Articles | Volume 12, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7349-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7349-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Dec 2015
Research article |
| 15 Dec 2015
The influence of warm-season precipitation on the diel cycle of the surface energy balance and carbon dioxide at a Colorado subalpine forest site
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
P. D. Blanken
Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
A. A. Turnipseed
2B Technologies, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA
J. Hu
Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
R. K. Monson
School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Related authors
Sean P. Burns, Vincent Humphrey, Ethan D. Gutmann, Mark S. Raleigh, David R. Bowling, and Peter D. Blanken
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1755, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We compared two techniques that are affected by the amount of liquid water in a forest canopy. One technique relies on remote sensing (a pair of GPS systems) and the other uses tree motion generated by the wind. Though completely different, these two techniques show strikingly similar changes when rain falls on an evergreen forest. We combine these measurements with eddy-covariance fluxes of water vapor to provide some insight into the evaporation of canopy-intercepted precipitation.
Stephanie G. Stettz, Nicholas C. Parazoo, A. Anthony Bloom, Peter D. Blanken, David R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Brett Raczka, Alexander J. Norton, Ian Baker, Mathew Williams, Mingjie Shi, Yongguang Zhang, and Bo Qiu
Biogeosciences, 19, 541–558, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainty in the response of photosynthesis to temperature poses a major challenge to predicting the response of forests to climate change. In this paper, we study how photosynthesis in a mountainous evergreen forest is limited by temperature. This study highlights that cold temperature is a key factor that controls spring photosynthesis. Including the cold-temperature limitation in an ecosystem model improved its ability to simulate spring photosynthesis.
Rui Cheng, Troy S. Magney, Debsunder Dutta, David R. Bowling, Barry A. Logan, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Katja Grossmann, Sophia Lopez, Andrew D. Richardson, Jochen Stutz, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4523–4544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured reflected sunlight from an evergreen canopy for a year to detect changes in pigments that play an important role in regulating the seasonality of photosynthesis. Results show a strong mechanistic link between spectral reflectance features and pigment content, which is validated using a biophysical model. Our results show spectrally where, why, and when spectral features change over the course of the season and show promise for estimating photosynthesis remotely.
Nicholas C. Parazoo, Troy Magney, Alex Norton, Brett Raczka, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Ian Baker, Yongguang Zhang, Bo Qiu, Mingjie Shi, Natasha MacBean, Dave R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Jochen Stutz, Katja Grossmann, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 3733–3755, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide a global measure of photosynthetic change. This enables scientists to better track carbon cycle responses to environmental change and tune biochemical processes in vegetation models for an improved simulation of future change. We use tower-instrumented SIF measurements and controlled model experiments to assess the state of the art in terrestrial biosphere SIF modeling and find a wide range of sensitivities to light.
Sean P. Burns, Gordon D. Maclean, Peter D. Blanken, Steven P. Oncley, Steven R. Semmer, and Russell K. Monson
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 451–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-451-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-451-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The hardware and software used to collect eddy-covariance ecosystem
fluxes of carbon dioxide, heat, and water vapor at a high-elevation
subalpine forest site over 17 years are described. Over time,
software/hardware improvements have increased the system robustness,
leading to a successful 10 Hz data-collection rate of better than 99.98 %. We also provide philosophical concepts that shaped our data system design and are applicable to many different types of environmental data collection.
Stefan Metzger, George Burba, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Jiahong Li, Hongyan Luo, and Rommel C. Zulueta
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1341–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1341-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1341-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Enclosed infrared gas analyzers utilize a gas sampling system, which can substantially increase spectral corrections for eddy covariance applications. Here, we show that a requirements-based design can reduce high-frequency attenuation for H2O by ≈ 3/4, with the remaining flux correction not exceeding 3 %. The resulting gas sampling system can be used across a wide range of ecoclimates and site layouts, and enables more automated and comparable eddy covariance data processing across sites.
S. J. Burns and S. P. Burns
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-487-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-487-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
Sean P. Burns, Vincent Humphrey, Ethan D. Gutmann, Mark S. Raleigh, David R. Bowling, and Peter D. Blanken
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1755, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We compared two techniques that are affected by the amount of liquid water in a forest canopy. One technique relies on remote sensing (a pair of GPS systems) and the other uses tree motion generated by the wind. Though completely different, these two techniques show strikingly similar changes when rain falls on an evergreen forest. We combine these measurements with eddy-covariance fluxes of water vapor to provide some insight into the evaporation of canopy-intercepted precipitation.
Stephanie G. Stettz, Nicholas C. Parazoo, A. Anthony Bloom, Peter D. Blanken, David R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Brett Raczka, Alexander J. Norton, Ian Baker, Mathew Williams, Mingjie Shi, Yongguang Zhang, and Bo Qiu
Biogeosciences, 19, 541–558, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainty in the response of photosynthesis to temperature poses a major challenge to predicting the response of forests to climate change. In this paper, we study how photosynthesis in a mountainous evergreen forest is limited by temperature. This study highlights that cold temperature is a key factor that controls spring photosynthesis. Including the cold-temperature limitation in an ecosystem model improved its ability to simulate spring photosynthesis.
Rui Cheng, Troy S. Magney, Debsunder Dutta, David R. Bowling, Barry A. Logan, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Katja Grossmann, Sophia Lopez, Andrew D. Richardson, Jochen Stutz, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4523–4544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured reflected sunlight from an evergreen canopy for a year to detect changes in pigments that play an important role in regulating the seasonality of photosynthesis. Results show a strong mechanistic link between spectral reflectance features and pigment content, which is validated using a biophysical model. Our results show spectrally where, why, and when spectral features change over the course of the season and show promise for estimating photosynthesis remotely.
Nicholas C. Parazoo, Troy Magney, Alex Norton, Brett Raczka, Cédric Bacour, Fabienne Maignan, Ian Baker, Yongguang Zhang, Bo Qiu, Mingjie Shi, Natasha MacBean, Dave R. Bowling, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Jochen Stutz, Katja Grossmann, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 3733–3755, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide a global measure of photosynthetic change. This enables scientists to better track carbon cycle responses to environmental change and tune biochemical processes in vegetation models for an improved simulation of future change. We use tower-instrumented SIF measurements and controlled model experiments to assess the state of the art in terrestrial biosphere SIF modeling and find a wide range of sensitivities to light.
John W. Birks, Andrew A. Turnipseed, Peter C. Andersen, Craig J. Williford, Stanley Strunk, Brian Carpenter, and Christine A. Ennis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1001–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1001-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1001-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a portable calibration source of nitric oxide (NO) based on the photolysis of nitrous oxide. Combining this with a previous photolytic ozone (O3) source yields a calibrator that produces known mixing ratios of NO, O3, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2); NO2 is produced by the reaction of NO with O3. This portable
NO2/NO/O3 calibration source requires no external gas cylinders and can be used as a standard to calibrate O3 and NOx air pollution monitors in the field.
John W. Birks, Craig J. Williford, Peter C. Andersen, Andrew A. Turnipseed, Stanley Strunk, and Christine A. Ennis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4797–4807, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4797-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4797-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A highly portable ozone calibration source based on the photolysis of oxygen is described and evaluated. The ozone mixing ratio produced is independent of both pressure and temperature, and humidity effects are small and correctable. The resulting O3 calibrator has a response time < 20 s, a precision of 0.4 %, and can serve as a U.S. EPA level 4 transfer standard for the calibration of ozone analyzers.
John W. Birks, Peter C. Andersen, Craig J. Williford, Andrew A. Turnipseed, Stanley E. Strunk, Christine A. Ennis, and Erick Mattson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2821–2835, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2821-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2821-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A modular long-path folded tubular photometer for making absorbance measurements of air pollutant concentrations is described. The present paper applies this photometer to direct measurements of nitrogen dioxide and, indirectly, to nitric oxide. Excellent agreement for both was observed for measurements along an urban roadside compared with existing standard techniques. Advantages and extension of this technique to other atmospheric pollutants, including particulates, are discussed.
Robert C. Rhew, Malte Julian Deventer, Andrew A. Turnipseed, Carsten Warneke, John Ortega, Steve Shen, Luis Martinez, Abigail Koss, Brian M. Lerner, Jessica B. Gilman, James N. Smith, Alex B. Guenther, and Joost A. de Gouw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13417–13438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Alkenes emanate from both natural and anthropogenic sources and can contribute to atmospheric ozone production. This study measured
lightalkene (ethene, propene and butene) fluxes from a ponderosa pine forest using a novel relaxed eddy accumulation method, revealing much larger emissions than previously estimated and accounting for a significant fraction of OH reactivity. Emissions have a diurnal cycle related to sunlight and temperature, and the forest canopy appears to be the source.
Andrew A. Turnipseed, Peter C. Andersen, Craig J. Williford, Christine A. Ennis, and John W. Birks
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2253–2269, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2253-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2253-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated a new solid-phase scrubber for use in conventional ozone UV-absorption photometers. A heated graphite scrubber efficiently removed ozone and was less susceptible to interference from water vapor, mercury vapor, and aromatic hydrocarbons compared to conventional metal oxide scrubbers. Reducing interferences from these atmospheric species in conventional ozone photometers could lead to more accurate ozone measurements in compliance monitoring or for indoor air quality.
Sean P. Burns, Gordon D. Maclean, Peter D. Blanken, Steven P. Oncley, Steven R. Semmer, and Russell K. Monson
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 451–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-451-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-451-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The hardware and software used to collect eddy-covariance ecosystem
fluxes of carbon dioxide, heat, and water vapor at a high-elevation
subalpine forest site over 17 years are described. Over time,
software/hardware improvements have increased the system robustness,
leading to a successful 10 Hz data-collection rate of better than 99.98 %. We also provide philosophical concepts that shaped our data system design and are applicable to many different types of environmental data collection.
Stefan Metzger, George Burba, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Jiahong Li, Hongyan Luo, and Rommel C. Zulueta
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1341–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1341-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1341-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Enclosed infrared gas analyzers utilize a gas sampling system, which can substantially increase spectral corrections for eddy covariance applications. Here, we show that a requirements-based design can reduce high-frequency attenuation for H2O by ≈ 3/4, with the remaining flux correction not exceeding 3 %. The resulting gas sampling system can be used across a wide range of ecoclimates and site layouts, and enables more automated and comparable eddy covariance data processing across sites.
B. P. Guillod, B. Orlowsky, D. Miralles, A. J. Teuling, P. D. Blanken, N. Buchmann, P. Ciais, M. Ek, K. L. Findell, P. Gentine, B. R. Lintner, R. L. Scott, B. Van den Hurk, and S. I. Seneviratne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8343–8367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8343-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8343-2014, 2014
S. J. Burns and S. P. Burns
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-487-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-487-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
W. Yuan, S. Liu, W. Cai, W. Dong, J. Chen, A. Arain, P. D. Blanken, A. Cescatti, G. Wohlfahrt, T. Georgiadis, L. Genesio, D. Gianelle, A. Grelle, G. Kiely, A. Knohl, D. Liu, M. Marek, L. Merbold, L. Montagnani, O. Panferov, M. Peltoniemi, S. Rambal, A. Raschi, A. Varlagin, and J. Xia
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-5475-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-5475-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
Related subject area
Biogeophysics: Physical - Biological Coupling
Impact of clouds on vegetation albedo quantified by coupling an atmosphere and a vegetation radiative transfer model
Source-to-sink pathways of dissolved organic carbon in the river–estuary–ocean continuum: a modeling investigation
Impact of livestock activity on near-surface ground temperatures in central Mongolian grasslands
Two different phytoplankton blooming mechanisms over the East China Sea during El-Niño decaying summers
Technical note: Investigating saline water uptake by roots using spectral induced polarization
Impact of canopy environmental variables on the diurnal dynamics of water and carbon dioxide exchange at leaf and canopy level
Unique ocean circulation pathways reshape the Indian Ocean oxygen minimum zone with warming
Contribution of the open ocean to the nutrient and phytoplankton inventory in a semi-enclosed coastal sea
The contrasted phytoplankton dynamics across a frontal system in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea
Sub-frontal niches of plankton communities driven by transport and trophic interactions at ocean fronts
Differential feeding habits of the shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus correlate with their resident vent types at a scale of meters
Satellite data reveal earlier and stronger phytoplankton blooms over fronts in the Gulf Stream region
Assimilation of multiple datasets results in large differences in regional- to global-scale NEE and GPP budgets simulated by a terrestrial biosphere model
Spatiotemporal lagging of predictors improves machine learning estimates of atmosphere–forest CO2 exchange
Phytoplankton reaction to an intense storm in the north-western Mediterranean Sea
Lagrangian and Eulerian time and length scales of mesoscale ocean chlorophyll from Bio-Argo floats and satellites
Reply to Lars Olof Björn's comment on “Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum” by Michaelian and Simeonov (2015)
Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories
A Bayesian sequential updating approach to predict phenology of silage maize
Using an oceanographic model to investigate the mystery of the missing puerulus
Climate pathways behind phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming
Impact of moderately energetic fine-scale dynamics on the phytoplankton community structure in the western Mediterranean Sea
Seasonal ecosystem vulnerability to climatic anomalies in the Mediterranean
Grazing behavior and winter phytoplankton accumulation
Episodic subduction patches in the western North Pacific identified from BGC-Argo float data
Do Loop Current eddies stimulate productivity in the Gulf of Mexico?
Quasi-tropical cyclone caused anomalous autumn coccolithophore bloom in the Black Sea
Divergent climate feedbacks on winter wheat growing and dormancy periods as affected by sowing date in the North China Plain
Microclimatic comparison of lichen heaths and shrubs: shrubification generates atmospheric heating but subsurface cooling during the growing season
Fire and vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberia during the last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing
Evidence of eddy-related deep-ocean current variability in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean induced by remote gap winds
Root uptake under mismatched distributions of water and nutrients in the root zone
Interactive impacts of meteorological and hydrological conditions on the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system
Protists and collembolans alter microbial community composition, C dynamics and soil aggregation in simplified consumer–prey systems
Abundance and viability of particle-attached and free-floating bacteria in dusty and nondusty air
Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost
Drivers of the spatial phytoplankton gradient in estuarine–coastal systems: generic implications of a case study in a Dutch tidal bay
Biological and biogeochemical methods for estimating bioirrigation: a case study in the Oosterschelde estuary
Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and particulate organic nitrogen budget in the Yucatán shelf: driving mechanisms through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model
Basal thermal regime affects the biogeochemistry of subglacial systems
Influence of oceanic conditions in the energy transfer efficiency estimation of a micronekton model
Modulation of the North Atlantic deoxygenation by the slowdown of the nutrient stream
Stand age and species composition effects on surface albedo in a mixedwood boreal forest
Assessing the peatland hummock–hollow classification framework using high-resolution elevation models: implications for appropriate complexity ecosystem modeling
Tidal and seasonal forcing of dissolved nutrient fluxes in reef communities
Ideas and perspectives: Development of nascent autotrophic carbon fixation systems in various redox conditions of the fluid degassing on early Earth
Vertical distribution of chlorophyll in dynamically distinct regions of the southern Bay of Bengal
Remote and local drivers of oxygen and nitrate variability in the shallow oxygen minimum zone off Mauritania in June 2014
Longitudinal contrast in turbulence along a ∼ 19° S section in the Pacific and its consequences for biogeochemical fluxes
Ideas and perspectives: Strengthening the biogeosciences in environmental research networks
Kevin Wolf, Evelyn Jäkel, André Ehrlich, Michael Schäfer, Hannes Feilhauer, Andreas Huth, Alexandra Weigelt, and Manfred Wendisch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3614, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3614, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the influence of clouds on the vegetation albedo using a coupled atmosphere-vegetation radiative transfer model. Both models are iteratively linked to more realistically simulate cloud-vegetation-radiation interactions over canopies. Solar, spectral and broadband irradiances have been simulated under varying cloud conditions. The simulated irradiances were used to investigate the spectral and broadband effect of clouds on vegetation albedo.
Jialing Yao, Zhi Chen, Jianzhong Ge, and Wenyan Zhang
Biogeosciences, 21, 5435–5455, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The transformation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in estuaries is vital for coastal carbon cycling. We studied source-to-sink pathways of DOC in the Changjiang Estuary using a physics–biogeochemistry model. Results showed a transition of DOC from a sink to a source in the plume area during summer, with a transition from terrestrial-dominant to marine-dominant DOC. Terrigenous and marine DOC exports account for about 31 % and 69 %, respectively.
Robin Benjamin Zweigel, Avirmed Dashtseren, Khurelbaatar Temuujin, Anarmaa Sharkhuu, Clare Webster, Hanna Lee, and Sebastian Westermann
Biogeosciences, 21, 5059–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Intense grazing at grassland sites removes vegetation, reduces the snow cover, and inhibits litter layers from forming. Grazed sites generally have a larger annual ground surface temperature amplitude than ungrazed sites, but the net effect depends on effects in the transitional seasons. Our results also suggest that seasonal use of pastures can reduce ground temperatures, which can be a strategy to protect currently degrading grassland permafrost.
Dong-Geon Lee, Ji-Hoon Oh, Jonghun Kam, and Jong-Seong Kug
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3406, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3406, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During El Niño decaying summers, the East China Sea (ECS) experiences intensified phytoplankton blooms. Here, we suggest two different mechanisms. Atmospheric teleconnection induces increased rainfall, which elevates nutrient-rich runoff into the ECS. Additionally, the cyclonic wind patterns promote upwelling, delivering subsurface nutrients to surface waters. These two mechanisms operate concurrently, fueling robust phytoplankton blooms.
Solomon Ehosioke, Sarah Garre, Johan Alexander Huisman, Egon Zimmermann, Mathieu Javaux, and Frederic Nguyen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2628, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2628, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the electrical properties of the primary roots of Brachypodium and Maize plants during the uptake of fresh and saline water using SIP measurements in a frequency range from 1 Hz to 45 kHz. Our results indicate that salinity tolerance varies with the species, and that Maize is more tolerant to salinity than Brachypodium.
Raquel González-Armas, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Mary Rose Mangan, Oscar Hartogensis, and Hugo de Boer
Biogeosciences, 21, 2425–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the water and CO2 exchange for an alfalfa field with observations and a model with spatial scales ranging from the stomata to the atmospheric boundary layer. To relate the environmental factors to the leaf gas exchange, we developed three equations that quantify how many of the temporal changes of the leaf gas exchange occur due to changes in the environmental variables. The novelty of the research resides in the capacity to dissect the dynamics of the leaf gas exchange.
Sam Ditkovsky, Laure Resplandy, and Julius Busecke
Biogeosciences, 20, 4711–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4711-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4711-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The global ocean is losing oxygen due to warming. The Indian Ocean, however, is gaining oxygen in large parts of the basin, and its naturally occurring oxygen minimum zone is not expanding. This rather unexpected response is explained by the unique ocean circulation of the Indian Ocean, which is bounded by a continent to the north but connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Indonesian Throughflow.
Qian Leng, Xinyu Guo, Junying Zhu, and Akihiko Morimoto
Biogeosciences, 20, 4323–4338, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model, we revealed that a large proportion of nutrients in a semi-enclosed sea (Seto Inland Sea, Japan) comes from the Pacific Ocean and supports about half of the phytoplankton growth in the sea. Such results imply that the human-made management of nutrient load from land needs to consider the presence of oceanic nutrients, which act as a background concentration and are not controlled by human activities.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Monique Messié, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Lloyd Izard, Yuan Zhao, Francesco d'Ovidio, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 20, 3491–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3491-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a finescale frontal structure in order to highlight its influence on the dynamics and distribution of phytoplankton communities. We computed the growth rates of several phytoplankton groups identified by flow cytometry in two water masses separated by the front. We found contrasted phytoplankton dynamics on the two sides of the front, consistent with the distribution of their abundances. Our study gives new insights into the physical and biological coupling on a finescale front.
Inès Mangolte, Marina Lévy, Clément Haëck, and Mark D. Ohman
Biogeosciences, 20, 3273–3299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean fronts are ecological hotspots, associated with higher diversity and biomass for many marine organisms, from bacteria to whales. Using in situ data from the California Current Ecosystem, we show that far from being limited to the production of diatom blooms, fronts are the scene of complex biophysical couplings between biotic interactions (growth, competition, and predation) and transport by currents that generate planktonic communities with an original taxonomic and spatial structure.
Jing-Ying Wu, Siou-Yan Lin, Jung-Fu Huang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Jia-Jang Hung, Shao-Hung Peng, and Li-Lian Liu
Biogeosciences, 20, 2693–2706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The shallow-water hydrothermal vents off the Kueishan Island, Taiwan, have the most extreme records of pH values (1.52), temperatures (116 °C), and H2S concentrations (172.4 mmol mol−1) in the world. White and yellow vents differ in the color and physical and chemical characteristics of emitted plumes. We found that the feeding habits of the endemic vent crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) are adapted to their resident vent types at a distance of 100 m, and the trans-vent movement is uncommon.
Clément Haëck, Marina Lévy, Inès Mangolte, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 20, 1741–1758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton vary in abundance in the ocean over large regions and with the seasons but also because of small-scale heterogeneities in surface temperature, called fronts. Here, using satellite imagery, we found that fronts enhance phytoplankton much more where it is already growing well, but despite large local increases the enhancement for the region is modest (5 %). We also found that blooms start 1 to 2 weeks earlier over fronts. These effects may have implications for ecosystems.
Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Frédéric Chevallier, Sébastien Léonard, Ernest N. Koffi, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 20, 1089–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of assimilating different dataset combinations on regional to global-scale C budgets is explored with the ORCHIDEE model. Assimilating simultaneously multiple datasets is preferable to optimize the values of the model parameters and avoid model overfitting. The challenges in constraining soil C disequilibrium using atmospheric CO2 data are highlighted for an accurate prediction of the land sink distribution.
Matti Kämäräinen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Markku Kulmala, Ivan Mammarella, Juha Aalto, Henriikka Vekuri, Annalea Lohila, and Anna Lintunen
Biogeosciences, 20, 897–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce a new method for modeling the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and a study site located in a boreal forest in southern Finland. Our method yields more accurate results than previous approaches in this context. Accurately estimating carbon exchange is crucial for gaining a better understanding of the role of forests in regulating atmospheric carbon and addressing climate change.
Stéphanie Barrillon, Robin Fuchs, Anne A. Petrenko, Caroline Comby, Anthony Bosse, Christophe Yohia, Jean-Luc Fuda, Nagib Bhairy, Frédéric Cyr, Andrea M. Doglioli, Gérald Grégori, Roxane Tzortzis, Francesco d'Ovidio, and Melilotus Thyssen
Biogeosciences, 20, 141–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme weather events can have a major impact on ocean physics and biogeochemistry, but their study is challenging. In May 2019, an intense storm occurred in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, during which in situ multi-platform measurements were performed. The results show a strong impact on the surface phytoplankton, highlighting the need for high-resolution measurements coupling physics and biology during these violent events that may become more common in the context of global change.
Darren C. McKee, Scott C. Doney, Alice Della Penna, Emmanuel S. Boss, Peter Gaube, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and David M. Glover
Biogeosciences, 19, 5927–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As phytoplankton (small, drifting photosynthetic organisms) drift with ocean currents, biomass accumulation rates should be evaluated in a Lagrangian (observer moves with a fluid parcel) as opposed to an Eulerian (observer is stationary) framework. Here, we use profiling floats and surface drifters combined with satellite data to analyse time and length scales of chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for biomass) and of velocity to quantify how phytoplankton variability is related to water motion.
Karo Michaelian and Aleksandar Simeonov
Biogeosciences, 19, 4029–4034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We reply to Lars Björn's critique of our article concerning the importance of photon dissipation to the origin and evolution of the biosphere. Björn doubts our assertion that organic pigments, ecosystems, and the biosphere arose out of a non-equilibrium thermodynamic imperative to increase global photon dissipation. He shows that the albedo of some non-living material is less than that of living material. We point out, however, that photon dissipation involves other factors besides albedo.
Reint Fischer, Delphine Lobelle, Merel Kooi, Albert Koelmans, Victor Onink, Charlotte Laufkötter, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Andrew Yool, and Erik van Sebille
Biogeosciences, 19, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Since current estimates show that only about 1 % of the all plastic that enters the ocean is floating at the surface, we look at subsurface processes that can cause vertical movement of (micro)plastic. We investigate how modelled algal attachment and the ocean's vertical movement can cause particles to sink and oscillate in the open ocean. Particles can sink to depths of > 5000 m in regions with high wind intensity and mainly remain close to the surface with low winds and biological activity.
Michelle Viswanathan, Tobias K. D. Weber, Sebastian Gayler, Juliane Mai, and Thilo Streck
Biogeosciences, 19, 2187–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the evolution of model parameter uncertainty and prediction error as we updated parameters of a maize phenology model based on yearly observations, by sequentially applying Bayesian calibration. Although parameter uncertainty was reduced, prediction quality deteriorated when calibration and prediction data were from different maize ripening groups or temperature conditions. The study highlights that Bayesian methods should account for model limitations and inherent data structures.
Jessica Kolbusz, Tim Langlois, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Simon de Lestang
Biogeosciences, 19, 517–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Western rock lobster larvae spend up to 11 months in offshore waters before ocean currents and their ability to swim transport them back to the coast. In 2008, there was a reduction in the number of puerulus (larvae) settling into the fishery. We use an oceanographic model to see how the environment may have contributed to the reduction. Our results show that a combination of effects from local currents and a widespread quiet period in the ocean off WA likely led to less puerulus settlement.
Rémy Asselot, Frank Lunkeit, Philip B. Holden, and Inga Hense
Biogeosciences, 19, 223–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies show that phytoplankton light absorption can warm the atmosphere, but how this warming occurs is still unknown. We compare the importance of air–sea heat versus CO2 flux in the phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming and determine the main driver. To shed light on this research question, we conduct simulations with a climate model of intermediate complexity. We show that phytoplankton mainly warms the atmosphere by increasing the air–sea CO2 flux.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Francesco d'Ovidio, Lloyd Izard, Melilotus Thyssen, Ananda Pascual, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Frédéric Cyr, Marc Tedetti, Nagib Bhairy, Pierre Garreau, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 18, 6455–6477, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyzes an original high-resolution data set collected in the Mediterranean Sea. The major result is the impact of a fine-scale frontal structure on the distribution of phytoplankton groups, in an area of moderate energy with oligotrophic conditions. Our results provide an in situ confirmation of the findings obtained by previous modeling studies and remote sensing about the structuring effect of the fine-scale ocean dynamics on the structure of the phytoplankton community.
Johannes Vogel, Eva Paton, and Valentin Aich
Biogeosciences, 18, 5903–5927, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates extreme ecosystem impacts evoked by temperature and soil moisture in the Mediterranean Basin for the time span 1999–2019 with a specific focus on seasonal variations. The analysis showed that ecosystem vulnerability is caused by several varying combinations of both drivers during the yearly cycle. The approach presented here helps to provide insights on the specific phenological stage of the year in which ecosystem vulnerability to a certain climatic condition occurs.
Mara Freilich, Alexandre Mignot, Glenn Flierl, and Raffaele Ferrari
Biogeosciences, 18, 5595–5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations reveal that in some regions phytoplankton biomass increases during the wintertime when growth conditions are sub-optimal, which has been attributed to a release from grazing during mixed layer deepening. Measurements of grazer populations to support this theory are lacking. We demonstrate that a release from grazing when the winter mixed layer is deepening holds only for certain grazing models, extending the use of phytoplankton observations to make inferences about grazer dynamics.
Shuangling Chen, Mark L. Wells, Rui Xin Huang, Huijie Xue, Jingyuan Xi, and Fei Chai
Biogeosciences, 18, 5539–5554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction transports surface waters to the oceanic interior, which can supply significant amounts of carbon and oxygen to the twilight zone. Using a novel BGC-Argo dataset covering the western North Pacific, we successfully identified the imprints of episodic shallow subduction patches. These subduction patches were observed mainly in spring and summer (70.6 %), and roughly half of them extended below ~ 450 m, injecting carbon- and oxygen-enriched waters into the ocean interior.
Pierre Damien, Julio Sheinbaum, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Julien Jouanno, Lorena Linacre, and Olaf Duteil
Biogeosciences, 18, 4281–4303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf of Mexico deep waters are relatively poor in phytoplankton biomass due to low levels of nutrients in the upper layers. Using modeling techniques, we find that the long-living anticyclonic Loop Current eddies that are shed episodically from the Yucatan Channel strongly shape the distribution of phytoplankton and, more importantly, stimulate their growth. This results from the contribution of multiple mechanisms of physical–biogeochemical interactions discussed in this study.
Sergey V. Stanichny, Elena A. Kubryakova, and Arseny A. Kubryakov
Biogeosciences, 18, 3173–3188, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we show that the short-term impact of tropical cyclones can trigger the intense, long-term bloom of coccolithophores, which are major marine calcifiers playing an important role in the balance and fluxes of inorganic carbon in the ocean. In our paper, we describe the evolution of and physical reasons for such an unusual bloom observed in autumn 2005 in the Black Sea on the basis of satellite data.
Fengshan Liu, Ying Chen, Nini Bai, Dengpan Xiao, Huizi Bai, Fulu Tao, and Quansheng Ge
Biogeosciences, 18, 2275–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sowing date is key to the surface biophysical processes in the winter dormancy period. The climate effect of the sowing date shift is therefore very interesting and may contribute to the mitigation of climate change. An earlier sowing date always had a higher LAI but a higher temperature in the dormancy period and a lower temperature in the growth period. The main reason was the relative contributions of the surface albedo and energy partitioning processes.
Peter Aartsma, Johan Asplund, Arvid Odland, Stefanie Reinhardt, and Hans Renssen
Biogeosciences, 18, 1577–1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the literature, it is generally assumed that alpine lichen heaths keep their direct environment cool due to their relatively high albedo. However, we reveal that the soil temperature and soil heat flux are higher below lichens than below shrubs during the growing season, despite a lower net radiation for lichens. We also show that the differences in microclimatic conditions between these two vegetation types are more pronounced during warm and sunny days than during cold and cloudy days.
Oleg Sizov, Ekaterina Ezhova, Petr Tsymbarovich, Andrey Soromotin, Nikolay Prihod'ko, Tuukka Petäjä, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Markku Kulmala, Jaana Bäck, and Kajar Köster
Biogeosciences, 18, 207–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In changing climate, tundra is expected to turn into shrubs and trees, diminishing reindeer pasture and increasing risks of tick-borne diseases. However, this transition may require a disturbance. Fires in Siberia are increasingly widespread. We studied wildfire dynamics and tundra–forest transition over 60 years in northwest Siberia near the Arctic Circle. Based on satellite data analysis, we found that transition occurs in 40 %–85 % of burned tundra compared to 5 %–15 % in non-disturbed areas.
Kaveh Purkiani, André Paul, Annemiek Vink, Maren Walter, Michael Schulz, and Matthias Haeckel
Biogeosciences, 17, 6527–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There has been a steady increase in interest in mining of deep-sea minerals in the eastern Pacific Ocean recently. The ocean state in this region is known to be highly influenced by rotating bodies of water (eddies), some of which can travel long distances in the ocean and impact the deeper layers of the ocean. Better insight into the variability of eddy activity in this region is of great help to mitigate the impact of the benthic ecosystem from future potential deep-sea mining activity.
Jing Yan, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences, 17, 6377–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An uneven supply of water and nutrients in soils often drives how plants behave. We observed that plants extract all their required nutrients from dry soil patches in sufficient quantity, provided adequate water is available elsewhere in the root zone. Roots in nutrient-rich dry patches facilitate the nutrient acquisition by extensive growth, water release, and modifying water retention in their immediate environment. The findings are valuable in managing nutrient losses in agricultural systems.
Onur Kerimoglu, Yoana G. Voynova, Fatemeh Chegini, Holger Brix, Ulrich Callies, Richard Hofmeister, Knut Klingbeil, Corinna Schrum, and Justus E. E. van Beusekom
Biogeosciences, 17, 5097–5127, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, using extensive field observations and a numerical model, we analyzed the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system following an extreme flood event. Our results suggest that a number of anomalous observations were driven by a co-occurrence of peculiar meteorological conditions and increased riverine discharges. Our results call for attention to the combined effects of hydrological and meteorological extremes that are anticipated to increase in frequency.
Amandine Erktan, Matthias C. Rillig, Andrea Carminati, Alexandre Jousset, and Stefan Scheu
Biogeosciences, 17, 4961–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil aggregation is crucial for soil functioning. While the role of bacteria and fungi in soil aggregation is well established, how predators feeding on microbes modify soil aggregation has hardly been investigated. We showed for the first time that protists modify soil aggregation, presumably through changes in the production of bacterial mucilage, and that collembolans reduce soil aggregation, presumably by reducing the abundance of saprotrophic fungi.
Wei Hu, Kotaro Murata, Chunlan Fan, Shu Huang, Hiromi Matsusaki, Pingqing Fu, and Daizhou Zhang
Biogeosciences, 17, 4477–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first estimate of the status of bacteria in long-distance-transported Asian dust, demonstrating that airborne dust, which can carry viable and nonviable bacteria on particle surfaces, is an efficient medium for constantly spreading bacteria at regional and even global scales. Such data are essential to better model and understand the roles and activities of bioaerosols in environmental evolution and climate change and the potential risks of bioaerosols to human health.
Inge Grünberg, Evan J. Wilcox, Simon Zwieback, Philip Marsh, and Julia Boike
Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on topsoil temperature data for different vegetation types at a low Arctic tundra site, we found large small-scale variability. Winter temperatures were strongly influenced by vegetation through its effects on snow. Summer temperatures were similar below most vegetation types and not consistently related to late summer permafrost thaw depth. Given that vegetation type defines the relationship between winter and summer soil temperature and thaw depth, it controls permafrost vulnerability.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Jacco C. Kromkamp, Daphne van der Wal, Pedro Manuel Carrasco De La Cruz, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 4135–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A seaward increasing chlorophyll-a gradient is observed during the spring bloom in a Dutch tidal bay. Biophysical model runs indicate the roles of bivalve grazing and tidal import in shaping the gradient. Five common spatial phytoplankton patterns are summarized in global estuarine–coastal ecosystems: seaward increasing, seaward decreasing, concave with a chlorophyll maximum, weak spatial gradients, and irregular patterns.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 1701–1715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
By applying a novel technique to quantify organism-induced sediment–water column fluid exchange (bioirrigation), we show that organisms in subtidal (permanently submerged) areas have similar bioirrigation rates as those that inhabit intertidal areas (not permanently submerged), but organisms in the latter irrigate deeper burrows in this study. Our results expand on traditional methods to quantify bioirrigation rates and broaden the pool of field measurements of bioirrigation rates.
Sheila N. Estrada-Allis, Julio Sheinbaum Pardo, Joao M. Azevedo Correia de Souza, Cecilia Elizabeth Enríquez Ortiz, Ismael Mariño Tapia, and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira
Biogeosciences, 17, 1087–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Continental shelves are the most productive areas in the ocean and can have an important impact on the nutrient cycle as well as the climate system. The one in Yucatán is the largest shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. However, its nutrient budget remains unidentifiable. Here we propose not only a general nutrient budget for the Yucatán Shelf but also the physical processes responsible for its pathway modulation through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model of the whole Gulf of Mexico.
Ashley Dubnick, Martin Sharp, Brad Danielson, Alireza Saidi-Mehrabad, and Joel Barker
Biogeosciences, 17, 963–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that glaciers with basal temperatures near the melting point mobilize more solutes, nutrients, and microbes from the underlying substrate and are more likely to promote in situ biogeochemical activity than glaciers with basal temperatures well below the melting point. The temperature at the base of glaciers is therefore an important control on the biogeochemistry of ice near glacier beds, and, ultimately, the potential solutes, nutrients, and microbes exported from glaciated watersheds.
Audrey Delpech, Anna Conchon, Olivier Titaud, and Patrick Lehodey
Biogeosciences, 17, 833–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Micronekton is an important, yet poorly known, component of the trophic chain, which partly contributes to the storage of CO2 in the deep ocean thanks to biomass vertical migrations. In this study, we characterize the ideal sampling regions to estimate the amount of biomass that undergoes theses migrations. We find that observations made in warm, nondynamic and productive waters reduce the error of the estimation by 20 %. This result should likely serve for future in situ network deployment.
Filippos Tagklis, Takamitsu Ito, and Annalisa Bracco
Biogeosciences, 17, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deoxygenation of the oceans is potentially one of the most severe ecosystem stressors resulting from global warming given the high sensitivity of dissolved oxygen to ocean temperatures. Climate models suggest that despite the thermodynamic tendency of the oceans to lose oxygen, certain regions experience significant changes in the biologically driven O2 consumption, resulting in a resistance against deoxygenation. Overturning circulation changes are responsible for such a behavior.
Mohammad Abdul Halim, Han Y. H. Chen, and Sean C. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 16, 4357–4375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using field data collected over 4 years across a range of stand ages, we investigated how seasonal surface albedo in boreal forest varies with stand age, stand structure, and composition. Our results indicate that successional change in species composition is a key driver of age–related patterns in albedo, with hardwood species associated with higher albedo. The patterns described have important implications for both climate modeling and
climate–smartboreal forest management.
Paul A. Moore, Maxwell C. Lukenbach, Dan K. Thompson, Nick Kettridge, Gustaf Granath, and James M. Waddington
Biogeosciences, 16, 3491–3506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using very-high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), we assessed the basic structure and microtopographic variability of hummock–hollow plots at boreal and hemi-boreal sites primarily in North America. Using a simple model of peatland biogeochemical function, our results suggest that both surface heating and moss productivity may not be adequately resolved in models which only consider idealized hummock–hollow units.
Renee K. Gruber, Ryan J. Lowe, and James L. Falter
Biogeosciences, 16, 1921–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Researchers from the University of Western Australia's Oceans Institute are studying large tides (up to 12 m range) that occur in the Kimberley region of Australia. These tides flush coral reefs with water rich in nutrients, which supports the growth of reef organisms. In this paper, we show how tidal cycles and seasons control nutrient availability on reefs. This study is among the first published accounts of reefs and water quality data in the remote and pristine Kimberley region.
Sergey A. Marakushev and Ol'ga V. Belonogova
Biogeosciences, 16, 1817–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Among the existing theories of the autotrophic origin of life, CO2 is usually considered to be the carbon source for nascent autotrophic metabolism. However, ancestral carbon used in metabolism may have been derived from CH4 if the outflow of magma fluid to the surface of the Earth consisted mainly of methane. The hydrothermal system model is considered in the form of a phase diagram, which demonstrates the area of redox and P and T conditions favorable to development of primary methanotroph.
Venugopal Thushara, Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Adrian J. Matthews, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorophyll distribution in the ocean remains to be explored in detail, despite its climatic significance. Here, we document the vertical structure of chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal using observations and a model. The shape of chlorophyll profiles, characterized by prominent deep chlorophyll maxima, varies in dynamically different regions, controlled by the monsoonal forcings. The present study provides new insights into the vertical distribution of chlorophyll, rarely observed by satellites.
Soeren Thomsen, Johannes Karstensen, Rainer Kiko, Gerd Krahmann, Marcus Dengler, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 979–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and biogeochemical observations from an autonomous underwater vehicle in combination with ship-based measurements are used to investigate remote and local drivers of the oxygen and nutrient variability off Mauritania. Beside the transport of oxygen and nutrients characteristics from remote areas towards Mauritania also local remineralization of organic material close to the seabed seems to be important for the distribution of oxygen and nutrients.
Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Yannis Cuypers, Andrea Doglioli, Mathieu Caffin, Christophe Yohia, Alain de Verneil, Anne Petrenko, Dominique Lefèvre, Hervé Le Goff, Gilles Rougier, Marc Picheral, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 7485–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The OUTPACE cruise took place between New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The main purpose was to understand how micro-organisms can survive in a very poor environment. One main source of nutrients is at depth, below the euphotic layer where micro-organisms live. The purpose of the turbulence measurements was to determine to which extent turbulence may
upliftnutrients into the euphotic layer. The origin of the turbulence that was found contrasted along the transect was also determined.
Daniel D. Richter, Sharon A. Billings, Peter M. Groffman, Eugene F. Kelly, Kathleen A. Lohse, William H. McDowell, Timothy S. White, Suzanne Anderson, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Steve Banwart, Susan Brantley, Jean J. Braun, Zachary S. Brecheisen, Charles W. Cook, Hilairy E. Hartnett, Sarah E. Hobbie, Jerome Gaillardet, Esteban Jobbagy, Hermann F. Jungkunst, Clare E. Kazanski, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Daniel Markewitz, Katherine O'Neill, Clifford S. Riebe, Paul Schroeder, Christina Siebe, Whendee L. Silver, Aaron Thompson, Anne Verhoef, and Ganlin Zhang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4815–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As knowledge in biology and geology explodes, science becomes increasingly specialized. Given the overlap of the environmental sciences, however, the explosion in knowledge inevitably creates opportunities for interconnecting the biogeosciences. Here, 30 scientists emphasize the opportunities for biogeoscience collaborations across the world’s remarkable long-term environmental research networks that can advance science and engage larger scientific and public audiences.
Cited articles
Acevedo, O. C., Moraes, O. L. L., Degrazia, G. A., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Manzi, A. O., and Campos, J. G.: Is friction velocity the most appropriate scale for correcting nocturnal carbon dioxide fluxes?, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1–10, 2009.
Alekseychik, P., Mammarella, I., Launiainen, S., Rannik, Ü., and Vesala, T.: Evolution of the nocturnal decoupled layer in a pine forest canopy, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 174–175, 15–27, 2013.
Alexander, R. R.: Ecology, Silviculture, and Management of the Engelmann Spruce - Subalpine Fir Type in the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains, USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 659, 144 pp., 1987.
Aubinet, M.: Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements in nocturnal conditions: An analysis of the problem, Ecol. Appl., 18, 1368–1378, 2008.
Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, U., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A. S., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology, Adv. Ecol. Res., 30, 113–175, 2000.
Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C. H., Cescatti, A., Feigenwinter, C., Granier, A., Grunwald, T. H., Havrankova, K., Heinesch, B., Longdoz, B., Marcolla, B., Montagnani, L., and Sedlak, P.: Comparing CO}2 storage and advection conditions at night at different {CARBOEUROFLUX sites, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 116, 63–94, 2005.
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D.: E}ddy Covariance: A {Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 438 pp., 2012.
Austin, A. T., Yahdjian, L., Stark, J. M., Belnap, J., Porporato, A., Norton, U., Ravetta, D. A., and Schaeffer, S. M.: Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semiarid ecosystems, Oecologia, 141, 221–235, 2004.
Baldocchi, D., Finnigan, J., Wilson, K., Paw U, K. T., and Falge, E.: On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 96, 257–291, 2000.
Baldocchi, D. D.: Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 479–492, 2003.
Baldocchi, D. D. and Meyers, T. P.: Trace gas-exchange above the floor of a deciduous forest 1. Evaporation and CO2 efflux, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7271–7285, 1991.
Beerling, D. J.: Gas valves, forests and global change: a commentary on Jarvis (1976) 'The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field', Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 370, 20140311, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0311, 2015.
Berkelhammer, M., Hu, J., Bailey, A., Noone, D. C., Still, C. J., Barnard, H., Gochis, D., Hsiao, G. S., Rahn, T., and Turnipseed, A.: The nocturnal water cycle in an open-canopy forest, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1–18, 2013.
Betts, A. K. and Ball, J. H.: The FIFE surface diurnal cycle climate, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25679–25693, 1995.
Blanken, P. D., Black, T. A., Yang, P. C., Neumann, H. H., Nesic, Z., Staebler, R., den Hartog, G., Novak, M. D., and Lee, X.: Energy balance and canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest: Partitioning overstory and understory components, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28915–28927, 1997.
Blanken, P. D., Black, T. A., Neumann, H. H., den Hartog, G., Yang, P. C., Nesic, Z., and Lee, X.: The seasonal water and energy exchange above and within a boreal aspen forest, J. Hydrol., 245, 118–136, 2001.
Bonan, G.: Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2nd edn., 550 pp., 2008.
Bowling, D. R., Burns, S. P., Conway, T. J., Monson, R. K., and White, J. W. C.: Extensive observations of CO2 carbon isotope content in and above a high-elevation subalpine forest, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB3023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002394, 2005.
Bowling, D. R., Miller, J. B., Rhodes, M. E., Burns, S. P., Monson, R. K., and Baer, D.: Soil, plant, and transport influences on methane in a subalpine forest under high ultraviolet irradiance, Biogeosciences, 6, 1311–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1311-2009, 2009.
Bowling, D. R., Grote, E. E., and Belnap, J.: Rain pulse response of soil CO}2 exchange by biological soil crusts and grasslands of the semiarid Colorado Plateau, United States, J. Geophys. Res., 116, {G03028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001643, 2011.
Bowling, D. R., Ballantyne, A. P., Miller, J. B., Burns, S. P., Conway, T. J., Menzer, O., Stephens, B. B., and Vaughn, B. H.: Ecological processes dominate the 13C land disequilibrium in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 352–370, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004686, 2014.
Brazel, A. J. and Brazel, S. W.: Summer diurnal wind patterns at 3,000 m surface level, F}ront Range, Colorado, {USA, Phys. Geog., 4, 53–61, 1983.
Brutsaert, W.: Evaporation into the Atmosphere, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 299 pp., 1982.
Burns, S. P., Sun, J., Lenschow, D. H., Oncley, S. P., Stephens, B. B., Yi, C., Anderson, D. E., Hu, J., and Monson, R. K.: Atmospheric stability effects on wind fields and scalar mixing within and just above a subalpine forest in sloping terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 138, 231–262, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9560-6, 2011.
Burns, S. P., Horst, T. W., Jacobsen, L., Blanken, P. D., and Monson, R. K.: Using sonic anemometer temperature to measure sensible heat flux in strong winds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2095–2111, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2095-2012, 2012.
Burns, S. P., Molotch, N. P., Williams, M. W., Knowles, J. F., Seok, B., Monson, R. K., Turnipseed, A. A., and Blanken, P. D.: Snow temperature changes within a seasonal snowpack and their relationship to turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 117–142, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-026.1, 2013.
Burns, S. P., Blanken, P. D., Turnipseed, A. A., and Monson, R. K.: The effect of warm-season precipitation on the diel cycle of the surface energy balance and carbon dioxide at a Colorado subalpine forest site, Biogeosciences Discuss., 12, 8939–9004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-8939-2015, 2015.
Chan, S., Biraud, S., and Billesbach, D.: AmeriFlux QA/QC Report on US-NR1/PECS Comparison between 29 July and 3 August 2013, Tech. rep., Earth Sciences Division, Lawerence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 48 pp., 2014.
Culf, A. D., Fisch, G., Malhi, Y., and Nobre, C. A.: The influence of the atmospheric boundary layer on carbon dioxide concentrations over a tropical forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 85, 149–158, 1997.
Dalton, J.: Experimental essays on the constitution of mixed gases; on the force of steam or vapour from water and other liquids at different temperatures, both in a Torricellian vacuum and in air; on evaporation and on the expansion of gas by heat, Mem. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., 5, 535–602, 1802.
Diamond, H. J., Karl, T. R., Palecki, M. A., Baker, C. B., Bell, J. E., Leeper, R. D., Easterling, D. R., Lawrimore, J. H., Meyers, T. P., Helfert, M. R., Goodge, G., and Thorne, P. W.: US Climate Reference Network after one decade of operations: status and assessment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 485–498, 2013.
Edburg, S. L., Stock, D., Lamb, B. K., and Patton, E. G.: The effect of the vertical source distribution on scalar statistics within and above a forest canopy, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 142, 365–382, 2012.
Egger, J. and Hoinka, K. P.: Fronts and Orography, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 48, 3–36, 1992.
Finnigan, J.: An introduction to flux measurements in difficult conditions, Ecol. Appl., 18, 1340–1350, 2008.
Freedman, J. M., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Moore, K. E., and Sakai, R. K.: Boundary layer clouds and vegetation-atmosphere feedbacks, J. Climate, 14, 180–197, 2001.
Froelich, N. J., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Schmid, H. P.: Nocturnal cooling below a forest canopy: Model and evaluation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 957–968, 2011.
Geiger, R., Aron, R. H., and Todhunter, P.: The Climate Near the Ground, Rowman & Littlefield, Oxford, sixth edn., 584 pp., 2003.
Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S. M., Daube, B. C., and Wofsy, S. C.: Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 169–182, 1996.
Greenland, D.: The climate of N}iwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, {USA, Arctic Alpine Res., 21, 380–391, 1989.
Greenland, D.: Mountain climates, in: Encyclopedia of World Climatology, edited by Oliver, J. E., Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, pp. 517–523, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3266-8_145, 2005.
Grelle, A., Lundberg, A., Lindroth, A., Moren, A.-S., and Cienciala, E.: Evaporation components of a boreal forest: variations during the growing season, J. Hydrol., 197, 70–87, 1997.
Grimmond, C. S. B., Isard, S. A., and Belding, M. J.: Development and evaluation of continuously weighing mini-lysimeters, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 62, 205–218, 1992.
Gu, L. H., Fuentes, J. D., Shugart, H. H., Staebler, R. M., and Black, T. A.: Responses of net ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide to changes in cloudiness: Results from two North American deciduous forests, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31421–31434, 1999.
Gu, L. H., Baldocchi, D., Verma, S. B., Black, T. A., Vesala, T., Falge, E. M., and Dowty, P. R.: Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001242, 2002.
Hirano, T., Kim, H., and Tanaka, Y.: Long-term half-hourly measurement of soil CO2 concentration and soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4631, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003766, 2003.
Hogg, E. H., Black, T. A., den Hartog, G., Neumann, H. H., Zimmermann, R., Hurdle, P. A., Blanken, P. D., Nesic, Z., Yang, P. C., Staebler, R. M., McDonald, K. C., and Oren, R.: A comparison of sap flow and eddy fluxes of water vapor from a boreal deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28929–28937, 1997.
Horst, T. W., Semmer, S. R., and Maclean, G.: Correction of a non-orthogonal, three-component sonic anemometer for flow distortion by transducer shadowing, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 155, 371–395, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0010-3, 2015.
Hu, J., Moore, D. J. P., Burns, S. P., and Monson, R. K.: Longer growing seasons lead to less carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 771–783, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01967.x, 2010a.
Hu, J., Moore, D. J. P., Riveros-Iregui, D. A., Burns, S. P., and Monson, R. K.: Modeling whole-tree carbon assimilation rate using observed transpiration rates and needle sugar carbon isotope ratios, New Phytol., 185, 1000–1015, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03154.x, 2010b.
Huxman, T. E., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C., and Monson, R. K.: Temperature as a control over ecosystem CO2 fluxes in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Oecologia, 134, 537–546, 2003.
Huxman, T. E., Snyder, K. A., Tissue, D., Leffler, A. J., Ogle, K., Pockman, W. T., Sandquist, D. R., Potts, D. L., and Schwinning, S.: Precipitation pulses and carbon fluxes in semiarid and arid ecosystems, Oecologia, 141, 254–268, 2004.
Ibrom, A., Dellwik, E., Larsen, S. E., and Pilegaard, K.: On the use of the Webb-Pearman-Leuning theory for closed-path eddy correlation measurements, Tellus B, 59, 937–946, 2007.
Inglima, I., Alberti, G., Bertolini, T., Vaccari, F. P., Gioli, B., Miglietta, F., Cotrufo, M. F., and Peressotti, A.: Precipitation pulses enhance respiration of Mediterranean ecosystems: the balance between organic and inorganic components of increased soil CO2 efflux, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1289–1301, 2009.
Irvine, J. and Law, B. E.: Contrasting soil respiration in young and old-growth ponderosa pine forests, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 1183–1194, 2002.
Ivans, S., Hipps, L., Leffler, A. J., and Ivans, C. Y.: Response of water vapor and CO2 fluxes in semiarid lands to seasonal and intermittent precipitation pulses, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 995–1010, 2006.
Jarvis, P., Rey, A., Petsikos, C., Wingate, L., Rayment, M., Pereira, J., Banza, J., David, J., Miglietta, F., Borghetti, M., Manca, G., and Valentini, R.: Drying and wetting of Mediterranean soils stimulates decomposition and carbon dioxide emission: The "Birch effect", Tree Physiol., 27, 929–940, 2007.
Jarvis, P. G. and McNaughton, K. G.: Stomatal control of transpiration: Scaling up from leaf to region, Adv. Ecol. Res., 15, 1–49, 1986.
Jasechko, S., Sharp, Z. D., Gibson, J. J., Birks, S. J., Yi, Y., and Fawcett, P. J.: Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration, Nature, 496, 347–351, 2013.
Jenerette, G. D., Scott, R. L., and Huxman, T. E.: Whole ecosystem metabolic pulses following precipitation events, Funct. Ecol., 22, 924–930, 2008.
Katul, G. G., Oren, R., Manzoni, S., Higgins, C., and Parlange, M. B.: Evapotranspiration: a process driving mass transport and energy exchange in the soil-plant-atmosphere-climate system, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000366, 2012.
Kim, D., Oren, R., Oishi, A. C., Hsieh, C. I., Phillips, N., Novick, K. A., and Stoy, P. C.: Sensitivity of stand transpiration to wind velocity in a mixed broadleaved deciduous forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 187, 62–71, 2014.
Knowles, J. F., Burns, S. P., Blanken, P. D., and Monson, R. K.: Fluxes of energy, water, and carbon dioxide from mountain ecosystems at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, Plant Ecol. Divers., https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2014.904950, 2014.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorol. Z., 15, 259–263, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130, 2006.
Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Arneth, A., Barr, A., Stoy, P., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 187–208, 2010.
Law, B. E., Williams, M., Anthoni, P. M., Baldocchi, D. D., and Unsworth, M. H.: Measuring and modelling seasonal variation of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of a Pinus ponderosa forest subject to soil water deficit, Glob. Change Biol., 6, 613–630, 2000.
Law, B. E., Falge, E., Gu, L., Baldocchi, D. D., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Davis, K., Dolman, A. J., Falk, M., Fuentes, J. D., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Hollinger, D., Janssens, I. A., Jarvis, P., Jensen, N. O., Katul, G., Mahli, Y., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Monson, R., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Olson, R., Pilegaard, K., Paw, K. T., Thorgeirsson, H., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 97–120, 2002.
Lawrence, D. M., Thornton, P. E., Oleson, K. W., and Bonan, G. B.: The partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, soil evaporation, and canopy evaporation in a GCM: Impacts on land-atmosphere interaction, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 862–880, 2007.
Lee, T. R., De Wekker, S. F. J., Andrews, A. E., Kofler, J., and Williams, J.: Carbon dioxide variability during cold front passages and fair weather days at a forested mountaintop site, Atmos. Environ., 46, 405–416, 2012.
Lee, X., Wu, H. J., Sigler, J., Oishi, C., and Siccama, T.: Rapid and transient response of soil respiration to rain, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1017–1026, 2004.
Leuning, R., van Gorsel, E., Massman, W. J., and Isaac, P. R.: Reflections on the surface energy imbalance problem, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 156, 65–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.12.002, 2012.
Lindroth, A.: Seasonal and diurnal-variation of energy budget components in coniferous forests, J. Hydrol., 82, 1–15, 1985.
Lindroth, A., Mölder, M., and Lagergren, F.: Heat storage in forest biomass improves energy balance closure, Biogeosciences, 7, 301–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-301-2010, 2010.
Lindzen, R. S. and Chapman, S.: Atmospheric tides, Space Sci. Rev., 10, 3–188, 1969.
Lothon, M., Lohou, F., Pino, D., Couvreux, F., Pardyjak, E. R., Reuder, J., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Durand, P, Hartogensis, O., Legain, D., Augustin, P., Gioli, B., Lenschow, D. H., Faloona, I., Yagüe, C., Alexander, D. C., Angevine, W. M., Bargain, E, Barrié, J., Bazile, E., Bezombes, Y., Blay-Carreras, E., van de Boer, A., Boichard, J. L., Bourdon, A., Butet, A., Campistron, B., de Coster, O., Cuxart, J., Dabas, A., Darbieu, C., Deboudt, K., Delbarre, H., Derrien, S., Flament, P., Fourmentin, M., Garai, A., Gibert, F., Graf, A., Groebner, J., Guichard, F., Jiménez, M. A., Jonassen, M., van den Kroonenberg, A., Magliulo, V., Martin, S., Martinez, D., Mastrorillo, L., Moene, A. F., Molinos, F., Moulin, E., Pietersen, H. P., Piguet, B., Pique, E., Román-Cascón, C., Rufin-Soler, C., Saïd, F., Sastre-Marugán, M., Seity, Y., Steeneveld, G. J., Toscano, P., Traullé, O., Tzanos, D., Wacker, S., Wildmann, N., and Zaldei, A.: The BLLAST field experiment: Boundary-Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10931–10960, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10931-2014, 2014.
Mahrt, L.: Stratified atmospheric boundary layers, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 90, 375–396, 1999.
Malhi, Y., Pegoraro, E., Nobre, A. D., Pereira, M. G. P., Grace, J., Culf, A. D., and Clement, R.: Energy and water dynamics of a central Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8061, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000623, 2002.
Marr, J. W.: Ecosystems on the east slope of the Front Range in Colorado, Series in Biology, No. 8, University of Colorado Press, Boulder, Colorado, 144 pp., 1961.
Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schafer, K. V. R., and Verbeeck, H.: Characterizing the diurnal patterns of errors in the prediction of evapotranspiration by several land-surface models: An NACP analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 1458–1473, 2014.
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry: Eddy covariance gap-filling and flux-partitioning tool, http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/126MDIwork/eddyproc/ (last access: June 2015), 2013.
McNaughton, K. G. and Jarvis, P. G.: Effects of spatial scale on stomatal control of transpiration, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 54, 279–302, 1991.
Miles, N. L., Richardson, S. J., Davis, K. J., Lauvaux, T., Andrews, A. E., West, T. O., Bandaru, V., and Crosson, E. R.: Large amplitude spatial and temporal gradients in atmospheric boundary layer CO}2 mole fractions detected with a tower-based network in the U.{S. upper M}idwest, J. Geophys. Res., 117, {G01019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001781, 2012.
Misson, L., Gershenson, A., Tang, J. W., McKay, M., Cheng, W. X., and Goldstein, A.: Influences of canopy photosynthesis and summer rain pulses on root dynamics and soil respiration in a young ponderosa pine forest, Tree Physiol., 26, 833–844, 2006.
Misson, L., Baldocchi, D. D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Brunet, Y., Yuste, J. C., Dorsey, J. R., Falk, M., Granier, A., Irvine, M. R., Jarosz, N., Lamaud, E., Launiainen, S., Law, B. E., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Mckay, M., Paw, K. T., Vesala, T., Vickers, D., Wilson, K. B., and Goldstein, A. H.: Partitioning forest carbon fluxes with overstory and understory eddy-covariance measurements: A synthesis based on FLUXNET data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 144, 14–31, 2007.
Moene, A. F. and Van Dam, J. C.: Transport in the Atmosphere-Vegetation-Soil Continuum, Cambridge University Press, New York, 458 pp., 2014.
Moncrieff, J. B., Malhi, Y., and Leuning, R.: The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 231–240, 1996.
Monson, R. K., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C., Scott-Denton, L. E., Sparks, K., and Huxman, T. E.: Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 459–478, 2002.
Monson, R. K., Sparks, J. P., Rosenstiel, T. N., Scott-Denton, L. E., Huxman, T. E., Harley, P. C., Turnipseed, A. A., Burns, S. P., Backlund, B., and Hu, J.: Climatic influences on net ecosystem CO2 exchange during the transition from wintertime carbon source to springtime carbon sink in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Oecologia, 146, 130–147, 2005.
Monson, R. K., Prater, M. R., Hu, J., Burns, S. P., Sparks, J. P., Sparks, K. L., and Scott-Denton, L. E.: Tree species effects on ecosystem water-use efficiency in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Oecologia, 162, 491–504, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1465-z, 2010.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and environment, in: The State and Movement of Water in Living Organisms, edited by: Fogg, G. E., 205–234, Academic Press, New York, 1965.
Monteith, J. L.: A reinterpretation of stomatal responses to humidity, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 357–364, 1995.
Moore, D. J. P., Hu, J., Sacks, W. J., Schimel, D. S., and Monson, R. K.: Estimating transpiration and the sensitivity of carbon uptake to water availability in a subalpine forest using a simple ecosystem process model informed by measured net CO}2 and H2{O fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1467–1477, 2008.
Munson, S. M., Benton, T. J., Lauenroth, W. K., and Burke, I. C.: Soil carbon flux following pulse precipitation events in the shortgrass steppe, Ecol. Res., 25, 205–211, 2010.
Novick, K. A., Stoy, P. C., Katul, G. G., Ellsworth, D. S., Siqueira, M. B. S., Juang, J., and Oren, R.: Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in a warm temperate grassland, Oecologia, 138, 259–274, 2004.
Novick, K. A., Oren, R., Stoy, P. C., Siqueira, M. B. S., and Katul, G. G.: Nocturnal evapotranspiration in eddy-covariance records from three co-located ecosystems in the Southeastern US: Implications for annual fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1491–1504, 2009.
Oishi, A. C., Oren, R., and Stoy, P. C.: Estimating components of forest evapotranspiration: A footprint approach for scaling sap flux measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1719–1732, 2008.
Oliveira, P. E. S., Acevedo, O. C., Moraes, O. L. L., Zimermann, H. R., and Teichrieb, C.: Nocturnal intermittent coupling between the interior of a pine forest and the air above it, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 146, 45–64, 2013.
Oncley, S. P., Foken, T., Vogt, R., Kohsiek, W., DeBruin, H. A. R., Bernhofer, C., Christen, A., van Gorsel, E., Grantz, D., Feigenwinter, C., Lehner, I., Liebethal, C., Liu, H., Mauder, M., Pitacco, A., Ribeiro, L., and Weidinger, T.: The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part I: Overview and energy balance, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 123, 1–28, 2007.
Parrish, D. D., Hahn, C. H., Fahey, D. W., Williams, E. J., Bollinger, M. J., Hubler, G., Buhr, M. P., Murphy, P. C., Trainer, M., Hsie, E. Y., Liu, S. C., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Systematic variations in the concentration of NO}x (NO plus {NO2) at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1817–1836, 1990.
Parton, W., Morgan, J., Smith, D., Del Grosso, S., Prihodko, L., Lecain, D., Kelly, R., and Lutz, S.: Impact of precipitation dynamics on net ecosystem productivity, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 915–927, 2012.
Pattantyús-Ábrahám, M. and Jánosi, I. M.: What determines the nocturnal cooling timescale at 2 m, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019137, 2004.
Penman, H. L.: Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A MAT, 193, 120–145, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1948.0037, 1948.
Pieruschka, R., Huber, G., and Berry, J. A.: Control of transpiration by radiation, P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 13372–13377, 2010.
Pietersen, H. P., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Augustin, P., van de Boer, A., de Coster, O., Delbarre, H., Durand, P., Fourmentin, M., Gioli, B., Hartogensis, O., Lohou, F., Lothon, M., Ouwersloot, H. G., Pino, D., and Reuder, J.: Study of a prototypical convective boundary layer observed during BLLAST: contributions by large-scale forcings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4241–4257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4241-2015, 2015.
Pino, D., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Peters, W., Schröter, J., van Heerwaarden, C. C., and Krol, M. C.: A conceptual framework to quantify the influence of convective boundary layer development on carbon dioxide mixing ratios, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2969–2985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2969-2012, 2012.
Polley, H. W., Emmerich, W., Bradford, J. A., Sims, P. L., Johnson, D. A., Sallendra, N. Z., Svejcar, T., Angell, R., Frank, A. B., Phillips, R. L., Snyder, K. A., Morgan, J. A., Sanabria, J., Mielnick, P. C., and Dugas, W. A.: Precipitation regulates the response of net ecosystem CO2 exchange to environmental variation on United States rangelands, Rangeland Ecol. Manag., 63, 176–186, 2010.
Rana, G. and Katerji, N.: Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field under Mediterranean climate: A review, Euro. J. Agron., 13, 125–153, 2000.
Rasmussen, R., Baker, B., Kochendorfer, J., Meyers, T., Landolt, S., Fischer, A. P., Black, J., Theriault, J. M., Kucera, P., Gochis, D., Smith, C., Nitu, R., Hall, M., Ikeda, K., and Gutmann, E.: How well are we measuring snow? T}he NOAA/FAA/{NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 811–829, 2012.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Havrankova, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: Review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, 2005.
Riveros-Iregui, D. A., Hu, J., Burns, S. P., Bowling, D. R., and Monson, R. K.: An interannual assessment of the relationship between the stable carbon isotopic composition of ecosystem respiration and climate in a high-elevation subalpine forest, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G02005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001556, 2011.
Ryan, M. G. and Law, B.: Interpreting, measuring, and modeling soil respiration, Biogeochemistry, 73, 3–27, 2005.
Sánchez-Cañete, E. P., Kowalski, A. S., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Pérez-Priego, O., and Domingo, F.: Deep CO2 soil inhalation/exhalation induced by synoptic pressure changes and atmospheric tides in a carbonated semiarid steppe, Biogeosciences, 10, 6591–6600, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6591-2013, 2013.
Savage, K., Davidson, E. A., Richardson, A. D., and Hollinger, D. Y.: Three scales of temporal resolution from automated soil respiration measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 2012–2021, 2009.
Scanlon, T. M. and Kustas, W. P.: Partitioning carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes using correlation analysis, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 89–99, 2010.
Schaeffer, S. M., Anderson, D. E., Burns, S. P., Monson, R. K., Sun, J., and Bowling, D. R.: Canopy structure and atmospheric flows in relation to the δ13C of respired CO2 in a subalpine coniferous forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 592–605, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.003, 2008a.
Schaeffer, S. M., Miller, J. B., Vaughn, B. H., White, J. W. C., and Bowling, D. R.: Long-term field performance of a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer for analysis of carbon isotopes of CO2 in forest air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5263–5277, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5263-2008, 2008b.
Schlesinger, W. H. and Jasechko, S.: Transpiration in the global water cycle, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 189, 115–117, 2014.
Schmidt, A., Hanson, C., Chan, W. S., and Law, B. E.: Empirical assessment of uncertainties of meteorological parameters and turbulent fluxes in the AmeriFlux network, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G04014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002100, 2012.
Schultz, D. M.: A review of cold fronts with prefrontal troughs and wind shifts, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 2449–2472, 2005.
Scott-Denton, L. E., Sparks, K. L., and Monson, R. K.: Spatial and temporal controls of soil respiration rate in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 525–534, 2003.
Scott-Denton, L. E., Rosenstiel, T. N., and Monson, R. K.: Differential controls by climate and substrate over the heterotrophic and rhizospheric components of soil respiration, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 205–216, 2006.
Shuttleworth, W. J.: Experimental evidence for the failure of the Penman-Monteith equation in partially wet conditions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 10, 91–94, 1976.
Shuttleworth, W. J.: Putting the "vap" into evaporation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc., 11, 210–244, 2007.
Staebler, R. M. and Fitzjarrald, D. R.: Observing subcanopy CO2 advection, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 122, 139–156, 2004.
Staudt, K., Serafimovich, A., Siebicke, L., Pyles, R. D., and Falge, E.: Vertical structure of evapotranspiration at a forest site (a case study), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 709–729, 2011.
Stephens, B. B., Miles, N. L., Richardson, S. J., Watt, A. S., and Davis, K. J.: Atmospheric CO2 monitoring with single-cell NDIR-based analyzers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2737–2748, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2737-2011, 2011.
Stoy, P. C., Katul, G. G., Siqueira, M. B. S., Juang, J. Y., Novick, K. A., Uebelherr, J. M., and Oren, R.: An evaluation of models for partitioning eddy covariance-measured net ecosystem exchange into photosynthesis and respiration, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 141, 2–18, 2006.
Sun, J., Burns, S. P., Delany, A. C., Oncley, S. P., Turnipseed, A. A., Stephens, B. B., Lenschow, D. H., LeMone, M. A., Monson, R. K., and Anderson, D. E.: CO2 transport over complex terrain, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 145, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.02.007, 2007.
Tan, C. S. and Black, T. A.: Factors affecting the canopy resistance of a Douglas-fir forest, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 10, 475–488, 1976.
Tang, J. W., Misson, L., Gershenson, A., Cheng, W. X., and Goldstein, A. H.: Continuous measurements of soil respiration with and without roots in a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 132, 212–227, 2005.
Thomas, C. K., Law, B. E., Irvine, J., Martin, J. G., Pettijohn, J. C., and Davis, K. J.: Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semiarid mature ponderosa pine forest in central O}regon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, {G04006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001010, 2009.
Thomas, C. K., Martin, J. G., Law, B. E., and Davis, K.: Toward biologically meaningful net carbon exchange estimates for tall, dense canopies: Multi-level eddy covariance observations and canopy coupling regimes in a mature Douglas-fir forest in Oregon, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 173, 14–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.01.001, 2013.
Turnipseed, A. A., Blanken, P. D., Anderson, D. E., and Monson, R. K.: Energy budget above a high-elevation subalpine forest in complex topography, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 110, 177–201, 2002.
Turnipseed, A. A., Anderson, D. E., Blanken, P. D., Baugh, W. M., and Monson, R. K.: Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain. Part 1: Canopy and local effects, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 119, 1–21, 2003.
Turnipseed, A. A., Anderson, D. E., Burns, S., Blanken, P. D., and Monson, R. K.: Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain. Part 2: Mesoscale effects, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 187–205, 2004.
Turnipseed, A. A., Burns, S. P., Moore, D. J. P., Hu, J., Guenther, A. B., and Monson, R. K.: Controls over ozone deposition to a high elevation subalpine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1447–1459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.001, 2009.
Unger, S., Maguas, C., Pereira, J. S., David, T. S., and Werner, C.: The influence of precipitation pulses on soil respiration - Assessing the "Birch effect" by stable carbon isotopes, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 1800–1810, 2010.
van Heerwaarden, C. C., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Moene, A. F., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: Interactions between dry-air entrainment, surface evaporation and convective boundary-layer development, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1277–1291, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.431, 2009.
van Heerwaarden, C. C., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Gounou, A., Couvreux, F., and Guichard, F.: Understanding the daily cycle of evapotranspiration: a new method to quantify the influence of forcings and feedbacks, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1272.1, 2010.
Wang, K. C. and Dickinson, R. E.: A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000373, 2012.
Wang, K. C., Dickinson, R. E., and Liang, S. L.: Observational evidence on the effects of clouds and aerosols on net ecosystem exchange and evapotranspiration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034167, 2008.
Werner, C., Schnyder, H., Cuntz, M., Keitel, C., Zeeman, M. J., Dawson, T. E., Badeck, F.-W., Brugnoli, E., Ghashghaie, J., Grams, T. E. E., Kayler, Z. E., Lakatos, M., Lee, X., Máguas, C., Ogée, J., Rascher, K. G., Siegwolf, R. T. W., Unger, S., Welker, J., Wingate, L., and Gessler, A.: Progress and challenges in using stable isotopes to trace plant carbon and water relations across scales, Biogeosciences, 9, 3083–3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3083-2012, 2012.
Whiteman, C. D.: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford University Press, New York, 355 pp., 2000.
Williams, D. G., Cable, W., Hultine, K., Hoedjes, J. C. B., Yepez, E. A., Simonneaux, V., Er-Raki, S., Boulet, G., de Bruin, H. A. R., Chehbouni, A., Hartogensis, O. K., and Timouk, F.: Evapotranspiration components determined by stable isotope, sap flow and eddy covariance techniques, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 241–258, 2004.
Williams, M. W., Losleben, M., Caine, N., and Greenland, D.: Changes in climate and hydrochemical responses in a high-elevation catchment in the R}ocky Mountains, {USA, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 939–946, 1996.
Wilson, K. B., Hanson, P. J., Mulholland, P. J., Baldocchi, D. D., and Wullschleger, S. D.: A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 106, 153–168, 2001.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: SEA-MAT: Matlab Tools for Oceanographic Analysis, http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/sea-mat/, last access: 26 December 2013.
Xu, L. K., Baldocchi, D. D., and Tang, J. W.: How soil moisture, rain pulses, and growth alter the response of ecosystem respiration to temperature, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002281, 2004.
Yakir, D. and Sternberg, L. d. L.: The use of stable isotopes to study ecosystem gas exchange, Oecologia, 123, 297–311, 2000.
Yi, C., Anderson, D. E., Turnipseed, A. A., Burns, S. P., Sparks, J. P., Stannard, D. I., and Monson, R. K.: The contribution of advective fluxes to net ecosystem exchange in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Ecol. Appl., 18, 1379–1390, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0908.1, 2008.
Zardi, D. and Whiteman, C. D.: Diurnal mountain wind systems, in: Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting, edited by Chow, F. K., De Wekker, S. F. J., and Snyder, B. J., Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 35–119, Springer Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4098-3_2, 2013.
Zawadzki, I. I.: Statistical properties of precipitation patterns, J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 459–472, 1973.
Zobitz, J. M., Burns, S. P., Reichstein, M., and Bowling, D. R.: Partitioning net ecosystem carbon exchange and the carbon isotopic disequilibrium in a subalpine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1785–1800, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01609.x, 2008.
Short summary
The effect of warm-season precipitation on
environmental conditions and ecosystem-scale fluxes at a
high-elevation subalpine forest site was investigated. As would be
expected (based on the surface energy balance), precipitation caused
an increase in latent heat flux (evapotranspiration) and a decrease in
sensible heat flux. The evaporative component of evapotranspiration
was, on average, estimated to be around 6% in dry conditions and
between 15-25% in partially wet conditions.
The effect of warm-season precipitation on
environmental conditions and ecosystem-scale fluxes...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint