Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 04 Mar 2021
| 04 Mar 2021
Microclimatic comparison of lichen heaths and shrubs: shrubification generates atmospheric heating but subsurface cooling during the growing season
Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of
South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800 Bø, Norway
Johan Asplund
Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås,
Norway
Arvid Odland
Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of
South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800 Bø, Norway
Stefanie Reinhardt
Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of
South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800 Bø, Norway
Hans Renssen
Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of
South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800 Bø, Norway
Related authors
No articles found.
Esmeralda Cruz-Silva, Sandy P. Harrison, I. Colin Prentice, Elena Marinova, Patrick J. Bartlein, Hans Renssen, and Yurui Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 2093–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examined 71 pollen records (12.3 ka to present) in the eastern Mediterranean, reconstructing climate changes. Over 9000 years, winters gradually warmed due to orbital factors. Summer temperatures peaked at 4.5–5 ka, likely declining because of ice sheets. Moisture increased post-11 kyr, remaining high from 10–6 kyr before a slow decrease. Climate models face challenges in replicating moisture transport.
Paolo Scussolini, Job Dullaart, Sanne Muis, Alessio Rovere, Pepijn Bakker, Dim Coumou, Hans Renssen, Philip J. Ward, and Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts
Clim. Past, 19, 141–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct sea level extremes due to storm surges in a past warmer climate. We employ a novel combination of paleoclimate modeling and global ocean hydrodynamic modeling. We find that during the Last Interglacial, about 127 000 years ago, seasonal sea level extremes were indeed significantly different – higher or lower – on long stretches of the global coast. These changes are associated with different patterns of atmospheric storminess linked with meridional shifts in wind bands.
Frank Arthur, Didier M. Roche, Ralph Fyfe, Aurélien Quiquet, and Hans Renssen
Clim. Past, 19, 87–106, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-87-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-87-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper simulates transcient Holocene climate in Europe by applying an interactive downscaling to the standard version of the iLOVECLIM model. The results show that downscaling presents a higher spatial variability in better agreement with proxy-based reconstructions as compared to the standard model, particularly in the Alps, the Scandes, and the Mediterranean. Our downscaling scheme is numerically cheap, which can perform kilometric multi-millennial simulations suitable for future studies.
Huan Li, Hans Renssen, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 18, 2303–2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In past warm periods, the Sahara region was covered by vegetation. In this paper we study transitions from this
greenstate to the desert state we find today. For this purpose, we have used a global climate model coupled to a vegetation model to perform transient simulations. We analyzed the model results to assess the effect of vegetation shifts on the abruptness of the transition. We find that the vegetation feedback was more efficient during the last interglacial than during the Holocene.
Related subject area
Biogeophysics: Physical - Biological Coupling
Contribution of the open ocean to the nutrient and phytoplankton inventory in a semi-enclosed coastal sea
The contrasted phytoplankton dynamics across a frontal system in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea
Sub-frontal niches of plankton communities driven by transport and trophic interactions at ocean fronts
Differential feeding habits of the shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus correlate with their resident vent types at a scale of meters
Unique ocean circulation pathways reshape the Indian Ocean oxygen minimum zone with warming
Satellite data reveal earlier and stronger phytoplankton blooms over fronts in the Gulf Stream region
Assimilation of multiple datasets results in large differences in regional- to global-scale NEE and GPP budgets simulated by a terrestrial biosphere model
Spatiotemporal lagging of predictors improves machine learning estimates of atmosphere–forest CO2 exchange
Phytoplankton reaction to an intense storm in the north-western Mediterranean Sea
Lagrangian and Eulerian time and length scales of mesoscale ocean chlorophyll from Bio-Argo floats and satellites
Reply to Lars Olof Björn's comment on “Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum” by Michaelian and Simeonov (2015)
Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories
A Bayesian sequential updating approach to predict phenology of silage maize
Using an oceanographic model to investigate the mystery of the missing puerulus
Climate pathways behind phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming
Impact of moderately energetic fine-scale dynamics on the phytoplankton community structure in the western Mediterranean Sea
Seasonal ecosystem vulnerability to climatic anomalies in the Mediterranean
Grazing behavior and winter phytoplankton accumulation
Episodic subduction patches in the western North Pacific identified from BGC-Argo float data
Do Loop Current eddies stimulate productivity in the Gulf of Mexico?
Quasi-tropical cyclone caused anomalous autumn coccolithophore bloom in the Black Sea
Divergent climate feedbacks on winter wheat growing and dormancy periods as affected by sowing date in the North China Plain
Fire and vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberia during the last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing
Evidence of eddy-related deep-ocean current variability in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean induced by remote gap winds
Root uptake under mismatched distributions of water and nutrients in the root zone
Interactive impacts of meteorological and hydrological conditions on the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system
Protists and collembolans alter microbial community composition, C dynamics and soil aggregation in simplified consumer–prey systems
Abundance and viability of particle-attached and free-floating bacteria in dusty and nondusty air
Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost
Drivers of the spatial phytoplankton gradient in estuarine–coastal systems: generic implications of a case study in a Dutch tidal bay
Biological and biogeochemical methods for estimating bioirrigation: a case study in the Oosterschelde estuary
Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and particulate organic nitrogen budget in the Yucatán shelf: driving mechanisms through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model
Basal thermal regime affects the biogeochemistry of subglacial systems
Influence of oceanic conditions in the energy transfer efficiency estimation of a micronekton model
Modulation of the North Atlantic deoxygenation by the slowdown of the nutrient stream
Stand age and species composition effects on surface albedo in a mixedwood boreal forest
Assessing the peatland hummock–hollow classification framework using high-resolution elevation models: implications for appropriate complexity ecosystem modeling
Tidal and seasonal forcing of dissolved nutrient fluxes in reef communities
Ideas and perspectives: Development of nascent autotrophic carbon fixation systems in various redox conditions of the fluid degassing on early Earth
Vertical distribution of chlorophyll in dynamically distinct regions of the southern Bay of Bengal
Remote and local drivers of oxygen and nitrate variability in the shallow oxygen minimum zone off Mauritania in June 2014
Longitudinal contrast in turbulence along a ∼ 19° S section in the Pacific and its consequences for biogeochemical fluxes
Ideas and perspectives: Strengthening the biogeosciences in environmental research networks
Imprint of Southern Ocean mesoscale eddies on chlorophyll
Grazing increases litter decomposition rate but decreases nitrogen release rate in an alpine meadow
Large- to submesoscale surface circulation and its implications on biogeochemical/biological horizontal distributions during the OUTPACE cruise (southwest Pacific)
OUTPACE long duration stations: physical variability, context of biogeochemical sampling, and evaluation of sampling strategy
Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone
Effects of shrub and tree cover increase on the near-surface atmosphere in northern Fennoscandia
Morphological plasticity of root growth under mild water stress increases water use efficiency without reducing yield in maize
Qian Leng, Xinyu Guo, Junying Zhu, and Akihiko Morimoto
Biogeosciences, 20, 4323–4338, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model, we revealed that a large proportion of nutrients in a semi-enclosed sea (Seto Inland Sea, Japan) comes from the Pacific Ocean and supports about half of the phytoplankton growth in the sea. Such results imply that the human-made management of nutrient load from land needs to consider the presence of oceanic nutrients, which act as a background concentration and are not controlled by human activities.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Monique Messié, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Lloyd Izard, Yuan Zhao, Francesco d'Ovidio, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 20, 3491–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3491-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a finescale frontal structure in order to highlight its influence on the dynamics and distribution of phytoplankton communities. We computed the growth rates of several phytoplankton groups identified by flow cytometry in two water masses separated by the front. We found contrasted phytoplankton dynamics on the two sides of the front, consistent with the distribution of their abundances. Our study gives new insights into the physical and biological coupling on a finescale front.
Inès Mangolte, Marina Lévy, Clément Haëck, and Mark D. Ohman
Biogeosciences, 20, 3273–3299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean fronts are ecological hotspots, associated with higher diversity and biomass for many marine organisms, from bacteria to whales. Using in situ data from the California Current Ecosystem, we show that far from being limited to the production of diatom blooms, fronts are the scene of complex biophysical couplings between biotic interactions (growth, competition, and predation) and transport by currents that generate planktonic communities with an original taxonomic and spatial structure.
Jing-Ying Wu, Siou-Yan Lin, Jung-Fu Huang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Jia-Jang Hung, Shao-Hung Peng, and Li-Lian Liu
Biogeosciences, 20, 2693–2706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The shallow-water hydrothermal vents off the Kueishan Island, Taiwan, have the most extreme records of pH values (1.52), temperatures (116 °C), and H2S concentrations (172.4 mmol mol−1) in the world. White and yellow vents differ in the color and physical and chemical characteristics of emitted plumes. We found that the feeding habits of the endemic vent crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) are adapted to their resident vent types at a distance of 100 m, and the trans-vent movement is uncommon.
Sam Ditkovsky, Laure Resplandy, and Julius Busecke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1082, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1082, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The global ocean is losing oxygen due to warming. The Indian Ocean is however gaining oxygen in large parts of the basin, and its naturally occurring oxygen minimum zone is not expanding. This rather unexpected response is explained by the unique ocean circulation of the Indian Ocean, which is bounded by a continent to the north but connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Indonesian Throughflow.
Clément Haëck, Marina Lévy, Inès Mangolte, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 20, 1741–1758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton vary in abundance in the ocean over large regions and with the seasons but also because of small-scale heterogeneities in surface temperature, called fronts. Here, using satellite imagery, we found that fronts enhance phytoplankton much more where it is already growing well, but despite large local increases the enhancement for the region is modest (5 %). We also found that blooms start 1 to 2 weeks earlier over fronts. These effects may have implications for ecosystems.
Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Frédéric Chevallier, Sébastien Léonard, Ernest N. Koffi, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 20, 1089–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of assimilating different dataset combinations on regional to global-scale C budgets is explored with the ORCHIDEE model. Assimilating simultaneously multiple datasets is preferable to optimize the values of the model parameters and avoid model overfitting. The challenges in constraining soil C disequilibrium using atmospheric CO2 data are highlighted for an accurate prediction of the land sink distribution.
Matti Kämäräinen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Markku Kulmala, Ivan Mammarella, Juha Aalto, Henriikka Vekuri, Annalea Lohila, and Anna Lintunen
Biogeosciences, 20, 897–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce a new method for modeling the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and a study site located in a boreal forest in southern Finland. Our method yields more accurate results than previous approaches in this context. Accurately estimating carbon exchange is crucial for gaining a better understanding of the role of forests in regulating atmospheric carbon and addressing climate change.
Stéphanie Barrillon, Robin Fuchs, Anne A. Petrenko, Caroline Comby, Anthony Bosse, Christophe Yohia, Jean-Luc Fuda, Nagib Bhairy, Frédéric Cyr, Andrea M. Doglioli, Gérald Grégori, Roxane Tzortzis, Francesco d'Ovidio, and Melilotus Thyssen
Biogeosciences, 20, 141–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme weather events can have a major impact on ocean physics and biogeochemistry, but their study is challenging. In May 2019, an intense storm occurred in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, during which in situ multi-platform measurements were performed. The results show a strong impact on the surface phytoplankton, highlighting the need for high-resolution measurements coupling physics and biology during these violent events that may become more common in the context of global change.
Darren C. McKee, Scott C. Doney, Alice Della Penna, Emmanuel S. Boss, Peter Gaube, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and David M. Glover
Biogeosciences, 19, 5927–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As phytoplankton (small, drifting photosynthetic organisms) drift with ocean currents, biomass accumulation rates should be evaluated in a Lagrangian (observer moves with a fluid parcel) as opposed to an Eulerian (observer is stationary) framework. Here, we use profiling floats and surface drifters combined with satellite data to analyse time and length scales of chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for biomass) and of velocity to quantify how phytoplankton variability is related to water motion.
Karo Michaelian and Aleksandar Simeonov
Biogeosciences, 19, 4029–4034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We reply to Lars Björn's critique of our article concerning the importance of photon dissipation to the origin and evolution of the biosphere. Björn doubts our assertion that organic pigments, ecosystems, and the biosphere arose out of a non-equilibrium thermodynamic imperative to increase global photon dissipation. He shows that the albedo of some non-living material is less than that of living material. We point out, however, that photon dissipation involves other factors besides albedo.
Reint Fischer, Delphine Lobelle, Merel Kooi, Albert Koelmans, Victor Onink, Charlotte Laufkötter, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Andrew Yool, and Erik van Sebille
Biogeosciences, 19, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Since current estimates show that only about 1 % of the all plastic that enters the ocean is floating at the surface, we look at subsurface processes that can cause vertical movement of (micro)plastic. We investigate how modelled algal attachment and the ocean's vertical movement can cause particles to sink and oscillate in the open ocean. Particles can sink to depths of > 5000 m in regions with high wind intensity and mainly remain close to the surface with low winds and biological activity.
Michelle Viswanathan, Tobias K. D. Weber, Sebastian Gayler, Juliane Mai, and Thilo Streck
Biogeosciences, 19, 2187–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the evolution of model parameter uncertainty and prediction error as we updated parameters of a maize phenology model based on yearly observations, by sequentially applying Bayesian calibration. Although parameter uncertainty was reduced, prediction quality deteriorated when calibration and prediction data were from different maize ripening groups or temperature conditions. The study highlights that Bayesian methods should account for model limitations and inherent data structures.
Jessica Kolbusz, Tim Langlois, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Simon de Lestang
Biogeosciences, 19, 517–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Western rock lobster larvae spend up to 11 months in offshore waters before ocean currents and their ability to swim transport them back to the coast. In 2008, there was a reduction in the number of puerulus (larvae) settling into the fishery. We use an oceanographic model to see how the environment may have contributed to the reduction. Our results show that a combination of effects from local currents and a widespread quiet period in the ocean off WA likely led to less puerulus settlement.
Rémy Asselot, Frank Lunkeit, Philip B. Holden, and Inga Hense
Biogeosciences, 19, 223–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies show that phytoplankton light absorption can warm the atmosphere, but how this warming occurs is still unknown. We compare the importance of air–sea heat versus CO2 flux in the phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming and determine the main driver. To shed light on this research question, we conduct simulations with a climate model of intermediate complexity. We show that phytoplankton mainly warms the atmosphere by increasing the air–sea CO2 flux.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Francesco d'Ovidio, Lloyd Izard, Melilotus Thyssen, Ananda Pascual, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Frédéric Cyr, Marc Tedetti, Nagib Bhairy, Pierre Garreau, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 18, 6455–6477, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyzes an original high-resolution data set collected in the Mediterranean Sea. The major result is the impact of a fine-scale frontal structure on the distribution of phytoplankton groups, in an area of moderate energy with oligotrophic conditions. Our results provide an in situ confirmation of the findings obtained by previous modeling studies and remote sensing about the structuring effect of the fine-scale ocean dynamics on the structure of the phytoplankton community.
Johannes Vogel, Eva Paton, and Valentin Aich
Biogeosciences, 18, 5903–5927, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates extreme ecosystem impacts evoked by temperature and soil moisture in the Mediterranean Basin for the time span 1999–2019 with a specific focus on seasonal variations. The analysis showed that ecosystem vulnerability is caused by several varying combinations of both drivers during the yearly cycle. The approach presented here helps to provide insights on the specific phenological stage of the year in which ecosystem vulnerability to a certain climatic condition occurs.
Mara Freilich, Alexandre Mignot, Glenn Flierl, and Raffaele Ferrari
Biogeosciences, 18, 5595–5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations reveal that in some regions phytoplankton biomass increases during the wintertime when growth conditions are sub-optimal, which has been attributed to a release from grazing during mixed layer deepening. Measurements of grazer populations to support this theory are lacking. We demonstrate that a release from grazing when the winter mixed layer is deepening holds only for certain grazing models, extending the use of phytoplankton observations to make inferences about grazer dynamics.
Shuangling Chen, Mark L. Wells, Rui Xin Huang, Huijie Xue, Jingyuan Xi, and Fei Chai
Biogeosciences, 18, 5539–5554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction transports surface waters to the oceanic interior, which can supply significant amounts of carbon and oxygen to the twilight zone. Using a novel BGC-Argo dataset covering the western North Pacific, we successfully identified the imprints of episodic shallow subduction patches. These subduction patches were observed mainly in spring and summer (70.6 %), and roughly half of them extended below ~ 450 m, injecting carbon- and oxygen-enriched waters into the ocean interior.
Pierre Damien, Julio Sheinbaum, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Julien Jouanno, Lorena Linacre, and Olaf Duteil
Biogeosciences, 18, 4281–4303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf of Mexico deep waters are relatively poor in phytoplankton biomass due to low levels of nutrients in the upper layers. Using modeling techniques, we find that the long-living anticyclonic Loop Current eddies that are shed episodically from the Yucatan Channel strongly shape the distribution of phytoplankton and, more importantly, stimulate their growth. This results from the contribution of multiple mechanisms of physical–biogeochemical interactions discussed in this study.
Sergey V. Stanichny, Elena A. Kubryakova, and Arseny A. Kubryakov
Biogeosciences, 18, 3173–3188, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we show that the short-term impact of tropical cyclones can trigger the intense, long-term bloom of coccolithophores, which are major marine calcifiers playing an important role in the balance and fluxes of inorganic carbon in the ocean. In our paper, we describe the evolution of and physical reasons for such an unusual bloom observed in autumn 2005 in the Black Sea on the basis of satellite data.
Fengshan Liu, Ying Chen, Nini Bai, Dengpan Xiao, Huizi Bai, Fulu Tao, and Quansheng Ge
Biogeosciences, 18, 2275–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sowing date is key to the surface biophysical processes in the winter dormancy period. The climate effect of the sowing date shift is therefore very interesting and may contribute to the mitigation of climate change. An earlier sowing date always had a higher LAI but a higher temperature in the dormancy period and a lower temperature in the growth period. The main reason was the relative contributions of the surface albedo and energy partitioning processes.
Oleg Sizov, Ekaterina Ezhova, Petr Tsymbarovich, Andrey Soromotin, Nikolay Prihod'ko, Tuukka Petäjä, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Markku Kulmala, Jaana Bäck, and Kajar Köster
Biogeosciences, 18, 207–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In changing climate, tundra is expected to turn into shrubs and trees, diminishing reindeer pasture and increasing risks of tick-borne diseases. However, this transition may require a disturbance. Fires in Siberia are increasingly widespread. We studied wildfire dynamics and tundra–forest transition over 60 years in northwest Siberia near the Arctic Circle. Based on satellite data analysis, we found that transition occurs in 40 %–85 % of burned tundra compared to 5 %–15 % in non-disturbed areas.
Kaveh Purkiani, André Paul, Annemiek Vink, Maren Walter, Michael Schulz, and Matthias Haeckel
Biogeosciences, 17, 6527–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There has been a steady increase in interest in mining of deep-sea minerals in the eastern Pacific Ocean recently. The ocean state in this region is known to be highly influenced by rotating bodies of water (eddies), some of which can travel long distances in the ocean and impact the deeper layers of the ocean. Better insight into the variability of eddy activity in this region is of great help to mitigate the impact of the benthic ecosystem from future potential deep-sea mining activity.
Jing Yan, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences, 17, 6377–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An uneven supply of water and nutrients in soils often drives how plants behave. We observed that plants extract all their required nutrients from dry soil patches in sufficient quantity, provided adequate water is available elsewhere in the root zone. Roots in nutrient-rich dry patches facilitate the nutrient acquisition by extensive growth, water release, and modifying water retention in their immediate environment. The findings are valuable in managing nutrient losses in agricultural systems.
Onur Kerimoglu, Yoana G. Voynova, Fatemeh Chegini, Holger Brix, Ulrich Callies, Richard Hofmeister, Knut Klingbeil, Corinna Schrum, and Justus E. E. van Beusekom
Biogeosciences, 17, 5097–5127, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, using extensive field observations and a numerical model, we analyzed the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system following an extreme flood event. Our results suggest that a number of anomalous observations were driven by a co-occurrence of peculiar meteorological conditions and increased riverine discharges. Our results call for attention to the combined effects of hydrological and meteorological extremes that are anticipated to increase in frequency.
Amandine Erktan, Matthias C. Rillig, Andrea Carminati, Alexandre Jousset, and Stefan Scheu
Biogeosciences, 17, 4961–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil aggregation is crucial for soil functioning. While the role of bacteria and fungi in soil aggregation is well established, how predators feeding on microbes modify soil aggregation has hardly been investigated. We showed for the first time that protists modify soil aggregation, presumably through changes in the production of bacterial mucilage, and that collembolans reduce soil aggregation, presumably by reducing the abundance of saprotrophic fungi.
Wei Hu, Kotaro Murata, Chunlan Fan, Shu Huang, Hiromi Matsusaki, Pingqing Fu, and Daizhou Zhang
Biogeosciences, 17, 4477–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first estimate of the status of bacteria in long-distance-transported Asian dust, demonstrating that airborne dust, which can carry viable and nonviable bacteria on particle surfaces, is an efficient medium for constantly spreading bacteria at regional and even global scales. Such data are essential to better model and understand the roles and activities of bioaerosols in environmental evolution and climate change and the potential risks of bioaerosols to human health.
Inge Grünberg, Evan J. Wilcox, Simon Zwieback, Philip Marsh, and Julia Boike
Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on topsoil temperature data for different vegetation types at a low Arctic tundra site, we found large small-scale variability. Winter temperatures were strongly influenced by vegetation through its effects on snow. Summer temperatures were similar below most vegetation types and not consistently related to late summer permafrost thaw depth. Given that vegetation type defines the relationship between winter and summer soil temperature and thaw depth, it controls permafrost vulnerability.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Jacco C. Kromkamp, Daphne van der Wal, Pedro Manuel Carrasco De La Cruz, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 4135–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A seaward increasing chlorophyll-a gradient is observed during the spring bloom in a Dutch tidal bay. Biophysical model runs indicate the roles of bivalve grazing and tidal import in shaping the gradient. Five common spatial phytoplankton patterns are summarized in global estuarine–coastal ecosystems: seaward increasing, seaward decreasing, concave with a chlorophyll maximum, weak spatial gradients, and irregular patterns.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 1701–1715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
By applying a novel technique to quantify organism-induced sediment–water column fluid exchange (bioirrigation), we show that organisms in subtidal (permanently submerged) areas have similar bioirrigation rates as those that inhabit intertidal areas (not permanently submerged), but organisms in the latter irrigate deeper burrows in this study. Our results expand on traditional methods to quantify bioirrigation rates and broaden the pool of field measurements of bioirrigation rates.
Sheila N. Estrada-Allis, Julio Sheinbaum Pardo, Joao M. Azevedo Correia de Souza, Cecilia Elizabeth Enríquez Ortiz, Ismael Mariño Tapia, and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira
Biogeosciences, 17, 1087–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Continental shelves are the most productive areas in the ocean and can have an important impact on the nutrient cycle as well as the climate system. The one in Yucatán is the largest shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. However, its nutrient budget remains unidentifiable. Here we propose not only a general nutrient budget for the Yucatán Shelf but also the physical processes responsible for its pathway modulation through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model of the whole Gulf of Mexico.
Ashley Dubnick, Martin Sharp, Brad Danielson, Alireza Saidi-Mehrabad, and Joel Barker
Biogeosciences, 17, 963–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that glaciers with basal temperatures near the melting point mobilize more solutes, nutrients, and microbes from the underlying substrate and are more likely to promote in situ biogeochemical activity than glaciers with basal temperatures well below the melting point. The temperature at the base of glaciers is therefore an important control on the biogeochemistry of ice near glacier beds, and, ultimately, the potential solutes, nutrients, and microbes exported from glaciated watersheds.
Audrey Delpech, Anna Conchon, Olivier Titaud, and Patrick Lehodey
Biogeosciences, 17, 833–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Micronekton is an important, yet poorly known, component of the trophic chain, which partly contributes to the storage of CO2 in the deep ocean thanks to biomass vertical migrations. In this study, we characterize the ideal sampling regions to estimate the amount of biomass that undergoes theses migrations. We find that observations made in warm, nondynamic and productive waters reduce the error of the estimation by 20 %. This result should likely serve for future in situ network deployment.
Filippos Tagklis, Takamitsu Ito, and Annalisa Bracco
Biogeosciences, 17, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deoxygenation of the oceans is potentially one of the most severe ecosystem stressors resulting from global warming given the high sensitivity of dissolved oxygen to ocean temperatures. Climate models suggest that despite the thermodynamic tendency of the oceans to lose oxygen, certain regions experience significant changes in the biologically driven O2 consumption, resulting in a resistance against deoxygenation. Overturning circulation changes are responsible for such a behavior.
Mohammad Abdul Halim, Han Y. H. Chen, and Sean C. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 16, 4357–4375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using field data collected over 4 years across a range of stand ages, we investigated how seasonal surface albedo in boreal forest varies with stand age, stand structure, and composition. Our results indicate that successional change in species composition is a key driver of age–related patterns in albedo, with hardwood species associated with higher albedo. The patterns described have important implications for both climate modeling and
climate–smartboreal forest management.
Paul A. Moore, Maxwell C. Lukenbach, Dan K. Thompson, Nick Kettridge, Gustaf Granath, and James M. Waddington
Biogeosciences, 16, 3491–3506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using very-high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), we assessed the basic structure and microtopographic variability of hummock–hollow plots at boreal and hemi-boreal sites primarily in North America. Using a simple model of peatland biogeochemical function, our results suggest that both surface heating and moss productivity may not be adequately resolved in models which only consider idealized hummock–hollow units.
Renee K. Gruber, Ryan J. Lowe, and James L. Falter
Biogeosciences, 16, 1921–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Researchers from the University of Western Australia's Oceans Institute are studying large tides (up to 12 m range) that occur in the Kimberley region of Australia. These tides flush coral reefs with water rich in nutrients, which supports the growth of reef organisms. In this paper, we show how tidal cycles and seasons control nutrient availability on reefs. This study is among the first published accounts of reefs and water quality data in the remote and pristine Kimberley region.
Sergey A. Marakushev and Ol'ga V. Belonogova
Biogeosciences, 16, 1817–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Among the existing theories of the autotrophic origin of life, CO2 is usually considered to be the carbon source for nascent autotrophic metabolism. However, ancestral carbon used in metabolism may have been derived from CH4 if the outflow of magma fluid to the surface of the Earth consisted mainly of methane. The hydrothermal system model is considered in the form of a phase diagram, which demonstrates the area of redox and P and T conditions favorable to development of primary methanotroph.
Venugopal Thushara, Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Adrian J. Matthews, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorophyll distribution in the ocean remains to be explored in detail, despite its climatic significance. Here, we document the vertical structure of chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal using observations and a model. The shape of chlorophyll profiles, characterized by prominent deep chlorophyll maxima, varies in dynamically different regions, controlled by the monsoonal forcings. The present study provides new insights into the vertical distribution of chlorophyll, rarely observed by satellites.
Soeren Thomsen, Johannes Karstensen, Rainer Kiko, Gerd Krahmann, Marcus Dengler, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 979–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and biogeochemical observations from an autonomous underwater vehicle in combination with ship-based measurements are used to investigate remote and local drivers of the oxygen and nutrient variability off Mauritania. Beside the transport of oxygen and nutrients characteristics from remote areas towards Mauritania also local remineralization of organic material close to the seabed seems to be important for the distribution of oxygen and nutrients.
Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Yannis Cuypers, Andrea Doglioli, Mathieu Caffin, Christophe Yohia, Alain de Verneil, Anne Petrenko, Dominique Lefèvre, Hervé Le Goff, Gilles Rougier, Marc Picheral, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 7485–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The OUTPACE cruise took place between New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The main purpose was to understand how micro-organisms can survive in a very poor environment. One main source of nutrients is at depth, below the euphotic layer where micro-organisms live. The purpose of the turbulence measurements was to determine to which extent turbulence may
upliftnutrients into the euphotic layer. The origin of the turbulence that was found contrasted along the transect was also determined.
Daniel D. Richter, Sharon A. Billings, Peter M. Groffman, Eugene F. Kelly, Kathleen A. Lohse, William H. McDowell, Timothy S. White, Suzanne Anderson, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Steve Banwart, Susan Brantley, Jean J. Braun, Zachary S. Brecheisen, Charles W. Cook, Hilairy E. Hartnett, Sarah E. Hobbie, Jerome Gaillardet, Esteban Jobbagy, Hermann F. Jungkunst, Clare E. Kazanski, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Daniel Markewitz, Katherine O'Neill, Clifford S. Riebe, Paul Schroeder, Christina Siebe, Whendee L. Silver, Aaron Thompson, Anne Verhoef, and Ganlin Zhang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4815–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As knowledge in biology and geology explodes, science becomes increasingly specialized. Given the overlap of the environmental sciences, however, the explosion in knowledge inevitably creates opportunities for interconnecting the biogeosciences. Here, 30 scientists emphasize the opportunities for biogeoscience collaborations across the world’s remarkable long-term environmental research networks that can advance science and engage larger scientific and public audiences.
Ivy Frenger, Matthias Münnich, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 15, 4781–4798, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4781-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4781-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Although mesoscale ocean eddies are ubiquitous in the Southern Ocean (SO), their regional and seasonal association with phytoplankton has not been quantified. We identify over 100 000 eddies and determine the associated phytoplankton biomass anomalies using satellite-based chlorophyll (Chl) as a proxy. The emerging Chl anomalies can be explained largely by lateral advection of Chl by eddies. This impact of eddies on phytoplankton may implicate downstream effects on SO biogeochemical properties.
Yi Sun, Xiong Z. He, Fujiang Hou, Zhaofeng Wang, and Shenghua Chang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4233–4243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate how grazing alters litter composition, quality and decomposition, we collected litter from grazing (GP) and grazing exclusion paddocks (GEP) and incubated them in situ and across sites. Grazing increased litter N and grazing exclusion increased litter mass of palatable species and promoted SOC. Litter decomposed faster in GP and N was opposite. Site environment had more impact on litter decomposition. Results may be helpful in developing strategies to restore degraded grasslands.
Louise Rousselet, Alain de Verneil, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Solange Duhamel, Christophe Maes, and Bruno Blanke
Biogeosciences, 15, 2411–2431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2411-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2411-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The patterns of the large- and fine-scale surface circulation on biogeochemical and biological distributions are examined in the western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) in the context of the OUTPACE oceanographic cruise. The combined use of in situ and satellite data allows for the identification of water mass transport pathways and fine-scale structures, such as fronts, that drive surface distribution of tracers and microbial community structures.
Alain de Verneil, Louise Rousselet, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Christophe Maes, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2125-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2125-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographic campaigns to measure biogeochemical processes popularly deploy drifters with onboard incubations to stay in a single body of water. Here, we aggregate physical data taken during such a cruise, OUTPACE, to independently test in a new approach whether the drifter really stayed in what can be considered a single biological or chemical environment. This study concludes that future campaigns would benefit from similar data collection and analysis to validate their sampling strategy.
Susan L. Brantley, David M. Eissenstat, Jill A. Marshall, Sarah E. Godsey, Zsuzsanna Balogh-Brunstad, Diana L. Karwan, Shirley A. Papuga, Joshua Roering, Todd E. Dawson, Jaivime Evaristo, Oliver Chadwick, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, and Kathleen C. Weathers
Biogeosciences, 14, 5115–5142, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This review represents the outcome from an invigorating workshop discussion that involved tree physiologists, geomorphologists, ecologists, geochemists, and hydrologists and developed nine hypotheses that could be tested. We argue these hypotheses point to the essence of issues we must explore if we are to understand how the natural system of the earth surface evolves, and how humans will affect its evolution. This paper will create discussion and interest both before and after publication.
Johanne H. Rydsaa, Frode Stordal, Anders Bryn, and Lena M. Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 14, 4209–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4209-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4209-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the atmospheric sensitivity to an expansion in shrub and tree cover in the northern Fennoscandia region. We applied a regional weather and climate model in evaluating biophysical effects of increased shrub cover at a fine resolution. We find that shrub cover increase causes a warming that is sensitive to the shrub and tree heights. Cooling effects include increased snow cover, cloud cover, and precipitation. We show that the net warming will likely increase in the future.
Qian Cai, Yulong Zhang, Zhanxiang Sun, Jiaming Zheng, Wei Bai, Yue Zhang, Yang Liu, Liangshan Feng, Chen Feng, Zhe Zhang, Ning Yang, Jochem B. Evers, and Lizhen Zhang
Biogeosciences, 14, 3851–3858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3851-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3851-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Large yield gaps exist in rain-fed maize in semi-arid regions caused by frequent droughts halfway through the growing period due to uneven distribution of rainfall. It can be questioned whether irrigation systems are economically and ecologically required. Maize yield was not affected by mild water stress due to the morphological plasticity in root growth. Our results help to mitigate drought risk in dry-land agriculture.
Cited articles
Aartsma, P., Asplund, J., Odland, A., Reinhardt, S., and Renssen, H.:
Surface albedo of alpine lichen heaths and shrub vegetation, Arct. Antarct.
Alp. Res., 52, 312–322, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2020.1778890, 2020.
Aartsma, P., Asplund, J., Odland, A., Reinhardt, S., and Renssen, H.: Data from Microclimatic comparison of lichen heaths and shrubs: shrubification generates atmospheric heating but subsurface cooling during the growing season, https://doi.org/10.23642/usn.13637525, 2021.
Abu-Hamdeh, N. H. and Reeder, R. C.: Soil thermal conductivity effects of
density, moisture, salt concentration, and organic matter, Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. J., 64, 1285–1290, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6441285x, 2000.
Barrere, M., Domine, F., Decharme, B., Morin, S., Vionnet, V., and Lafaysse, M.: Evaluating the performance of coupled snow–soil models in SURFEXv8 to simulate the permafrost thermal regime at a high Arctic site, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3461–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3461-2017, 2017.
Beringer, J., Lynch, A. H., Chapin, F. S., Mack, M., and Bonan, G. B.: The
representation of arctic soils in the land surface model: the importance of
mosses, J. Climate, 14, 3324–3335, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3324:TROASI>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Bernes, C., Bråthen, K. A., Forbes, B. C., Speed, J. D., and Moen, J.:
What are the impacts of reindeer/caribou (Rangifer tarandus L.) on arctic
and alpine vegetation? A systematic review, Environ. Evidence, 4, 4,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-014-0030-3, 2015.
Bernier, P., Desjardins, R., Karimi-Zindashty, Y., Worth, D., Beaudoin, A.,
Luo, Y., and Wang, S.: Boreal lichen woodlands: a possible negative
feedback to climate change in eastern North America, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 151, 521–528, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.013, 2011.
Bewley, D., Pomeroy, J., and Essery, R.: Solar radiation transfer through a
subarctic shrub canopy, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 39, 365–374, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(06-023)[BEWLEY]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
Blok, D., Heijmans, M., Schaepman-Strub, G., van Ruijven, J., Parmentier,
F., Maximov, T., and Berendse, F.: The cooling capacity of mosses: controls
on water and energy fluxes in a Siberian tundra site, Ecosystems, 14,
1055–1065, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9463-5, 2011.
Blok, D., Heijmans, M. M., Schaepman-Strub, G., Kononov, A., Maximov, T.,
and Berendse, F.: Shrub expansion may reduce summer permafrost thaw in
Siberian tundra, Global Change Biol., 16, 1296–1305, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02110.x, 2010.
Bonfils, C., Phillips, T., Lawrence, D., Cameron-Smith, P., Riley, W., and
Subin, Z.: On the influence of shrub height and expansion on northern high
latitude climate, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 015503, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015503, 2012.
Boscutti, F., Casolo, V., Beraldo, P., Braidot, E., Zancani, M., and Rixen,
C.: Shrub growth and plant diversity along an elevation gradient: Evidence
of indirect effects of climate on alpine ecosystems, Plos One, 13, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196653, 2018.
Boudreau, L. D. and Rouse, W. R.: The role of individual terrain units in
the water balance of wetland tundra, Clim. Res., 5, 31–47, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr005031, 1995.
Bryn, A., Strand, G.-H., Angeloff, M., and Rekdal, Y.: Land cover in Norway
based on an area frame survey of vegetation types, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 72,
131–145, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2018.1468356, 2018.
Chagnon, C. and Boudreau, S.: Shrub canopy induces a decline in lichen
abundance and diversity in Nunavik (Québec, Canada), Arct. Antarct. Alp.
Res., 51, 521–532, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2019.1688751, 2019.
Chapin, F. S., Sturm, M., Serreze, M. C., McFadden, J. P., Key, J., Lloyd,
A. H., McGuire, A., Rupp, T. S., Lynch, A. H., and Schimel, J. P.: Role of
land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming, Science, 310, 657–660,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117368, 2005.
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Callaghan, T. V., Alatalo, J., Michelsen, A.,
Graglia, E., Hartley, A., Hik, D., Hobbie, S., Press, M., and Robinson, C.
H.: Global change and arctic ecosystems: is lichen decline a function of
increases in vascular plant biomass?, J. Ecol., 89, 984–994, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2001.00625.x, 2001.
De Vries, D. A.: Thermal properties of soils, Physics of plant environment, edited by: Van Wijk, W. R., North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 210–235,
1963.
Eaton, A. K., Rouse, W. R., Lafleur, P. M., Marsh, P., and Blanken, P. D.:
Surface energy balance of the western and central Canadian subarctic:
Variations in the energy balance among five major terrain types, J. Climate,
14, 3692–3703, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3692:SEBOTW>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Elmendorf, S. C., Henry, G. H., Hollister, R. D., Björk, R. G.,
Bjorkman, A. D., Callaghan, T. V., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J.,
Cornelissen, J. H., Day, T. A., Foosa, A. M., Gould, W.,
Grétarstdóttir, J., Harte, J., Hermanutz, L., Hik, D. S., Hofgaard,
A., Jarrad, F., Jónsdóttir, I., Keuper, F., Klanderud, K., Klein,
J., Koh, S., Kudo, G., Lang, S. I., Loewen, V., May, J., Mercado, J.,
Michelsen, A., Molau, U., Myers-Smith, I. H., Oberbauer, S. F., Pieper, S.,
Post, E., Rixen, C., Robinson, C. H., Schmidt, N., Shaver, G. R.,
Stenström, A., Tolvanen, A., Totland, Ø., Troxler, T., Wahren, C.-H.,
Webber, P., Welker, J. M., and Wookey, P.: Global assessment of
experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space
and time, Ecol. Lett., 15, 164–175, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x, 2012.
ESRI: ArcGIS Release 10.6, Redlands, CA, 2019.
Eugster, W., Rouse, W. R., Pielke Sr, R. A., Mcfadden, J. P., Baldocchi, D.
D., Kittel, T. G., Chapin, F. S., Liston, G. E., Vidale, P. L., and
Vaganov, E.: Land–atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal
forest: available data and feedbacks to climate, Global Change Biol., 6,
84–115, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06015.x, 2000.
Fauria, M. M., Helle, T., Niva, A., Posio, H., and Timonen, M.: Removal of
the lichen mat by reindeer enhances tree growth in a northern Scots pine
forest, Can. J. For. Res., 38, 2981–2993, https://doi.org/10.1139/X08-135, 2008.
Fraser, R. H., Lantz, T. C., Olthof, I., Kokelj, S. V., and Sims, R. A.:
Warming-induced shrub expansion and lichen decline in the Western Canadian
Arctic, Ecosystems, 17, 1151–1168, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9783-3, 2014.
Frost, G. V., Epstein, H. E., Walker, D. A., Matyshak, G., and Ermokhina,
K.: Seasonal and long-term changes to active-layer temperatures after tall
shrubland expansion and succession in Arctic tundra, Ecosystems, 21, 507–520, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0165-5, 2018.
Gauslaa, Y.: Heat resistance and energy budget in different Scandinavian
plants, Ecography, 7, 5-6, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1984.tb01098.x, 1984.
Geonorge: Norge i bilder WMS-Ortofoto, available at: https://kartkatalog.geonorge.no, last access: 8 June 2018 (in Norwegian).
Gersony, J. T., Prager, C. M., Boelman, N. T., Eitel, J. U., Gough, L.,
Greaves, H. E., Griffin, K. L., Magney, T. S., Sweet, S. K., and Vierling,
L. A.: Scaling thermal properties from the leaf to the canopy in the Alaskan
arctic tundra, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 48, 739–754, https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0016-013, 2016.
Gold, W. G., Glew, K. A., and Dickson, L. G.: Functional influences of
cryptobiotic surface crusts in an alpine tundra basin of the Olympic
Mountains, Washington, USA, Northwest Sci., 75, 315–326, 2001.
Grünberg, I., Wilcox, E. J., Zwieback, S., Marsh, P., and Boike, J.: Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost, Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020.
Hallinger, M., Manthey, M., and Wilmking, M.: Establishing a missing link:
warm summers and winter snow cover promote shrub expansion into alpine
tundra in Scandinavia, New Phytol., 186, 890–899, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03223.x, 2010.
Heggberget, T. M., Gaare, E., and Ball, J. P.: Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
and climate change: importance of winter forage, Rangifer, 22, 13–31, 2002.
Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F., and Lemcke, G.: Loss on ignition as a method for
estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and
comparability of results, J. Paleolimnol., 25, 101–110, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008119611481, 2001.
Joly, K., Jandt, R. R., and Klein, D. R.: Decrease of lichens in Arctic
ecosystems: the role of wildfire, caribou, reindeer, competition and climate
in north-western Alaska, Polar Res., 28, 433–442, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00113.x, 2009.
Juszak, I., Erb, A. M., Maximov, T. C., and Schaepman-Strub, G.: Arctic
shrub effects on NDVI, summer albedo and soil shading, Remote Sens.
Environ., 153, 79–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.07.021,
2014.
Juszak, I., Eugster, W., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., and Schaepman-Strub, G.: Contrasting radiation and soil heat fluxes in Arctic shrub and wet sedge tundra, Biogeosciences, 13, 4049–4064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4049-2016, 2016.
Lafleur, P. M. and Humphreys, E. R.: Tundra shrub effects on growing
season energy and carbon dioxide exchange, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 055001,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab863, 2018.
Lang, S. I., Cornelissen, J. H., Shaver, G. R., Ahrens, M., Callaghan, T.
V., Molau, U., Ter Braak, C. J., Hölzer, A., and Aerts, R.: Arctic
warming on two continents has consistent negative effects on lichen
diversity and mixed effects on bryophyte diversity, Global Change Biol., 18,
1096–1107, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02570.x,
2012.
Lawrence, D. M. and Swenson, S. C.: Permafrost response to increasing
Arctic shrub abundance depends on the relative influence of shrubs on local
soil cooling versus large-scale climate warming, Environ. Res. Lett., 6,
045504, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045504, 2011.
Loranty, M. M. and Goetz, S. J.: Shrub expansion and climate feedbacks in
Arctic tundra, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 011005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/011005, 2012.
Loranty, M. M., Abbott, B. W., Blok, D., Douglas, T. A., Epstein, H. E., Forbes, B. C., Jones, B. M., Kholodov, A. L., Kropp, H., Malhotra, A., Mamet, S. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Natali, S. M., O'Donnell, J. A., Phoenix, G. K., Rocha, A. V., Sonnentag, O., Tape, K. D., and Walker, D. A.: Reviews and syntheses: Changing ecosystem influences on soil thermal regimes in northern high-latitude permafrost regions, Biogeosciences, 15, 5287–5313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5287-2018, 2018a.
Loranty, M. M., Berner, L. T., Taber, E. D., Kropp, H., Natali, S. M.,
Alexander, H. D., Davydov, S. P., and Zimov, N. S.: Understory vegetation
mediates permafrost active layer dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes in
open-canopy larch forests of northeastern Siberia, Plos One, 13, e0194014,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194014, 2018b.
Maliniemi, T., Kapfer, J., Saccone, P., Skog, A., and Virtanen, R.:
Long-term vegetation changes of treeless heath communities in northern
Fennoscandia: Links to climate change trends and reindeer grazing, J. Veg.
Sci., 29, 469–479, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12630, 2018.
McFadden, J. P., Chapin, F. S., and Hollinger, D. Y.: Subgrid-scale
variability in the surface energy balance of arctic tundra, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 103, 28947–28961, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02400, 1998.
MET Norway: available at: https://www.met.no, last access: 09 August 2019.
Mikola, J., Virtanen, T., Linkosalmi, M., Vähä, E., Nyman, J., Postanogova, O., Räsänen, A., Kotze, D. J., Laurila, T., Juutinen, S., Kondratyev, V., and Aurela, M.: Spatial variation and linkages of soil and vegetation in the Siberian Arctic tundra – coupling field observations with remote sensing data, Biogeosciences, 15, 2781–2801, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2781-2018, 2018.
Moffat, N. D., Lantz, T. C., Fraser, R. H., and Olthof, I.: Recent
vegetation change (1980–2013) in the tundra ecosystems of the Tuktoyaktuk
Coastlands, NWT, Canada, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 48, 581–597, https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0015-063, 2016.
Myers-Smith, I. H., Forbes, B. C., Wilmking, M., Hallinger, M., Lantz, T.,
Blok, D., Tape, K. D., Macias-Fauria, M., Sass-Klaassen, U., and
Lévesque, E.: Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts
and research priorities, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 045509, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509, 2011.
Myers-Smith, I. H. and Hik, D. S.: Shrub canopies influence soil
temperatures but not nutrient dynamics: an experimental test of tundra
snow–shrub interactions, Ecol. Evol., 3, 3683–3700, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.710, 2013.
Myers-Smith, I. H., Kerby, J. T., Phoenix, G. K., Bjerke, J. W., Epstein, H.
E., Assmann, J. J., John, C., Andreu-Hayles, L., Angers-Blondin, S., and
Beck, P. S.: Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic, Nat. Clim.
Change, 10, 106–117, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0688-1,
2020.
NGU: available at: https://www.ngu.no, last access: 29 June 2020.
Nystuen, K. O., Sundsdal, K., Opedal, Ø. H., Holien, H., Strimbeck, G.
R., and Graae, B. J.: Lichens facilitate seedling recruitment in alpine
heath, J. Veg. Sci., 30, 868–880, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12773, 2019.
Ochsner, T. E., Horton, R., and Ren, T.: A new perspective on soil thermal
properties, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 1641–1647, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.1641, 2001.
Odland, A. and Munkejord, H. K.: Plants as indicators of snow layer
duration in southern Norwegian mountains, Ecol. Indicators, 8, 57–68,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.12.005, 2008.
Odland, A., Bandekar, G., Hanssen-Bauer, I., and Sandvik, S. M.:
Relationships between vegetation, air and soil temperatures on Norwegian
mountain summits, Geogr. Ann. A, 99, 313–326, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.2017.1333324, 2017.
Oke, T. R.: Boundary layer climates, Routledge, London, 2002.
Pajunen, A., Oksanen, J., and Virtanen, R.: Impact of shrub canopies on
understorey vegetation in western Eurasian tundra, J. Veg. Sci., 22, 837–846,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01285.x, 2011.
Pearson, R. G., Phillips, S. J., Loranty, M. M., Beck, P. S., Damoulas, T.,
Knight, S. J., and Goetz, S. J.: Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated
feedbacks under climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 673–677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000013, 2013.
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., and Sarkar, D.: nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models, R package version 3.1-148, available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme (last access: 1 November 2020), 2011.
Porada, P., Ekici, A., and Beer, C.: Effects of bryophyte and lichen cover on permafrost soil temperature at large scale, The Cryosphere, 10, 2291–2315, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2291-2016, 2016.
Priestley, C. H. B. and Taylor, R.: On the assessment of surface heat flux
and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Mon. Weather Rev., 100,
81–92, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2, 1972.
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing,
Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, available at:
https://www.R-project.org/, last access: 1 November 2020.
Sabater, A. M., Ward, H. C., Hill, T. C., Gornall, J. L., Wade, T. J.,
Evans, J. G., Prieto-Blanco, A., Disney, M., Phoenix, G. K., and Williams,
M.: Transpiration from subarctic deciduous woodlands: Environmental controls
and contribution to ecosystem evapotranspiration, Ecohydrology, 13, e2190,
https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2190, 2020.
Stoy, P. C., Street, L. E., Johnson, A. V., Prieto-Blanco, A., and Ewing,
S. A.: Temperature, heat flux, and reflectance of common subarctic mosses
and lichens under field conditions: might changes to community composition
impact climate-relevant surface fluxes?, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 44,
500–508, https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-44.4.500, 2012.
Sturm, M., Holmgren, J., McFadden, J. P., Liston, G. E., Chapin, F. S., and
Racine, C. H.: Snow–Shrub Interactions in Arctic Tundra: A Hypothesis with
Climatic Implications, J. Climate, 14, 336–344, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0336:SSIIAT>2.0.CO;2, 2001a.
Sturm, M., Racine, C., and Tape, K.: Increasing shrub abundance in the
Arctic, Nature, 411, 546, https://doi.org/10.1038/35079180,
2001b.
Sundstøl, S. A. and Odland, A.: Responses of Alpine Vascular Plants and
Lichens to Soil Temperatures, Ann. Bot. Fenn., 54, 17–28, https://doi.org/10.5735/085.054.0304, 2017.
Todt, M., Rutter, N., Fletcher, C., Wake, L., Bartlett, P., Jonas, T.,
Kropp, H., Loranty, M., and Webster, C.: Simulation of longwave enhancement
in boreal and montane forests, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 13731–13747,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028719, 2018.
Van Zuijlen, K., Roos, R. E., Klanderud, K., Lang, S. I., and Asplund, J.:
Mat-forming lichens affect microclimate and litter decomposition by
different mechanisms, Fungal Ecol., 44, 100905, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100905, 2020.
Vistnes, I. I. and Nellemann, C.: Reindeer winter grazing in alpine
tundra: impacts on ridge community composition in Norway, Arct. Antarct.
Alp. Res., 40, 215–224, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-001)[VISTNES]2.0.CO;2, 2008.
Vuorinen, K. E., Oksanen, L., Oksanen, T., Pyykönen, A., Olofsson, J.,
and Virtanen, R.: Open tundra persist, but arctic features
decline–Vegetation changes in the warming Fennoscandian tundra, Global
Change Biol., 23, 3794–3807, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13710,
2017.
Walker, M. D., Wahren, C. H., Hollister, R. D., Henry, G. H., Ahlquist, L.
E., Alatalo, J. M., Bret-Harte, M. S., Calef, M. P., Callaghan, T. V., and
Carroll, A. B.: Plant community responses to experimental warming across the
tundra biome, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 1342–1346, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503198103, 2006.
Webster, C., Rutter, N., and Jonas, T.: Improving representation of canopy
temperatures for modeling subcanopy incoming longwave radiation to the snow
surface, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 9154–9172, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026581, 2017.
Williams, M., Rastetter, E. B., Van der Pol, L., and Shaver, G. R.: Arctic
canopy photosynthetic efficiency enhanced under diffuse light, linked to a
reduction in the fraction of the canopy in deep shade, New Phytol., 202,
1267–1276, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12750, 2014.
Williamson, S. N., Barrio, I. C., Hik, D. S., and Gamon, J. A.: Phenology
and species determine growing-season albedo increase at the altitudinal
limit of shrub growth in the sub-Arctic, Global Change Biol., 22, 3621–3631,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13297, 2016.
WRB: World reference base for soil resources 2006, World Soil Resources
Reports No. 103, FAO, Rome, 2006.
Wullschleger, S. D., Epstein, H. E., Box, E. O., Euskirchen, E. S., Goswami,
S., Iversen, C. M., Kattge, J., Norby, R. J., van Bodegom, P. M., and Xu,
X.: Plant functional types in Earth system models: past experiences and
future directions for application of dynamic vegetation models in
high-latitude ecosystems, Ann. Bot., 114, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu077, 2014.
Short summary
In the literature, it is generally assumed that alpine lichen heaths keep their direct environment cool due to their relatively high albedo. However, we reveal that the soil temperature and soil heat flux are higher below lichens than below shrubs during the growing season, despite a lower net radiation for lichens. We also show that the differences in microclimatic conditions between these two vegetation types are more pronounced during warm and sunny days than during cold and cloudy days.
In the literature, it is generally assumed that alpine lichen heaths keep their direct...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint