossebaar, and Fleur C. van Duyl
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-244, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
A series of submarine sinkholes were recently discovered on Luymes Bank, part of Saba Bank, a carbonate platform in the Caribbean Netherlands. Here, we investigate the waters inside these sinkholes for the first time. One of the sinkholes contained a body of dense, low-oxygen and low-pH water, which we call the 'acid lake'. We use measurements of seawater chemistry to work out what processes were responsible for forming the acid lake, and discuss the consequences for the carbonate platform.
Frédéric Gazeau, Céline Ridame, France Van Wambeke, Samir Alliouane, Christian Stolpe, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Sophie Marro, Jean-Michel Grisoni, Guillaume De Liège, Sandra Nunige, Kahina Djaoudi, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Julie Dinasquet, Ingrid Obernosterer, Philippe Catala, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5011–5034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5011-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5011-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows that the impacts of Saharan dust deposition in different Mediterranean basins are as strong as those observed in coastal waters but differed substantially between the three tested stations, differences attributed to variable initial metabolic states. A stronger impact of warming and acidification on mineralization suggests a decreased capacity of Mediterranean surface communities to sequester CO2 following the deposition of atmospheric particles in the coming decades.
Carolin R. Löscher
Biogeosciences, 18, 4953–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4953-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4953-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is classically seen as an ocean region with low primary production, which has been predicted to decrease even further. Here, the importance of such a trend is used to explore what could happen to the BoB's low-oxygen core waters if primary production decreases. Lower biological production leads to less oxygen loss in deeper waters by respiration; thus it could be that oxygen will not further decrease and the BoB will not become anoxic, different to other low-oxygen areas.
Céline Ridame, Julie Dinasquet, Søren Hallstrøm, Estelle Bigeard, Lasse Riemann, France Van Wambeke, Matthieu Bressac, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Vincent Taillandier, Frederic Gazeau, Antonio Tover-Sanchez, Anne-Claire Baudoux, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-190, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We show that in the Mediterranean Sea spatial variability in N2 fixation is related to the diazotrophic community composition reflecting different nutrient requirements among species. Nutrient supply by Saharan dust is of great importance to diazotrophs as shown by the strong stimulation of N2 fixation after a simulated dust event under present and future climate conditions; the magnitude of stimulation depends on the degree of limitation related to the diazotrophic community composition.
Jannes Koelling, Dariia Atamanchuk, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia Handmann, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-185, 2021
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate oxygen variability in the deep western boundary current in the Labrador Sea from multiyear moored records. We estimate that about half of the oxygen taken up in the interior Labrador Sea by air-sea gas exchange during deep water formation is exported southward the same year. Our results underline the complexity of the oxygen uptake and export in the Labrador Sea, and highlight the important role this region plays in supplying oxygen to the deep ocean.
Bo Liu, Katharina D. Six, and Tatiana Ilyina
Biogeosciences, 18, 4389–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We incorporate a new representation of the stable carbon isotope 13C in a global ocean biogeochemistry model. The model well reproduces the present-day 13C observations. We find a recent observation-based estimate of the oceanic 13C Suess effect (the decrease in 13C/12C ratio due to uptake of anthropogenic CO2; 13CSE) possibly underestimates 13CSE by 0.1–0.26 per mil. The new model will aid in better understanding the past ocean state via comparison to 13C/12C measurements from sediment cores.
Neil J. Wyatt, Angela Milne, Eric P. Achterberg, Thomas J. Browning, Heather A. Bouman, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, and Maeve C. Lohan
Biogeosciences, 18, 4265–4280, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4265-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using data collected during two expeditions to the South Atlantic Ocean, we investigated how the interaction between external sources and biological activity influenced the availability of the trace metals zinc and cobalt. This is important as both metals play essential roles in the metabolism and growth of phytoplankton and thus influence primary productivity of the oceans. We found seasonal changes in both processes that helped explain upper-ocean trace metal cycling.
Shantelle Smith, Katye E. Altieri, Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, David R. Walker, Ruan G. Parrott, Kurt A. M. Spence, Jessica M. Burger, and Sarah E. Fawcett
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-149, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-149, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonium is a crucial yet poorly-understood component of the Southern Ocean nitrogen cycle. We attribute our finding of consistently high ammonium concentrations in the winter mixed layer to limited ammonium consumption and sustained ammonium production, conditions under which the Southern Ocean becomes a source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. From similar data collected over an annual cycle, we propose a seasonal cycle for ammonium in shallow polar waters – a first for the Southern Ocean.
Hannah L. Bourne, James K. B. Bishop, Elizabeth J. Connors, and Todd J. Wood
Biogeosciences, 18, 3053–3086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To learn how the biological carbon pump works in productive coastal upwelling systems, four autonomous carbon flux explorers measured carbon flux through the twilight zone beneath an offshore-flowing filament of biologically productive water. Strikingly different particle classes dominated the carbon fluxes during successive stages of the filament evolution over 30 d. Both flux and transfer efficiency were far greater than expected, suggesting an outsized filament impact in California waters.
Matthieu Roy-Barman, Lorna Foliot, Eric Douville, Nathalie Leblond, Fréderic Gazeau, Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Céline Ridame, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 2663–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2663-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2663-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The release of insoluble elements such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), rare earth elements (REEs), thorium (Th) and protactinium (Pa) when Saharan dust falls over the Mediterranean Sea was studied during tank experiments under present and future climate conditions. Each element exhibited different dissolution kinetics and dissolution fractions (always lower than a few percent). Changes in temperature and/or pH under greenhouse conditions lead to a lower Th release and a higher light REE release.
Stéphanie H. M. Jacquet, Dominique Lefèvre, Christian Tamburini, Marc Garel, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, Nagib Bhairy, and Sophie Guasco
Biogeosciences, 18, 2205–2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2205-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2205-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present new data concerning the relation between biogenic barium (Baxs, a tracer of carbon remineralization at mesopelagic depths), O2 consumption and prokaryotic heterotrophic production (PHP) in the Mediterranean Sea. The purpose of this paper is to improve our understanding of the relation between Baxs, PHP and O2 and to test the validity of the Dehairs transfer function in the Mediterranean Sea. This relation has never been tested in the Mediterranean Sea.
Natacha Le Grix, Jakob Zscheischler, Charlotte Laufkötter, Cecile S. Rousseaux, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 18, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Marine ecosystems could suffer severe damage from the co-occurrence of a marine heat wave with extremely low chlorophyll concentration. Here, we provide a first assessment of compound marine heat wave and
low-chlorophyll events in the global ocean from 1998 to 2018. We reveal hotspots of these compound events in the equatorial Pacific and in the Arabian Sea and show that they mostly occur in summer at high latitudes and their frequency is modulated by large-scale modes of climate variability.
Christopher Holder and Anand Gnanadesikan
Biogeosciences, 18, 1941–1970, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1941-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1941-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A challenge for marine ecologists in studying phytoplankton is linking small-scale relationships found in a lab to broader relationships observed on large scales in the environment. We investigated whether machine learning (ML) could help connect these small- and large-scale relationships. ML was able to provide qualitative information about the small-scale processes from large-scale information. This method could help identify important relationships from observations in future research.
Paul J. Tréguer, Jill N. Sutton, Mark Brzezinski, Matthew A. Charette, Timothy Devries, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Claudia Ehlert, Jon Hawkings, Aude Leynaert, Su Mei Liu, Natalia Llopis Monferrer, María López-Acosta, Manuel Maldonado, Shaily Rahman, Lihua Ran, and Olivier Rouxel
Biogeosciences, 18, 1269–1289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon is the second most abundant element of the Earth's crust. In this review, we show that silicon inputs and outputs, to and from the world ocean, are 57 % and 37 % higher, respectively, than previous estimates. These changes are significant, modifying factors such as the geochemical residence time of silicon, which is now about 8000 years and 2 times faster than previously assumed. We also update the total biogenic silica pelagic production and provide an estimate for sponge production.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Fayçal Kessouri, Dominique Lefèvre, and Patrick Marsaleix
Biogeosciences, 18, 937–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the seasonal cycle of O2 and estimate an annual O2 budget in the north-western Mediterranean deep-convection region, using a numerical model. We show that this region acts as a large sink of atmospheric O2 and as a major source of O2 for the western Mediterranean Sea. The decrease in the deep convection intensity predicted in recent projections may have important consequences on the overall uptake of O2 in the Mediterranean Sea and on the O2 exchanges with the Atlantic Ocean.
Fuminori Hashihama, Hiroaki Saito, Taketoshi Kodama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Jota Kanda, Iwao Tanita, Hiroshi Ogawa, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, Philip W. Boyd, and Ken Furuya
Biogeosciences, 18, 897–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the nutrient assimilation characteristics of deep-water-induced phytoplankton blooms across the subtropical North and South Pacific Ocean. Nutrient drawdown ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphate were anomalously low in the western North Pacific, likely due to the high phosphate uptake capability of low-phosphate-adapted phytoplankton. The anomalous phosphate uptake might influence the maintenance of chronic phosphate depletion in the western North Pacific.
Florian Ricour, Arthur Capet, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Bruno Delille, and Marilaure Grégoire
Biogeosciences, 18, 755–774, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper addresses the phenology of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) in the Black Sea (BS). We show that the DCM forms in March at a density level set by the winter mixed layer. It maintains this location until June, suggesting an influence of the DCM on light and nutrient profiles rather than mere adaptation to external factors. In summer, the DCM concentrates ~55 % of the chlorophyll in a 10 m layer at ~35 m depth and should be considered a major feature of the BS phytoplankton dynamics.
Robyn E. Tuerena, Joanne Hopkins, Raja S. Ganeshram, Louisa Norman, Camille de la Vega, Rachel Jeffreys, and Claire Mahaffey
Biogeosciences, 18, 637–653, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Sea is a rapidly changing shallow sea within the Arctic. Here, nitrate, an essential nutrient, is fully consumed by algae in surface waters during summer months. Nitrate is efficiently regenerated in the Barents Sea, and there is no evidence for nitrogen loss from the sediments by denitrification, which is prevalent on other Arctic shelves. This suggests that nitrogen availability in the Barents Sea is largely determined by the supply of nutrients in water masses from the Atlantic.
David Ford
Biogeosciences, 18, 509–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogeochemical-Argo floats are starting to routinely measure ocean chlorophyll, nutrients, oxygen, and pH. This study generated synthetic observations representing two potential Biogeochemical-Argo observing system designs and created a data assimilation scheme to combine them with an ocean model. The proposed system of 1000 floats brought clear benefits to model results, with additional floats giving further benefit. Existing satellite ocean colour observations gave complementary information.
Mark Hague and Marcello Vichi
Biogeosciences, 18, 25–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the question of what causes the rapid spring growth of microscopic marine algae (phytoplankton) in the ice-covered ocean surrounding Antarctica. One prominent hypothesis proposes that the melting of sea ice is the primary cause, while our results suggest that this is only part of the explanation. In particular, we show that phytoplankton are able to start growing before the sea ice melts appreciably, much earlier than previously thought.
Arthur Capet, Luc Vandenbulcke, and Marilaure Grégoire
Biogeosciences, 17, 6507–6525, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6507-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6507-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Black Sea is 2000 m deep, but, due to limited ventilation, only about the upper 100 m contains enough oxygen to support marine life such as fish. This oxygenation depth has been shown to be decreasing (1955–2019). Here, we evidence that atmospheric warming induced a clear shift in an important ventilation mechanism. We highlight the impact of this shift on oxygenation. There are important implications for marine life and carbon and nutrient cycling if this new ventilation regime persists.
Tim Rixen, Greg Cowie, Birgit Gaye, Joaquim Goes, Helga do Rosário Gomes, Raleigh R. Hood, Zouhair Lachkar, Henrike Schmidt, Joachim Segschneider, and Arvind Singh
Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Indian Ocean hosts an extensive oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which intensified due to human-induced global changes. This includes the occurrence of anoxic events on the Indian shelf and affects benthic ecosystems and the pelagic ecosystem structure in the Arabian Sea. Consequences for biogeochemical cycles are unknown, which, in addition to the poor representation of mesoscale features, reduces the reliability of predictions of the future OMZ development in the northern Indian Ocean.
Marion Lagarde, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Hélène Planquette, Mélanie Grenier, Moustafa Belhadj, Pascale Lherminier, and Catherine Jeandel
Biogeosciences, 17, 5539–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5539-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5539-2020, 2020
Randelle M. Bundy, Alessandro Tagliabue, Nicholas J. Hawco, Peter L. Morton, Benjamin S. Twining, Mariko Hatta, Abigail E. Noble, Mattias R. Cape, Seth G. John, Jay T. Cullen, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 17, 4745–4767, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4745-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4745-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Cobalt (Co) is an essential nutrient for ocean microbes and is scarce in most areas of the ocean. This study measured Co concentrations in the Arctic Ocean for the first time and found that Co levels are extremely high in the surface waters of the Canadian Arctic. Although the Co primarily originates from the shelf, the high concentrations persist throughout the central Arctic. Co in the Arctic appears to be increasing over time and might be a source of Co to the North Atlantic.
Filippa Fransner, Friederike Fröb, Jerry Tjiputra, Melissa Chierici, Agneta Fransson, Emil Jeansson, Truls Johannessen, Elizabeth Jones, Siv K. Lauvset, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir, Abdirahman Omar, Ingunn Skjelvan, and Are Olsen
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-339, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-339, 2020
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification, a direct consequence of the CO2 release by human activities, is a serious threat to marine ecosystems.
In this study we make a detailed investigation of the acidification of the Nordic Seas, from 1850 to 2100, by using a large set of samples taken during research cruises together with numerical model simulations. We estimate the effects of changes in different environmental factors on the rate of acidification, and its potential effects on cold-water corals.
Friedrich A. Burger, Jasmin G. John, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 17, 4633–4662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4633-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4633-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ensemble simulations of an Earth system model reveal that ocean acidity extremes have increased in the past few decades and are projected to increase further in terms of frequency, intensity, duration, and volume extent. The increase is not only caused by the long-term ocean acidification due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2, but also due to changes in short-term variability. The increase in ocean acidity extremes may enhance the risk of detrimental impacts on marine organisms.
Christopher Gordon, Katja Fennel, Clark Richards, Lynn K. Shay, and Jodi K. Brewster
Biogeosciences, 17, 4119–4134, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4119-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4119-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method for correcting errors in oxygen optode measurements on autonomous platforms in the ocean. The errors result from the relatively slow response time of the sensor. The correction method includes an in situ determination of the effective response time and requires the time stamps of the individual measurements. It is highly relevant for the BGC-Argo program and also applicable to gliders. We also explore if diurnal changes in oxygen can be obtained from profiling floats.
Bin Wang, Katja Fennel, Liuqian Yu, and Christopher Gordon
Biogeosciences, 17, 4059–4074, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4059-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4059-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess trade-offs between different types of biological observations, specifically satellite ocean color and BGC-Argo profiles and the benefits of combining both for optimizing a biogeochemical model of the Gulf of Mexico. Using all available observations leads to significant improvements in observed and unobserved variables (including primary production and C export). Our results highlight the significant benefits of BGC-Argo measurements for biogeochemical model optimization and validation.
Bruce L. Greaves, Andrew T. Davidson, Alexander D. Fraser, John P. McKinlay, Andrew Martin, Andrew McMinn, and Simon W. Wright
Biogeosciences, 17, 3815–3835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3815-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3815-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We observed that variation in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) over 11 years showed a relationship with the species composition of hard-shelled phytoplankton in the seasonal ice zone (SIZ) of the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton in the SIZ are productive during the southern spring and summer when the area is ice-free, with production feeding most Antarctic life. The SAM is known to be increasing with climate change, and changes in phytoplankton in the SIZ may have implications for higher life forms.
Vincent Taillandier, Louis Prieur, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Maurizio Ribera d'Alcalà, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 17, 3343–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3343-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the role played by vertical diffusion in the nutrient enrichment of the Levantine intermediate waters, a process particularly relevant inside thermohaline staircases. Thanks to a high profiling frequency over a 4-year period, BGC-Argo float observations reveal the temporal continuity of the layering patterns encountered during the cruise PEACETIME and their impact on vertical and lateral transfers of nitrate between the deep reservoir and the surface productive zone.
Coraline Leseurre, Claire Lo Monaco, Gilles Reverdin, Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Solveig Olafsdottir, and Virginie Racapé
Biogeosciences, 17, 2553–2577, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2553-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2553-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the evolution of CO2 uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water. Our results show an important reduction in the capacity of the ocean to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere (1993–2007), due to a rapid increase in the fCO2 and associated with a rapid decrease in pH. Conversely, data obtained during the last decade (2008–2017) show a stagnation of fCO2 (increasing the ocean sink for CO2) and pH.
Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Araceli Rodríguez-Romero, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Franck Fu, Emilio Marañón, María Pérez-Lorenzo, Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Sylvain Triquet, Guillaume Siour, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 17, 2349–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2349-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2349-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Residence times of particulate metals derived from aerosol deposition in the Sea Surface Microlayer of the Mediterranean Sea ranged from a couple of minutes (e.g., for Fe) to a few hours (e.g., for Cu). Microbial activity seems to play an important role in in this process and in the concentration and distribution of metals between diferent water layers.
Pieter Demuynck, Toby Tyrrell, Alberto Naveira Garabato, Mark Christopher Moore, and Adrian Peter Martin
Biogeosciences, 17, 2289–2314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2289-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2289-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The availability of macronutrients N and Si is of key importance to sustain life in the Southern Ocean. N and Si are available in abundance at the southern boundary of the Southern Ocean due to constant supply from the deep ocean. In the more northern regions of the Southern Ocean, a decline in macronutrient concentration is noticed, especially strong for Si rather than N. This paper uses a simplified biogeochemical model to investigate processes responsible for this decline in concentration.
Martine Lizotte, Maurice Levasseur, Virginie Galindo, Margaux Gourdal, Michel Gosselin, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Marjolaine Blais, Joannie Charette, and Rachel Hussherr
Biogeosciences, 17, 1557–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1557-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study brings further support to the premise that the prevalence of younger and thinner icescapes over older and thicker ones in the Canadian High Arctic favors the early development of under-ice microorganisms as well as their production of the climate-relevant gas dimethylsulfide (DMS). Given the rapid rate of climate-driven changes in Arctic sea ice, our results suggest implications for the timing and magnitude of DMS pulses in the Arctic, with ramifications for climate forecasting.
Mark J. Hopwood, Nicolas Sanchez, Despo Polyviou, Øystein Leiknes, Julián Alberto Gallego-Urrea, Eric P. Achterberg, Murat V. Ardelan, Javier Aristegui, Lennart Bach, Sengul Besiktepe, Yohann Heriot, Ioanna Kalantzi, Tuba Terbıyık Kurt, Ioulia Santi, Tatiana M. Tsagaraki, and David Turner
Biogeosciences, 17, 1309–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is formed naturally in sunlight-exposed water by photochemistry. At high concentrations it is undesirable to biological cells because it is a stressor. Here, across a range of incubation experiments in diverse marine environments (Gran Canaria, the Mediterranean, Patagonia and Svalbard), we determine that two factors consistently affect the H2O2 concentrations irrespective of geographical location: bacteria abundance and experiment design.
Manon Tonnard, Hélène Planquette, Andrew R. Bowie, Pier van der Merwe, Morgane Gallinari, Floriane Desprez de Gésincourt, Yoan Germain, Arthur Gourain, Marion Benetti, Gilles Reverdin, Paul Tréguer, Julia Boutorh, Marie Cheize, François Lacan, Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Leonardo Pereira-Contreira, Rachel Shelley, Pascale Lherminier, and Géraldine Sarthou
Biogeosciences, 17, 917–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the spatial distribution of dissolved Fe during spring 2014, in order to understand the processes influencing the biogeochemical cycle in the North Atlantic. Our results highlighted elevated Fe close to riverine inputs at the Iberian Margin and glacial inputs at the Newfoundland and Greenland margins. Atmospheric deposition appeared to be a minor source of Fe. Convection was an important source of Fe in the Irminger Sea, which was depleted in Fe relative to nitrate.
Carolin R. Löscher, Wiebke Mohr, Hermann W. Bange, and Donald E. Canfield
Biogeosciences, 17, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-851-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-851-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are ocean areas severely depleted in oxygen as a result of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Biologically, organic material is produced in the sea surface and exported to deeper waters, where it respires. In the Bay of Bengal (BoB), an OMZ is present, but there are traces of oxygen left. Our study now suggests that this is because one key process, nitrogen fixation, is absent in the BoB, thus preventing primary production and consecutive respiration.
Lothar Stramma, Sunke Schmidtko, Steven J. Bograd, Tsuneo Ono, Tetjana Ross, Daisuke Sasano, and Frank A. Whitney
Biogeosciences, 17, 813–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-813-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-813-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of climate signals in the Pacific, especially the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, as well as El Niño–La Niña and an 18.6-year nodal tidal cycle on oxygen and nutrient trends is investigated. At different locations in the Pacific Ocean different climate signals dominate. Hence, not only trends related to warming but also the influence of climate signals need to be investigated to understand oxygen and nutrient changes in the ocean.
Marie-Hélène Radenac, Julien Jouanno, Christine Carine Tchamabi, Mesmin Awo, Bernard Bourlès, Sabine Arnault, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 17, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-529-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-529-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data and a remarkable set of in situ measurements show a main bloom of microscopic seaweed, the phytoplankton, in summer and a secondary bloom in December in the central equatorial Atlantic. They are driven by a strong vertical supply of nitrate in May–July and a shorter and moderate supply in November. In between, transport of low-nitrate water from the west explains most nitrate losses in the sunlit layer. Horizontal eddy-induced processes also contribute to seasonal nitrate removal.
Andrés S. Rigual Hernández, Thomas W. Trull, Scott D. Nodder, José A. Flores, Helen Bostock, Fátima Abrantes, Ruth S. Eriksen, Francisco J. Sierro, Diana M. Davies, Anne-Marie Ballegeer, Miguel A. Fuertes, and Lisa C. Northcote
Biogeosciences, 17, 245–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coccolithophores account for a major fraction of the carbonate produced in the world's oceans. However, their contribution in the subantarctic Southern Ocean remains undocumented. We quantitatively partition calcium carbonate fluxes amongst coccolithophore species in the Australian–New Zealand sector of the Southern Ocean. We provide new insights into the importance of species other than Emiliania huxleyi in the carbon cycle and assess their possible response to projected environmental change.
Susana Agustí, Jeffrey W. Krause, Israel A. Marquez, Paul Wassmann, Svein Kristiansen, and Carlos M. Duarte
Biogeosciences, 17, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-35-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-35-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that 24 % of the total diatoms community in the Arctic water column (450 m depth) was located below the photic layer. Healthy diatom communities in active spring–bloom stages remained in the photic layer. Dying diatom communities exported a large fraction of the biomass to the aphotic zone, fuelling carbon sequestration and benthic ecosystems in the Arctic. The results of the study conform to a conceptual model where diatoms grow during the bloom until silicic acid stocks are depleted.
Cited articles
Abdi, H.: Partial least squares regression and projection on latent structure regression (PLS Regression), Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat., 2, 97–106, https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.51, 2010.
Abelmann, A. and Gersonde, R.: Biosiliceous particle flux in the Southern Ocean, Mar. Chem., 35, 503–536, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(09)90040-8, 1991.
Allen, C. S., Pike, J., Pudsey, C. J., and Leventer, A.: Submillennial variations in ocean conditions during deglaciation based on diatom assemblages from the southwest Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 20, PA2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001055, 2005.
Aminot, A. and Kerouel, R.: Dosage automatique des nutriments dans les eaux marines: methodes en flux continu, Ifremer, Plouzané, France, 2007.
Archer, D., Winguth, A., Lea, D., and Mahowald, N.: What caused the glacial/interglacial atmospheric pCO2 cycles?, Rev. Geophys., 38, 159–189, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000066, 2000.
Armand, L. K., Crosta, X., Romero, O., and Pichon, J.-J.: The biogeography of major diatom taxa in Southern Ocean sediments: 1. Sea ice related species, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoecl., 223, 93–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.02.015, 2005.
Armand, L. K., Crosta, X., Quéguiner, B., Mosseri, J., and Garcia, N.: Diatoms preserved in surface sediments of the northeastern Kerguelen Plateau, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 677–692, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.032, 2008a.
Armand, L. K., Cornet-Barthaux, V., Mosseri, J., and Quéguiner, B.: Late summer diatom biomass and community structure on and around the naturally iron-fertilised Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 653–676, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.031, 2008b.
Arrigo, K. R., Worthen, D., Schnell, A., and Lizotte, M. P.: Primary production in Southern Ocean waters, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 15587–15600, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC00930, 1998.
Assmy, P., Smetacek, V., Montresor, M., Klaas, C., Henjes, J., Strass, V. H., Arrieta, J. M., Bathmann, U., Berg, G. M., Breitbarth, E., Cisewski, B., Friedrichs, L., Fuchs, N., Herndl, G. J., Jansen, S., Krägefsky, S., Latasa, M., Peeken, I., Röttgers, R., Scharek, R., Schüller, S. E., Steigenberger, S., Webb, A., and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: Thick-shelled, grazer-protected diatoms decouple ocean carbon and silicon cycles in the iron-limited Antarctic Circumpolar Current, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 20633–20638, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309345110, 2013.
Baker, E. T., Milburn, H. B., and Tennant, D. A.: Field assessment of sediment trap efficiency under varying flow conditions, J. Mar. Res., 46, 573–592, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224088785113522, 1988.
Bao, R., Stigter, H. D., and Weering, T. C. E. V.: Diatom fluxes in surface sediments of the Goban Spur continental margin, NE Atlantic Ocean, J. Micropalaeontol., 19, 123–131, https://doi.org/10.1144/jm.19.2.123, 2000.
Blain, S., Tréguer, P., Belviso, S., Bucciarelli, E., Denis, M., Desabre, S., Fiala, M., Martin Jézéquel, V., Le Fèvre, J., Mayzaud, P., Marty, J.-C., and Razouls, S.: A biogeochemical study of the island mass effect in the context of the iron hypothesis: Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 163–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00047-9, 2001.
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., Armand, L., Belviso, S., Bombled, B., Bopp, L., Bowie, A., Brunet, C., Brussaard, C., Carlotti, F., Christaki, U., Corbière, A., Durand, I., Ebersbach, F., Fuda, J.-L., Garcia, N., Gerringa, L., Griffiths, B., Guigue, C., Guillerm, C., Jacquet, S., Jeandel, C., Laan, P., Lefèvre, D., Lo Monaco, C., Malits, A., Mosseri, J., Obernosterer, I., Park, Y.-H., Picheral, M., Pondaven, P., Remenyi, T., Sandroni, V., Sarthou, G., Savoye, N., Scouarnec, L., Souhaut, M., Thuiller, D., Timmermans, K., Trull, T., Uitz, J., van Beek, P., Veldhuis, M., Vincent, D., Viollier, E., Vong, L., and Wagener, T.: Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 446, 1070–1074, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05700, 2007.
Blain, S., Renaut, S., Xing, X., Claustre, H., and Guinet, C.: Instrumented elephant seals reveal the seasonality in chlorophyll and light-mixing regime in the iron-fertilized Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6368–6372, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058065, 2013.
Bopp, L., Kohfeld, K. E., Le Quéré, C., and Aumont, O.: Dust impact on marine biota and atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods, Paleoceanography, 18, 1046, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000810, 2003.
Bowie, A. R., van der Merwe, P., Quéroué, F., Trull, T., Fourquez, M., Planchon, F., Sarthou, G., Chever, F., Townsend, A. T., Obernosterer, I., Sallée, J.-B., and Blain, S.: Iron budgets for three distinct biogeochemical sites around the Kerguelen archipelago (Southern Ocean) during the natural fertilisation experiment KEOPS-2, Biogeosciences Discuss., 11, 17861–17923, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-17861-2014, 2014.
Boyd, P. W.: Diatom traits regulate Southern Ocean silica leakage, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 20358–20359, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320327110, 2013.
Brzezinski, M. A.: The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables, J. Phycol., 21, 347–357, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1985.00347.x, 1985.
Brzezinski, M. A., Pride, C. J., Franck, V. M., Sigman, D. M., Sarmiento, J. L., Matsumoto, K., Gruber, N., Rau, G. H., and Coale, K. H.: A switch from Si(OH)4 to NO3 depletion in the glacial Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1564, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014349, 2002.
Buesseler, K. O.: The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 297–310, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB03366, 1998.
Buesseler, K. O., Steinberg, D. K., Michaels, A. F., Johnson, R. J., Andrews, J. E., Valdes, J. R., and Price, J. F.: A comparison of the quantity and composition of material caught in a neutrally buoyant versus surface-tethered sediment trap, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 47, 277–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00056-4, 2000.
Buesseler, K. O., Antia, A. N., Chen, M., Fowler, S. W., Gardner, W. D., Gustafsson, Ö., Harada, K., Michaels, A. F., Rutgers v. d. Loeff, M., Sarin, M., Steinberg, D. K., and Trull, T.: An assessment of the use of sediment traps for estimating upper ocean particle fluxes, J. Mar. Res., 65, 345–416, 2007.
Burd, A. B. and Jackson, G. A.: Particle Aggregation, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 65–90, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163904, 2009.
Carlotti, F., Thibault-Botha, D., Nowaczyk, A., and Lefèvre, D.: Zooplankton community structure, biomass and role in carbon fluxes during the second half of a phytoplankton bloom in the eastern sector of the Kerguelen Shelf (January–February 2005), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 720–733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.010, 2008.
Carlotti, F., Jouandet, M.-P., Nowaczyk, A., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Lefèvre, D., Guillou, G., Zhu, Y., and Zhou, M.: Mesozooplankton structure and functioning during the onset of the Kerguelen phytoplankton bloom during the Keops2 survey, Biogeosciences Discuss., 12, 2381–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-2381-2015, 2015.
Cavan, E. L., Le Moigne, F. A. C., Poulton, A. J., Tarling, G. A., Ward, P., Daniels, C. J., Fragoso, G., and Sanders, R. J.: Zooplankton fecal pellets control the attenuation of particulate organic carbon flux in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., GL062744, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062744, 2015.
Chang, A. S., Bertram, M. A., Ivanochko, T., Calvert, S. E., Dallimore, A., and Thomson, R. E.: Annual record of particle fluxes, geochemistry and diatoms in Effingham Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, and the impact of the 1999 La Niña event, Mar. Geol., 337, 20–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.01.003, 2013.
Christaki, U., Lefèvre, D., Georges, C., Colombet, J., Catala, P., Courties, C., Sime-Ngando, T., Blain, S., and Obernosterer, I.: Microbial food web dynamics during spring phytoplankton blooms in the naturally iron-fertilized Kerguelen area (Southern Ocean), Biogeosciences, 11, 6739–6753, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6739-2014, 2014.
Closset, I., Lasbleiz, M., Leblanc, K., Quéguiner, B., Cavagna, A.-J., Elskens, M., Navez, J., and Cardinal, D.: Seasonal evolution of net and regenerated silica production around a natural Fe-fertilized area in the Southern Ocean estimated with Si isotopic approaches, Biogeosciences, 11, 5827–5846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5827-2014, 2014.
Cornet-Barthaux, V., Armand, L., and Quéguiner, B.: Biovolume and biomass estimates of key diatoms in the Southern Ocean, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 48, 295–308, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame048295, 2007.
Crawford, R.: The role of sex in the sedimentation of a marine diatom bloom, Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 200–204, 1995.
Crosta, X., Pichon, J.-J., and Labracherie, M.: Distribution of Chaetoceros resting spores in modern peri-Antarctic sediments, Mar. Micropaleontol., 29, 283–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(96)00033-3, 1997.
Davison, P. C., Checkley Jr., D. M., Koslow, J. A., and Barlow, J.: Carbon export mediated by mesopelagic fishes in the northeast Pacific Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 116, 14–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.013, 2013.
DeMaster, D. J.: The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 45, 1715–1732, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90006-5, 1981.
Doucette, G. J. and Fryxell, G. A.: Thalassiosira antarctica: vegetative and resting stage chemical composition of an ice-related marine diatom, Mar. Biol., 78, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392964, 1983.
Dubischar, C. D. and Bathmann, U. V.: The occurrence of faecal material in relation to different pelagic systems in the Southern Ocean and its importance for vertical flux, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 3229–3242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00080-2, 2002.
Dunbar, R. B.: Sediment trap experiments on the Antarctic continental margin., Antarct. J. US, 70–71, 1984.
Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M. J., and Parekh, P.: Interactions of the iron and phosphorus cycles: A three-dimensional model study, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002342, 2005.
Ebersbach, F. and Trull, T. W.: Sinking particle properties from polyacrylamide gels during the KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS): Zooplankton control of carbon export in an area of persistent natural iron inputs in the Southern Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 212–224, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.1.0212, 2008.
Ebersbach, F., Trull, T. W., Davies, D. M., and Bray, S. G.: Controls on mesopelagic particle fluxes in the Sub-Antarctic and Polar Frontal Zones in the Southern Ocean south of Australia in summer-Perspectives from free-drifting sediment traps, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 2260–2276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.05.025, 2011.
Ebersbach, F., Assmy, P., Martin, P., Schulz, I., Wolzenburg, S., and Nöthig, E.-M.: Particle flux characterisation and sedimentation patterns of protistan plankton during the iron fertilisation experiment LOHAFEX in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 89, 94–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.007, 2014.
Fischer, G., Fütterer, D., Gersonde, R., Honjo, S., Ostermann, D., and Wefer, G.: Seasonal variability of particle flux in the Weddell Sea and its relation to ice cover, Nature, 335, 426–428, https://doi.org/10.1038/335426a0, 1988.
Fischer, G., Gersonde, R., and Wefer, G.: Organic carbon, biogenic silica and diatom fluxes in the marginal winter sea-ice zone and in the Polar Front Region: interannual variations and differences in composition, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1721–=1745, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00009-7, 2002.
Fransz, H. G. and Gonzalez, S. R.: The production of Oithona similis (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in the Southern Ocean, ICES, J. Mar. Sci. J. Cons., 52, 549–555, https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-3139(95)80069-7, 1995.
Garrison, D. L.: Monterey Bay Phytoplankton. II. Resting Spore Cycles in Coastal Diatom Populations, J. Plankton Res., 3, 137–156, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/3.1.137, 1981.
Gersonde, R. and Zielinski, U.: The reconstruction of late Quaternary Antarctic sea-ice distribution-the use of diatoms as a proxy for sea-ice, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoecl., 162, 263–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00131-0, 2000.
Gleiber, M. R., Steinberg, D. K., and Ducklow, H. W.: Time series of vertical flux of zooplankton fecal pellets on the continental shelf of the western Antarctic Peninsula, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 471, 23–36, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10021, 2012.
Gomi, Y., Fukuchi, M., and Taniguchi, A.: Diatom assemblages at subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean in summer, J. Plankton Res., 32, 1039–1050, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq031, 2010.
Gonzalez, H. E. and Smetacek, V.: The possible role of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona in retarding vertical flux of zooplankton faecal material, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 113, 233–246, 1994.
Grigorov, I., Rigual-Hernandez, A. S., Honjo, S., Kemp, A. E. S., and Armand, L. K.: Settling fluxes of diatoms to the interior of the Antarctic circumpolar current along 170° W, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 93, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.008, 2014.
Grimm, K. A., Lange, C. B., and Gill, A. S.: Biological forcing of hemipelagic sedimentary laminae; evidence from ODP Site 893, Santa Barbara Basin, California, J. Sediment. Res., 66, 613–624, https://doi.org/10.1306/D42683C4-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D, 1996.
Hasle, G. R. and Syvertsen, E. E.: Chapter 2 – Marine Diatoms, in: Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, edited by: C. R. Tomas, 5–385, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997.
Hillebrand, H., Dürselen, C.-D., Kirschtel, D., Pollingher, U., and Zohary, T.: Biovolume Calculation for Pelagic and Benthic Microalgae, J. Phycol., 35, 403–424, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520403.x, 1999.
Holm-Hansen, O., Kahru, M., Hewes, C. D., Kawaguchi, S., Kameda, T., Sushin, V. A., Krasovski, I., Priddle, J., Korb, R., Hewitt, R. P., and Mitchell, B. G.: Temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a in surface waters of the Scotia Sea as determined by both shipboard measurements and satellite data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 1323–1331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.004, 2004.
Holzer, M., Primeau, F. W., DeVries, T., and Matear, R.: The Southern Ocean silicon trap: Data-constrained estimates of regenerated silicic acid, trapping efficiencies, and global transport paths, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 313–331, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009356, 2014.
Howard, A. G., Coxhead, A. J., Potter, I. A., and Watt, A. P.: Determination of dissolved aluminium by the micelle-enhanced fluorescence of its lumogallion complex, Analyst, 111, 1379–1382, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9861101379, 1986.
Hutchins, D. A. and Bruland, K. W.: Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime, Nature, 393, 561–564, https://doi.org/10.1038/31203, 1998.
Ichinomiya, M., Gomi, Y., Nakamachi, M., Honda, M., Fukuchi, M., and Taniguchi, A.: Temporal variations in the abundance and sinking flux of diatoms under fast ice in summer near Syowa Station, East Antarctica, Polar Sci., 2, 33–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2008.01.001, 2008.
Jackson, G. A. and Burd, A. B.: A model for the distribution of particle flux in the mid-water column controlled by subsurface biotic interactions, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 193–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00100-X, 2001.
Jackson, G. A., Waite, A. M., and Boyd, P. W.: Role of algal aggregation in vertical carbon export during SOIREE and in other low biomass environments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023180, 2005.
Jin, X., Gruber, N., Dunne, J. P., Sarmiento, J. L., and Armstrong, R. A.: Diagnosing the contribution of phytoplankton functional groups to the production and export of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal from global nutrient and alkalinity distributions, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002532, 2006.
Jouandet, M.-P., Blain, S., Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Trull, T. W., and Obernosterer, I.: A seasonal carbon budget for a naturally iron-fertilized bloom over the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 856–867, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.037, 2008.
Jouandet, M.-P., Trull, T. W., Guidi, L., Picheral, M., Ebersbach, F., Stemmann, L., and Blain, S.: Optical imaging of mesopelagic particles indicates deep carbon flux beneath a natural iron-fertilized bloom in the Southern Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 1130–1140, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.3.1130, 2011.
Jouandet, M.-P., Jackson, G. A., Carlotti, F., Picheral, M., Stemmann, L., and Blain, S.: Rapid formation of large aggregates during the spring bloom of Kerguelen Island: observations and model comparisons, Biogeosciences, 11, 4393–4406, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4393-2014, 2014.
Kato, M., Tanimura, Y., Matsuoka, K., and Fukusawa, H.: Planktonic diatoms from sediment traps in Omura Bay, western Japan with implications for ecological and taphonomic studies of coastal marine environments, Quat. Int., 105, 25–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00147-7, 2003.
Kemp, A. E. S. and Villareal, T. A.: High diatom production and export in stratified waters – A potential negative feedback to global warming, Prog. Oceanogr., 119, 4–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.06.004, 2013.
Kemp, A. E. S., Pike, J., Pearce, R. B., and Lange, C. B.: The "Fall dump" – a new perspective on the role of a "shade flora" in the annual cycle of diatom production and export flux, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 47, 2129–2154, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00019-9, 2000.
Kohfeld, K. E., Quéré, C. L., Harrison, S. P., and Anderson, R. F.: Role of Marine Biology in Glacial-Interglacial CO2 Cycles, Science, 308, 74–78, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105375, 2005.
Kopczynska, E. E., Dehairs, F., Elskens, M., and Wright, S.: Phytoplankton and microzooplankton variability between the Subtropical and Polar Fronts south of Australia: Thriving under regenerative and new production in late summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 31597–31609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000278, 2001.
Kuwata, A. and Tsuda, A.: Selection and viability after ingestion of vegetative cells, resting spores and resting cells of the marine diatom, Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus, by two copepods, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 322, 143–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.02.013, 2005.
Kuwata, A., Hama, T., and Takahashi, M.: Ecophysiological characterization of two life forms, resting spores and resting cells, of a marine planktonic diatom, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 102, 245–255, 1993.
Lampitt, R. S., Noji, T., and Bodungen, B. von: What happens to zooplankton faecal pellets? Implications for material flux, Mar. Biol., 104, 15–23, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313152, 1990.
Lampitt, R. S., Boorman, B., Brown, L., Lucas, M., Salter, I., Sanders, R., Saw, K., Seeyave, S., Thomalla, S. J., and Turnewitsch, R.: Particle export from the euphotic zone: Estimates using a novel drifting sediment trap, 234Th and new production, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 1484–1502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.002, 2008.
Lampitt, R. S., Salter, I., and Johns, D.: Radiolaria: Major exporters of organic carbon to the deep ocean, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB1010, \https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003221, 2009.
Lam, P. J. and Bishop, J. K. B.: High biomass, low export regimes in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 601–638, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.01.013, 2007.
Lam, P. J., Doney, S. C., and Bishop, J. K. B.: The dynamic ocean biological pump: Insights from a global compilation of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal concentration profiles from the mesopelagic, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB3009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003868, 2011.
Lange, C. B., Weinheimer, A. L., Reid, F. M. H,. and Thunell, R. C.: Sedimentation patterns of diatoms, radiolarians, and silicoflagellates in Santa Barbara Basin, California, Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Investig. Rep., 38, 161–170, 1997.
Lasbleiz, M., Leblanc, K., Blain, S., Ras, J., Cornet-Barthaux, V., Hélias Nunige, S., and Quéguiner, B.: Pigments, elemental composition (C, N, P, and Si), and stoichiometry of particulate matter in the naturally iron fertilized region of Kerguelen in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 11, 5931–5955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5931-2014, 2014.
Laurenceau-Cornec, E. C., Trull, T. W., Davies, D. M., Bray, S. G., Doran, J., Planchon, F., Carlotti, F., Jouandet, M.-P., Cavagna, A.-J., Waite, A. M., and Blain, S.: The relative importance of phytoplankton aggregates and zooplankton fecal pellets to carbon export: insights from free-drifting sediment trap deployments in naturally iron-fertilised waters near the Kerguelen Plateau, Biogeosciences, 12, 1007–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1007-2015, 2015.
Legendre, P. and Legendre, F. J. L.: Numerical Ecology, Édition : 2., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, New York, 1998.
Leventer, A.: Sediment trap diatom assemblages from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 38, 1127–1143, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90099-2, 1991.
Leventer, A. and Dunbar, R. B.: Diatom flux in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, Mar. Micropaleontol., 12, 49–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(87)90013-2, 1987.
Lopes, C., Mix, A. C., and Abrantes, F.: Diatoms in northeast Pacific surface sediments as paleoceanographic proxies, Mar. Micropaleontol., 60, 45–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.02.010, 2006.
Madin, L. P.: Production, composition and sedimentation of salp fecal pellets in oceanic waters, Mar. Biol., 67, 39–45, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00397092, 1982.
Maiti, K., Charette, M. A., Buesseler, K. O., and Kahru, M.: An inverse relationship between production and export efficiency in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1557–1561, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50219, 2013.
Martin, J. H., Gordon, R. M., and Fitzwater, S. E.: Iron in Antarctic waters, Nature, 345, 156–158, https://doi.org/10.1038/345156a0, 1990.
Matsumoto, K., Sarmiento, J. L., and Brzezinski, M. A.: Silicic acid leakage from the Southern Ocean: A possible explanation for glacial atmospheric pCO2, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 5–1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001442, 2002.
McQuoid, M. R. and Hobson, L. A.: Diatom Resting Stages, J. Phycol., 32, 889–902, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00889.x, 1996.
Menden-Deuer, S. and Lessard, E. J.: Carbon to volume relationships for dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protist plankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 569–579, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0569, 2000.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Berman-Frank, I., Bopp, L., Boyd, P. W., Galbraith, E. D., Geider, R. J., Guieu, C., Jaccard, S. L., Jickells, T. D., La Roche, J., Lenton, T. M., Mahowald, N. M., Marañón, E., Marinov, I., Moore, J. K., Nakatsuka, T., Oschlies, A., Saito, M. A., Thingstad, T. F., Tsuda, A., and Ulloa, O.: Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation, Nat. Geosci., 6, 701–710, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1765, 2013.
Moore, J. K., Doney, S. C., Glover, D. M., and Fung, I. Y.: Iron cycling and nutrient-limitation patterns in surface waters of the World Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 49, 463–507, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00109-6, 2001.
Mortlock, R. A. and Froelich, P. N.: A simple method for the rapid determination of biogenic opal in pelagic marine sediments, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 36, 1415–1426, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90092-7, 1989.
Mosseri, J., Quéguiner, B., Armand, L., and Cornet-Barthaux, V.: Impact of iron on silicon utilization by diatoms in the Southern Ocean: A case study of Si/N cycle decoupling in a naturally iron-enriched area, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 801–819, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.003, 2008.
Nelson, D. M., Tréguer, P., Brzezinski, M. A., Leynaert, A., and Quéguiner, B.: Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: Revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 359–372, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GB01070, 1995.
Nelson, D. M., Brzezinski, M. A., Sigmon, D. E., and Franck, V. M.: A seasonal progression of Si limitation in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 3973–3995, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00076-5, 2001.
Oku, O. and Kamatani, A.: Resting spore formation of the marine planktonic diatom Chaetoceros anastomosans induced by high salinity and nitrogen depletion, Mar. Biol., 127, 515–520, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050040, 1997.
Onodera, J., Watanabe, E., Harada, N., and Honda, M. C.: Diatom flux reflects water-mass conditions on the southern Northwind Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 12, 1373–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1373-2015, 2015.
Park, J., Oh, I.-S., Kim, H.-C., and Yoo, S.: Variability of SeaWiFs chlorophyll-a in the southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean: Strong topographic effects and weak seasonality, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 604–620, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.01.004, 2010.
Park, Y.-H., Roquet, F., Durand, I., and Fuda, J.-L.: Large-scale circulation over and around the Northern Kerguelen Plateau, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 566–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.030, 2008.
Park, Y.-H., Durand, I., Kestenare, E., Rougier, G., Zhou, M., d'Ovidio, F., Cotté, C., and Lee, J.-H.: Polar Front around the Kerguelen Islands: An up-to-date determination and associated circulation of surface/subsurface waters, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 6575–6592, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010061, 2014.
Parslow, J. S., Boyd, P. W., Rintoul, S. R., and Griffiths, F. B.: A persistent subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the Interpolar Frontal Zone south of Australia: Seasonal progression and implications for phytoplankton-light-nutrient interactions, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 31543–31557, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000322, 2001.
Pilskaln, C. H., Manganini, S. J., Trull, T. W., Armand, L., Howard, W., Asper, V. L., and Massom, R.: Geochemical particle fluxes in the Southern Indian Ocean seasonal ice zone: Prydz Bay region, East Antarctica, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 307–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.010, 2004.
Pinkerton, M. H., Smith, A. N. H., Raymond, B., Hosie, G. W., Sharp, B., Leathwick, J. R., and Bradford-Grieve, J. M.: Spatial and seasonal distribution of adult Oithona similis in the Southern Ocean: Predictions using boosted regression trees, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 469–485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.12.010, 2010.
Pollard, R., Lucas, M., and Read, J.: Physical controls on biogeochemical zonation in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 3289–3305, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00084-X, 2002.
Primeau, F. W., Holzer, M., and DeVries, T.: Southern Ocean nutrient trapping and the efficiency of the biological pump, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 2547–2564, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20181, 2013.
Quéguiner, B.: Iron fertilization and the structure of planktonic communities in high nutrient regions of the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 90, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.024, 2013.
Ragueneau, O., Savoye, N., Del Amo, Y., Cotten, J., Tardiveau, B., and Leynaert, A.: A new method for the measurement of biogenic silica in suspended matter of coastal waters: using Si:Al ratios to correct for the mineral interference, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 697–710, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.09.017, 2005.
Ragueneau, O., Schultes, S., Bidle, K., Claquin, P., and Moriceau, B.: Si and C interactions in the world ocean: Importance of ecological processes and implications for the role of diatoms in the biological pump, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002688, 2006.
Rembauville, M., Salter, I., Leblond, N., Gueneugues, A., and Blain, S.: Export fluxes in a naturally iron-fertilized area of the Southern Ocean – Part 1: Seasonal dynamics of particulate organic carbon export from a moored sediment trap, Biogeosciences, 12, 3153–3170, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3153-2015, 2015.
Richardson, K., Visser, A. W., and Pedersen, F. B.: Subsurface phytoplankton blooms fuel pelagic production in the North Sea, J. Plankton Res., 22, 1663–1671, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.9.1663, 2000.
Rigual-Hernández, A. S., Trull, T. W., Bray, S. G., Closset, I.,fWe directly compared and Armand, L. K.: Seasonal dynamics in diatom and particulate export fluxes to the deep sea in the Australian sector of the southern Antarctic Zone, J. Mar. Syst., 142, 62–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.10.002, 2015.
Romero, O. E. and Armand, L.: Marine diatoms as indicators of modern changes in oceanographic conditions. In: 2nd Edition The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Camb. Univ. Press, 373–400, 2010.
Romero, O. E., Lange, C. B., Fisher, G., Treppke, U. F., and Wefer, G.: Variability in export prodution documented by downward fluxes and species composition of marine planktonic diatoms: observations from the tropical and equatorial Atlantic, in: The Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography, Examples from the South Atlantic, 365–392, Heidelberg, Berlin, 1999.
Romero, O. E., Fischer, G., Lange, C. B., and Wefer, G.: Siliceous phytoplankton of the western equatorial Atlantic: sediment traps and surface sediments, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 47, 1939–1959, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00012-6, 2000.
Rynearson, T. A., Richardson, K., Lampitt, R. S., Sieracki, M. E., Poulton, A. J., Lyngsgaard, M. M., and Perry, M. J.: Major contribution of diatom resting spores to vertical flux in the sub-polar North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 82, 60–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.07.013, 2013.
Sackett, O., Armand, L., Beardall, J., Hill, R., Doblin, M., Connelly, C., Howes, J., Stuart, B., Ralph, P., and Heraud, P.: Taxon–specific responses of Southern Ocean diatoms to Fe enrichment revealed by synchrotron radiation FTIR microspectroscopy, Biogeosciences, 11, 5795–5808, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5795-2014, 2014.
Sallée, J.-B., Matear, R. J., Rintoul, S. R., and Lenton, A.: Localized subduction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the Southern Hemisphere oceans, Nat. Geosci., 5, 579–584, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1523, 2012.
Salter, I., Lampitt, R. S., Sanders, R., Poulton, A., Kemp, A. E. S., Boorman, B., Saw, K., and Pearce, R.: Estimating carbon, silica and diatom export from a naturally fertilised phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean using PELAGRA: A novel drifting sediment trap, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 2233–2259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.008, 2007.
Salter, I., Kemp, A. E. S., Moore, C. M., Lampitt, R. S., Wolff, G. A., and Holtvoeth, J.: Diatom resting spore ecology drives enhanced carbon export from a naturally iron-fertilized bloom in the Southern Ocean, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003977, 2012.
Sancetta, C.: Diatoms in the Gulf of California: Seasonal flux patterns and the sediment record for the last 15 000 years, Paleoceanography, 10, 67–84, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA02796, 1995.
Sanders, J. G. and Cibik, S. J.: Reduction of growth rate and resting spore formation in a marine diatom exposed to low levels of cadmium, Mar. Environ. Res., 16, 165–180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(85)90136-9, 1985.
Sarmiento, J. L., Gruber, N., Brzezinski, M. A., and Dunne, J. P.: High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity, Nature, 427, 56–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02127, 2004.
Schnack-Schiel, S. B. and Isla, E.: The role of zooplankton in the pelagic-benthic coupling of the Southern Ocean, Sci. Mar., 69, 39–55, 2005.
Smetacek, V., Assmy, P., and Henjes, J.: The role of grazing in structuring Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, Antarct. Sci., 16, 541–558, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102004002317, 2004.
Smetacek, V. S.: Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance, Mar. Biol., 84, 239–251, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392493, 1985.
Steinberg, D. K., Goldthwait, S. A., and Hansell, D. A.: Zooplankton vertical migration and the active transport of dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in the Sargasso Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 1445–1461, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00037-7, 2002.
Suzuki, H., Sasaki, H., and Fukuchi, M.: Short-term variability in the flux of rapidly sinking particles in the Antarctic marginal ice zone, Polar Biol., 24, 697–705, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000100271, 2001.
Suzuki, H., Sasaki, H., and Fukuchi, M.: Loss Processes of Sinking Fecal Pellets of Zooplankton in the Mesopelagic Layers of the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone, J. Oceanogr., 59, 809–818, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000009572.08048.0d, 2003.
Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Hales, B., Chipman, D., Newberger, T., Goddard, J., Iannuzzi, R., and Sutherland, S.: The Changing Carbon Cycle in the Southern Ocean, Oceanography, 25, 26–37, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.71, 2012.
Takeda, S.: Influence of iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters, Nature, 393, 774–777, https://doi.org/10.1038/31674, 1998.
Tarling, G. A., Ward, P., Atkinson, A., Collins, M. A., and Murphy, E. J.: DISCOVERY 2010: Spatial and temporal variability in a dynamic polar ecosystem, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 59–60, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.10.001, 2012.
Taylor, S. R., and McClennan, S. M.: The continental crust: Its composition and evolution, Geol. J., 21, 85–86, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350210116, 1986.
Thomalla, S. J., Fauchereau, N., Swart, S., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: Regional scale characteristics of the seasonal cycle of chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 8, 2849–2866, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2849-2011, 2011.
Treppke, U. F., Lange, C. B., and Wefer, G.: Vertical fluxes of diatoms and silicoflagellates in the eastern equatorial Atlantic, and their contribution to the sedimentary record, Mar. Micropaleontol., 28, 73–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00046-1, 1996.
Trull, T. W., Davies, D. M., Dehairs, F., Cavagna, A.-J., Lasbleiz, M., Laurenceau-Cornec, E. C., d'Ovidio, F., Planchon, F., Leblanc, K., Quéguiner, B., and Blain, S.: Chemometric perspectives on plankton community responses to natural iron fertilisation over and downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 12, 1029–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1029-2015, 2015.
Uitz, J., Claustre, H., Griffiths, F. B., Ras, J., Garcia, N., and Sandroni, V.: A phytoplankton class-specific primary production model applied to the Kerguelen Islands region (Southern Ocean), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 541–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.11.006, 2009.
Venables, H. and Moore, C. M.: Phytoplankton and light limitation in the Southern Ocean: Learning from high-nutrient, high-chlorophyll areas, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C02015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005361, 2010.
Von Bodungen, B.: Phytoplankton growth and krill grazing during spring in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica – Implications from sediment trap collections, Polar Biol., 6, 153–160, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00274878, 1986.
Von Bodungen, B., Fischer, G., Nöthig, E.-M., and Wefer, G.: Sedimentation of krill faeces during spring development of phytoplankton in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, Mitt Geol Paläont Inst Univ Hambg. SCOPE/UNEP Sonderbd, 62, 243–257, 1987.
Weber, T. S. and Deutsch, C.: Ocean nutrient ratios governed by plankton biogeography, Nature, 467, 550–554, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09403, 2010.
Wefer, G. and Fischer, G.: Annual primary production and export flux in the Southern Ocean from sediment trap data, Mar. Chem., 35, 597–613, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(09)90045-7, 1991.
Wefer, G., Fischer, G., Füetterer, D., and Gersonde, R.: Seasonal particle flux in the Bransfield Strait, Antartica, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 35, 891–898, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90066-0, 1988.
Wefer, G. G., Fisher, D. K., Futterer, R., Gersonde, R., Honjo, S., and Ostermann, D.: Particle sedimentation and productivity in Antarctic waters of the Atlantic sector, in: Geological history of the polar oceans?, Arctic versus Antarctic, 363–379, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1990.
Westberry, T. K., Behrenfeld, M. J., Milligan, A. J., and Doney, S. C.: Retrospective satellite ocean color analysis of purposeful and natural ocean iron fertilization, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 73, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.010, 2013.
Wilson, S. E., Steinberg, D. K., and Buesseler, K. O.: Changes in fecal pellet characteristics with depth as indicators of zooplankton repackaging of particles in the mesopelagic zone of the subtropical and subarctic North Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 1636–1647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.019, 2008.
Wilson, S., E., Ruhl, H. A., and Smith Jr, K. L.: Zooplankton fecal pellet flux in the abyssal northeast Pacific: A 15 year time-series study, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 881–892, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.0881, 2013.
Wolff, E. W., Fischer, H., Fundel, F., Ruth, U., Twarloh, B., Littot, G. C., Mulvaney, R., Röthlisberger, R., de Angelis, M., Boutron, C. F., Hansson, M., Jonsell, U., Hutterli, M. A., Lambert, F., Kaufmann, P., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Steffensen, J. P., Bigler, M., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Udisti, R., Becagli, S., Castellano, E., Severi, M., Wagenbach, D., Barbante, C., Gabrielli, P., and Gaspari, V.: Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles, Nature, 440, 491–496, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04614, 2006.
Yoon, W., Kim, S., and Han, K.: Morphology and sinking velocities of fecal pellets of copepod, molluscan, euphausiid, and salp taxa in the northeastern tropical Atlantic, Mar. Biol., 139, 923–928, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270100630, 2001.
Zielinski, U. and Gersonde, R.: Diatom distribution in Southern Ocean surface sediments (Atlantic sector): Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoecl., 129, 213–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00130-7, 1997.
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint