Articles | Volume 12, issue 16
Biogeosciences, 12, 5143–5160, 2015
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5143-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Biogeosciences, 12, 5143–5160, 2015
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5143-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article 31 Aug 2015
Research article | 31 Aug 2015
Environmental forcing does not induce diel or synoptic variation in the carbon isotope content of forest soil respiration
D. R. Bowling et al.
Related authors
Stephanie G. Stettz, Nicholas C. Parazoo, A. Anthony Bloom, Peter D. Blanken, David R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Brett Raczka, Alexander J. Norton, Ian Baker, Mathew Williams, Mingjie Shi, Yongguang Zhang, and Bo Qiu
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-152, 2021
Revised manuscript under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainty in the response of photosynthesis to temperature poses a major challenge to predicting the response of forests to climate change. In this paper, we study how photosynthesis in a mountainous evergreen forest is limited by temperature. This study highlights that cold temperature is a key factor that controls spring photosynthesis. Including the cold temperature limitation in an ecosystem model improved its ability to simulate spring photosynthesis.
Rui Cheng, Troy S. Magney, Debsunder Dutta, David R. Bowling, Barry A. Logan, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Katja Grossmann, Sophia Lopez, Andrew D. Richardson, Jochen Stutz, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4523–4544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured reflected sunlight from an evergreen canopy for a year to detect changes in pigments that play an important role in regulating the seasonality of photosynthesis. Results show a strong mechanistic link between spectral reflectance features and pigment content, which is validated using a biophysical model. Our results show spectrally where, why, and when spectral features change over the course of the season and show promise for estimating photosynthesis remotely.
Nicholas C. Parazoo, Troy Magney, Alex Norton, Brett Raczka, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Ian Baker, Yongguang Zhang, Bo Qiu, Mingjie Shi, Natasha MacBean, Dave R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Jochen Stutz, Katja Grossmann, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 3733–3755, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide a global measure of photosynthetic change. This enables scientists to better track carbon cycle responses to environmental change and tune biochemical processes in vegetation models for an improved simulation of future change. We use tower-instrumented SIF measurements and controlled model experiments to assess the state of the art in terrestrial biosphere SIF modeling and find a wide range of sensitivities to light.
Jocelyn E. Egan, David R. Bowling, and David A. Risk
Biogeosciences, 16, 3197–3205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3197-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3197-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Traditionally a mass-dependent correction is made when measuring the radiocarbon composition in organic samples. This correction has not been evaluated for the soil gas environment where gas transport processes are important. Here, we show using theory that this traditional correction is not appropriate for estimating the radiocarbon composition of soil biological production. We also propose a new solution that accounts for soil gas transport processes.
Ryan Bares, Logan Mitchell, Ben Fasoli, David R. Bowling, Douglas Catharine, Maria Garcia, Byron Eng, Jim Ehleringer, and John C. Lin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1291–1308, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1291-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1291-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We overview two near-surface trace gas measurement networks with the aim of describing procedures, locations, and data structure with sufficient detail to serve as an in-depth method reference. Additionally, we developed a novel method for quantifying measurement uncertainty produced by these networks providing insight into appropriate applications of the data and differences in data collection methods. This uncertainty metric is broadly applicable to many trace gas and air quality datasets.
Benjamin Fasoli, John C. Lin, David R. Bowling, Logan Mitchell, and Daniel Mendoza
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2813–2824, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2813-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2813-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model is used to determine the area upstream that influences the air arriving at a given location. We introduce a new framework that makes the STILT model faster and easier to deploy and improves results. We also show how the model can be applied to spatially complex measurement strategies using trace gas observations collected onboard a Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, light-rail train.
Henrique F. Duarte, Brett M. Raczka, Daniel M. Ricciuto, John C. Lin, Charles D. Koven, Peter E. Thornton, David R. Bowling, Chun-Ta Lai, Kenneth J. Bible, and James R. Ehleringer
Biogeosciences, 14, 4315–4340, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4315-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4315-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) against observations at an old-growth coniferous forest site that is subjected to water stress each summer. We found that, after calibration, CLM was able to reasonably simulate the observed fluxes of energy and carbon, carbon stocks, carbon isotope ratios, and ecosystem response to water stress. This study demonstrates that carbon isotopes can expose structural weaknesses in CLM and provide a key constraint that may guide future model development.
Brett Raczka, Henrique F. Duarte, Charles D. Koven, Daniel Ricciuto, Peter E. Thornton, John C. Lin, and David R. Bowling
Biogeosciences, 13, 5183–5204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5183-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5183-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We use carbon isotopes of CO2 to improve the performance of a land surface model, a component with earth system climate models. We found that isotope observations can provide important information related to the exchange of carbon and water from vegetation driven by environmental stress from low atmospheric moisture and nitrogen limitation. It follows that isotopes have a unique potential to improve model performance and provide insight into land surface model development.
Stephanie G. Stettz, Nicholas C. Parazoo, A. Anthony Bloom, Peter D. Blanken, David R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Brett Raczka, Alexander J. Norton, Ian Baker, Mathew Williams, Mingjie Shi, Yongguang Zhang, and Bo Qiu
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-152, 2021
Revised manuscript under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainty in the response of photosynthesis to temperature poses a major challenge to predicting the response of forests to climate change. In this paper, we study how photosynthesis in a mountainous evergreen forest is limited by temperature. This study highlights that cold temperature is a key factor that controls spring photosynthesis. Including the cold temperature limitation in an ecosystem model improved its ability to simulate spring photosynthesis.
Rui Cheng, Troy S. Magney, Debsunder Dutta, David R. Bowling, Barry A. Logan, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Katja Grossmann, Sophia Lopez, Andrew D. Richardson, Jochen Stutz, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4523–4544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured reflected sunlight from an evergreen canopy for a year to detect changes in pigments that play an important role in regulating the seasonality of photosynthesis. Results show a strong mechanistic link between spectral reflectance features and pigment content, which is validated using a biophysical model. Our results show spectrally where, why, and when spectral features change over the course of the season and show promise for estimating photosynthesis remotely.
Nathaniel C. Lawrence and Steven J. Hall
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4065–4078, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4065-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4065-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, are highly variable over space and time. Existing approaches for automated N2O emission measurements are costly and often incompatible with flooded soils. We describe and validate a robust and low-cost apparatus for replicated measurement of soil N2O emissions at subdaily resolution over large spatial gradients (> 100 m). High-frequency measurements are critical for constraining and mitigating the soil N2O source.
Nicholas C. Parazoo, Troy Magney, Alex Norton, Brett Raczka, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Ian Baker, Yongguang Zhang, Bo Qiu, Mingjie Shi, Natasha MacBean, Dave R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Jochen Stutz, Katja Grossmann, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 3733–3755, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide a global measure of photosynthetic change. This enables scientists to better track carbon cycle responses to environmental change and tune biochemical processes in vegetation models for an improved simulation of future change. We use tower-instrumented SIF measurements and controlled model experiments to assess the state of the art in terrestrial biosphere SIF modeling and find a wide range of sensitivities to light.
Tara Hanlon and David Risk
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 191–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-191-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-191-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we aimed to improve accuracy of wind speed and direction measurements from an anemometer mounted atop a research vehicle. Controlled field tests and computer simulations showed that the vehicle shape biases airflow above the vehicle. The results indicate that placing an anemometer at a significant height (> 1 m) above the vehicle, and calibrating anemometer measurements for vehicle shape and wind angle, can be effective in reducing bias in measurements of wind speed and direction.
Jocelyn E. Egan, David R. Bowling, and David A. Risk
Biogeosciences, 16, 3197–3205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3197-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3197-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Traditionally a mass-dependent correction is made when measuring the radiocarbon composition in organic samples. This correction has not been evaluated for the soil gas environment where gas transport processes are important. Here, we show using theory that this traditional correction is not appropriate for estimating the radiocarbon composition of soil biological production. We also propose a new solution that accounts for soil gas transport processes.
Ryan Bares, Logan Mitchell, Ben Fasoli, David R. Bowling, Douglas Catharine, Maria Garcia, Byron Eng, Jim Ehleringer, and John C. Lin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1291–1308, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1291-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1291-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We overview two near-surface trace gas measurement networks with the aim of describing procedures, locations, and data structure with sufficient detail to serve as an in-depth method reference. Additionally, we developed a novel method for quantifying measurement uncertainty produced by these networks providing insight into appropriate applications of the data and differences in data collection methods. This uncertainty metric is broadly applicable to many trace gas and air quality datasets.
Benjamin Fasoli, John C. Lin, David R. Bowling, Logan Mitchell, and Daniel Mendoza
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2813–2824, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2813-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2813-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model is used to determine the area upstream that influences the air arriving at a given location. We introduce a new framework that makes the STILT model faster and easier to deploy and improves results. We also show how the model can be applied to spatially complex measurement strategies using trace gas observations collected onboard a Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, light-rail train.
Laura Graham and David Risk
Biogeosciences, 15, 847–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-847-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-847-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Winter carbon dioxide (CO2) respiration from soils is a significant and understudied component of the global carbon (C) cycle. In this study, we were able to show with a field campaign and a model how windy (advective) conditions can affect the usually slow (diffusive) transport of CO2 from soils and out of snowpacks. This research is important to help with understanding winter CO2 dynamics, especially for continued accurate accounting of the annual global C cycle.
Emmaline Atherton, David Risk, Chelsea Fougère, Martin Lavoie, Alex Marshall, John Werring, James P. Williams, and Christina Minions
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12405–12420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12405-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12405-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and leaks from natural gas infrastructure are thought to be a significant emission source. We used a mobile survey method to measure GHGs near Canadian infrastructure. Our results show that ~ 47 % of active wells were emitting. Abandoned and aging wells were also associated with emissions. We estimate methane emissions from this development are just over 111 Mt year−1, which is more than previous government estimates, but less than similar studies in the US.
Henrique F. Duarte, Brett M. Raczka, Daniel M. Ricciuto, John C. Lin, Charles D. Koven, Peter E. Thornton, David R. Bowling, Chun-Ta Lai, Kenneth J. Bible, and James R. Ehleringer
Biogeosciences, 14, 4315–4340, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4315-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4315-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) against observations at an old-growth coniferous forest site that is subjected to water stress each summer. We found that, after calibration, CLM was able to reasonably simulate the observed fluxes of energy and carbon, carbon stocks, carbon isotope ratios, and ecosystem response to water stress. This study demonstrates that carbon isotopes can expose structural weaknesses in CLM and provide a key constraint that may guide future model development.
Brett Raczka, Henrique F. Duarte, Charles D. Koven, Daniel Ricciuto, Peter E. Thornton, John C. Lin, and David R. Bowling
Biogeosciences, 13, 5183–5204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5183-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5183-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We use carbon isotopes of CO2 to improve the performance of a land surface model, a component with earth system climate models. We found that isotope observations can provide important information related to the exchange of carbon and water from vegetation driven by environmental stress from low atmospheric moisture and nitrogen limitation. It follows that isotopes have a unique potential to improve model performance and provide insight into land surface model development.
Robyn N. C. Latimer and David A. Risk
Biogeosciences, 13, 2111–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2111-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2111-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines an inversion approach for estimating Q10 and depth of production using a physically based soil model, constrained by observed high-frequency surface fluxes and/or five concentrations. Inversions using exclusively surface flux measurements were successful, but using multiple shallow subsurface CO2 measurements yielded the best results. This work is a first step toward building a reliable computing framework for removing physical artefacts from high-frequency soil CO2 data.
S. J Hall, G. McNicol, T. Natake, and W. L. Silver
Biogeosciences, 12, 2471–2487, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2471-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2471-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We used measurements of radiocarbon to model the decomposition of organic matter associated with minerals in tropical rainforest soils, using contemporary and archived samples. Most organic matter decomposed over 11 to 26 years, while a smaller portion decomposed over centuries. Rates were similar among soils with strongly differing physical and chemical properties, but declined with a proxy for oxygen limitation. Previous models based on one time point may underestimate decomposition rates.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Soils
Effect of organic carbon addition on paddy soil organic carbon decomposition under different irrigation regimes
SOC stabilization mechanisms and temperature sensitivity in old terraced soils
Soil profile connectivity can impact microbial substrate use, affecting how soil CO2 effluxes are controlled by temperature
Additional carbon inputs to reach a 4 per 1000 objective in Europe: feasibility and projected impacts of climate change based on Century simulations of long-term arable experiments
Cycling and retention of nitrogen in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) ecosystems under elevated fructification frequency
Mercury mobility, colloid formation and methylation in a polluted Fluvisol as affected by manure application and flooding–draining cycle
Simulating measurable ecosystem carbon and nitrogen dynamics with the mechanistically defined MEMS 2.0 model
Similar importance of edaphic and climatic factors for controlling soil organic carbon stocks of the world
Representing methane emissions from wet tropical forest soils using microbial functional groups constrained by soil diffusivity
Long-term bare-fallow soil fractions reveal thermo-chemical properties controlling soil organic carbon dynamics
Geochemical zones and environmental gradients for soils from the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
Age distribution, extractability, and stability of mineral-bound organic carbon in central European soils
Denitrification in soil as a function of oxygen availability at the microscale
Key drivers of pyrogenic carbon redistribution during a simulated rainfall event
Subsurface flow and phosphorus dynamics in beech forest hillslopes during sprinkling experiments: how fast is phosphorus replenished?
Estimating maximum fine-fraction organic carbon in UK grasslands
Millennial-age glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in forested mineral soils: 14C-based evidence for stabilization of microbial necromass
Particles under stress: ultrasonication causes size and recovery rate artifacts with soil-derived POM but not with microplastics
Deepening roots can enhance carbonate weathering by amplifying CO2-rich recharge
Vertical mobility of pyrogenic organic matter in soils: a column experiment
Vertical partitioning of CO2 production in a forest soil
Interactions between biogeochemical and management factors explain soil organic carbon in Pyrenean grasslands
Reviews and syntheses: Ironing out wrinkles in the soil phosphorus cycling paradigm
Herbicide weed control increases nutrient leaching compared to mechanical weeding in a large-scale oil palm plantation
Reviews and syntheses: The mechanisms underlying carbon storage in soil
Identification of lower-order inositol phosphates (IP5 and IP4) in soil extracts as determined by hypobromite oxidation and solution 31P NMR spectroscopy
Modelling dynamic interactions between soil structure and the storage and turnover of soil organic matter
Warming increases soil respiration in a carbon-rich soil without changing microbial respiratory potential
Reviews and syntheses: Soil responses to manipulated precipitation changes – an assessment of meta-analyses
From fibrous plant residues to mineral-associated organic carbon – the fate of organic matter in Arctic permafrost soils
Relevance of aboveground litter for soil organic matter formation – a soil profile perspective
A revised pan-Arctic permafrost soil Hg pool based on Western Siberian peat Hg and carbon observations
Using respiration quotients to track changing sources of soil respiration seasonally and with experimental warming
The soil organic carbon stabilization potential of old and new wheat cultivars: a 13CO2-labeling study
Drivers and modelling of blue carbon stock variability in sediments of southeastern Australia
A comparison of patterns of microbial C : N : P stoichiometry between topsoil and subsoil along an aridity gradient
Soil total phosphorus and nitrogen explain vegetation community composition in a northern forest ecosystem near a phosphate massif
Contrasting conifer species productivity in relation to soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of British Columbia perhumid rainforests
Increasing soil carbon stocks in eight permanent forest plots in China
Estimates of mean residence times of phosphorus in commonly considered inorganic soil phosphorus pools
Lability classification of soil organic matter in the northern permafrost region
Current, steady-state and historical weathering rates of base cations at two forest sites in northern and southern Sweden: a comparison of three methods
Anoxic conditions maintained high phosphorus sorption in humid tropical forest soils
Reviews and syntheses: Agropedogenesis – humankind as the sixth soil-forming factor and attractors of agricultural soil degradation
Weathering rates in Swedish forest soils
Exogenous phosphorus compounds interact with nitrogen availability to regulate dynamics of soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in a meadow steppe
The simulated N deposition accelerates net N mineralization and nitrification in a tropical forest soil
Simulated wild boar bioturbation increases the stability of forest soil carbon
Spatial changes in soil stable isotopic composition in response to carrion decomposition
Spatial gradients in the characteristics of soil-carbon fractions are associated with abiotic features but not microbial communities
Heleen Deroo, Masuda Akter, Samuel Bodé, Orly Mendoza, Haichao Li, Pascal Boeckx, and Steven Sleutel
Biogeosciences, 18, 5035–5051, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5035-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5035-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed if and how incorporation of exogenous organic carbon (OC) such as straw could affect decomposition of native soil organic carbon (SOC) under different irrigation regimes. Addition of exogenous OC promoted dissolution of native SOC, partly because of increased Fe reduction, leading to more net release of Fe-bound SOC. Yet, there was no proportionate priming of SOC-derived DOC mineralisation. Water-saving irrigation can retard both priming of SOC dissolution and mineralisation.
Pengzhi Zhao, Daniel J. Fallu, Sara Cucchiaro, Paolo Tarolli, Clive Waddington, David Cockcroft, Lisa Snape, Andreas Lang, Sebastian Doetterl, Antony G. Brown, and Kristof Van Oost
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-205, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the factors controlling SOC stability and temperature sensitivity of abandoned prehistoric agricultural terrace soils. Results suggest that the burial of former topsoil due to terracing provided a SOC stabilization mechanism. Both the soil C : N ratio and SOC mineral protection regulate soil SOC temperature sensitivity. However, which mechanism predominantly controls SOC temperature sensitivity depends on the age of the buried terrace soils.
Frances A. Podrebarac, Sharon A. Billings, Kate A. Edwards, Jérôme Laganière, Matthew J. Norwood, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 18, 4755–4772, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a large and temperature-responsive flux in the global carbon cycle. We found increases in microbial use of easy to degrade substrates enhanced the temperature response of respiration in soils layered as they are in situ. This enhanced response is consistent with soil composition differences in warm relative to cold climate forests. These results highlight the importance of the intact nature of soils rarely studied in regulating responses of CO2 fluxes to changing temperature.
Elisa Bruni, Bertrand Guenet, Yuanyuan Huang, Hugues Clivot, Iñigo Virto, Roberta Farina, Thomas Kätterer, Philippe Ciais, Manuel Martin, and Claire Chenu
Biogeosciences, 18, 3981–4004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3981-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3981-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is beneficial for climate change mitigation and food security. One way to enhance SOC stocks is to increase carbon input to the soil. We estimate the amount of carbon input required to reach a 4 % annual increase in SOC stocks in 14 long-term agricultural experiments around Europe. We found that annual carbon input should increase by 43 % under current temperature conditions, by 54 % for a 1 °C warming scenario and by 120 % for a 5 °C warming scenario.
Rainer Brumme, Bernd Ahrends, Joachim Block, Christoph Schulz, Henning Meesenburg, Uwe Klinck, Markus Wagner, and Partap K. Khanna
Biogeosciences, 18, 3763–3779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3763-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3763-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In order to study the fate of litter nitrogen in forest soils, we combined a leaf litterfall exchange experiment using 15N-labeled leaf litter with long-term element budgets at seven European beech sites in Germany. It appears that fructification intensity, which has increased in recent decades, has a distinct impact on N retention in forest soils. Despite reduced nitrogen deposition, about 6 and 10 kg ha−1 of nitrogen were retained annually in the soils and in the forest stands, respectively.
Lorenz Gfeller, Andrea Weber, Isabelle Worms, Vera I. Slaveykova, and Adrien Mestrot
Biogeosciences, 18, 3445–3465, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our incubation experiment shows that flooding of polluted floodplain soils may induce pulses of both mercury (Hg) and methylmercury to the soil solution and threaten downstream ecosystems. We demonstrate that mobilization of Hg bound to manganese oxides is a relevant process in organic-matter-poor soils. Addition of organic amendments accelerates this mobilization but also facilitates the formation of nanoparticulate Hg and the subsequent fixation of Hg from soil solution to the soil.
Yao Zhang, Jocelyn M. Lavallee, Andy D. Robertson, Rebecca Even, Stephen M. Ogle, Keith Paustian, and M. Francesca Cotrufo
Biogeosciences, 18, 3147–3171, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic matter (SOM) is essential for the health of soils, and the accumulation of SOM helps removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. Here we present the result of the continued development of a mathematical model that simulates SOM and its measurable fractions. In this study, we simulated several grassland sites in the US, and the model generally captured the carbon and nitrogen amounts in SOM and their distribution between the measurable fractions throughout the entire soil profile.
Zhongkui Luo, Raphael A. Viscarra-Rossel, and Tian Qian
Biogeosciences, 18, 2063–2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2063-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2063-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using the data from 141 584 whole-soil profiles across the globe, we disentangled the relative importance of biotic, climatic and edaphic variables in controlling global SOC stocks. The results suggested that soil properties and climate contributed similarly to the explained global variance of SOC in four sequential soil layers down to 2 m. However, the most important individual controls are consistently soil-related, challenging current climate-driven framework of SOC dynamics.
Debjani Sihi, Xiaofeng Xu, Mónica Salazar Ortiz, Christine S. O'Connell, Whendee L. Silver, Carla López-Lloreda, Julia M. Brenner, Ryan K. Quinn, Jana R. Phillips, Brent D. Newman, and Melanie A. Mayes
Biogeosciences, 18, 1769–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1769-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1769-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Humid tropical soils are important sources and sinks of methane. We used model simulation to understand how different kinds of microbes and observed soil moisture and oxygen dynamics contribute to production and consumption of methane along a wet tropical hillslope during normal and drought conditions. Drought alters the diffusion of oxygen and microbial substrates into and out of soil microsites, resulting in enhanced methane release from the entire hillslope during drought recovery.
Mathieu Chassé, Suzanne Lutfalla, Lauric Cécillon, François Baudin, Samuel Abiven, Claire Chenu, and Pierre Barré
Biogeosciences, 18, 1703–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Evolution of organic carbon content in soils could be a major driver of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations over the next century. Understanding factors controlling carbon persistence in soil is a challenge. Our study of unique long-term bare-fallow samples, depleted in labile organic carbon, helps improve the separation, evaluation and characterization of carbon pools with distinct residence time in soils and gives insight into the mechanisms explaining soil organic carbon persistence.
Melisa A. Diaz, Christopher B. Gardner, Susan A. Welch, W. Andrew Jackson, Byron J. Adams, Diana H. Wall, Ian D. Hogg, Noah Fierer, and W. Berry Lyons
Biogeosciences, 18, 1629–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble salt and nutrient concentrations of soils collected along the Shackleton Glacier, Antarctica, show distinct geochemical gradients related to latitude, longitude, elevation, soil moisture, and distance from coast and glacier. Machine learning algorithms were used to estimate geochemical gradients for the region given the relationship with geography. Geography and surface exposure age drive salt and nutrient abundances, influencing invertebrate habitat suitability and biogeography.
Marion Schrumpf, Klaus Kaiser, Allegra Mayer, Günter Hempel, and Susan Trumbore
Biogeosciences, 18, 1241–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1241-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1241-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A large amount of organic carbon (OC) in soil is protected against decay by bonding to minerals. We studied the release of mineral-bonded OC by NaF–NaOH extraction and H2O2 oxidation. Unexpectedly, extraction and oxidation removed mineral-bonded OC at roughly constant portions and of similar age distributions, irrespective of mineral composition, land use, and soil depth. The results suggest uniform modes of interactions between OC and minerals across soils in quasi-steady state with inputs.
Lena Rohe, Bernd Apelt, Hans-Jörg Vogel, Reinhard Well, Gi-Mick Wu, and Steffen Schlüter
Biogeosciences, 18, 1185–1201, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Total denitrification, i.e. N2O and (N2O + N2) fluxes, of repacked soil cores were analysed for different combinations of soils and water contents. Prediction accuracy of (N2O + N2) fluxes was highest with combined proxies for oxygen demand (CO2 flux) and oxygen supply (anaerobic soil volume fraction). Knowledge of denitrification completeness (product ratio) improved N2O predictions. Substitutions with cheaper proxies (soil organic matter, empirical diffusivity) reduced prediction accuracy.
Severin-Luca Bellè, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Frank Hagedorn, Cristina Santin, Marcus Schiedung, Ilja van Meerveld, and Samuel Abiven
Biogeosciences, 18, 1105–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Controls of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) redistribution under rainfall are largely unknown. However, PyC mobility can be substantial after initial rain in post-fire landscapes. We conducted a controlled simulation experiment on plots where PyC was applied on the soil surface. We identified redistribution of PyC by runoff and splash and vertical movement in the soil depending on soil texture and PyC characteristics (material and size). PyC also induced changes in exports of native soil organic carbon.
Michael Rinderer, Jaane Krüger, Friederike Lang, Heike Puhlmann, and Markus Weiler
Biogeosciences, 18, 1009–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1009-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1009-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified the lateral and vertical subsurface flow (SSF) and P concentrations of three beech forest plots with contrasting soil properties during sprinkling experiments. Vertical SSF was 2 orders of magnitude larger than lateral SSF, and both consisted mainly of pre-event water. P concentrations in SSF were high during the first 1 to 2 h (nutrient flushing) but nearly constant thereafter. This suggests that P in the soil solution was replenished fast by mineral or organic sources.
Kirsty C. Paterson, Joanna M. Cloy, Robert M. Rees, Elizabeth M. Baggs, Hugh Martineau, Dario Fornara, Andrew J. Macdonald, and Sarah Buckingham
Biogeosciences, 18, 605–620, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-605-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-605-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon sequestration across agroecosystems worldwide can contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change by reducing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The maximum carbon sequestration potential is frequently estimated using the linear regression equation developed by Hassink (1997). This work examines the suitability of this equation for use in grasslands across the United Kingdom. The results highlight the need to ensure the fit of equations to the soils being studied.
Hannah Gies, Frank Hagedorn, Maarten Lupker, Daniel Montluçon, Negar Haghipour, Tessa Sophia van der Voort, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 18, 189–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding controls on the persistence of organic matter in soils is essential to constrain its role in the carbon cycle. Emerging concepts suggest that the soil carbon pool is predominantly comprised of stabilized microbial residues. To test this hypothesis we isolated microbial membrane lipids from two Swiss soil profiles and measured their radiocarbon age. We find that the ages of these compounds are in the range of millenia and thus provide evidence for stabilized microbial mass in soils.
Frederick Büks, Gilles Kayser, Antonia Zieger, Friederike Lang, and Martin Kaupenjohann
Biogeosciences, 18, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ultrasonication/density fractionation is a common method used to extract particulate organic matter (POM) and, recently, microplastic (MP) from soil samples. In this study, ultrasonic treatment with mechanical stress increasing from 0 to 500 J mL−1 caused comminution and a reduced recovery rate of soil-derived POMs but no such effects with MP particles. In consequence, the extraction of MP from soils is not affected by particle size and recovery rate artifacts.
Hang Wen, Pamela L. Sullivan, Gwendolyn L. Macpherson, Sharon A. Billings, and Li Li
Biogeosciences, 18, 55–75, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-55-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-55-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonate weathering is essential in regulating carbon cycle at the century timescale. Plant roots accelerate weathering by elevating soil CO2 via respiration. It however remains poorly understood how and how much rooting characteristics modify flow paths and weathering. This work indicates that deepening roots in woodlands can enhance carbonate weathering by promoting recharge and CO2–carbonate contact in the deep, carbonate-abundant subsurface.
Marcus Schiedung, Severin-Luca Bellè, Gabriel Sigmund, Karsten Kalbitz, and Samuel Abiven
Biogeosciences, 17, 6457–6474, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6457-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6457-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The mobility of pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) in soils is largely unknow, while it is a major and persistent component of the soil organic matter. With a soil column experiment, we identified that only a small proportion of PyOM can migrate through the soil, but its export is continuous. Aging and associated oxidation increase its mobility but also its retention in soils. Further, PyOM can alter the vertical mobility of native soil organic carbon during its downward migration.
Patrick Wordell-Dietrich, Anja Wotte, Janet Rethemeyer, Jörg Bachmann, Mirjam Helfrich, Kristina Kirfel, Christoph Leuschner, and Axel Don
Biogeosciences, 17, 6341–6356, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6341-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6341-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The release of CO2 from soils, known as soil respiration, plays a major role in the global carbon cycle. However, the contributions of different soil depths or the sources of soil CO2 have hardly been studied. We quantified the CO2 production for different soil layers (up to 1.5 m) in three soil profiles for 2 years. We found that 90 % of CO2 production occurs in the first 30 cm of the soil profile, and that the CO2 originated from young carbon sources, as revealed by radiocarbon measurements.
Antonio Rodríguez, Rosa Maria Canals, Josefina Plaixats, Elena Albanell, Haifa Debouk, Jordi Garcia-Pausas, Leticia San Emeterio, Àngela Ribas, Juan José Jimenez, and M.-Teresa Sebastià
Biogeosciences, 17, 6033–6050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The novelty of our work is that it presents a series of potential interactions between drivers of soil organic carbon at broad scales in temperate mountain grasslands. The most relevant contribution of our work is that it illustrates the importance of grazing management for soil carbon stocks, indicating that interactions between grazing species and soil nitrogen and herbage quality may be promising paths in order to design further management policies for palliating climate change.
Curt A. McConnell, Jason P. Kaye, and Armen R. Kemanian
Biogeosciences, 17, 5309–5333, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil phosphorus (P) management is a critical challenge for agriculture worldwide; yet, simulation models of soil P processes lag those of other essential nutrients. In this review, we identify hindrances to measuring and modeling soil P pools and fluxes. We highlight the need to clarify biological and mineral interactions by defining P pools explicitly and using evolving techniques, such as tracing P in phosphates using oxygen isotopes.
Greta Formaglio, Edzo Veldkamp, Xiaohong Duan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Marife D. Corre
Biogeosciences, 17, 5243–5262, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5243-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5243-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The intensive management of large-scale oil palm plantations may result in high nutrient leaching losses which reduce soil fertility and potentially pollute water bodies. The reduction in management intensity with lower fertilization rates and with mechanical weeding instead of the use of herbicide results in lower nutrient leaching losses while maintaining high yield. Lower leaching results from lower nutrient inputs from fertilizer and from higher retention by enhanced cover vegetation.
Isabelle Basile-Doelsch, Jérôme Balesdent, and Sylvain Pellerin
Biogeosciences, 17, 5223–5242, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5223-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5223-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The 4 per 1000 initiative aims to restore carbon storage in soils to both mitigate climate change and contribute to food security. The French National Institute for Agricultural Research conducted a study to determine the carbon storage potential in French soils and associated costs. This paper is a part of that study. It reviews recent advances concerning the mechanisms that controls C stabilization in soils. Synthetic figures integrating new concepts should be of pedagogical interest.
Jolanda E. Reusser, René Verel, Daniel Zindel, Emmanuel Frossard, and Timothy I. McLaren
Biogeosciences, 17, 5079–5095, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5079-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5079-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Inositol phosphates (IPs) are a major pool of organic P in soil. However, information on their diversity and abundance in soil is limited. We isolated IPs from soil and characterised them using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For the first time, we provide direct spectroscopic evidence for the existence of a multitude of lower-order IPs in soil extracts previously not detected with NMR. Our findings will help provide new insight into the cycling of IPs in ecosystems.
Katharina Hildegard Elisabeth Meurer, Claire Chenu, Elsa Coucheney, Anke Marianne Herrmann, Thomas Keller, Thomas Kätterer, David Nimblad Svensson, and Nicholas Jarvis
Biogeosciences, 17, 5025–5042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5025-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5025-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple model that describes, for the first time, the dynamic two-way interactions between soil organic matter and soil physical properties (porosity, pore size distribution, bulk density and layer thickness). The model was able to accurately reproduce the changes in soil organic carbon, soil bulk density and surface elevation observed during 63 years in a field trial, as well as soil water retention curves measured at the end of the experimental period.
Marion Nyberg and Mark J. Hovenden
Biogeosciences, 17, 4405–4420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4405-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4405-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Experimental warming increased soil respiration (RS) by more than 25 % in a Tasmanian C-rich soil, but there was no impact on microbial respiration in laboratory experiments. Plant community composition had no effect on RS, suggesting the response is likely due to enhanced belowground plant respiration and C supply through rhizodeposition and root exudates. Results imply we need studies of both C inputs and losses to model net ecosystem C exchange of these crucial, C-dense systems effectively.
Akane O. Abbasi, Alejandro Salazar, Youmi Oh, Sabine Reinsch, Maria del Rosario Uribe, Jianghanyang Li, Irfan Rashid, and Jeffrey S. Dukes
Biogeosciences, 17, 3859–3873, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3859-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3859-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we provide a holistic view of soil responses to precipitation changes. A total of 16 meta-analyses focusing on the effects of precipitation changes on 42 soil response variables were compared. A strong agreement was found that the belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling accelerate under increased precipitation and slow under decreased precipitation, while bacterial and fungal communities are relatively resistant to decreased precipitation. Knowledge gaps were also identified.
Isabel Prater, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Franz Buegger, Lena C. Zoor-Füllgraff, Gerrit Angst, Michael Dannenmann, and Carsten W. Mueller
Biogeosciences, 17, 3367–3383, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3367-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3367-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large amounts of soil organic matter stored in permafrost-affected soils from Arctic Russia are present as undecomposed plant residues. This large fibrous organic matter might be highly vulnerable to microbial decay, while small mineral-associated organic matter can most probably attenuate carbon mineralization in a warmer future. Labile soil fractions also store large amounts of nitrogen, which might be lost during permafrost collapse while fostering the decomposition of soil organic matter.
Patrick Liebmann, Patrick Wordell-Dietrich, Karsten Kalbitz, Robert Mikutta, Fabian Kalks, Axel Don, Susanne K. Woche, Leena R. Dsilva, and Georg Guggenberger
Biogeosciences, 17, 3099–3113, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3099-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3099-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the contribution of litter-derived carbon (C) in the formation of subsoil organic matter (OM). Soil core sampling, 13C field labeling, density fractionation, and water extractions were used to track its contribution to different functional OM fractions down to the deep subsoil. We show that while migrating down the soil profile, OM undergoes a sequence of repeated sorption, microbial processing, and desorption. However, the contribution of litter-derived C to subsoil OM is small.
Artem G. Lim, Martin Jiskra, Jeroen E. Sonke, Sergey V. Loiko, Natalia Kosykh, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
Biogeosciences, 17, 3083–3097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3083-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3083-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the mercury (Hg) content in northern soils, we measured Hg concentration in peat cores across a 1700 km permafrost gradient in Siberia. We demonstrated a northward increase in Hg concentration in peat and Hg pools in frozen peatlands. We revised the 0–30 cm northern soil Hg pool to be 72 Gg, which is 7 % of the global soil Hg pool of 1086 Gg. The results are important for understanding Hg exchange between soil, water, and the atmosphere under climate change in the Arctic.
Caitlin Hicks Pries, Alon Angert, Cristina Castanha, Boaz Hilman, and Margaret S. Torn
Biogeosciences, 17, 3045–3055, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3045-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The apparent respiration quotient (ARQ) changes according to which substrates microbes consume, allowing sources of soil respiration to be traced. In a forest soil warming experiment, ARQ had a strong seasonal pattern that reflected a shift from respiration being fueled by sugars and organic acids derived from roots during the growing season to respiration being fueled by dead microbes during winter. ARQ values also changed with experimental warming.
Marijn Van de Broek, Shiva Ghiasi, Charlotte Decock, Andreas Hund, Samuel Abiven, Cordula Friedli, Roland A. Werner, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 17, 2971–2986, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2971-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2971-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Four wheat cultivars were labeled with 13CO2 to quantify the effect of rooting depth and root biomass on the belowground transfer of organic carbon. We found no clear relation between the time since cultivar development and the amount of carbon inputs to the soil. Therefore, the hypothesis that wheat cultivars with a larger root biomass and deeper roots promote carbon stabilization was rejected. The amount of root biomass that will be stabilized in the soil on the long term is, however, unknown.
Carolyn J. Ewers Lewis, Mary A. Young, Daniel Ierodiaconou, Jeffrey A. Baldock, Bruce Hawke, Jonathan Sanderman, Paul E. Carnell, and Peter I. Macreadie
Biogeosciences, 17, 2041–2059, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2041-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2041-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Blue carbonecosystems – tidal marsh, mangrove, and seagrass – serve as important organic carbon sinks, mitigating impacts of climate change. We utilized a robust regional carbon stock dataset to identify ecological, geomorphological, and anthropogenic drivers of carbon stock variability and create high-spatial-resolution predictive carbon stock maps. This work facilitates strategic conservation and restoration of coastal blue carbon ecosystems to contribute to climate change mitigation.
Yuqing Liu, Wenhong Ma, Dan Kou, Xiaxia Niu, Tian Wang, Yongliang Chen, Dima Chen, Xiaoqin Zhu, Mengying Zhao, Baihui Hao, Jinbo Zhang, Yuanhe Yang, and Huifeng Hu
Biogeosciences, 17, 2009–2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2009-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2009-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The microbial C : N ratio increased with aridity, while the microbial N : P ratio decreased with aridity, which implied that drought-stimulated microbes tend to be more N conservative. Among all examined ecological factors, substrate supply and microbial structure together controlled the microbial stoichiometry. Overall, these results illustrated N and P limitation in microbial biomass at deeper soil depths along the aridity gradient and limited responses to ecological factors in the subsoil.
Laura Matkala, Maija Salemaa, and Jaana Bäck
Biogeosciences, 17, 1535–1556, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1535-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1535-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how species number and abundance of the understorey vegetation correlates with nutrient contents of soil and tree leaves at a northern boreal forest site. The phosphorus (P) content of the humus layer showed higher correlation with vegetation than the nitrogen (N) content. Usually N is considered more important in boreal forests. The plots with high P content in humus had birch as the dominant tree species, implying that birch leaf litter is an important source of P to the plants.
John Marty Kranabetter, Ariana Sholinder, and Louise de Montigny
Biogeosciences, 17, 1247–1260, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1247-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1247-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest often have productive soils with high levels of organic matter. We describe the nitrogen and phosphorus attributes of this soil organic matter in relation to the growth of four conifer species. Sitka spruce thrived on high-nitrogen soils, more so than the other conifer species, but productivity overall is likely constrained by phosphorus deficiencies. Study results will guide wood production, carbon sequestration and conservation priorities.
Jianxiao Zhu, Chuankuan Wang, Zhang Zhou, Guoyi Zhou, Xueyang Hu, Lai Jiang, Yide Li, Guohua Liu, Chengjun Ji, Shuqing Zhao, Peng Li, Jiangling Zhu, Zhiyao Tang, Chengyang Zheng, Richard A. Birdsey, Yude Pan, and Jingyun Fang
Biogeosciences, 17, 715–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-715-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-715-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil is the largest carbon pool in forests. Whether forest soils function as a sink or source of atmospheric carbon remains controversial. Here, we investigated the 20-year changes in the soil organic carbon pool at eight permanent forest plots in China. Our results revealed that the soils sequestered 3.6–16.3 % of the annual net primary production across the investigated sites, demonstrating that these forest soils have functioned as an important C sink during the past 2 decades.
Julian Helfenstein, Chiara Pistocchi, Astrid Oberson, Federica Tamburini, Daniel S. Goll, and Emmanuel Frossard
Biogeosciences, 17, 441–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-441-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-441-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this article we provide estimates of mean residence times of phosphorus in inorganic soil phosphorus pools. These values improve our understanding of the dynamics of phosphorus cycling and can be used to improve global land surface models.
Peter Kuhry, Jiří Bárta, Daan Blok, Bo Elberling, Samuel Faucherre, Gustaf Hugelius, Christian J. Jørgensen, Andreas Richter, Hana Šantrůčková, and Niels Weiss
Biogeosciences, 17, 361–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-361-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-361-2020, 2020
Sophie Casetou-Gustafson, Harald Grip, Stephen Hillier, Sune Linder, Bengt A. Olsson, Magnus Simonsson, and Johan Stendahl
Biogeosciences, 17, 281–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-281-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-281-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable methods are required for estimating mineral supply rates to forest growth from weathering. We applied the depletion method, the PROFILE model and the base cation budget method to two forest sites in Sweden. The highest weathering rate was obtained from the budget method and the lowest from the depletion method. The high rate by the budget method suggests that there were additional sources for tree uptake not captured by measurements.
Yang Lin, Avner Gross, Christine S. O'Connell, and Whendee L. Silver
Biogeosciences, 17, 89–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-89-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-89-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphorus (P) is an important soil nutrient that often limits plant growth and microbial activity in humid tropical forests. These ecosystems receive a large amount of rainfall that helps create frequent anoxic events in soils. Our results show that anoxic conditions reduced the strength of soil minerals to bind P even though a large amount of P was still bound to minerals. Our study suggests that anoxic events might serve as hot moments for plants and microbes to acquire P.
Yakov Kuzyakov and Kazem Zamanian
Biogeosciences, 16, 4783–4803, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4783-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4783-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Agropedogenesis, i.e. soil development under agricultural use, is the anthropogenic modification of soil and environmental factors for optimization of crop production. Maximization of only this function, crop production, leads to declines in all other soil functions and consequently promotes uniformity in soil properties around the globe. Here we developed a new scientific background for the theory of agropedogenesis and the identification of soil degradation stages.
Cecilia Akselsson, Salim Belyazid, Johan Stendahl, Roger Finlay, Bengt A. Olsson, Martin Erlandsson Lampa, Håkan Wallander, Jon Petter Gustafsson, and Kevin Bishop
Biogeosciences, 16, 4429–4450, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4429-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4429-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The release of elements from soil through weathering is an important process, controlling nutrient availability for plants and recovery from acidification. However, direct measurements cannot be done, and present estimates are burdened with high uncertainties. In this paper we use different approaches to quantify weathering rates in different scales in Sweden and discuss the pros and cons. The study contributes to more robust assessments of sustainable harvesting of forest biomass.
Heyong Liu, Ruzhen Wang, Hongyi Wang, Yanzhuo Cao, Feike A. Dijkstra, Zhan Shi, Jiangping Cai, Zhengwen Wang, Hongtao Zou, and Yong Jiang
Biogeosciences, 16, 4293–4306, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4293-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4293-2019, 2019
Yanxia Nie, Xiaoge Han, Jie Chen, Mengcen Wang, and Weijun Shen
Biogeosciences, 16, 4277–4291, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4277-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4277-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The N–transformation rates and N–related functional gene abundance were surveyed in a tropical forest soil with experimental N additions. The C : N ratio was the determinant factor for N transformations in the dry season while the microbial biomass was the one in the wet season. This study also found that high N addition imposed significant positive effects on the functional gene abundance of AOA amoA and nirK but negative effects on that of AOB amoA and nosZ.
Axel Don, Christina Hagen, Erik Grüneberg, and Cora Vos
Biogeosciences, 16, 4145–4155, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4145-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4145-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Forest soils have a steep carbon gradient from the forest floor to the mineral soil, indicating that carbon is prevented from entry into the soil. Wild boar are effective in mixing the soil when searching for food. In a 6–year field study, we found no significant changes in soil organic carbon stocks in the wild boar treatment plots. However, around 50 % of forest floor carbon was transferred with mixing into mineral soil carbon and increased the stabilised fraction of soil organic carbon.
Sarah W. Keenan, Sean M. Schaeffer, and Jennifer M. DeBruyn
Biogeosciences, 16, 3929–3939, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3929-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3929-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Decaying animals perturb soil biogeochemical cycles. Stable δ15N composition, which reflects the sum of all biogeochemical processes, increases during decay and persists for years. Enrichment following beaver decay persisted after at least 1 year, and was evident up to 10 cm depth and 60 cm from the decaying animals, beyond where soils were visibly impacted by decomposition. Nutrients sourced from decaying animals represent an integral and long–lived component of nitrogen cycling in soils.
Aditi Sengupta, Julia Indivero, Cailene Gunn, Malak M. Tfaily, Rosalie K. Chu, Jason Toyoda, Vanessa L. Bailey, Nicholas D. Ward, and James C. Stegen
Biogeosciences, 16, 3911–3928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3911-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3911-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal terrestrial–aquatic interfaces represent dynamic yet poorly understood zones of biogeochemical cycles. We evaluated associations between the soil salinity gradient, molecular-level soil-C chemistry, and microbial community assembly processes in a coastal watershed on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, USA. Results revealed salinity-driven gradients in molecular-level C chemistry, with little evidence of an association between C chemistry and microbial community assembly processes.
Cited articles
Albert, M. R. and Hawley, R. L.: Seasonal changes in snow surface roughness characteristics at Summit, Greenland: implications for snow and firn ventilation, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 510–514, 2002.
Amiro, B. D.: Drag coefficients and turbulence spectra within three boreal forest canopies, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 52, 227–246, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122088, 1990.
Amundson, R., Stern, L., Baisden, T., and Wang, Y.: The isotopic composition of soil and soil-respired CO2, Geoderma, 82, 83–114, 1998.
Angert, A., Yakir, D., Rodeghiero, M., Preisler, Y., Davidson, E. A., and Weiner, T.: Using O2 to study the relationships between soil CO2 efflux and soil respiration, Biogeosciences, 12, 2089–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2089-2015, 2015.
Aubrey, D. P. and Teskey, R. O.: Root-derived CO2 efflux via xylem stream rivals soil CO2 efflux, New Phytol., 184, 35–40, 2009.
Bahn, M., Schmitt, M., Siegwolf, R., Richter, A., and Brüggemann, N.: Does photosynthesis affect grassland soil-respired CO2 and its carbon isotope composition on a diurnal timescale?, New Phytol., 182, 451–460, 2009.
Baldocchi, D. D. and Meyers, T. P.: Trace gas exchange above the floor of a deciduous forest 1. Evaporation and CO2 efflux, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7271–7285, 1991.
Ballantyne, A. P., Miller, J. B., Baker, I. T., Tans, P. P., and White, J. W. C.: Novel applications of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO2: what can atmospheric measurements teach us about processes in the biosphere?, Biogeosciences, 8, 3093–3106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3093-2011, 2011.
Bardgett, R. D., Freeman, C., and Ostle, N. J.: Microbial contributions to climate change through carbon cycle feedbacks, ISME J., 2, 805–814, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2008.58, 2008.
Bird, J. A. and Torn, M. S.: Fine roots vs. Needles: A comparison of 13C and 15N dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest soil, Biogeochemistry, 79, 361–382, 2006.
Borken, W. and Matzner, E.: Reappraisal of drying and wetting effects on C and N mineralization and fluxes in soils, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 808–824, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01681.x, 2009.
Bowling, D. R. and Massman, W. J.: Persistent wind-induced enhancement of diffusive CO2 transport in a mountain forest snowpack, J. Geophys. Res., 116, 15 pp., https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001722, 2011.
Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., and Randerson, J. T.: Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes, New Phytol., 178, 24–40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02342.x, 2008.
Bowling, D. R., Massman, W. J., Schaeffer, S. M., Burns, S. P., Monson, R. K., and Williams, M. W.: Biological and physical influences on the carbon isotope content of CO2 in a subalpine forest snowpack, Niwot Ridge, Colorado, Biogeochemistry, 95, 37–59, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9233-4, 2009.
Bowling, D. R., Grote, E. E., and Belnap, J.: Rain pulse response of soil CO2 exchange by biological soil crusts and grasslands of the semiarid Colorado Plateau, United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G03028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001643, 2011.
Bowling, D. R., Ballantyne, A. P., Miller, J. B., Burns, S. P., Conway, T. J., Menzer, O., Stephens, B. B., and Vaughn, B. H.: Ecological processes dominate the 13C land disequilibrium in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 352–370, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004686, 2014.
Brüggemann, N., Gessler, A., Kayler, Z., Keel, S. G., Badeck, F., Barthel, M., Boeckx, P., Buchmann, N., Brugnoli, E., Esperschütz, J., Gavrichkova, O., Ghashghaie, J., Gomez-Casanovas, N., Keitel, C., Knohl, A., Kuptz, D., Palacio, S., Salmon, Y., Uchida, Y., and Bahn, M.: Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum: a review, Biogeosciences, 8, 3457–3489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3457-2011, 2011.
Carbone, M. S., Czimczik, C. I., McDuffee, K. E., and Trumbore, S. E.: Allocation and residence time of photosynthetic products in a boreal forest using a low-level 14C pulse-chase labeling technique, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 466–477, 2007.
Cerling, T. E.: The stable isotopic composition of modern soil carbonate and its relationship to climate, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 71, 229–240, 1984.
Cerling, T. E., Solomon, D. K., Quade, J., and Bowman, J. R.: On the isotopic composition of carbon in soil carbon dioxide, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 55, 3403–3405, 1991.
Clifton, A., Manes, C., Ruedi, J. D., Guala, M., and Lehning, M.: On shear-driven ventilation of snow, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 126, 249–261, 2008.
Cole, J. C. and Braddock, W. A.: Geologic Map of the Estes Park 30´ × 60´ Quadrangle, North-Central Colorado, USGS Scientific Investigations Map 3039, US Geological Survey, available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3039/ (last access: 27 August 2015), 2009.
Conant, R. T., Ryan, M. G., Ågren, G. I., Birge, H. E., Davidson, E. A., Eliasson, P. E., Evans, S. E., Frey, S. D., Giardina, C. P., Hopkins, F. M., Hyvönen, R., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Lavallee, J. M., Leifeld, J., Parton, W. J., Megan Steinweg, J., Wallenstein, M. D., Martin Wetterstedt, J. Å., and Bradford, M. A.: Temperature and soil organic matter decomposition rates – synthesis of current knowledge and a way forward, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3392–3404, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02496.x, 2011.
Davidson, E. A. and Janssens, I. A.: Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, 440, 165–173, 2006.
Davidson, E. A., Belk, E., and Boone, R. D.: Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest, Glob. Change Biol., 4, 217–227, 1998.
Davidson, G. R.: The stable isotopic composition and measurement of carbon in soil CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 59, 2485–2489, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00143-3, 1995.
Dijkstra, F. A. and Cheng, W.: Interactions between soil and tree roots accelerate long-term soil carbon decomposition, Ecol. Lett., 10, 1046–1053, 2007.
Ekblad, A. and Högberg, P.: Natural abundance of 13C in CO2 respired from forest soils reveals speed of link between tree photosynthesis and root respiration, Oecologia, 127, 305–308, 2001.
Epron, D., Bahn, M., Derrien, D., Lattanzi, F. A., Pumpanen, J., Gessler, A., Högberg, P., Maillard, P., Dannoura, M., Gérant, D., and Buchmann, N.: Pulse-labelling trees to study carbon allocation dynamics: a review of methods, current knowledge and future prospects, Tree Physiol., 32, 776–798, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps057, 2012.
Fang, C. and Moncrieff, J. B.: An open-top chamber for measuring soil respiration and the influence of pressure difference on CO2 efflux measurement, Funct. Ecol., 12, 319–325, 1998.
Fierer, N., Schimel, J. P., and Holden, P. A.: Influence of drying-rewetting frequency on soil bacterial community structure, Microb. Ecol., 45, 63–71, 2003.
Flechard, C. R., Neftel, A., Jocher, M., Ammann, C., Leifeld, J., and Fuhrer, J.: Temporal changes in soil pore space CO2 concentration and storage under permanent grassland, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 142, 66–84, 2007.
Formánek, P. and Ambus, P.: Assessing the use of δ13C natural abundance in separation of root and microbial respiration in a Danish beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 18, 897–902, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1424, 2004.
Friedlingstein, P., Meinshausen, M., Arora, V. K., Jones, C. D., Anav, A., Liddicoat, S. K., and Knutti, R.: Uncertainties in CMIP5 Climate Projections due to Carbon Cycle Feedbacks, J. Climate, 27, 511–526, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00579.1, 2014.
Fujiyoshi, R., Haraki, Y., Sumiyoshi, T., Amano, H., Kobal, I., and Vaupotic, J.: Tracing the sources of gaseous components (222Rn, CO2 and its carbon isotopes) in soil air under a cool-deciduous stand in Sapporo, Japan, Environ. Geochem. Hlth., 32, 73–82, 2010.
Gamnitzer, U., Moyes, A. B., Bowling, D. R., and Schnyder, H.: Measuring and modelling the isotopic composition of soil respiration: insights from a grassland tracer experiment, Biogeosciences, 8, 1333–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1333-2011, 2011.
Ganot, Y., Dragila, M. I., and Weisbrod, N.: Impact of thermal convection on CO2 flux across the earth–atmosphere boundary in high-permeability soils, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 184, 12–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.09.001, 2014.
Ghashghaie, J. and Badeck, F. W.: Opposite carbon isotope discrimination during dark respiration in leaves versus roots – a review, New Phytol., 201, 751–769, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12563, 2014.
Goffin, S., Aubinet, M., Maier, M., Plain, C., Schack-Kirchner, H., and Longdoz, B.: Characterization of the soil CO2 production and its carbon isotope composition in forest soil layers using the flux-gradient approach, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 188, 45–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.11.005, 2014.
Heimann, M. and Reichstein, M.: Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks, Nature, 451, 289–292, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06591, 2008.
Högberg, P., Nordgren, A., Buchmann, N., Taylor, A. F. S., Ekblad, A., Högberg, M. N., Nyberg, G., Ottosson-Lofvenius, M., and Read, D. J.: Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration, Nature, 411, 789–792, 2001.
Högberg, P., Hogberg, M. N., Gottlicher, S. G., Betson, N. R., Keel, S. G., Metcalfe, D. B., Campbell, C., Schindlbacher, A., Hurry, V., Lundmark, T., Linder, S., and Nasholm, T.: High temporal resolution tracing of photosynthate carbon from the tree canopy to forest soil microorganisms, New Phytol., 177, 220–228, 2008.
Hopkins, F., Gonzalez-Meler, M. A., Flower, C. E., Lynch, D. J., Czimczik, C., Tang, J., and Subke, J.-A.: Ecosystem-level controls on root-rhizosphere respiration, New Phytol., 199, 339–351, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12271, 2013.
Irvine, J., Law, B. E., and Kurpius, M. R.: Coupling of canopy gas exchange with root and rhizosphere respiration in a semi-arid forest, Biogeochemistry, 73, 271–282, 2005.
Jarvis, P., Rey, A., Petsikos, C., Wingate, L., Rayment, M., Pereira, J., Banza, J., David, J., Miglietta, F., Borghetti, M., Manca, G., and Valentini, R.: Drying and wetting of Mediterranean soils stimulates decomposition and carbon dioxide emission: The "Birch effect," Tree Physiol., 27, 929–940, 2007.
Jassal, R., Black, A., Novak, M., Morgenstern, K., Nesic, Z., and Gaumont-Guay, D.: Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 130, 176–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.03.005, 2005.
Keeling, C. D.: The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 13, 322–334, 1958.
Kodama, N., Barnard, R., Salmon, Y., Weston, C., Ferrio, J., Holst, J., Werner, R., Saurer, M., Rennenberg, H., Buchmann, N., and Gessler, A.: Temporal dynamics of the carbon isotope composition in a Pinus sylvestris stand: from newly assimilated organic carbon to respired carbon dioxide, Oecologia, 156, 737–750, 2008.
Kuzyakov, Y.: Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 425–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.020, 2006.
Kuzyakov, Y. and Gavrichkova, O.: REVIEW: Time lag between photosynthesis and carbon dioxide efflux from soil: a review of mechanisms and controls, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 3386–3406, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02179.x, 2010.
Lai, C.-T., Ehleringer, J. R., Schauer, A. J., Tans, P. P., Hollinger, D. Y., Paw U, K. T., Munger, J. W., and Wofsy, S. C.: Canopy-scale δ13C of photosynthetic and respiratory CO2 fluxes: observations in forest biomes across the United States, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 633–643, 2005.
Le Quéré, C., Andres, R. J., Boden, T., Conway, T., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Marland, G., Peters, G. P., van der Werf, G. R., Ahlström, A., Andrew, R. M., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Doney, S. C., Enright, C., Friedlingstein, P., Huntingford, C., Jain, A. K., Jourdain, C., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Levis, S., Levy, P., Lomas, M., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Schwinger, J., Sitch, S., Stocker, B. D., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: The global carbon budget 1959–2011, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-165-2013, 2013.
Lewis Jr., W. M., and Grant, M. C.: Changes in the Output of Ions from a Watershed as a Result of the Acidification of Precipitation, Ecology, 60, 1093–1097, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936955, 1979.
Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A.: On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Funct. Ecol., 8, 315–323, 1994.
Maier, M., Schack-Kirchner, H., Hildebrand, E. E., and Holst, J.: Pore-space CO2 dynamics in a deep, well-aerated soil, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 877–887, 2010.
Marron, N., Plain, C., Longdoz, B., and Epron, D.: Seasonal and daily time course of the 13C composition in soil CO2 efflux recorded with a tunable diode laser spectrophotometer (TDLS), Plant Soil, 318, 137–151, 2009.
Miller, J. B. and Tans, P. P.: Calculating isotopic fractionation from atmospheric measurements at various scales, Tellus, 55, 207–214, 2003.
Monson, R. K., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C., Scott-Denton, L. E., Sparks, K., and Huxman, T. E.: Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 459–478, 2002.
Moyes, A. B. and Bowling, D. R.: Interannual variation in seasonal drivers of soil respiration in a semi-arid Rocky Mountain meadow, Biogeochemistry, 113, 683–697, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9797-x, 2013.
Moyes, A. B., Gaines, S. J., Siegwolf, R. T. W., and Bowling, D. R.: Diffusive fractionation complicates isotopic partitioning of autotrophic and heterotrophic sources of soil respiration, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 1804–1819, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02185.x, 2010.
Nickerson, N., Egan, J., and Risk, D.: Subsurface approaches for measuring soil CO2 isotopologue flux: Theory and application, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 614–629, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002508, 2014.
Parent, F., Plain, C., Epron, D., Maier, M., and Longdoz, B.: A new method for continuously measuring the δ13C of soil CO2 concentrations at different depths by laser spectrometry, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 64, 516–525, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12047, 2013.
Paterson, E., Midwood, A. J., and Millard, P.: Through the eye of the needle: a review of isotope approaches to quantify microbial processes mediating soil carbon balance, New Phytol., 184, 19–33, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03001.x, 2009.
Phillips, C. L., Nickerson, N., Risk, D., Kayler, Z. E., Andersen, C., Mix, A., and Bond, B. J.: Soil moisture effects on the carbon isotope composition of soil respiration, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 24, 1271–1280, 2010.
Phillips, C. L., Nickerson, N., Risk, D., and Bond, B. J.: Interpreting diel hysteresis between soil respiration and temperature, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 515–527, 2011.
Placella, S. A., Brodie, E. L., and Firestone, M. K.: Rainfall-induced carbon dioxide pulses result from sequential resuscitation of phylogenetically clustered microbial groups, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 10931–10936, 2012.
Powers, H. H., Hunt, J. E., Hanson, D. T., and McDowell, N. G.: A dynamic soil chamber system coupled with a tunable diode laser for online measurements of δ13C, δ18O, and efflux rate of soil-respired CO2, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 24, 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4380, 2010.
Querejeta, J. I., Egerton-Warburton, L. M., and Allen, M. F.: Direct nocturnal water transfer from oaks to their mycorrhizal symbionts during severe soil drying, Oecologia, 134, 55–64, 2003.
Raich, J. W. and Schlesinger, W. H.: The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate, Tellus B, 44, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v44i2.15428, 1992.
Rayment, M. B. and Jarvis, P. G.: An improved open chamber system for measuring soil CO2 effluxes in the field, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 28779–28784, 1997.
Riggs, A. C., Stannard, D. I., Maestas, F. B., Karlinger, M. R., and Striegl, R. G.: Soil CO2 flux in the Amargosa Desert, Nevada, during El Nino 1998 and La Nina 1999, US Geol. Surv. Sci. Investig. Rep. 2009–5061, available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5061/ (last access: 27 August 2015), 2009.
Risk, D., Nickerson, N., Phillips, C. L., Kellman, L. and Moroni, M.: Drought alters respired δ13CO2 from autotrophic, but not heterotrophic soil respiration, Soil Biol. Biochem., 50, 26–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.025, 2012.
Roland, M., Vicca, S., Bahn, M., Ladreiter-Knauss, T., Schmitt, M. and Janssens, I. A.: Importance of non-diffusive transport for soil CO2 efflux in a temperate mountain grassland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 502–512, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002788, 2015.
Sánchez-Cañete, E. P., Kowalski, A. S., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Pérez-Priego, O., and Domingo, F.: Deep CO2 soil inhalation / exhalation induced by synoptic pressure changes and atmospheric tides in a carbonated semiarid steppe, Biogeosciences, 10, 6591–6600, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6591-2013, 2013.
Savage, K., Davidson, E. A., and Tang, J.: Diel patterns of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration among phenological stages, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 1151–1159, 2013.
Schaeffer, S. M., Miller, J. B., Vaughn, B. H., White, J. W. C., and Bowling, D. R.: Long-term field performance of a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer for analysis of carbon isotopes of CO2 in forest air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5263–5277, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5263-2008, 2008.
Scott-Denton, L. E., Sparks, K. L., and Monson, R. K.: Spatial and temporal controls of soil respiration rate in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 525–534, 2003.
Seok, B., Helmig, D., Williams, M. W., Liptzin, D., Chowanski, K., and Hueber, J.: An automated system for continuous measurements of trace gas fluxes through snow: An evaluation of the gas diffusion method at a subalpine forest site, Niwot Ridge, Colorado, Biogeochemistry, 95, 95–113, 2009.
Sommerfeld, R. A., Musselman, R. C., Reuss, J. O., and Mosier, A. R.: Preliminary measurements of CO2 in melting snow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1225–1228, 1991.
Staebler, R. M. and Fitzjarrald, D. R.: Measuring Canopy Structure and the Kinematics of Subcanopy Flows in Two Forests, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 1161–1179, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2265.1, 2005.
Subke, J. A., Reichstein, M., and Tenhunen, J. D.: Explaining temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux in a mature spruce forest in Southern Germany, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 1467–1483, 2003.
Tóta, J., Roy Fitzjarrald, D., and da Silva Dias, M. A. F.: Amazon Rainforest Exchange of Carbon and Subcanopy Air Flow: Manaus LBA Site – A Complex Terrain Condition, Sci. World J., 2012, 165067, https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/165067, 2012.
Unger, S., Máguas, C., Pereira, J. S., David, T. S., and Werner, C.: Interpreting post-drought rewetting effects on soil and ecosystem carbon dynamics in a Mediterranean oak savannah, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 154–155, 9–18, 2012.
Vickers, D. and Thomas, C. K.: Observations of the scale-dependent turbulence and evaluation of the flux-gradient relationship for sensible heat for a closed Douglas-fir canopy in very weak wind conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9665–9676, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9665-2014, 2014.
Werner, C. and Gessler, A.: Diel variations in the carbon isotope composition of respired CO2 and associated carbon sources: a review of dynamics and mechanisms, Biogeosciences, 8, 2437–2459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2437-2011, 2011.
Wingate, L., Ogee, J., Burlett, R., Bosc, A., Devaux, M., Grace, J., Loustau, D., and Gessler, A.: Photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination and its relationship to the carbon isotope signals of stem, soil and ecosystem respiration, New Phytol., 188, 576–589, 2010.
Xiong, Y., D'Atri, J. J., Fu, S., Xia, H., and Seastedt, T. R.: Rapid soil organic matter loss from forest dieback in a subalpine coniferous ecosystem, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 2450–2456, 2011.
Xu, L. K., Furtaw, M. D., Madsen, R. A., Garcia, R. L., Anderson, D. J., and McDermitt, D. K.: On maintaining pressure equilibrium between a soil CO2 flux chamber and the ambient air, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D08S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006435, 2006.
Short summary
Soil respiration and its stable isotopes were studied in a subalpine forest. There was strong diel variability in soil efflux but not in the isotope content of soil efflux or CO2 from biological activity in the soil. Following rain, soil efflux increased, but the isotope content of these fluxes did not change. Temporal variation in the isotope content of soil efflux was unrelated to environmental variables. Results confirmed established theory regarding diffusive soil gas transport.
Soil respiration and its stable isotopes were studied in a subalpine forest. There was strong...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint