Articles | Volume 17, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6441-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6441-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Dec 2020
Research article |
| 21 Dec 2020
| 21 Dec 2020
A bottom-up quantification of foliar mercury uptake fluxes across Europe
Lena Wohlgemuth
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
Stefan Osterwalder
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Institut des Géosciences de
l'Environnement, Grenoble, France
Carl Joseph
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
Ansgar Kahmen
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
Günter Hoch
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
Christine Alewell
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
Related authors
Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra
Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils.
Katrin Meusburger, Paolo Porto, Judith Kobler Waldis, and Christine Alewell
SOIL, 9, 399–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-399-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-399-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying soil redistribution rates is a global challenge. Radiogenic tracers such as plutonium, namely 239+240Pu, released to the atmosphere by atmospheric bomb testing in the 1960s are promising tools to quantify soil redistribution. Direct validation of 239+240Pu as soil redistribution is, however, still missing. Here, we used a unique sediment yield time series in southern Italy, reaching back to the initial fallout of 239+240Pu to verify 239+240Pu as a soil redistribution tracer.
Pedro V. G. Batista, Peter Fiener, Simon Scheper, and Christine Alewell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3753–3770, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Patchy agricultural landscapes have a large number of small fields, which are separated by linear features such as roads and field borders. When eroded sediments are transported out of the agricultural fields by surface runoff, these features can influence sediment connectivity. By use of measured data and a simulation model, we demonstrate how a dense road network (and its drainage system) facilitates sediment transport from fields to water courses in a patchy Swiss agricultural catchment.
Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra
Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils.
Lauren Zweifel, Maxim Samarin, Katrin Meusburger, and Christine Alewell
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3421–3437, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3421-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3421-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mountainous grassland areas can be severely affected by soil erosion, such as by shallow landslides. With an automated mapping approach we are able to locate shallow-landslide sites on aerial images for 10 different study sites across Swiss mountain regions covering a total of 315 km2. Using a statistical model we identify important explanatory variables for shallow-landslide occurrence for the individual sites as well as across all regions, which highlight slope, aspect and terrain roughness.
Claudia Hahn, Andreas Lüscher, Sara Ernst-Hasler, Matthias Suter, and Ansgar Kahmen
Biogeosciences, 18, 585–604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
While existing studies focus on the immediate effects of drought events on grassland productivity, long-term effects are mostly neglected. But, to conclude universal outcomes, studies must consider comprehensive ecosystem mechanisms. In our study, we found that the resistance of growth rates to drought in grasses varies across seasons, and positive legacy effects of drought indicate a high resilience. The high resilience compensates for immediate drought effects on grasses to a large extent.
Maral Khodadadi, Christine Alewell, Mohammad Mirzaei, Ehssan Ehssan-Malahat, Farrokh Asadzadeh, Peter Strauss, and Katrin Meusburger
SOIL Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2021-2, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2021-2, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Forest soils store carbon and therefore play an important role in mitigating climate change impacts. Yet again, deforestation for farming and grazing purposes has grown rapidly over the last decades. Thus, its impacts on soil erosion and soil quality should be understood in order to adopt sustainable management measures. The results of this study indicated that deforestation can prompt soil loss by multiple orders of magnitude and deteriorate the soil quality in both topsoil and subsoil.
Claudia Mignani, Jörg Wieder, Michael A. Sprenger, Zamin A. Kanji, Jan Henneberger, Christine Alewell, and Franz Conen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 657–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Most precipitation above land starts with ice in clouds. It is promoted by extremely rare particles. Some ice-nucleating particles (INPs) cause cloud droplets to already freeze above −15°C, a temperature at which many clouds begin to snow. We found that the abundance of such INPs among other particles of similar size is highest in precipitating air masses and lowest when air carries desert dust. This brings us closer to understanding the interactions between land, clouds, and precipitation.
Tuukka Petäjä, Ella-Maria Duplissy, Ksenia Tabakova, Julia Schmale, Barbara Altstädter, Gerard Ancellet, Mikhail Arshinov, Yurii Balin, Urs Baltensperger, Jens Bange, Alison Beamish, Boris Belan, Antoine Berchet, Rossana Bossi, Warren R. L. Cairns, Ralf Ebinghaus, Imad El Haddad, Beatriz Ferreira-Araujo, Anna Franck, Lin Huang, Antti Hyvärinen, Angelika Humbert, Athina-Cerise Kalogridis, Pavel Konstantinov, Astrid Lampert, Matthew MacLeod, Olivier Magand, Alexander Mahura, Louis Marelle, Vladimir Masloboev, Dmitri Moisseev, Vaios Moschos, Niklas Neckel, Tatsuo Onishi, Stefan Osterwalder, Aino Ovaska, Pauli Paasonen, Mikhail Panchenko, Fidel Pankratov, Jakob B. Pernov, Andreas Platis, Olga Popovicheva, Jean-Christophe Raut, Aurélie Riandet, Torsten Sachs, Rosamaria Salvatori, Roberto Salzano, Ludwig Schröder, Martin Schön, Vladimir Shevchenko, Henrik Skov, Jeroen E. Sonke, Andrea Spolaor, Vasileios K. Stathopoulos, Mikko Strahlendorff, Jennie L. Thomas, Vito Vitale, Sterios Vratolis, Carlo Barbante, Sabine Chabrillat, Aurélien Dommergue, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Jyri Heilimo, Kathy S. Law, Andreas Massling, Steffen M. Noe, Jean-Daniel Paris, André S. H. Prévôt, Ilona Riipinen, Birgit Wehner, Zhiyong Xie, and Hanna K. Lappalainen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8551–8592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The role of polar regions is increasing in terms of megatrends such as globalization, new transport routes, demography, and the use of natural resources with consequent effects on regional and transported pollutant concentrations. Here we summarize initial results from our integrative project exploring the Arctic environment and pollution to deliver data products, metrics, and indicators for stakeholders.
Miriam Groß-Schmölders, Pascal von Sengbusch, Jan Paul Krüger, Kristy Klein, Axel Birkholz, Jens Leifeld, and Christine Alewell
SOIL, 6, 299–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-299-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-299-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Degradation turns peatlands into a source of CO2. There is no cost- or time-efficient method available for indicating peatland hydrology or the success of restoration. We found that 15N values have a clear link to microbial communities and degradation. We identified trends in natural, drained and rewetted conditions and concluded that 15N depth profiles can act as a reliable and efficient tool for obtaining information on current hydrology, restoration success and drainage history.
Artem G. Lim, Martin Jiskra, Jeroen E. Sonke, Sergey V. Loiko, Natalia Kosykh, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
Biogeosciences, 17, 3083–3097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3083-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3083-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the mercury (Hg) content in northern soils, we measured Hg concentration in peat cores across a 1700 km permafrost gradient in Siberia. We demonstrated a northward increase in Hg concentration in peat and Hg pools in frozen peatlands. We revised the 0–30 cm northern soil Hg pool to be 72 Gg, which is 7 % of the global soil Hg pool of 1086 Gg. The results are important for understanding Hg exchange between soil, water, and the atmosphere under climate change in the Arctic.
Stefan Osterwalder, Werner Eugster, Iris Feigenwinter, and Martin Jiskra
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2057–2074, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2057-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2057-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Direct mercury (Hg) flux studies are crucial to improve our understanding of terrestrial Hg cycling and human Hg exposure. We tested a new system to measure Hg fluxes using the eddy covariance technique. Our Eddy Mercury system revealed a net Hg re-emission flux from a grassland. We concluded that the prevailing dry conditions resulted in low uptake of CO2 and Hg. Eddy Mercury has the potential to address some of the largest uncertainties in global Hg cycling through long-term flux measurements.
Pranav Hirave, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Axel Birkholz, and Christine Alewell
Biogeosciences, 17, 2169–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment input into water bodies is a prominent threat to freshwater ecosystems. We tested the stability of tracers employed in freshwater sediment tracing based on compound-specific isotope analysis during early degradation in soil. While bulk δ13C values showed no stability, δ13C values of plant-derived fatty acids and n-alkanes were stably transferred to the soil without soil particle size dependency after an early degradation in organic horizons, thus indicating their suitability as tracers.
Martin Jiskra, Jeroen E. Sonke, Yannick Agnan, Detlev Helmig, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 16, 4051–4064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4051-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4051-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The tundra plays a pivotal role in Arctic mercury cycling by storing atmospheric mercury deposition and shuttling it to the Arctic Ocean. We used the isotopic fingerprint of mercury to investigate the processes controlling atmospheric mercury deposition. We found that the uptake of atmospheric mercury by vegetation was the major deposition source. Direct deposition to snow or soils only played a minor role. These results improve our understanding of Arctic mercury cycling.
Marlène Lavrieux, Axel Birkholz, Katrin Meusburger, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Adrian Gilli, Christian Stamm, and Christine Alewell
Biogeosciences, 16, 2131–2146, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2131-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2131-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A fingerprinting approach using compound-specific stable isotopes was applied to a lake sediment core to reconstruct erosion processes over the past 150 years in a Swiss catchment. Even though the reconstruction of land use and eutrophication history was successful, the observation of comparatively low δ13C values of plant-derived fatty acids in the sediment suggests their alteration within the lake. Thus, their use as a tool for source attribution in sediment cores needs further investigation.
Claudia Mignani, Jessie M. Creamean, Lukas Zimmermann, Christine Alewell, and Franz Conen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 877–886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-877-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-877-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A snow crystal can be generated from an ice nucleating particle or from an ice splinter. In this study we made use of the fact that snow crystals with a particular shape (dendrites) grow within a narrow temperature range (−12 to −17 °C) and can be analysed individually for the presence of an ice nucleating particle. Our direct approach revealed that only one in eight crystals contained such a particle and was of primary origin. The other crystals must have grown from ice splinters.
Laura Arata, Katrin Meusburger, Alexandra Bürge, Markus Zehringer, Michael E. Ketterer, Lionel Mabit, and Christine Alewell
SOIL, 3, 113–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-113-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-113-2017, 2017
Oliver Rach, Ansgar Kahmen, Achim Brauer, and Dirk Sachse
Clim. Past, 13, 741–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-741-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-741-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Currently, reconstructions of past changes in the hydrological cycle are usually qualitative, which is a major drawback for testing the accuracy of models in predicting future responses. Here we present a proof of concept of a novel approach to deriving quantitative paleohydrological data, i.e. changes in relative humidity, from lacustrine sediment archives, employing a combination of organic geochemical methods and plant physiological modeling.
Emiliano Stopelli, Franz Conen, Caroline Guilbaud, Jakob Zopfi, Christine Alewell, and Cindy E. Morris
Biogeosciences, 14, 1189–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1189-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1189-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of precipitation collected at high altitude, this study provides a relevant advancement in the assessment of the major factors responsible for the abundance and variability of airborne bacterial cells and Pseudomonas syringae in relation to ice nucleators. This is of prime importance to obtain a better understanding of the impact of ice-nucleation-active organisms on the development of precipitation and to determine the dispersal potential of airborne microorganisms.
Simon Schmidt, Christine Alewell, Panos Panagos, and Katrin Meusburger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4359–4373, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4359-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4359-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present novel research on the seasonal dynamics of the impact of rainfall (R-factor) on the mobilization of topsoil as soil erosion by water for Switzerland. A modeling approach was chosen that enables the dynamical mapping of the R-factor. Based on the maps and modeling results, we could investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of that factor, which is high for Switzerland. With these results, agronomists can introduce selective erosion control measures.
Emiliano Stopelli, Franz Conen, Cindy E. Morris, Erik Herrmann, Stephan Henne, Martin Steinbacher, and Christine Alewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8341–8351, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8341-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8341-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the variability of ice nucleating particles (INPs) helps determining their role in the formation of precipitation. Here we describe and predict the concentrations of INPs active at −8 °C in precipitation samples collected at Jungfraujoch (CH, 3580 m a.s.l.). A high abundance of these INPs can be expected whenever a coincidence of high wind speed and first precipitation from an air mass occurs. This expands the set of conditions where such INPs could affect the onset of precipitation.
Christine Alewell, Axel Birkholz, Katrin Meusburger, Yael Schindler Wildhaber, and Lionel Mabit
Biogeosciences, 13, 1587–1596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1587-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1587-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Origin of suspended sediments in rivers is of crucial importance for optimization of catchment management. Sediment source attribution to a lowland river in central Switzerland with compound specific stable isotopes analysis (CSIA) indicated that 65 % of the suspended sediments originated from agricultural land during base flow, while forest was the dominant source during high flow. We achieved significant differences in CSIA signature from land uses dominated by C3 plant cultivation.
S. Osterwalder, J. Fritsche, C. Alewell, M. Schmutz, M. B. Nilsson, G. Jocher, J. Sommar, J. Rinne, and K. Bishop
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 509–524, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-509-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-509-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Human activities have increased mercury (Hg) cycling between land and atmosphere. To define landscapes as sinks or sources of Hg we have developed an advanced REA system for long-term measurements of gaseous elemental Hg exchange. It was tested in two contrasting environments: above Basel, Switzerland, and a peatland in Sweden. Both landscapes showed net Hg emission (15 and 3 ng m−2 h−1, respectively). The novel system will help to advance our understanding of Hg exchange on an ecosystem scale.
M. Tuthorn, R. Zech, M. Ruppenthal, Y. Oelmann, A. Kahmen, H. F. del Valle, T. Eglinton, K. Rozanski, and M. Zech
Biogeosciences, 12, 3913–3924, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3913-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3913-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Stable water isotopes (18O/16O and 2H/1H) are invaluable proxies for paleoclimate research. Here we use a coupled 18O/16O and 2H/1H biomarker approach based on plant-derived sugars and n-alkanes. Applying this innovative approach to a topsoil transect allows for (i) calculating the deuterium-excess of leaf water as a proxy for relative humidity and (ii) calculating the plant source water isotopic composition (~precipitation). The approach is validated by the presented climate transect results.
J. P. Krüger, J. Leifeld, S. Glatzel, S. Szidat, and C. Alewell
Biogeosciences, 12, 2861–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2861-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2861-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Biogeochemical soil parameters are studied to detect peatland degradation along a land use gradient (intensive, extensive, near-natural). Stable carbon isotopes, radiocarbon ages and ash content confirm peat growth in the near-natural bog but also indicate previous degradation. When the bog is managed extensively or intensively as grassland, all parameters indicate degradation and substantial C loss of the order of 18.8 to 42.9 kg C m-2.
K. Meusburger, G. Leitinger, L. Mabit, M. H. Mueller, A. Walter, and C. Alewell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3763–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3763-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3763-2014, 2014
S. Stanchi, M. Freppaz, E. Ceaglio, M. Maggioni, K. Meusburger, C. Alewell, and E. Zanini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1761–1771, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1761-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1761-2014, 2014
J. P. Krüger, J. Leifeld, and C. Alewell
Biogeosciences, 11, 3369–3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3369-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3369-2014, 2014
S. Vicca, M. Bahn, M. Estiarte, E. E. van Loon, R. Vargas, G. Alberti, P. Ambus, M. A. Arain, C. Beier, L. P. Bentley, W. Borken, N. Buchmann, S. L. Collins, G. de Dato, J. S. Dukes, C. Escolar, P. Fay, G. Guidolotti, P. J. Hanson, A. Kahmen, G. Kröel-Dulay, T. Ladreiter-Knauss, K. S. Larsen, E. Lellei-Kovacs, E. Lebrija-Trejos, F. T. Maestre, S. Marhan, M. Marshall, P. Meir, Y. Miao, J. Muhr, P. A. Niklaus, R. Ogaya, J. Peñuelas, C. Poll, L. E. Rustad, K. Savage, A. Schindlbacher, I. K. Schmidt, A. R. Smith, E. D. Sotta, V. Suseela, A. Tietema, N. van Gestel, O. van Straaten, S. Wan, U. Weber, and I. A. Janssens
Biogeosciences, 11, 2991–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2991-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2991-2014, 2014
E. Stopelli, F. Conen, L. Zimmermann, C. Alewell, and C. E. Morris
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 129–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-129-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-129-2014, 2014
K. Meusburger, L. Mabit, J.-H. Park, T. Sandor, and C. Alewell
Biogeosciences, 10, 5627–5638, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5627-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5627-2013, 2013
K. Meusburger, G. Leitinger, L. Mabit, M. H. Mueller, and C. Alewell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-9505-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-9505-2013, 2013
Preprint withdrawn
M. H. Mueller, R. Weingartner, and C. Alewell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1661–1679, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1661-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1661-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Land
Soil carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 Earth system models
Monitoring the impact of forest changes on carbon uptake with solar-induced fluorescence measurements from GOME-2A and TROPOMI for an Australian and Chinese case study
Technical note: Flagging inconsistencies in flux tower data
Relevance of near-surface soil moisture vs. terrestrial water storage for global vegetation functioning
High-resolution spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial ecosystem carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide fluxes in the tundra
Long-term additions of ammonium nitrate to montane forest ecosystems may cause limited soil acidification, even in the presence of soil carbonate
Leaf carbon and nitrogen stoichiometric variation along environmental gradients
Gross primary productivity and the predictability of CO2: more uncertainty in what we predict than how well we predict it
Scale variance in the carbon dynamics of fragmented, mixed-use landscapes estimated using model–data fusion
Seasonal controls override forest harvesting effects on the composition of dissolved organic matter mobilized from boreal forest soil organic horizons
Carbon cycle extremes accelerate weakening of the land carbon sink in the late 21st century
Estimating oil-palm Si storage, Si return to soils, and Si losses through harvest in smallholder oil-palm plantations of Sumatra, Indonesia
Assessing the sensitivity of multi-frequency passive microwave vegetation optical depth to vegetation properties
Seasonal variation of mercury concentration of ancient olive groves of Lebanon
Soil organic matter diagenetic state informs boreal forest ecosystem feedbacks to climate change
Upscaling dryland carbon and water fluxes with artificial neural networks of optical, thermal, and microwave satellite remote sensing
Sun-induced fluorescence as a proxy for primary productivity across vegetation types and climates
Technical note: A view from space on global flux towers by MODIS and Landsat: the FluxnetEO data set
Changing sub-Arctic tundra vegetation upon permafrost degradation: impact on foliar mineral element cycling
Land Management Contributes significantly to observed Vegetation Browning in Syria during 2001–2018
MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields tree cover needs calibrating in tropical savannas
Assessing the representation of the Australian carbon cycle in global vegetation models
Assessing the response of soil carbon in Australia to changing inputs and climate using a consistent modelling framework
Reviews and syntheses: Ongoing and emerging opportunities to improve environmental science using observations from the Advanced Baseline Imager on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites
First pan-Arctic assessment of dissolved organic carbon in lakes of the permafrost region
The impact of wildfire on biogeochemical fluxes and water quality in boreal catchments
Examining the sensitivity of the terrestrial carbon cycle to the expression of El Niño
Subalpine grassland productivity increased with warmer and drier conditions, but not with higher N deposition, in an altitudinal transplantation experiment
Reviews and syntheses: Impacts of plant-silica–herbivore interactions on terrestrial biogeochemical cycling
Implementation of nitrogen cycle in the CLASSIC land model
Combined effects of ozone and drought stress on the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds from Quercus robur L.
Lagged effects regulate the inter-annual variability of the tropical carbon balance
Spatial variations in terrestrial net ecosystem productivity and its local indicators
Nitrogen cycling in CMIP6 land surface models: progress and limitations
Decomposing reflectance spectra to track gross primary production in a subalpine evergreen forest
Sensitivity of 21st century simulated ecosystem indicators to model parameters, prescribed climate drivers, RCP scenarios and forest management actions for two Finnish boreal forest sites
Summarizing the state of the terrestrial biosphere in few dimensions
Patterns and trends of the dominant environmental controls of net biome productivity
Localized basal area affects soil respiration temperature sensitivity in a coastal deciduous forest
Dissolved organic carbon mobilized from organic horizons of mature and harvested black spruce plots in a mesic boreal region
Ideas and perspectives: Proposed best practices for collaboration at cross-disciplinary observatories
Effects of leaf length and development stage on the triple oxygen isotope signature of grass leaf water and phytoliths: insights for a proxy of continental atmospheric humidity
Response of simulated burned area to historical changes in environmental and anthropogenic factors: a comparison of seven fire models
Estimation of coarse dead wood stocks in intact and degraded forests in the Brazilian Amazon using airborne lidar
Theoretical uncertainties for global satellite-derived burned area estimates
Estimating global gross primary productivity using chlorophyll fluorescence and a data assimilation system with the BETHY-SCOPE model
How representative are FLUXNET measurements of surface fluxes during temperature extremes?
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of leaves, litter, and soils of various ecosystems along an elevational and land-use gradient at Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Comparison of CO2 and O2 fluxes demonstrate retention of respired CO2 in tree stems from a range of tree species
Tropical climate–vegetation–fire relationships: multivariate evaluation of the land surface model JSBACH
Rebecca M. Varney, Pierre Friedlingstein, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 21, 2759–2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil carbon is the largest store of carbon on the land surface of Earth and is known to be particularly sensitive to climate change. Understanding this future response is vital to successfully meeting Paris Agreement targets, which rely heavily on carbon uptake by the land surface. In this study, the individual responses of soil carbon are quantified and compared amongst CMIP6 Earth system models used within the most recent IPCC report, and the role of soils in the land response is highlighted.
Juliëtte C. S. Anema, Klaas Folkert Boersma, Piet Stammes, Gerbrand Koren, William Woodgate, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, and Jacqui Stol
Biogeosciences, 21, 2297–2311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To keep the Paris agreement goals within reach, negative emissions are necessary. They can be achieved with mitigation techniques, such as reforestation, which remove CO2 from the atmosphere. While governments have pinned their hopes on them, there is not yet a good set of tools to objectively determine whether negative emissions do what they promise. Here we show how satellite measurements of plant fluorescence are useful in detecting carbon uptake due to reforestation and vegetation regrowth.
Martin Jung, Jacob Nelson, Mirco Migliavacca, Tarek El-Madany, Dario Papale, Markus Reichstein, Sophia Walther, and Thomas Wutzler
Biogeosciences, 21, 1827–1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a methodology to detect inconsistencies in perhaps the most important data source for measurements of ecosystem–atmosphere carbon, water, and energy fluxes. We expect that the derived consistency flags will be relevant for data users and will help in improving our understanding of and our ability to model ecosystem–climate interactions.
Prajwal Khanal, Anne J. Hoek Van Dijke, Timo Schaffhauser, Wantong Li, Sinikka J. Paulus, Chunhui Zhan, and René Orth
Biogeosciences, 21, 1533–1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water availability is essential for vegetation functioning, but the depth of vegetation water uptake is largely unknown due to sparse ground measurements. This study correlates vegetation growth with soil moisture availability globally to infer vegetation water uptake depth using only satellite-based data. We find that the vegetation water uptake depth varies across climate regimes and vegetation types and also changes during dry months at a global scale.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Pekka Niittynen, Julia Kemppinen, Maija E. Marushchak, Carolina Voigt, Geert Hensgens, Johanna Kerttula, Konsta Happonen, Vilna Tyystjärvi, Christina Biasi, Jenni Hultman, Janne Rinne, and Miska Luoto
Biogeosciences, 21, 335–355, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O are important for climate feedbacks. We combined extensive in situ measurements and remote sensing data to develop machine-learning models to predict GHG fluxes at a 2 m resolution across a tundra landscape. The analysis revealed that the system was a net GHG sink and showed widespread CH4 uptake in upland vegetation types, almost surpassing the high wetland CH4 emissions at the landscape scale.
Thomas Baer, Gerhard Furrer, Stephan Zimmermann, and Patrick Schleppi
Biogeosciences, 20, 4577–4589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4577-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4577-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) deposition to forest ecosystems is a matter of concern because it affects their nutrient status and makes their soil acidic. We observed an ongoing acidification in a montane forest in central Switzerland even if the subsoil of this site contains carbonates and is thus well buffered. We experimentally added N to simulate a higher pollution, and this increased the acidification. After 25 years of study, however, we can see the first signs of recovery, also under higher N deposition.
Huiying Xu, Han Wang, Iain Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Biogeosciences, 20, 4511–4525, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4511-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4511-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are crucial elements in leaf construction and physiological processes. This study reconciled the roles of phylogeny, species identity, and climate in stoichiometric traits at individual and community levels. The variations in community-level leaf N and C : N ratio were captured by optimality-based models using climate data. Our results provide an approach to improve the representation of leaf stoichiometry in vegetation models to better couple N with C cycling.
István Dunkl, Nicole Lovenduski, Alessio Collalti, Vivek K. Arora, Tatiana Ilyina, and Victor Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 20, 3523–3538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3523-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3523-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite differences in the reproduction of gross primary productivity (GPP) by Earth system models (ESMs), ESMs have similar predictability of the global carbon cycle. We found that, although GPP variability originates from different regions and is driven by different climatic variables across the ESMs, the ESMs rely on the same mechanisms to predict their own GPP. This shows that the predictability of the carbon cycle is limited by our understanding of variability rather than predictability.
David T. Milodowski, T. Luke Smallman, and Mathew Williams
Biogeosciences, 20, 3301–3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Model–data fusion (MDF) allows us to combine ecosystem models with Earth observation data. Fragmented landscapes, with a mosaic of contrasting ecosystems, pose a challenge for MDF. We develop a novel MDF framework to estimate the carbon balance of fragmented landscapes and show the importance of accounting for ecosystem heterogeneity to prevent scale-dependent bias in estimated carbon fluxes, disturbance fluxes in particular, and to improve ecological fidelity of the calibrated models.
Keri L. Bowering, Kate A. Edwards, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 20, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2189-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2189-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) mobilized from surface soils is a source of carbon (C) for deeper mineral horizons but also a mechanism of C loss. Composition of DOM mobilized in boreal forests varied more by season than as a result of forest harvesting. Results suggest reduced snowmelt and increased fall precipitation enhance DOM properties promoting mineral soil C stores. These findings, coupled with hydrology, can inform on soil C fate and boreal forest C balance in response to climate change.
Bharat Sharma, Jitendra Kumar, Auroop R. Ganguly, and Forrest M. Hoffman
Biogeosciences, 20, 1829–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1829-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1829-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide increases vegetation growth and causes more heatwaves and droughts. The impact of such climate extremes is detrimental to terrestrial carbon uptake capacity. We found that due to overall climate warming, about 88 % of the world's regions towards the end of 2100 will show anomalous losses in net biospheric productivity (NBP) rather than gains. More than 50 % of all negative NBP extremes were driven by the compound effect of dry, hot, and fire conditions.
Britta Greenshields, Barbara von der Lühe, Felix Schwarz, Harold J. Hughes, Aiyen Tjoa, Martyna Kotowska, Fabian Brambach, and Daniela Sauer
Biogeosciences, 20, 1259–1276, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1259-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1259-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon (Si) can have multiple beneficial effects on crops such as oil palms. In this study, we quantified Si concentrations in various parts of an oil palm (leaflets, rachises, fruit-bunch parts) to derive Si storage estimates for the total above-ground biomass of an oil palm and 1 ha of an oil-palm plantation. We proposed a Si balance by identifying Si return (via palm fronds) and losses (via harvest) in the system and recommend management measures that enhance Si cycling.
Luisa Schmidt, Matthias Forkel, Ruxandra-Maria Zotta, Samuel Scherrer, Wouter A. Dorigo, Alexander Kuhn-Régnier, Robin van der Schalie, and Marta Yebra
Biogeosciences, 20, 1027–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1027-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1027-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation attenuates natural microwave emissions from the land surface. The strength of this attenuation is quantified as the vegetation optical depth (VOD) parameter and is influenced by the vegetation mass, structure, water content, and observation wavelength. Here we model the VOD signal as a multi-variate function of several descriptive vegetation variables. The results help in understanding the effects of ecosystem properties on VOD.
Nagham Tabaja, David Amouroux, Lamis Chalak, François Fourel, Emmanuel Tessier, Ihab Jomaa, Milad El Riachy, and Ilham Bentaleb
Biogeosciences, 20, 619–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-619-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-619-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the seasonality of the mercury (Hg) concentration of olive trees. Hg concentrations of foliage, stems, soil surface, and litter were analyzed on a monthly basis in ancient olive trees growing in two groves in Lebanon. Our study draws an adequate baseline for the eastern Mediterranean and for the region with similar climatic inventories on Hg vegetation uptake in addition to being a baseline for new studies on olive trees in the Mediterranean.
Allison N. Myers-Pigg, Karl Kaiser, Ronald Benner, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 20, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-489-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-489-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Boreal forests, historically a global sink for atmospheric CO2, store carbon in vast soil reservoirs. To predict how such stores will respond to climate warming we need to understand climate–ecosystem feedbacks. We find boreal forest soil carbon stores are maintained through enhanced nitrogen cycling with climate warming, providing direct evidence for a key feedback. Further application of the approach demonstrated here will improve our understanding of the limits of climate–ecosystem feedbacks.
Matthew P. Dannenberg, Mallory L. Barnes, William K. Smith, Miriam R. Johnston, Susan K. Meerdink, Xian Wang, Russell L. Scott, and Joel A. Biederman
Biogeosciences, 20, 383–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's drylands provide ecosystem services to many people and will likely be strongly affected by climate change, but it is quite challenging to monitor the productivity and water use of dryland plants with satellites. We developed and tested an approach for estimating dryland vegetation activity using machine learning to combine information from multiple satellite sensors. Our approach excelled at estimating photosynthesis and water use largely due to the inclusion of satellite soil moisture.
Mark Pickering, Alessandro Cescatti, and Gregory Duveiller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4833–4864, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4833-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4833-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores two of the most recent products in carbon productivity estimation, FLUXCOM gross primary productivity (GPP), calculated by upscaling local measurements of CO2 exchange, and remotely sensed sun-induced chlorophyll a fluorescence (SIF). High-resolution SIF data are valuable in demonstrating similarity in the SIF–GPP relationship between vegetation covers, provide an independent probe of the FLUXCOM GPP model and demonstrate the response of SIF to meteorological fluctuations.
Sophia Walther, Simon Besnard, Jacob Allen Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Mirco Migliavacca, Ulrich Weber, Nuno Carvalhais, Sofia Lorena Ermida, Christian Brümmer, Frederik Schrader, Anatoly Stanislavovich Prokushkin, Alexey Vasilevich Panov, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 19, 2805–2840, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2805-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2805-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations help interpret station measurements of local carbon, water, and energy exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere and are indispensable for simulations of the same in land surface models and their evaluation. We propose generalisable and efficient approaches to systematically ensure high quality and to estimate values in data gaps. We apply them to satellite data of surface reflectance and temperature with different resolutions at the stations.
Elisabeth Mauclet, Yannick Agnan, Catherine Hirst, Arthur Monhonval, Benoît Pereira, Aubry Vandeuren, Maëlle Villani, Justin Ledman, Meghan Taylor, Briana L. Jasinski, Edward A. G. Schuur, and Sophie Opfergelt
Biogeosciences, 19, 2333–2351, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2333-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2333-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic warming and permafrost degradation largely affect tundra vegetation. Wetter lowlands show an increase in sedges, whereas drier uplands favor shrub expansion. Here, we demonstrate that the difference in the foliar elemental composition of typical tundra vegetation species controls the change in local foliar elemental stock and potential mineral element cycling through litter production upon a shift in tundra vegetation.
Tiexi Chen, Renjie Guo, Qingyun Yan, Xin Chen, Shengjie Zhou, Chuanzhuang Liang, Xueqiong Wei, and Han Dolman
Biogeosciences, 19, 1515–1525, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1515-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1515-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Currently people are very concerned about vegetation changes and their driving factors, including natural and anthropogenic drivers. In this study, a general browning trend is found in Syria during 2001–2018, indicated by the vegetation index. We found that land management caused by social unrest is the main cause of this browning phenomenon. The mechanism initially reported here highlights the importance of land management impacts at the regional scale.
Rahayu Adzhar, Douglas I. Kelley, Ning Dong, Charles George, Mireia Torello Raventos, Elmar Veenendaal, Ted R. Feldpausch, Oliver L. Phillips, Simon L. Lewis, Bonaventure Sonké, Herman Taedoumg, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Tomas Domingues, Luzmila Arroyo, Gloria Djagbletey, Gustavo Saiz, and France Gerard
Biogeosciences, 19, 1377–1394, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1377-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1377-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) product underestimates tree cover compared to field data and could be underestimating tree cover significantly across the tropics. VCF is used to represent land cover or validate model performance in many land surface and global vegetation models and to train finer-scaled Earth observation products. Because underestimation in VCF may render it unsuitable for training data and bias model predictions, it should be calibrated before use in the tropics.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Anthony P. Walker, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 5639–5668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Australian continent is included in global assessments of the carbon cycle such as the global carbon budget, yet the performance of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) over Australia has rarely been evaluated. We assessed simulations by an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models over Australia and highlighted a number of key areas that lead to model divergence on both short (inter-annual) and long (decadal) timescales.
Juhwan Lee, Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel, Mingxi Zhang, Zhongkui Luo, and Ying-Ping Wang
Biogeosciences, 18, 5185–5202, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed Roth C simulations across Australia and assessed the response of soil carbon to changing inputs and future climate change using a consistent modelling framework. Site-specific initialisation of the C pools with measurements of the C fractions is essential for accurate simulations of soil organic C stocks and composition at a large scale. With further warming, Australian soils will become more vulnerable to C loss: natural environments > native grazing > cropping > modified grazing.
Anam M. Khan, Paul C. Stoy, James T. Douglas, Martha Anderson, George Diak, Jason A. Otkin, Christopher Hain, Elizabeth M. Rehbein, and Joel McCorkel
Biogeosciences, 18, 4117–4141, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing has played an important role in the study of land surface processes. Geostationary satellites, such as the GOES-R series, can observe the Earth every 5–15 min, providing us with more observations than widely used polar-orbiting satellites. Here, we outline current efforts utilizing geostationary observations in environmental science and look towards the future of GOES observations in the carbon cycle, ecosystem disturbance, and other areas of application in environmental science.
Lydia Stolpmann, Caroline Coch, Anne Morgenstern, Julia Boike, Michael Fritz, Ulrike Herzschuh, Kathleen Stoof-Leichsenring, Yury Dvornikov, Birgit Heim, Josefine Lenz, Amy Larsen, Katey Walter Anthony, Benjamin Jones, Karen Frey, and Guido Grosse
Biogeosciences, 18, 3917–3936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our new database summarizes DOC concentrations of 2167 water samples from 1833 lakes in permafrost regions across the Arctic to provide insights into linkages between DOC and environment. We found increasing lake DOC concentration with decreasing permafrost extent and higher DOC concentrations in boreal permafrost sites compared to tundra sites. Our study shows that DOC concentration depends on the environmental properties of a lake, especially permafrost extent, ecoregion, and vegetation.
Gustaf Granath, Christopher D. Evans, Joachim Strengbom, Jens Fölster, Achim Grelle, Johan Strömqvist, and Stephan J. Köhler
Biogeosciences, 18, 3243–3261, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured element losses and impacts on water quality following a wildfire in Sweden. We observed the largest carbon and nitrogen losses during the fire and a strong pulse of elements 1–3 months after the fire that showed a fast (weeks) and a slow (months) release from the catchments. Total carbon export through water did not increase post-fire. Overall, we observed a rapid recovery of the biogeochemical cycling of elements within 3 years but still an annual net release of carbon dioxide.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 2181–2203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) describes changes in the sea surface temperature patterns of the Pacific Ocean. This influences the global weather, impacting vegetation on land. There are two types of El Niño: central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP). In this study, we explored the long-term impacts on the carbon balance on land linked to the two El Niño types. Using a dynamic vegetation model, we simulated what would happen if only either CP or EP El Niño events had occurred.
Matthias Volk, Matthias Suter, Anne-Lena Wahl, and Seraina Bassin
Biogeosciences, 18, 2075–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2075-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2075-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Grassland ecosystem services like forage production and greenhouse gas storage in the soil depend on plant growth.
In an experiment in the mountains with warming treatments, we found that despite dwindling soil water content, the grassland growth increased with up to +1.3 °C warming (annual mean) compared to present temperatures. Even at +2.4 °C the growth was still larger than at the reference site.
This suggests that plant growth will increase due to global warming in the near future.
Bernice C. Hwang and Daniel B. Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 18, 1259–1268, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Despite growing recognition of herbivores as important ecosystem engineers, many major gaps remain in our understanding of how silicon and herbivory interact to shape biogeochemical processes. We highlight the need for more research particularly in natural settings as well as on the potential effects of herbivory on terrestrial silicon cycling to understand potentially critical animal–plant–soil feedbacks.
Ali Asaadi and Vivek K. Arora
Biogeosciences, 18, 669–706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-669-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-669-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
More than a quarter of the current anthropogenic CO2 emissions are taken up by land, reducing the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. This is because of the CO2 fertilization effect which benefits 80 % of global vegetation. However, if nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients cannot keep up with increasing atmospheric CO2, the magnitude of this terrestrial ecosystem service may reduce in future. This paper implements nitrogen constraints on photosynthesis in a model to understand the mechanisms involved.
Arianna Peron, Lisa Kaser, Anne Charlott Fitzky, Martin Graus, Heidi Halbwirth, Jürgen Greiner, Georg Wohlfahrt, Boris Rewald, Hans Sandén, and Thomas Karl
Biogeosciences, 18, 535–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-535-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-535-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought events are expected to become more frequent with climate change. Along with these events atmospheric ozone is also expected to increase. Both can stress plants. Here we investigate to what extent these factors modulate the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from oak plants. We find an antagonistic effect between drought stress and ozone, impacting the emission of different BVOCs, which is indirectly controlled by stomatal opening, allowing plants to control their water budget.
A. Anthony Bloom, Kevin W. Bowman, Junjie Liu, Alexandra G. Konings, John R. Worden, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Victoria Meyer, John T. Reager, Helen M. Worden, Zhe Jiang, Gregory R. Quetin, T. Luke Smallman, Jean-François Exbrayat, Yi Yin, Sassan S. Saatchi, Mathew Williams, and David S. Schimel
Biogeosciences, 17, 6393–6422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6393-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6393-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a model of the 2001–2015 tropical land carbon cycle, with satellite measurements of land and atmospheric carbon, to disentangle lagged and concurrent effects (due to past and concurrent meteorological events, respectively) on annual land–atmosphere carbon exchanges. The variability of lagged effects explains most 2001–2015 inter-annual carbon flux variations. We conclude that concurrent and lagged effects need to be accurately resolved to better predict the world's land carbon sink.
Erqian Cui, Chenyu Bian, Yiqi Luo, Shuli Niu, Yingping Wang, and Jianyang Xia
Biogeosciences, 17, 6237–6246, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6237-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6237-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is related to the magnitude of the carbon sink of a specific ecosystem, while its inter-annual variation (IAVNEP) characterizes the stability of such a carbon sink. Thus, a better understanding of the co-varying NEP and IAVNEP is critical for locating the major and stable carbon sinks on land. Based on daily NEP observations from eddy-covariance sites, we found local indicators for the spatially varying NEP and IAVNEP, respectively.
Taraka Davies-Barnard, Johannes Meyerholt, Sönke Zaehle, Pierre Friedlingstein, Victor Brovkin, Yuanchao Fan, Rosie A. Fisher, Chris D. Jones, Hanna Lee, Daniele Peano, Benjamin Smith, David Wårlind, and Andy J. Wiltshire
Biogeosciences, 17, 5129–5148, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5129-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5129-2020, 2020
Rui Cheng, Troy S. Magney, Debsunder Dutta, David R. Bowling, Barry A. Logan, Sean P. Burns, Peter D. Blanken, Katja Grossmann, Sophia Lopez, Andrew D. Richardson, Jochen Stutz, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4523–4544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured reflected sunlight from an evergreen canopy for a year to detect changes in pigments that play an important role in regulating the seasonality of photosynthesis. Results show a strong mechanistic link between spectral reflectance features and pigment content, which is validated using a biophysical model. Our results show spectrally where, why, and when spectral features change over the course of the season and show promise for estimating photosynthesis remotely.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Francesco Minunno, Tuula Aalto, Annikki Mäkelä, Tiina Markkanen, and Mikko Peltoniemi
Biogeosciences, 17, 2681–2700, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2681-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2681-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the relative magnitude of uncertainty sources on ecosystem indicators of the 21st century climate change on two boreal forest sites. In addition to RCP and climate model uncertainties, we included the overlooked model parameter uncertainty and management actions in our analysis. Management was the dominant uncertainty factor for the more verdant southern site, followed by RCP, climate and parameter uncertainties. The uncertainties were estimated with canonical correlation analysis.
Guido Kraemer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Markus Reichstein, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 2397–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To closely monitor the state of our planet, we require systems that can monitor
the observation of many different properties at the same time. We create
indicators that resemble the behavior of many different simultaneous
observations. We apply the method to create indicators representing the
Earth's biosphere. The indicators show a productivity gradient and a water
gradient. The resulting indicators can detect a large number of changes and
extremes in the Earth system.
Barbara Marcolla, Mirco Migliavacca, Christian Rödenbeck, and Alessandro Cescatti
Biogeosciences, 17, 2365–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2365-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2365-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the sensitivity of terrestrial CO2 fluxes to climate drivers. We observed that CO2 flux is mostly controlled by temperature during the growing season and by radiation off season. We also observe that radiation importance is increasing over time while sensitivity to temperature is decreasing in Eurasia. Ultimately this analysis shows that ecosystem response to climate is changing, with potential repercussions for future terrestrial sink and land role in climate mitigation.
Stephanie C. Pennington, Nate G. McDowell, J. Patrick Megonigal, James C. Stegen, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
Biogeosciences, 17, 771–780, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-771-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-771-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration (Rs) is the flow of CO2 from the soil surface to the atmosphere and is one of the largest carbon fluxes on land. This study examined the effect of local basal area (tree area) on Rs in a coastal forest in eastern Maryland, USA. Rs measurements were taken as well as distance from soil collar, diameter, and species of each tree within a 15 m radius. We found that trees within 5 m of our sampling points had a positive effect on how sensitive soil respiration was to temperature.
Keri L. Bowering, Kate A. Edwards, Karen Prestegaard, Xinbiao Zhu, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 17, 581–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the effects of season and tree harvesting on the flow of water and the organic carbon (OC) it carries from boreal forest soils. We found that more OC was lost from the harvested forest because more precipitation reached the soil surface but that during periods of flushing in autumn and snowmelt a limit on the amount of water-extractable OC is reached. These results contribute to an increased understanding of carbon loss from boreal forest soils.
Jason Philip Kaye, Susan L. Brantley, Jennifer Zan Williams, and the SSHCZO team
Biogeosciences, 16, 4661–4669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4661-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4661-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Interdisciplinary teams can only capitalize on innovative ideas if members work well together through collegial and efficient use of field sites, instrumentation, samples, data, and model code. Thus, biogeoscience teams may benefit from developing a set of best practices for collaboration. We present one such example from a the Susquehanna Shale Hills critical zone observatory. Many of the themes from our example are universal, and they offer insights useful to other biogeoscience teams.
Anne Alexandre, Elizabeth Webb, Amaelle Landais, Clément Piel, Sébastien Devidal, Corinne Sonzogni, Martine Couapel, Jean-Charles Mazur, Monique Pierre, Frédéric Prié, Christine Vallet-Coulomb, Clément Outrequin, and Jacques Roy
Biogeosciences, 16, 4613–4625, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4613-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4613-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This calibration study shows that despite isotope heterogeneity along grass leaves, the triple oxygen isotope composition of bulk leaf phytoliths can be estimated from the Craig and Gordon model, a mixing equation and a mean leaf water–phytolith fractionation exponent (lambda) of 0.521. The results strengthen the reliability of the 17O–excess of phytoliths to be used as a proxy of atmospheric relative humidity and open tracks for its use as an imprint of leaf water 17O–excess.
Lina Teckentrup, Sandy P. Harrison, Stijn Hantson, Angelika Heil, Joe R. Melton, Matthew Forrest, Fang Li, Chao Yue, Almut Arneth, Thomas Hickler, Stephen Sitch, and Gitta Lasslop
Biogeosciences, 16, 3883–3910, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3883-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3883-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares simulated burned area of seven global vegetation models provided by the Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) since 1900. We investigate the influence of five forcing factors: atmospheric CO2, population density, land–use change, lightning and climate.
We find that the anthropogenic factors lead to the largest spread between models. Trends due to climate are mostly not significant but climate strongly influences the inter-annual variability of burned area.
Marcos A. S. Scaranello, Michael Keller, Marcos Longo, Maiza N. dos-Santos, Veronika Leitold, Douglas C. Morton, Ekena R. Pinagé, and Fernando Del Bon Espírito-Santo
Biogeosciences, 16, 3457–3474, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3457-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3457-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The coarse dead wood component of the tropical forest carbon pool is rarely measured. For the first time, we developed models for predicting coarse dead wood in Amazonian forests by using airborne laser scanning data. Our models produced site-based estimates similar to independent field estimates found in the literature. Our study provides an approach for estimating coarse dead wood pools from remotely sensed data and mapping those pools over large scales in intact and degraded forests.
James Brennan, Jose L. Gómez-Dans, Mathias Disney, and Philip Lewis
Biogeosciences, 16, 3147–3164, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate the uncertainties associated with three global satellite-derived burned area estimates. The method provides unique uncertainties for the three estimates at the global scale for 2001–2013. We find uncertainties of 4 %–5.5 % in global burned area and uncertainties of 8 %–10 % in the frequently burning regions of Africa and Australia.
Alexander J. Norton, Peter J. Rayner, Ernest N. Koffi, Marko Scholze, Jeremy D. Silver, and Ying-Ping Wang
Biogeosciences, 16, 3069–3093, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3069-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3069-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an estimate of global terrestrial photosynthesis. We make use of satellite chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, a visible indicator of photosynthesis, to optimize model parameters and estimate photosynthetic carbon uptake. This new framework incorporates nonlinear, process-based understanding of the link between fluorescence and photosynthesis, an advance on past approaches. This will aid in the utility of fluorescence to quantify terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks.
Sophie V. J. van der Horst, Andrew J. Pitman, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna Ukkola, Gab Abramowitz, and Peter Isaac
Biogeosciences, 16, 1829–1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of surface fluxes are taken around the world and are extremely valuable for understanding how the land and atmopshere interact, and how the land can amplify temerature extremes. However, do these measurements sample extreme temperatures, or are they biased to the average? We examine this question and highlight data that do measure surface fluxes under extreme conditions. This provides a way forward to help model developers improve their models.
Friederike Gerschlauer, Gustavo Saiz, David Schellenberger Costa, Michael Kleyer, Michael Dannenmann, and Ralf Kiese
Biogeosciences, 16, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-409-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-409-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Mount Kilimanjaro is an iconic environmental asset under serious threat due to increasing human pressures and climate change constraints. We studied variations in the stable isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in plant, litter, and soil material sampled along a strong land-use and altitudinal gradient. Our results show that, besides management, increasing temperatures in a changing climate may promote carbon and nitrogen losses, thus altering the stability of Kilimanjaro ecosystems.
Boaz Hilman, Jan Muhr, Susan E. Trumbore, Norbert Kunert, Mariah S. Carbone, Päivi Yuval, S. Joseph Wright, Gerardo Moreno, Oscar Pérez-Priego, Mirco Migliavacca, Arnaud Carrara, José M. Grünzweig, Yagil Osem, Tal Weiner, and Alon Angert
Biogeosciences, 16, 177–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-177-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-177-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Combined measurement of CO2 / O2 fluxes in tree stems suggested that on average 41 % of the respired CO2 was not emitted locally to the atmosphere. This finding strengthens the recognition that CO2 efflux from tree stems is not an accurate measure of respiration. The CO2 / O2 fluxes did not vary as expected if CO2 dissolution in the xylem sap was the main driver for the CO2 retention. We suggest the examination of refixation of respired CO2 as a possible mechanism for CO2 retention.
Gitta Lasslop, Thomas Moeller, Donatella D'Onofrio, Stijn Hantson, and Silvia Kloster
Biogeosciences, 15, 5969–5989, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5969-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5969-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We apply a multivariate model evaluation to the relationship between climate, vegetation and fire in the tropics using the JSBACH land surface model and two remote-sensing data sets, with the aim to identify the potential for model improvement. The overestimation of tree cover for low precipitation and a very strong relationship between tree cover and burned area indicates opportunities in the improvement of drought effects and the impact of fire on tree cover or the adaptation of trees to fire.
Cited articles
Ariya, P. A., Amyot, M., Dastoor, A., Deeds, D., Feinberg, A., Kos, G.,
Poulain, A., Ryjkov, A., Semeniuk, K., Subir, M., and Toyota, K.: Mercury
physicochemical and biogeochemical transformation in the atmosphere and at
atmospheric interfaces: a review and future directions, Chem. Rev., 115,
3760–3802, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500667e, 2015.
Assad, M., Parelle, J., Cazaux, D., Gimbert, F., Chalot, M., and Tatin-Froux,
F.: Mercury uptake into poplar leaves, Chemosphere, 146, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.103, 2016.
Bishop, K., Shanley, J. B., Riscassi, A., de Wit, H. A., Eklöf, K.,
Meng, B., Mitchell, C., Osterwalder, S., Schuster, P. F., Webster, J., and
Zhu, W.: Recent advances in understanding and measurement of mercury in the
environment: Terrestrial Hg cycling, Sci. Total Environ., 721, 137647,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137647, 2020.
Blackwell, B. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: Using foliar and forest floor mercury
concentrations to assess spatial patterns of mercury deposition, Environ.
Pollut., 202, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.036, 2015.
Blackwell, B. D., Driscoll, C. T., Maxwell, J. A., and Holsen, T. M.:
Changing climate alters inputs and pathways of mercury deposition to
forested ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 119, 215–228,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-9961-6, 2014.
Brus, D. J., Hengeveld, G. M., Walvoort, D. J. J., Goedhart, P. W., Heidema,
A. H., Nabuurs, G. J., and Gunia, K.: Statistical mapping of tree species
over Europe, Eur. J. For. Res., 131, 145–157,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-011-0513-5, 2012.
Burkhardt, J. and Pariyar, S.: Particulate pollutants are capable to
“degrade” epicuticular waxes and to decrease the drought tolerance of
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Environ. Pollut., 184, 659–667,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.041, 2014.
Bushey, J. T., Nallana, A. G., Montesdeoca, M. R., and Driscoll, C. T.:
Mercury dynamics of a northern hardwood canopy, Atmos. Environ., 42,
6905–6914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.043, 2008.
Demers, J. D., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J., and Yavitt, J. B.: Mercury
cycling in litter and soil in different forest types in the Adirondack
Region, New York, USA, Ecol. Appl., 17, 1341–1351,
https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1697.1, 2007.
Demers, J. D., Blum, J. D., and Zak, D. R.: Mercury isotopes in a forested
ecosystem: Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global
mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 222–238,
https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20021, 2013.
Driscoll, C. T., Mason, R. P., Chan, H. M., Jacob, D. J., and Pirrone, N.:
Mercury as a global pollutant: sources, pathways, and effects, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 47, 4967–4983, https://doi.org/10.1021/es305071v, 2013.
EMEP: Air pollution trends in the EMEP region between 1990 and 2012, Joint
Report, CCC-Report 1/2016, available at: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513779/ (last access: 14 December 2020), 2016.
Enrico, M., Roux, G. L., Marusczak, N., Heimbürger, L.-E., Claustres,
A., Fu, X., Sun, R., and Sonke, J. E.: Atmospheric mercury transfer to peat
bogs dominated by gaseous elemental mercury dry deposition, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 2405–2412, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06058, 2016.
Ericksen, J. A. and Gustin, M. S.: Foliar exchange of mercury as a function
of soil and air mercury concentrations, Sci. Total Environ., 324,
271–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.034, 2004.
EU: European Commission, 2011/833/EU: Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents, available at:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj (last access: 14 December 2020), 2011.
Fichtner, A., Sturm, K., Rickert, C., von Oheimb, G., and Härdtle, W.:
Crown size-growth relationships of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are
driven by the interplay of disturbance intensity and inter-specific
competition, Forest Ecol. Manag., 302, 178–184,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.027, 2013.
Fleck, J. A., Grigal, D. F., and Nater, E. A.: Mercury uptake by trees: an
observational experiment, Water Air Soil Poll., 115, 513–523,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005194608598, 1999.
Freeland, R. O.: Effect of age of leaves upon the rate of photosynthesis in
some conifers, Plant Physiol., 27, 685–690, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.27.4.685,
1952.
Frescholtz, T. F., Gustin, M. S., Schorran, D. E., and Fernandez, G. C. J.:
Assessing the source of mercury in foliar tissue of quaking aspen, Environ.
Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2114–2119, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220922, 2003.
Fu, X., Zhu, W., Zhang, H., Sommar, J., Yu, B., Yang, X., Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Depletion of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury by plant uptake at Mt. Changbai, Northeast China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12861–12873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016, 2016.
Garonna, I., de Jong, R., de Wit, A. J., Mücher, C. A., Schmid, B., and Schaepman, M. E.: Strong contribution of autumn phenology to changes in
satellite-derived growing season length estimates across Europe
(1982–2011), Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3457–3470, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12625,
2014.
Gencarelli, C. N., de Simone, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Sprovieri, F., Yang, X.,
and Pirrone, N.: European and Mediterranean mercury modelling: Local and
long-range contributions to the deposition flux, Atmos. Environ., 117,
162–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.015, 2015.
Graydon, J. A., St. Louis, V. L., Lindberg, S. E., Hintelmann, H., and
Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Investigation of mercury exchange between forest canopy
vegetation and the atmosphere using a new dynamic chamber, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 40, 4680–4688, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0604616, 2006.
Grigal, D. F.: Inputs and outputs of mercury from terrestrial watersheds: a review, Environ. Rev., 10, 1–39, 2002.
Güney, A., Zimmermann, R., Krupp, A., and Haas, K.: Needle
characteristics of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.): degradation of
epicuticular waxes and decrease of photosynthetic rates with increasing
needle age, Turk. J. Agric. For., 40, 386–396, https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1507-63,
2016.
Hakkila, P.: Hakkuupoistuman Latvusmassa: Crown mass of trees at the
harvesting phase, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52273555.pdf (last access: 14 December 2020), 1991.
Hall, B. D. and St. Louis, V. L.: Methylmercury and Total Mercury in Plant
Litter Decomposing in Upland Forests and Flooded Landscapes, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 38, 5010–5021, https://doi.org/10.1021/es049800q, 2004.
Hirose, T.: Development of the Monsi-Saeki Theory on Canopy Structure and
Function, Ann. Bot.-London, 95, 483–494, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci047, 2004.
Hutnik, R. J., McClenahen, J. R., Long, R. P., and Davis, D. D.: Mercury
Accumulation in Pinus nigra (Austrian Pine), Northeast. Nat., 21,
529–540, https://doi.org/10.1656/045.021.0402, 2014.
Iio, A. and Ito, A.: A Global Database of Field-observed Leaf Area Index in Woody Plant Species, 1932–2011, Data set available online from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1231, 2014.
Jaffe, D. A., Lyman, S., Amos, H. M., Gustin, M. S., Huang, J., Selin, N.
E., Levin, L., ter Schure, A., Mason, R. P., Talbot, R., Rutter, A., Finley,
B., Jaeglé, L., Shah, V., McClure, C., Ambrose, J., Gratz, L., Lindberg,
S., Weiss-Penzias, P., Sheu, G.-R., Feddersen, D., Horvat, M., Dastoor, A.,
Hynes, A. J., Mao, H., Sonke, J. E., Slemr, F., Fisher, J. A., Ebinghaus,
R., Zhang, Y., and Edwards, G.: Progress on understanding atmospheric mercury
hampered by uncertain measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48,
7204–7206, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5026432, 2014.
Jensen, A. M., Warren, J. M., Hanson, P. J., Childs, J., and Wullschleger, S.
D.: Needle age and season influence photosynthetic temperature response and
total annual carbon uptake in mature Picea mariana trees, Ann. Bot.-London, 116, 821–832, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv115, 2015.
Jiskra, M., Wiederhold, J. G., Skyllberg, U., Kronberg, R.-M., Hajdas, I.,
and Kretzschmar, R.: Mercury deposition and re-emission pathways in boreal
forest soils investigated with Hg isotope signatures, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 49, 7188–7196, 2015.
Jiskra, M., Sonke, J. E., Obrist, D., Bieser, J., Ebinghaus, R., Myhre, C.
L., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Wängberg, I., Kyllönen, K., Worthy, D.,
Martin, L. G., Labuschagne, C., Mkololo, T., Ramonet, M., Magand, O., and
Dommergue, A.: A vegetation control on seasonal variations in global
atmospheric mercury concentrations, Nat. Geosci., 11, 244–250,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8, 2018.
Jiskra, M., Sonke, J. E., Agnan, Y., Helmig, D., and Obrist, D.: Insights from mercury stable isotopes on terrestrial–atmosphere exchange of Hg(0) in the Arctic tundra, Biogeosciences, 16, 4051–4064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4051-2019, 2019.
JRC: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC): Forest Type Map
2006, available at: https://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/past-activities/forest-mapping/#Downloadforestmaps (last access: 14 December 2020), 2010.
Juillerat, J. I., Ross, D. S., and Bank, M. S.: Mercury in litterfall and
upper soil horizons in forested ecosystems in Vermont, USA, Environ.
Toxicol. Chem., 31, 1720–1729, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1896, 2012.
Kahmen, A., Lustenberger, S., Zemp, E., and Erny, B.: The Swiss Canopy Crane
Experiment II and the botanical garden (University Basel), DBG, available at: https://www.dbges.de/de/system/files/Tagung_Bern/Exkursionen/g_08_final_0.pdf, (last access: 14 December 2020), 2019.
Kempeneers, P., Sedano, F., Seebach, L., Strobl, P., and San-Miguel-Ayanz,
J.: Data fusion of different spatial resolution remote sensing images
applied to forest-type mapping, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 49, 4977–4986, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2158548, 2011.
Konôpka, B., Pajtík, J., Marušák, R., Bošeła, M., and
Lukac, M.: Specific leaf area and leaf area index in developing stands of
Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies Karst., Forest Ecol. Manag., 364, 52–59,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.005, 2016.
Körner, C.: Plant–Environment Interactions, in: Strasburger's Plant
Sciences: Including Prokaryotes and Fungi, edited by: Bresinsky, A.,
Körner, C., Kadereit, J. W., Neuhaus, G., and Sonnewald, U., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 1065–1166, 2013.
Laacouri, A., Nater, E. A., and Kolka, R. K.: Distribution and uptake
dynamics of mercury in leaves of common deciduous tree species in Minnesota,
USA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10462–10470, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401357z, 2013.
Lange, H.: Carbon exchange measurements at a flux tower in Hurdal, SNS/Efinord Growth and Yield Network Conference, 13–15 June 2017; Drøbak, Hurdal and Son, Norway; Book of Abstracts p. 27, available at: http://nordicforestresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/NIBIO-BOK-39-2017.pdf (last access: 14 December 2020), 2017.
Lindroth, A., Heliasz, M., Klemedtsson, L., Friborg, T., Nilsson, M.,
Löfvenius, O., Rutgersson, A., and Stiegler, C.: ICOS Sweden – a national infrastructure network for greenhouse gas research, EGU Geophys. Res. Abstr., 17, EGU2015-10307-2, 2015.
Lindroth, A., Holst, J., Heliasz, M., Vestin, P., Lagergren, F., Biermann,
T., Cai, Z., and Mölder, M.: Effects of low thinning on carbon dioxide
fluxes in a mixed hemiboreal forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 262, 59–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.021, 2018.
Lodenius, M., Tulisalo, E., and Soltanpour-Gargari, A.: Exchange of mercury
between atmosphere and vegetation under contaminated conditions, Sci. Total
Environ., 304, 169–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00566-1, 2003.
Lohila, A., Penttilä, T., Jortikka, S., Aalto, T., Anttila, P., Asmi,
E., Aurela, M., Hatakka, J., Hellén, H., Henttonen, H., Hänninen,
P., Kilkki, J., Kyllönen, K., Laurila, T., Lepistö, A., Lihavainen,
H., Makkonen, U., Paatero, J., Rask, M., Sutinen, R., Tuovinen, J.-P.,
Vuorenmaa, J., and Viisanen, Y.: Preface to the special issue on integrated
research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas, Boreal
Environ. Res., 20, 431–454, 2015.
Loustau, D., Altimir, N., Barbaste, M., Gielen, B., Jiménez, S. M.,
Klumpp, K., Linder, S., Matteucci, G., Merbold, L., Op de Beeck, M.,
Soulé, P., Thimonier, A., Vincke, C., and Waldner, P.: Sampling and
collecting foliage elements for the determination of the foliar nutrients in
ICOS ecosystem stations, Int. Agrophys., 32, 665–676, https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0038, 2018.
Manceau, A., Wang, J., Rovezzi, M., Glatzel, P., and Feng, X.: Biogenesis of
mercury–sulfur nanoparticles in plant leaves from atmospheric gaseous
mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 3935–3948,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05452, 2018.
Marshall, J. D. and Monserud, R. A.: Foliage height influences specific leaf
area of three conifer species, Can. J. Forest Res., 33, 164–170,
https://doi.org/10.1139/x02-158, 2003.
Matyssek, R., Reich, P., Oren, R., and Winner, W. E.: 9 – Response Mechanisms of Conifers to Air Pollutants, in: Ecophysiology of Coniferous Forests, edited by: Smith, W. K. and Hinckley, T. M., Academic Press, San Diego, 255–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-092593-6.50014-1, 1995.
McLagan, D. S., Mitchell, C. P. J., Huang, H., Lei, Y. D., Cole, A. S.,
Steffen, A., Hung, H., and Wania, F.: A high-precision passive air sampler
for gaseous mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 3, 24–29,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00319, 2016.
Merilo, E., Tulva, I., Räim, O., Kükit, A., Sellin, A., and Kull, O.:
Changes in needle nitrogen partitioning and photosynthesis during 80 years
of tree ontogeny in Picea abies, Trees, 23, 951–958,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-0337-9, 2009.
Millhollen, A. G., Gustin, M. S., and Obrist, D.: Foliar mercury accumulation
and exchange for three tree species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40,
6001–6006, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0609194, 2006.
Minamata Convention: DRAFT Report on the work of the ad hoc technical group
on effectiveness evaluation, available at:
http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Portals/11/documents/meetings/COP3/Effectiveness/EU-experts-comments-04Sep2019.pdf, (last access: 14 December 2020), 2019.
Monsi, M. and Saeki, T.: On the factor light in plant communities and its
importance for matter production, Ann. Bot.-London, 95, 549–567,
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci052, 2004.
Morecroft, M. D. and Roberts, J. M.: Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance
of mature canopy oak (Quercus robur) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
trees throughout the growing season, Funct. Ecol., 13, 332–342,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00327.x, 1999.
Navrátil, T., Shanley, J. B., Rohovec, J., Oulehle, F., Šimeček,
M., Houška, J., and Cudlín, P.: Soil mercury distribution in
adjacent coniferous and deciduous stands highly impacted by acid rain in the
Ore Mountains, Czech Republic, Appl. Geochem., 75, 63–75,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.10.005, 2016.
Navrátil, T., Nováková, T., Roll, M., Shanley, J. B.,
Kopáček, J., Rohovec, J., Kaňa, J., and Cudlín, P.:
Decreasing litterfall mercury deposition in central European coniferous
forests and effects of bark beetle infestation, Sci. Total Environ., 682,
213–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.093, 2019.
Niinemets, U., Ellsworth, D. S., Lukjanova, A., and Tobias, M.: Site
fertility and the morphological and photosynthetic acclimation of Pinus
sylvestris needles to light, Tree Physiol., 21, 1231–1244,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.17.1231, 2001.
NILU: EMEP manual for sampling and chemical analysis, EMEP/CCC-Report, 1/95, available at: https://projects.nilu.no/ccc/manual/download/cccr1-95rev.pdf (last accessed 14 December 2020), 2001.
Obrist, D.: Atmospheric mercury pollution due to losses of terrestrial
carbon pools?, Biogeochemistry, 85, 119–123,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9108-0, 2007.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. E., Luo, Y., Hararuk, O., Bracho,
R., Battles, J. J., Dail, D. B., Edmonds, R. L., Monson, R. K., Ollinger, S.
V., Pallardy, S. G., Pregitzer, K. S., and Todd, D. E.: Mercury distribution
across 14 US forests, Part I: spatial patterns of concentrations in
biomass, litter, and soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 3974–3981,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es104384m, 2011.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., and Edmonds, R. L.: Effects of vegetation type on
mercury concentrations and pools in two adjacent coniferous and deciduous
forests, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 175, 68–77,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000415, 2012.
Obrist, D., Pokharel, A. K., and Moore, C.: Vertical profile measurements of
soil air suggest immobilization of gaseous elemental mercury in mineral
soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 2242–2252, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4048297,
2014.
Obrist, D., Agnan, Y., Jiskra, M., Olson, C. L., Colegrove, D. P., Hueber,
J., Moore, C. W., Sonke, J. E., and Helmig, D.: Tundra uptake of atmospheric
elemental mercury drives Arctic mercury pollution, Nature, 547,
201–204, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22997, 2017.
Obrist, D., Kirk, J. L., Zhang, L., Sunderland, E. M., Jiskra, M., and Selin,
N. E.: A review of global environmental mercury processes in response to
human and natural perturbations: Changes of emissions, climate, and land
use, Ambio, 47, 116–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-1004-9, 2018.
Ollerova, H., Maruskova, A., Kontrisova, O., and Pliestikova, L.: Mercury
accumulation in Picea abies (L.) Karst. needles with regard to needle age,
Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 19, 1401–1404, 2010.
Op de Beeck, M., Gielen, B., Jonckheere, I., Samson, R., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Needle age-related and seasonal photosynthetic capacity variation is negligible for modelling yearly gas exchange of a sparse temperate Scots pine forest, Biogeosciences, 7, 199–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-199-2010, 2010.
Pacyna, J. M., Pacyna, E. G., and Aas, W.: Changes of emissions and
atmospheric deposition of mercury, lead, and cadmium, Atmos. Environ.,
43, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.066, 2009.
Pokharel, A. K. and Obrist, D.: Fate of mercury in tree litter during decomposition, Biogeosciences, 8, 2507–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2507-2011, 2011.
Poole, I., Weyers, J. D. B., Lawson, T., and Raven, J. A.: Variations in
stomatal density and index: implications for palaeoclimatic reconstructions,
Plant Cell Environ., 19, 705–712,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00405.x, 1996.
Prestbo, E. M. and Gay, D. A.: Wet deposition of mercury in the US and
Canada, 1996–2005: Results and analysis of the NADP mercury deposition
network (MDN), Atmos. Environ., 43, 4223–4233,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.028, 2009.
Rasmussen, P. E., Mierle, G., and Nriagu, J. O.: The analysis of vegetation
for total mercury, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 379–390,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00342285, 1991.
Rautio, P., Fürst, A., Stefan, K., Raitio, H., and Bartels, U.: UNECE ICP
Forests Programme Co-ordinating Centre: Manual on methods and criteria
for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects
of air pollution on forests, Part XII: Sampling and analysis of needles and
leaves, Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Eberswalde, Germany, available at: https://www.icp-forests.org/pdf/manual/2016/ICP_Manual_2017_01_part12.pdf (last access: 14 December 2020),
2016.
Rea, A. W., Keeler, G. J., and Scherbatskoy, T.: The deposition of mercury in
throughfall and litterfall in the Lake Champlain Watershed: A short-term
study, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3257–3263,
https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(96)00087-8, 1996.
Rea, A. W., Lindberg, S. E., and Keeler, G. J.: Dry deposition and foliar
leaching of mercury and selected trace elements in deciduous forest
throughfall, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3453–3462,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00133-9, 2001.
Rea, A. W., Lindberg, S. E., Scherbatskoy, T., and Keeler, G. J.: Mercury
accumulation in foliage over time in two northern mixed-hardwood forests,
Water Air Soil Poll., 133, 49–67, 2002.
Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., and Ellsworth, D. S.: From tropics to tundra:
Global convergence in plant functioning, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94,
13730–13734, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.25.13730, 1997.
Risch, M. R., DeWild, J. F., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Kolka, R. K., and Zhang, L.:
Litterfall mercury dry deposition in the eastern USA, Environ. Pollut., 161,
284–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.005, 2012.
Risch, M. R., DeWild, J. F., Gay, D. A., Zhang, L., Boyer, E. W., and
Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Atmospheric mercury deposition to forests in the eastern
USA, Environ. Pollut., 228, 8–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.004, 2017.
Robakowski, P. and Bielinis, E.: Needle age dependence of photosynthesis
along a light gradient within an Abies alba crown, Acta Physiol. Plant.,
39, 83, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-017-2376-y, 2017.
Rötzer, T. and Chmielewski, F.: Phenological maps of Europe, Clim. Res.,
18, 249–257, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr018249, 2001.
Rutter, A. P., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., Creswell, J. E., Olson, M. R.,
Robinson, M., Collins, R. M., Parman, A. M., Katzman, T. L., and Mallek, J.
L.: Dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury to plants and soils using
mercury stable isotopes in a controlled environment, Atmos. Environ., 45,
848–855, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.025, 2011.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Sitkiewicz, S. P., Roca-Sanjuán, D., Oliva-Enrich, J.
M., Dávalos, J. Z., Notario, R., Jiskra, M., Xu, Y., Wang, F., Thackray,
C. P., Sunderland, E. M., Jacob, D. J., Travnikov, O., Cuevas, C. A.,
Acuña, A. U., Rivero, D., Plane, J. M. C., Kinnison, D. E., and Sonke, J.
E.: Photoreduction of gaseous oxidized mercury changes global atmospheric
mercury speciation, transport and deposition, Nat. Commun., 9, 4796,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07075-3, 2018.
Schleyer, R., Bieber, E., and Wallasch, M.: Das Luftmessnetz des
Umweltbundesamtes, UBA German Federal Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, available at: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/das_luftmessnetz_des_umweltbundesamtes_bf_0.pdf (last access: 14 December 2020) 2013 (in German).
Schuldt, B., Buras, A., Arend, M., Vitasse, Y., Beierkuhnlein, C., Damm, A.,
Gharun, M., Grams, T. E. E., Hauck, M., Hajek, P., Hartmann, H.,
Hiltbrunner, E., Hoch, G., Holloway-Phillips, M., Körner, C., Larysch,
E., Lübbe, T., Nelson, D. B., Rammig, A., Rigling, A., Rose, L., Ruehr,
N. K., Schumann, K., Weiser, F., Werner, C., Wohlgemuth, T., Zang, C. S., and
Kahmen, A.: A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer
drought on Central European forests, Basic Appl. Ecol., 45, 86–103,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003, 2020.
Schulze, E. D.: Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in response to
drought in the atmosphere and in the soil, Ann. Rev. Plant Physio., 37, 247–274,
1986.
Sharma, R. P., Vacek, Z., and Vacek, S.: Individual tree crown width models
for Norway spruce and European beech in Czech Republic, Forest Ecol. Manag.,
366, 208–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.040, 2016.
Sonnewald, U.: Physiology of Development, in: Strasburger's Plant Sciences,
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 411–530, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15518-5_6, 2013.
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Angot, H., Barbante, C., Brunke, E.-G., Arcega-Cabrera, F., Cairns, W., Comero, S., Diéguez, M. D. C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X. B., Fu, X., Garcia, P. E., Gawlik, B. M., Hageström, U., Hansson, K., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Labuschagne, C., Magand, O., Martin, L., Mashyanov, N., Mkololo, T., Munthe, J., Obolkin, V., Ramirez Islas, M., Sena, F., Somerset, V., Spandow, P., Vardè, M., Walters, C., Wängberg, I., Weigelt, A., Yang, X., and Zhang, H.: Five-year records of mercury wet deposition flux at GMOS sites in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2689–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, 2017.
St. Louis, V. L., Rudd, J. W. M., Kelly, C. A., Hall, B. D., Rolfhus, K. R.,
Scott, K. J., Lindberg, S. E., and Dong, W.: Importance of the forest canopy
to fluxes of methyl mercury and total mercury to boreal ecosystems, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 35, 3089–3098, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001924p, 2001.
Stamenkovic, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Nonstomatal versus Stomatal Uptake of
Atmospheric Mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1367–1372,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es801583a, 2009.
Stancioiu, P. T. and O'Hara, K. L.: Morphological plasticity of regeneration
subject to different levels of canopy cover in mixed-species, multiaged
forests of the Romanian Carpathians, Trees, 20, 196–209,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-005-0026-2, 2006.
Tahvanainen, T. and Forss, E.: Individual tree models for the crown biomass
distribution of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch in Finland, Forest Ecol.
Manag., 255, 455–467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.035, 2008.
Teixeira, D. C., Montezuma, R. C., Oliveira, R. R. and Silva-Filho, E. V.:
Litterfall mercury deposition in Atlantic forest ecosystem from SE – Brazil, Environ. Pollut., 164, 11–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.032,
2012.
Temesgen, H., LeMay, V., and Mitchell, S. J.: Tree crown ratio models for
multi-species and multi-layered stands of southeastern British Columbia,
Forest. Chron., 81, 133–141, https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc81133-1, 2005.
Tørseth, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Fjæraa, A. M., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke, A. G., Lund Myhre, C., Solberg, S., and Yttri, K. E.: Introduction to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5447–5481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012, 2012.
Tyrrell, M. L., Ross, J., and Kelty, M.: Carbon dynamics in the Temperate
Forest, in: Managing Forest Carbon in a Changing Climate, edited by:
Ashton, M. S., Tyrrell, M. L., Spalding, D., and Gentry, B., Springer,
Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 77–107, 2012
UBA: Qualitätssicherungshandbuch des UBA Messnetzes, Texte 28-04, German Federal Environment Agency) Berlin, 536 pp., available at: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/2766.pdf (last access: 14 December 2020) 2004 (in
German).
UN Environment: Global Mercury Assessment Report 2018, UN Environmental
Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch Geneva, Switzerland, available at:
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27579/GMA2018.pdf, last access: 2 October 2019.
Wang, X., Bao, Z., Lin, C.-J., Yuan, W., and Feng, X.: Assessment of global
mercury deposition through litterfall, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50,
8548–8557, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06351, 2016.
Wängberg, I. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric mercury in Sweden, Northern
Finland and Northern Europe, Results from national monitoring and European
research, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute report, available at: https://www.ivl.se/download/18.34244ba71728fcb3f3f5ee/1591704288589/B1399.pdf (last access: 14 December 2020), 2001.
Wängberg, I., Munthe, J., Berg, T., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., Temme,
C., Bieber, E., Spain, T. G., and Stolk, A.: Trends in air concentration and
deposition of mercury in the coastal environment of the North Sea Area,
Atmos. Environ., 41, 2612–2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.024,
2007.
Wängberg, I., Nerentorp Mastromonaco, M. G., Munthe, J., and Gårdfeldt, K.: Airborne mercury species at the Råö background monitoring site in Sweden: distribution of mercury as an effect of long-range transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13379–13387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13379-2016, 2016.
Warren, C. R.: Why does photosynthesis decrease with needle age in Pinus
pinaster?, Trees, 20, 157–164, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-005-0021-7, 2006.
Weiss-Penzias, P. S., Gay, D. A., Brigham, M. E., Parsons, M. T., Gustin, M.
S., and ter Schure, A.: Trends in mercury wet deposition and mercury air
concentrations across the US and Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 568,
546–556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.061, 2016.
Wieser, G. and Tausz, M.: Trees at their Upper Limit: Treelife
Limitation at the Alpine Timberline, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, ISBN 978-1-4020-5074-9, 2007.
Wohlgemuth, L.: Dataset to Publication: A bottom-up quantification of foliar mercury uptake fluxes across Europe, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3957873, 2020.
Wright, I. J., Reich, P. B., Westoby, M., Ackerly, D. D., Baruch, Z.,
Bongers, F., Cavender-Bares, J., Chapin, T., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Diemer,
M., Flexas, J., Garnier, E., Groom, P. K., Gulias, J., Hikosaka, K., Lamont,
B. B., Lee, T., Lee, W., Lusk, C., Midgley, J. J., Navas, M.-L., Niinemets,
Ü., Oleksyn, J., Osada, N., Poorter, H., Poot, P., Prior, L., Pyankov,
V. I., Roumet, C., Thomas, S. C., Tjoelker, M. G., Veneklaas, E. J., and
Villar, R.: The worldwide leaf economics spectrum, Nature, 428,
821–827, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403, 2004.
Wright, L. P., Zhang, L., and Marsik, F. J.: Overview of mercury dry deposition, litterfall, and throughfall studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13399–13416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13399-2016, 2016.
Xiao, C.-W., Janssens, I. A., Curiel Yuste, J., and Ceulemans, R.: Variation
of specific leaf area and upscaling to leaf area index in mature Scots pine,
Trees, 20, 304, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-005-0039-x, 2006.
Yang, Y., Yanai, R. D., Montesdeoca, M., and Driscoll, C. T.: Measuring
mercury in wood: challenging but important, Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 97,
456–467, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2017.1324852, 2017.
Yuan, W., Sommar, J., Lin, C.-J., Wang, X., Li, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Lu,
Z., Wu, C., and Feng, X.: Stable isotope evidence shows re-emission of
elemental mercury vapor occurring after reductive loss from foliage,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 651–660, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04865, 2019.
Zhang, L., Wright, L. P., and Blanchard, P.: A review of current knowledge
concerning dry deposition of atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Environ., 43,
5853–5864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.019, 2009.
Zhang, L., Wu, Z., Cheng, I., Wright, L. P., Olson, M. L., Gay, D. A.,
Risch, M. R., Brooks, S., Castro, M. S., Conley, G. D., Edgerton, E. S.,
Holsen, T. M., Luke, W., Tordon, R., and Weiss-Penzias, P.: The estimated
six-year mercury dry deposition across North America, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 12864–12873, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04276, 2016.
Zheng, W., Obrist, D., Weis, D., and Bergquist, B. A.: Mercury isotope
compositions across North American forests, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30,
1475–1492, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005323, 2016.
Short summary
Mercury uptake by trees from the air represents an important but poorly quantified pathway in the global mercury cycle. We determined mercury uptake fluxes by leaves and needles at 10 European forests which were 4 times larger than mercury deposition via rainfall. The amount of mercury taken up by leaves and needles depends on their age and growing height on the tree. Scaling up our measurements to the forest area of Europe, we estimate that each year 20 t of mercury is taken up by trees.
Mercury uptake by trees from the air represents an important but poorly quantified pathway in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint