Articles | Volume 21, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 26 Apr 2024
| 26 Apr 2024
Validation of the coupled physical–biogeochemical ocean model NEMO–SCOBI for the North Sea–Baltic Sea system
Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Elin Almroth-Rosell
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Lars Axell
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Sam T. Fredriksson
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Jenny Hieronymus
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Magnus Hieronymus
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Sandra-Esther Brunnabend
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Matthias Gröger
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
Ivan Kuznetsov
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Filippa Fransner
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Robinson Hordoir
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
Saeed Falahat
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Lars Arneborg
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Related authors
No articles found.
Ivan Kuznetsov, Benjamin Rabe, Alexey Androsov, Ying-Chih Fang, Mario Hoppmann, Alejandra Quintanilla-Zurita, Sven Harig, Sandra Tippenhauer, Kirstin Schulz, Volker Mohrholz, Ilker Fer, Vera Fofonova, and Markus Janout
Ocean Sci., 20, 759–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research introduces a tool for dynamically mapping the Arctic Ocean using data from the MOSAiC experiment. Incorporating extensive data into a model clarifies the ocean's structure and movement. Our findings on temperature, salinity, and currents reveal how water layers mix and identify areas of intense water movement. This enhances understanding of Arctic Ocean dynamics and supports climate impact studies. Our work is vital for comprehending this key region in global climate science.
Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Matthias Gröger, Jörg Schwinger, Raffaele Bernadello, Etienne Tourigny, Valentina Sicardi, Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, and Klaus Wyser
Biogeosciences, 21, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The timing of the net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic in the period 1750–2100 is investigated using two Earth system models and the high-emissions scenario SSP5-8.5. It is found that, for most of the region, the annual maxima occur progressively earlier, with the most change occurring after the year 2000. Shifts in the seasonality of the primary production may impact the entire ecosystem, which highlights the need for long-term monitoring campaigns in this area.
Sven Karsten, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Gröger, Ha T. M. Ho-Hagemann, Hossein Mashayekh, Thomas Neumann, and H. E. Markus Meier
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1689–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the development of a regional Earth System Model for the Baltic Sea region. In contrast to conventional coupling approaches, the presented model includes a flux calculator operating on a common exchange grid. This approach automatically ensures a locally consistent treatment of fluxes and simplifies the exchange of model components. The presented model can be used for various scientific questions, such as studies of natural variability and ocean–atmosphere interactions.
Julia Muchowski, Martin Jakobsson, Lars Umlauf, Lars Arneborg, Bo Gustafsson, Peter Holtermann, Christoph Humborg, and Christian Stranne
Ocean Sci., 19, 1809–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1809-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1809-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show observational data of highly increased mixing and vertical salt flux rates in a sparsely sampled region of the northern Baltic Sea. Co-located acoustic observations complement our in situ measurements and visualize turbulent mixing with high spatial resolution. The observed mixing is generally not resolved in numerical models of the area but likely impacts the exchange of water between the adjacent basins as well as nutrient and oxygen conditions in the Bothnian Sea.
Shunya Koseki, Lander R. Crespo, Jerry Tjiputra, Filippa Fransner, Noel S. Keenlyside, and David Rivas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2947, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2947, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how the physical biases of an Earth system model influence the marine biogeochemical processes in the tropical Atlantic. With four different configurations of the model, we have shown that the versions with better SST reproduction tend to represent the primary production and sea-air CO2 flux in terms of climatology, seasonal cycle, and responses to climate variability.
Céline Heuzé, Oliver Huhn, Maren Walter, Natalia Sukhikh, Salar Karam, Wiebke Körtke, Myriel Vredenborg, Klaus Bulsiewicz, Jürgen Sültenfuß, Ying-Chih Fang, Christian Mertens, Benjamin Rabe, Sandra Tippenhauer, Jacob Allerholt, Hailun He, David Kuhlmey, Ivan Kuznetsov, and Maria Mallet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5517–5534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gases dissolved in the ocean water not used by the ecosystem (or "passive tracers") are invaluable to track water over long distances and investigate the processes that modify its properties. Unfortunately, especially so in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, such gas measurements are sparse. We here present a data set of several passive tracers (anthropogenic gases, noble gases and their isotopes) collected over the full ocean depth, weekly, during the 1-year drift in the Arctic during MOSAiC.
Christoph Heinze, Thorsten Blenckner, Peter Brown, Friederike Fröb, Anne Morée, Adrian L. New, Cara Nissen, Stefanie Rynders, Isabel Seguro, Yevgeny Aksenov, Yuri Artioli, Timothée Bourgeois, Friedrich Burger, Jonathan Buzan, B. B. Cael, Veli Çağlar Yumruktepe, Melissa Chierici, Christopher Danek, Ulf Dieckmann, Agneta Fransson, Thomas Frölicher, Giovanni Galli, Marion Gehlen, Aridane G. González, Melchor Gonzalez-Davila, Nicolas Gruber, Örjan Gustafsson, Judith Hauck, Mikko Heino, Stephanie Henson, Jenny Hieronymus, I. Emma Huertas, Fatma Jebri, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Fortunat Joos, Jaideep Joshi, Stephen Kelly, Nandini Menon, Precious Mongwe, Laurent Oziel, Sólveig Ólafsdottir, Julien Palmieri, Fiz F. Pérez, Rajamohanan Pillai Ranith, Juliano Ramanantsoa, Tilla Roy, Dagmara Rusiecka, J. Magdalena Santana Casiano, Yeray Santana-Falcón, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Miriam Seifert, Anna Shchiptsova, Bablu Sinha, Christopher Somes, Reiner Steinfeldt, Dandan Tao, Jerry Tjiputra, Adam Ulfsbo, Christoph Völker, Tsuyoshi Wakamatsu, and Ying Ye
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-182, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
For assessing the consequences of human-induced climate change for the marine realm, it is necessary to not only look at gradual changes but also at abrupt changes of environmental conditions. We summarise abrupt changes in ocean warming, acidification, and oxygen concentration as the key environmental factors for ecosystems. Taking these abrupt changes into account requires greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced to a larger extent than previously thought to limit respective damage.
Magnus Hieronymus
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2343–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2343-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A statistical model called the sea level simulator is presented and made freely available. The sea level simulator integrates mean sea level rise and sea level extremes into a joint probabilistic framework that is useful for flood risk estimation. These flood risk estimates are contingent on probabilities given to different emission scenarios and the length of the planning period. The model is also useful for uncertainty quantification and in decision and adaptation problems.
Matthias Gröger, Manja Placke, H. E. Markus Meier, Florian Börgel, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Cyril Dutheil, Ulf Gräwe, Magnus Hieronymus, Thomas Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Semjon Schimanke, Jian Su, and Germo Väli
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8613–8638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Comparisons of oceanographic climate data from different models often suffer from different model setups, forcing fields, and output of variables. This paper provides a protocol to harmonize these elements to set up multidecadal simulations for the Baltic Sea, a marginal sea in Europe. First results are shown from six different model simulations from four different model platforms. Topical studies for upwelling, marine heat waves, and stratification are also assessed.
Mario Hoppmann, Ivan Kuznetsov, Ying-Chih Fang, and Benjamin Rabe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4901–4921, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4901-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4901-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The role of eddies and fronts in the oceans is a hot topic in climate research, but there are still many related knowledge gaps, particularly in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. Here we present a unique dataset of ocean observations collected by a set of drifting buoys installed on ice floes as part of the 2019/2020 MOSAiC campaign. The buoys recorded temperature and salinity data for 10 months, providing extraordinary insights into the properties and processes of the ocean along their drift.
Imke Sievers, Andrea M. U. Gierisch, Till A. S. Rasmussen, Robinson Hordoir, and Lars Stenseng
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-84, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-84, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
To predict Arctic sea ice models are used. Many ice models exists. They all are skill full, but give different results. Often this differences result from forcing as for example air temperature. Other differences result from the way the physical equations are solved in the model. In this study two commonly used models are compared under equal forcing, to find out how much the models differ under similar external forcing. The results are compared to observations and to eachother.
Dmitry V. Sein, Anton Y. Dvornikov, Stanislav D. Martyanov, William Cabos, Vladimir A. Ryabchenko, Matthias Gröger, Daniela Jacob, Alok Kumar Mishra, and Pankaj Kumar
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 809–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-809-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-809-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of the marine biogeochemical variability upon the South Asian regional climate has been investigated. In the experiment where its full impact is activated, the average sea surface temperature is lower over most of the ocean. When the biogeochemical coupling is included, the main impacts include the enhanced phytoplankton primary production, a shallower thermocline, decreased SST and water temperature in subsurface layers.
Ralf Döscher, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, Peter Anthoni, Thomas Arsouze, Tommi Bergman, Raffaele Bernardello, Souhail Boussetta, Louis-Philippe Caron, Glenn Carver, Miguel Castrillo, Franco Catalano, Ivana Cvijanovic, Paolo Davini, Evelien Dekker, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, David Docquier, Pablo Echevarria, Uwe Fladrich, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Matthias Gröger, Jost v. Hardenberg, Jenny Hieronymus, M. Pasha Karami, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Torben Koenigk, Risto Makkonen, François Massonnet, Martin Ménégoz, Paul A. Miller, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Lars Nieradzik, Twan van Noije, Paul Nolan, Declan O'Donnell, Pirkka Ollinaho, Gijs van den Oord, Pablo Ortega, Oriol Tintó Prims, Arthur Ramos, Thomas Reerink, Clement Rousset, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Philippe Le Sager, Torben Schmith, Roland Schrödner, Federico Serva, Valentina Sicardi, Marianne Sloth Madsen, Benjamin Smith, Tian Tian, Etienne Tourigny, Petteri Uotila, Martin Vancoppenolle, Shiyu Wang, David Wårlind, Ulrika Willén, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Xavier Yepes-Arbós, and Qiong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2973–3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth system model EC-Earth3 is documented here. Key performance metrics show physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
Matthias Gröger, Christian Dieterich, Cyril Dutheil, H. E. Markus Meier, and Dmitry V. Sein
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 613–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric rivers transport high amounts of water from subtropical regions to Europe. They are an important driver of heavy precipitation and flooding. Their response to a warmer future climate in Europe has so far been assessed only by global climate models. In this study, we apply for the first time a high-resolution regional climate model that allow to better resolve and understand the fate of atmospheric rivers over Europe.
H. E. Markus Meier, Madline Kniebusch, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Eduardo Zorita, Ragnar Elmgren, Kai Myrberg, Markus P. Ahola, Alena Bartosova, Erik Bonsdorff, Florian Börgel, Rene Capell, Ida Carlén, Thomas Carlund, Jacob Carstensen, Ole B. Christensen, Volker Dierschke, Claudia Frauen, Morten Frederiksen, Elie Gaget, Anders Galatius, Jari J. Haapala, Antti Halkka, Gustaf Hugelius, Birgit Hünicke, Jaak Jaagus, Mart Jüssi, Jukka Käyhkö, Nina Kirchner, Erik Kjellström, Karol Kulinski, Andreas Lehmann, Göran Lindström, Wilhelm May, Paul A. Miller, Volker Mohrholz, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Markus Quante, Marcus Reckermann, Anna Rutgersson, Oleg P. Savchuk, Martin Stendel, Laura Tuomi, Markku Viitasalo, Ralf Weisse, and Wenyan Zhang
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 457–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge about the effects of global warming on past and future changes in the climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere.
Filippa Fransner, Friederike Fröb, Jerry Tjiputra, Nadine Goris, Siv K. Lauvset, Ingunn Skjelvan, Emil Jeansson, Abdirahman Omar, Melissa Chierici, Elizabeth Jones, Agneta Fransson, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir, Truls Johannessen, and Are Olsen
Biogeosciences, 19, 979–1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-979-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification, a direct consequence of the CO2 release by human activities, is a serious threat to marine ecosystems. In this study, we conduct a detailed investigation of the acidification of the Nordic Seas, from 1850 to 2100, by using a large set of samples taken during research cruises together with numerical model simulations. We estimate the effects of changes in different environmental factors on the rate of acidification and its potential effects on cold-water corals.
H. E. Markus Meier, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Cyril Dutheil, Florian Börgel, Kseniia Safonova, Ole B. Christensen, and Erik Kjellström
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 159–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-159-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-159-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In addition to environmental pressures such as eutrophication, overfishing and contaminants, climate change is believed to have an important impact on the marine environment in the future, and marine management should consider the related risks. Hence, we have compared and assessed available scenario simulations for the Baltic Sea and found considerable uncertainties of the projections caused by the underlying assumptions and model biases, in particular for the water and biogeochemical cycles.
Ole Bøssing Christensen, Erik Kjellström, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, and Hans Eberhard Markus Meier
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 133–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-133-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-133-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea Region is very sensitive to climate change, whose impacts could easily exacerbate biodiversity stress from society and eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Therefore, there has been a focus on estimations of future climate change and its impacts in recent research. Models show a strong warming, in particular in the north in winter. Precipitation is projected to increase in the whole region apart from the south during summer. New results improve estimates of future climate change.
Jenny Hieronymus, Kari Eilola, Malin Olofsson, Inga Hense, H. E. Markus Meier, and Elin Almroth-Rosell
Biogeosciences, 18, 6213–6227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6213-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dense blooms of cyanobacteria occur every summer in the Baltic Proper and can add to eutrophication by their ability to turn nitrogen gas into dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Being able to correctly estimate the size of this nitrogen fixation is important for management purposes. In this work, we find that the life cycle of cyanobacteria plays an important role in capturing the seasonality of the blooms as well as the size of nitrogen fixation in our ocean model.
Ingo Bethke, Yiguo Wang, François Counillon, Noel Keenlyside, Madlen Kimmritz, Filippa Fransner, Annette Samuelsen, Helene Langehaug, Lea Svendsen, Ping-Gin Chiu, Leilane Passos, Mats Bentsen, Chuncheng Guo, Alok Gupta, Jerry Tjiputra, Alf Kirkevåg, Dirk Olivié, Øyvind Seland, Julie Solsvik Vågane, Yuanchao Fan, and Tor Eldevik
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7073–7116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model version 1 (NorCPM1) is a new research tool for performing climate reanalyses and seasonal-to-decadal climate predictions. It adds data assimilation capability to the Norwegian Earth System Model version 1 (NorESM1) and has contributed output to the Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP) as part of the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We describe the system and evaluate its baseline, reanalysis and prediction performance.
Vera Fofonova, Tuomas Kärnä, Knut Klingbeil, Alexey Androsov, Ivan Kuznetsov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, Hans Burchard, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6945–6975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a test case of river plume spreading to evaluate coastal ocean models. Our test case reveals the level of numerical mixing (due to parameterizations used and numerical treatment of processes in the model) and the ability of models to reproduce complex dynamics. The major result of our comparative study is that accuracy in reproducing the analytical solution depends less on the type of applied model architecture or numerical grid than it does on the type of advection scheme.
Amanda T. Nylund, Lars Arneborg, Anders Tengberg, Ulf Mallast, and Ida-Maja Hassellöv
Ocean Sci., 17, 1285–1302, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Acoustic and satellite observations of turbulent ship wakes show that ships can mix the water column down to 30 m depth and that a temperature signature of the wake can last for tens of kilometres after ship passage. Turbulent wakes deeper than 12 m were frequently detected, which is deeper than previously reported. The observed extent of turbulent ship wakes implies that in areas with intensive ship traffic, ship mixing should be considered when assessing environmental impacts from shipping.
Matthias Gröger, Christian Dieterich, Jari Haapala, Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Stefan Hagemann, Jaromir Jakacki, Wilhelm May, H. E. Markus Meier, Paul A. Miller, Anna Rutgersson, and Lichuan Wu
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 939–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate studies are typically pursued by single Earth system component models (e.g., ocean models and atmosphere models). These models are driven by prescribed data which hamper the simulation of feedbacks between Earth system components. To overcome this, models were developed that interactively couple model components and allow an adequate simulation of Earth system interactions important for climate. This article reviews recent developments of such models for the Baltic Sea region.
Tuomas Kärnä, Patrik Ljungemyr, Saeed Falahat, Ida Ringgaard, Lars Axell, Vasily Korabel, Jens Murawski, Ilja Maljutenko, Anja Lindenthal, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Svetlana Verjovkina, Ina Lorkowski, Priidik Lagemaa, Jun She, Laura Tuomi, Adam Nord, and Vibeke Huess
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5731–5749, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present Nemo-Nordic 2.0, a novel operational marine model for the Baltic Sea. The model covers the Baltic Sea and the North Sea with approximately 1 nmi resolution. We validate the model's performance against sea level, water temperature, and salinity observations, as well as sea ice charts. The skill analysis demonstrates that Nemo-Nordic 2.0 can reproduce the hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea.
Astrid Hylén, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Mikhail Kononets, Mingyue Luo, Elin Almroth-Rosell, and Per O. J. Hall
Biogeosciences, 18, 2981–3004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2981-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2981-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments in oxygen-depleted ocean areas release high amounts of phosphorus, feeding algae that consume oxygen upon degradation, leading to further phosphorus release. Oxygenation is thought to trap phosphorus in the sediment and break this feedback. We studied the sediment phosphorus cycle in a previously anoxic area after an inflow of oxic water. Surprisingly, the sediment phosphorus release increased, showing that feedbacks between phosphorus release and oxygen depletion can be hard to break.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Matthias Gröger, Jenny Hieronymus, and Ralf Döscher
Ocean Sci., 16, 1183–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1183-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1183-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Global inorganic and organic nutrient deposition fields are coupled to PISCES to investigate their effect on ocean biogeochemistry. Pre-industrial deposition fluxes are lower compared to the present day, resulting in lower oceanic productivity. Future changes result in a modest decrease in the nutrients put into the global ocean. This work provides a first assessment of the atmospheric organic nutrients' contribution, highlighting the importance of their representation in biogeochemistry models.
Hagen Radtke, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Ulf Gräwe, and H. E. Markus Meier
Clim. Past, 16, 1617–1642, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1617-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1617-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During the last century, salinity in the Baltic Sea showed a multidecadal oscillation with a period of 30 years. Using a numerical circulation model and wavelet coherence analysis, we demonstrate that this variation has at least two possible causes. One driver is river runoff which shows a 30-year variation. The second one is a variation in the frequency of strong inflows of saline water across Darss Sill which also contains a pronounced 30-year period.
Murat Gunduz, Emin Özsoy, and Robinson Hordoir
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 121–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-121-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-121-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Bosphorus exchange is of critical importance for hydrodynamics and hydroclimatology of the Black Sea. In this study, we report on the development of a medium-resolution circulation model of the Black Sea, making use of surface atmospheric forcing with high space and time resolution, climatic river fluxes and strait exchange, enabled by adding elementary details of strait and coastal topography and seasonal hydrology specified in an artificial box on the Marmara Sea side.
Vera Fofonova, Alexey Androsov, Lasse Sander, Ivan Kuznetsov, Felipe Amorim, H. Christian Hass, and Karen H. Wiltshire
Ocean Sci., 15, 1761–1782, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1761-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1761-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study is dedicated to tidally induced dynamics in the Sylt-Rømø Bight with a focus on the non-linear component. The tidal residual circulation and asymmetric tidal cycles largely define the circulation pattern, transport and accumulation of sediment, and the distribution of bedforms. The newly obtained high-quality bathymetric data supported the use of high-resolution grids (up to 2 m in the intertidal zone) and elaboration of the details of tidal energy transformation in the domain.
Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Lars Arneborg, and Helén C. Andersson
Ocean Sci., 15, 1399–1418, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1399-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1399-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We assess storm surges in the Baltic Sea and how they are represented in a regional climate model. We show how well different model formulations agree with each other and how this model uncertainty relates to observational uncertainty. With an ensemble of model solutions that represent today's climate, we show that this uncertainty is of the same size as the observational uncertainty. The second part of this study compares climate uncertainty with scenario uncertainty and natural variability.
Ivan Kuznetsov, Alexey Androsov, Vera Fofonova, Sergey Danilov, Natalja Rakowsky, Sven Harig, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2019-103, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2019-103, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal regions play a significant role in global processes. Numerical models are one of the major instruments in understanding ocean dynamics. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the representativeness of the simulations with the new FESOM-C model by comparing the results with observational data for the southeastern part of the North Sea. An equally important objective is to present the application of convergence analysis of solutions for grids of different spatial resolutions.
Alexey Androsov, Vera Fofonova, Ivan Kuznetsov, Sergey Danilov, Natalja Rakowsky, Sven Harig, Holger Brix, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1009–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a description of a coastal ocean circulation model designed to work on variable-resolution meshes made of triangular and quadrilateral cells. This hybrid mesh functionality allows for higher numerical performance and less dissipative solutions.
Filippa Fransner, Agneta Fransson, Christoph Humborg, Erik Gustafsson, Letizia Tedesco, Robinson Hordoir, and Jonas Nycander
Biogeosciences, 16, 863–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-863-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-863-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Although rivers carry large amounts of organic material to the oceans, little is known about what fate it meets when it reaches the sea. In this study we are investigating the fate of the carbon in this organic matter by the use of a numerical model in combination with ship measurements from the northern Baltic Sea. Our results suggests that there is substantial remineralization taking place, transforming the organic carbon into CO2, which is released to the atmosphere.
Robinson Hordoir, Lars Axell, Anders Höglund, Christian Dieterich, Filippa Fransner, Matthias Gröger, Ye Liu, Per Pemberton, Semjon Schimanke, Helen Andersson, Patrik Ljungemyr, Petter Nygren, Saeed Falahat, Adam Nord, Anette Jönsson, Iréne Lake, Kristofer Döös, Magnus Hieronymus, Heiner Dietze, Ulrike Löptien, Ivan Kuznetsov, Antti Westerlund, Laura Tuomi, and Jari Haapala
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 363–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-363-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-363-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Nemo-Nordic is a regional ocean model based on a community code (NEMO). It covers the Baltic and the North Sea area and is used as a forecast model by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. It is also used as a research tool by scientists of several countries to study, for example, the effects of climate change on the Baltic and North seas. Using such a model permits us to understand key processes in this coastal ecosystem and how such processes will change in a future climate.
Sofia Saraiva, H. E. Markus Meier, Helén Andersson, Anders Höglund, Christian Dieterich, Robinson Hordoir, and Kari Eilola
Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2018-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2018-16, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainties are estimated in Baltic Sea climate projections by performing scenarios combining 4 Global Climate Models, 2 future gas emissions (RCP4.5, RCP8.5) and 3 nutrient load scenarios. Results on primary production, nitrogen fixation, and hypoxic areas show that uncertainties caused by the nutrients loads are greater than uncertainties due to GCMs and RCPs. In all scenarios, nutrient load abatement strategy, Baltic Sea Action Plan, will lead to an improvement in the environmental state.
Per Pemberton, Ulrike Löptien, Robinson Hordoir, Anders Höglund, Semjon Schimanke, Lars Axell, and Jari Haapala
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3105–3123, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3105-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3105-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea is seasonally ice covered with intense wintertime ship traffic and a sensitive ecosystem. Understanding the sea-ice pack is important for climate effect studies and forecasting. A NEMO-LIM3.6-based model setup for the North Sea/Baltic Sea is introduced, including a method for ice in the coastal zone. We evaluate different sea-ice parameters and overall find that the model agrees well with the observation though deformed ice is more challenging to capture.
S.-E. Brunnabend, H. A. Dijkstra, M. A. Kliphuis, H. E. Bal, F. Seinstra, B. van Werkhoven, J. Maassen, and M. van Meersbergen
Ocean Sci., 13, 47–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-47-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-47-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
An important contribution to future changes in regional sea level extremes is due to the changes in intrinsic ocean variability, in particular ocean eddies. Here, we study a scenario of future dynamic sea level (DSL) extremes using a strongly eddying version of the Parallel Ocean Program. Changes in 10-year return time DSL extremes are very inhomogeneous over the globe and are related to changes in ocean currents and corresponding regional shifts in ocean eddy pathways.
Elin Almroth-Rosell, Moa Edman, Kari Eilola, H. E. Markus Meier, and Jörgen Sahlberg
Biogeosciences, 13, 5753–5769, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5753-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5753-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Nutrients from land have been discussed to increase eutrophication in the open sea. This model study shows that the coastal zone works as an efficient filter. Water depth and residence time regulate the retention that occurs mostly in the sediment due to processes such as burial and denitrification. On shorter timescales the retention capacity might seem less effective when the land load of nutrients decreases, but with time the coastal zone can import nutrients from the open sea.
Elham Baranizadeh, Benjamin N. Murphy, Jan Julin, Saeed Falahat, Carly L. Reddington, Antti Arola, Lars Ahlm, Santtu Mikkonen, Christos Fountoukis, David Patoulias, Andreas Minikin, Thomas Hamburger, Ari Laaksonen, Spyros N. Pandis, Hanna Vehkamäki, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, and Ilona Riipinen
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2741–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2741-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2741-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The molecular mechanisms through which new ultrafine (< 100 nm) aerosol particles are formed in the atmosphere have puzzled the scientific community for decades. In the past few years, however, significant progress has been made in unraveling these processes through laboratory studies and computational efforts. In this work we have implemented these new developments to an air quality model and study the implications of anthropogenically driven particle formation for European air quality.
U. Löptien and L. Axell
The Cryosphere, 8, 2409–2418, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2409-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2409-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered marginal sea in central northern Europe. In wintertime, on-time shipping depends crucially on sea ice forecasts. Among the forecasting tools heavily applied are numerical models, which suffer from a lack of calibration data because relevant ice properties are difficult (and costly) to monitor. We developed an innovative and inexpensive approach, by using ship speed observations obtained by the automatic identification system (AIS) to asses such models.
S.-E. Brunnabend, H. A. Dijkstra, M. A. Kliphuis, B. van Werkhoven, H. E. Bal, F. Seinstra, J. Maassen, and M. van Meersbergen
Ocean Sci., 10, 881–891, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-881-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-881-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Regional sea surface height (SSH) changes due to an abrupt weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are simulated with a high- and low-resolution model. A rapid decrease of the AMOC in the high-resolution version induces shorter return times of several specific regional and coastal extremes in North Atlantic SSH than in the low-resolution version. This effect is caused by a change in main eddy pathways associated with a change in separation latitude of the Gulf Stream.
B. van Werkhoven, J. Maassen, M. Kliphuis, H. A. Dijkstra, S. E. Brunnabend, M. van Meersbergen, F. J. Seinstra, and H. E. Bal
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 267–281, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-267-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-267-2014, 2014
M. Gröger, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, A. Moll, and D. Sein
Biogeosciences, 10, 3767–3792, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3767-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3767-2013, 2013
P. Bakker, E. J. Stone, S. Charbit, M. Gröger, U. Krebs-Kanzow, S. P. Ritz, V. Varma, V. Khon, D. J. Lunt, U. Mikolajewicz, M. Prange, H. Renssen, B. Schneider, and M. Schulz
Clim. Past, 9, 605–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-605-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-605-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Modelling, Aquatic
Killing the predator: impacts of highest-predator mortality on the global-ocean ecosystem structure
Hydrodynamic and biochemical impacts on the development of hypoxia in the Louisiana–Texas shelf – Part 1: roles of nutrient limitation and plankton community
Investigating ecosystem connections in the shelf sea environment using complex networks
Seasonal and interannual variability of the pelagic ecosystem and of the organic carbon budget in the Rhodes Gyre (eastern Mediterranean): influence of winter mixing
How much do bacterial growth properties and biodegradable dissolved organic matter control water quality at low flow?
Methane emissions from Arctic landscapes during 2000–2015: an analysis with land and lake biogeochemistry models
Including filter-feeding gelatinous macrozooplankton in a global marine biogeochemical model: model–data comparison and impact on the ocean carbon cycle
Riverine impact on future projections of marine primary production and carbon uptake
Subsurface oxygen maximum in oligotrophic marine ecosystems: mapping the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes
Quantifying biological carbon pump pathways with a data-constrained mechanistic model ensemble approach
Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of methylmercury biogeochemistry and bioaccumulation in the Mediterranean Sea with a coupled 3D model
Hydrodynamic and biochemical impacts on the development of hypoxia in the Louisiana–Texas shelf – Part 2: statistical modeling and hypoxia prediction
Modelling the effects of benthic fauna on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the Baltic Sea
Improved prediction of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) distributions in the northeast subarctic Pacific using machine-learning algorithms
Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modeling approach using the Carbon-Generic Estuarine Model
A modelling study of temporal and spatial pCO2 variability on the biologically active and temperature-dominated Scotian Shelf
Modeling the marine chromium cycle: new constraints on global-scale processes
New insights into large-scale trends of apparent organic matter reactivity in marine sediments and patterns of benthic carbon transformation
Evaluation of ocean dimethylsulfide concentration and emission in CMIP6 models
Zooplankton mortality effects on the plankton community of the northern Humboldt Current System: sensitivity of a regional biogeochemical model
Multi-compartment kinetic–allometric (MCKA) model of radionuclide bioaccumulation in marine fish
Impact of bottom trawling on sediment biogeochemistry: a modelling approach
Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts
Arctic Ocean acidification over the 21st century co-driven by anthropogenic carbon increases and freshening in the CMIP6 model ensemble
Modeling silicate–nitrate–ammonium co-limitation of algal growth and the importance of bacterial remineralization based on an experimental Arctic coastal spring bloom culture study
Role of jellyfish in the plankton ecosystem revealed using a global ocean biogeochemical model
Extreme event waves in marine ecosystems: an application to Mediterranean Sea surface chlorophyll
Use of optical absorption indices to assess seasonal variability of dissolved organic matter in Amazon floodplain lakes
The role of sediment-induced light attenuation on primary production during Hurricane Gustav (2008)
Quantifying spatiotemporal variability in zooplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico with a physical–biogeochemical model
One size fits all? Calibrating an ocean biogeochemistry model for different circulations
Assessing the temporal scale of deep-sea mining impacts on sediment biogeochemistry
Seasonal patterns of surface inorganic carbon system variables in the Gulf of Mexico inferred from a regional high-resolution ocean biogeochemical model
Oxygen dynamics and evaluation of the single-station diel oxygen model across contrasting geologies
Oceanic CO2 outgassing and biological production hotspots induced by pre-industrial river loads of nutrients and carbon in a global modeling approach
Global trends in marine nitrate N isotopes from observations and a neural network-based climatology
Merging bio-optical data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats and models in marine biogeochemistry
Model constraints on the anthropogenic carbon budget of the Arctic Ocean
Modeling oceanic nitrate and nitrite concentrations and isotopes using a 3-D inverse N cycle model
Biogeochemical response of the Mediterranean Sea to the transient SRES-A2 climate change scenario
Modelling the biogeochemical effects of heterotrophic and autotrophic N2 fixation in the Gulf of Aqaba (Israel), Red Sea
A perturbed biogeochemistry model ensemble evaluated against in situ and satellite observations
Diazotrophy as the main driver of the oligotrophy gradient in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean: results from a one-dimensional biogeochemical–physical coupled model
Causes of simulated long-term changes in phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic proper: a wavelet analysis
Modelling N2 fixation related to Trichodesmium sp.: driving processes and impacts on primary production in the tropical Pacific Ocean
Long-term response of oceanic carbon uptake to global warming via physical and biological pumps
Seasonal patterns in phytoplankton biomass across the northern and deep Gulf of Mexico: a numerical model study
Sea-surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration from satellite data at global and regional scales
A new look at the multi-G model for organic carbon degradation in surface marine sediments for coupled benthic–pelagic simulations of the global ocean
Groundwater data improve modelling of headwater stream CO2 outgassing with a stable DIC isotope approach
David Talmy, Eric Carr, Harshana Rajakaruna, Selina Våge, and Anne Willem Omta
Biogeosciences, 21, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The structure of plankton communities is central to global cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. This study explored the sensitivity of different assumptions about highest-predator mortality in ecosystem models with contrasting food web structures. In the context of environmental data, we find support for models assuming a density-dependent mortality of the highest predator, irrespective of assumed food web structure.
Yanda Ou and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 21, 2385–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Developed for the Gulf of Mexico (2006–2020), a 3D hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model validated against in situ data reveals the impact of nutrients and plankton diversity on dissolved oxygen dynamics. It highlights the role of physical processes, sediment oxygen consumption, and nutrient distribution in shaping bottom oxygen levels and hypoxia. The model underscores the importance of complex plankton interactions for understanding primary production and hypoxia evolution.
Ieuan Higgs, Jozef Skákala, Ross Bannister, Alberto Carrassi, and Stefano Ciavatta
Biogeosciences, 21, 731–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A complex network is a way of representing which parts of a system are connected to other parts. We have constructed a complex network based on an ecosystem–ocean model. From this, we can identify patterns in the structure and areas of similar behaviour. This can help to understand how natural, or human-made, changes will affect the shelf sea ecosystem, and it can be used in multiple future applications such as improving modelling, data assimilation, or machine learning.
Joelle Habib, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Milad Fakhri, Patrick Marsaleix, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Alexandre Mignot, Laurent Mortier, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 20, 3203–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Rhodes Gyre, eastern Mediterranean Sea, is the main Levantine Intermediate Water formation site. In this study, we use a 3D physical–biogeochemical model to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of organic carbon dynamics in the gyre. Our results show its autotrophic nature and its high interannual variability, with enhanced primary production, downward exports, and onward exports to the surrounding regions during years marked by intense heat losses and deep mixed layers.
Masihullah Hasanyar, Thomas Romary, Shuaitao Wang, and Nicolas Flipo
Biogeosciences, 20, 1621–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results of this study indicate that biodegradable dissolved organic matter is responsible for oxygen depletion at low flow during summer seasons when heterotrophic bacterial activity is so intense. Therefore, the dissolved organic matter must be well measured in the water monitoring networks in order to have more accurate water quality models. It also advocates for high-frequency data collection for better quantification of the uncertainties related to organic matter.
Xiangyu Liu and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 20, 1181–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We are among the first to quantify methane emissions from inland water system in the pan-Arctic. The total CH4 emissions are 36.46 Tg CH4 yr−1 during 2000–2015, of which wetlands and lakes were 21.69 Tg yr−1 and 14.76 Tg yr−1, respectively. By using two non-overlap area change datasets with land and lake models, our simulation avoids small lakes being counted twice as both lake and wetland, and it narrows the gap between two different methods used to quantify regional CH4 emissions.
Corentin Clerc, Laurent Bopp, Fabio Benedetti, Meike Vogt, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 20, 869–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gelatinous zooplankton play a key role in the ocean carbon cycle. In particular, pelagic tunicates, which feed on a wide size range of prey, produce rapidly sinking detritus. Thus, they efficiently transfer carbon from the surface to the depths. Consequently, we added these organisms to a marine biogeochemical model (PISCES-v2) and evaluated their impact on the global carbon cycle. We found that they contribute significantly to carbon export and that this contribution increases with depth.
Shuang Gao, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, Ingo Bethke, Jens Hartmann, Emilio Mayorga, and Christoph Heinze
Biogeosciences, 20, 93–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-93-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the impact of riverine nutrients and carbon (C) on projected marine primary production (PP) and C uptake using a fully coupled Earth system model. Riverine inputs alleviate nutrient limitation and thus lessen the projected PP decline by up to 0.7 Pg C yr−1 globally. The effect of increased riverine C may be larger than the effect of nutrient inputs in the future on the projected ocean C uptake, while in the historical period increased nutrient inputs are considered the largest driver.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Michael R. Stukel, Moira Décima, and Michael R. Landry
Biogeosciences, 19, 3595–3624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The biological carbon pump (BCP) transports carbon into the deep ocean, leading to long-term marine carbon sequestration. It is driven by many physical, chemical, and ecological processes. We developed a model of the BCP constrained using data from 11 cruises in 4 different ocean regions. Our results show that sinking particles and vertical mixing are more important than transport mediated by vertically migrating zooplankton. They also highlight the uncertainty in current estimates of the BCP.
Ginevra Rosati, Donata Canu, Paolo Lazzari, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 19, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methylmercury (MeHg) is produced and bioaccumulated in marine food webs, posing concerns for human exposure through seafood consumption. We modeled and analyzed the fate of MeHg in the lower food web of the Mediterranean Sea. The modeled spatial–temporal distribution of plankton bioaccumulation differs from the distribution of MeHg in surface water. We also show that MeHg exposure concentrations in temperate waters can be lowered by winter convection, which is declining due to climate change.
Yanda Ou, Bin Li, and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 19, 3575–3593, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades, the Louisiana–Texas shelf has been suffering recurring hypoxia (dissolved oxygen < 2 mg L−1). We developed a novel prediction model using state-of-the-art statistical techniques based on physical and biogeochemical data provided by a numerical model. The model can capture both the magnitude and onset of the annual hypoxia events. This study also demonstrates that it is possible to use a global model forecast to predict regional ocean water quality.
Eva Ehrnsten, Oleg Pavlovitch Savchuk, and Bo Gustav Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3337–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effects of benthic fauna, animals living on or in the seafloor, on the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus using a model of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. By eating and excreting, the animals transform a large part of organic matter sinking to the seafloor into inorganic forms, which fuel plankton blooms. Simultaneously, when they move around (bioturbate), phosphorus is bound in the sediments. This reduces nitrogen-fixing plankton blooms and oxygen depletion.
Brandon J. McNabb and Philippe D. Tortell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1705–1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) plays an important role in the ocean sulfur cycle and can also influence Earth’s climate. Our study used two statistical methods to predict surface ocean concentrations and rates of sea–air exchange of DMS in the northeast subarctic Pacific. Our results show improved predictive power over previous approaches and suggest that nutrient availability, light-dependent processes, and physical mixing may be important controls on DMS in this region.
Xi Wei, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Paul Passy, Romain Le Gendre, Gilles Billen, Maia Akopian, and Goulven Gildas Laruelle
Biogeosciences, 19, 931–955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are key reactive ecosystems along the land–ocean aquatic continuum and are often strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities. We calculated nutrient in and out fluxes by using a 1-D transient model for seven estuaries along the French Atlantic coast. Among these, large estuaries with high residence times showed higher retention rates than medium and small ones. All reveal coastal eutrophication due to the excess of diffused nitrogen from intensive agricultural river basins.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Dariia Atamanchuk, Douglas Wallace, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 6271–6286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model of the northwestern North Atlantic shelves in combination with a surface water time series and repeat transect observations, we investigate surface CO2 variability on the Scotian Shelf. The study highlights a strong seasonal cycle in shelf-wide pCO2 and spatial variability throughout the summer months driven by physical events. The simulated net flux of CO2 on the Scotian Shelf is out of the ocean, deviating from the global air–sea CO2 flux trend in continental shelves.
Frerk Pöppelmeier, David J. Janssen, Samuel L. Jaccard, and Thomas F. Stocker
Biogeosciences, 18, 5447–5463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Chromium (Cr) is a redox-sensitive element that holds promise as a tracer of ocean oxygenation and biological activity. We here implemented the oxidation states Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the Bern3D model to investigate the processes that shape the global Cr distribution. We find a Cr ocean residence time of 5–8 kyr and that the benthic source dominates the tracer budget. Further, regional model–data mismatches suggest strong Cr removal in oxygen minimum zones and a spatially variable benthic source.
Felipe S. Freitas, Philip A. Pika, Sabine Kasten, Bo B. Jørgensen, Jens Rassmann, Christophe Rabouille, Shaun Thomas, Henrik Sass, Richard D. Pancost, and Sandra Arndt
Biogeosciences, 18, 4651–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It remains challenging to fully understand what controls carbon burial in marine sediments globally. Thus, we use a model–data approach to identify patterns of organic matter reactivity at the seafloor across distinct environmental conditions. Our findings support the notion that organic matter reactivity is a dynamic ecosystem property and strongly influences biogeochemical cycling and exchange. Our results are essential to improve predictions of future changes in carbon cycling and climate.
Josué Bock, Martine Michou, Pierre Nabat, Manabu Abe, Jane P. Mulcahy, Dirk J. L. Olivié, Jörg Schwinger, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Jerry Tjiputra, Marco van Hulten, Michio Watanabe, Andrew Yool, and Roland Séférian
Biogeosciences, 18, 3823–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse surface ocean dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration and flux to the atmosphere from four CMIP6 Earth system models over the historical and ssp585 simulations.
Our analysis of contemporary (1980–2009) climatologies shows that models better reproduce observations in mid to high latitudes. The models disagree on the sign of the trend of the global DMS flux from 1980 onwards. The models agree on a positive trend of DMS over polar latitudes following sea-ice retreat dynamics.
Mariana Hill Cruz, Iris Kriest, Yonss Saranga José, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 18, 2891–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we use a regional biogeochemical model of the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean to implicitly simulate the effect that fluctuations in populations of small pelagic fish, such as anchovy and sardine, may have on the biogeochemistry of the northern Humboldt Current System. To do so, we vary the zooplankton mortality in the model, under the assumption that these fishes eat zooplankton. We also evaluate the model for the first time against mesozooplankton observations.
Roman Bezhenar, Kyeong Ok Kim, Vladimir Maderich, Govert de With, and Kyung Tae Jung
Biogeosciences, 18, 2591–2607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2591-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2591-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new approach to predicting the accumulation of radionuclides in fish was developed by taking into account heterogeneity of distribution of contamination in the organism and dependence of metabolic process rates on the fish mass. Predicted concentrations of radionuclides in fish agreed well with the laboratory and field measurements. The model with the defined generic parameters could be used in marine environments without local calibration, which is important for emergency decision support.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 18, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom trawling alters benthic mineralization: the recycling of organic material (OM) to free nutrients. To better understand how this occurs, trawling events were added to a model of seafloor OM recycling. Results show that bottom trawling reduces OM and free nutrients in sediments through direct removal thereof and of fauna which transport OM to deeper sediment layers protected from fishing. Our results support temporospatial trawl restrictions to allow key sediment functions to recover.
Britta Munkes, Ulrike Löptien, and Heiner Dietze
Biogeosciences, 18, 2347–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cyanobacteria blooms can strongly aggravate eutrophication problems of water bodies. Their controls are, however, not comprehensively understood, which impedes effective management and protection plans. Here we review the current understanding of cyanobacteria blooms. Juxtaposition of respective field and laboratory studies with state-of-the-art mathematical models reveals substantial uncertainty associated with nutrient demands, grazing, and death of cyanobacteria.
Jens Terhaar, Olivier Torres, Timothée Bourgeois, and Lester Kwiatkowski
Biogeosciences, 18, 2221–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The uptake of carbon, emitted as a result of human activities, results in ocean acidification. We analyse 21st-century projections of acidification in the Arctic Ocean, a region of particular vulnerability, using the latest generation of Earth system models. In this new generation of models there is a large decrease in the uncertainty associated with projections of Arctic Ocean acidification, with freshening playing a greater role in driving acidification than previously simulated.
Tobias R. Vonnahme, Martial Leroy, Silke Thoms, Dick van Oevelen, H. Rodger Harvey, Svein Kristiansen, Rolf Gradinger, Ulrike Dietrich, and Christoph Völker
Biogeosciences, 18, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diatoms are crucial for Arctic coastal spring blooms, and their growth is controlled by nutrients and light. At the end of the bloom, inorganic nitrogen or silicon can be limiting, but nitrogen can be regenerated by bacteria, extending the algal growth phase. Modeling these multi-nutrient dynamics and the role of bacteria is challenging yet crucial for accurate modeling. We recreated spring bloom dynamics in a cultivation experiment and developed a representative dynamic model.
Rebecca M. Wright, Corinne Le Quéré, Erik Buitenhuis, Sophie Pitois, and Mark J. Gibbons
Biogeosciences, 18, 1291–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1291-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1291-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Jellyfish have been included in a global ocean biogeochemical model for the first time. The global mean jellyfish biomass in the model is within the observational range. Jellyfish are found to play an important role in the plankton ecosystem, influencing community structure, spatiotemporal dynamics and biomass. The model raises questions about the sensitivity of the zooplankton community to jellyfish mortality and the interactions between macrozooplankton and jellyfish.
Valeria Di Biagio, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 17, 5967–5988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to a changing climate. We propose a method to identify and characterise
wavesof extreme events affecting marine ecosystems for multi-week periods over wide areas. Our method can be applied to suitable ecosystem variables and has been used to describe different kinds of extreme event waves of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing the output from a high-resolution model.
Maria Paula da Silva, Lino A. Sander de Carvalho, Evlyn Novo, Daniel S. F. Jorge, and Claudio C. F. Barbosa
Biogeosciences, 17, 5355–5364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5355-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5355-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze the seasonal changes in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality (based on its optical properties) in four Amazon floodplain lakes. DOM plays a fundamental role in surface water chemistry, controlling metal bioavailability and mobility, and nutrient cycling. The model proposed in our paper highlights the potential to study DOM quality at a wider spatial scale, which may help to better understand the persistence and fate of DOM in the ecosystem.
Zhengchen Zang, Z. George Xue, Kehui Xu, Samuel J. Bentley, Qin Chen, Eurico J. D'Sa, Le Zhang, and Yanda Ou
Biogeosciences, 17, 5043–5055, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5043-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5043-2020, 2020
Taylor A. Shropshire, Steven L. Morey, Eric P. Chassignet, Alexandra Bozec, Victoria J. Coles, Michael R. Landry, Rasmus Swalethorp, Glenn Zapfe, and Michael R. Stukel
Biogeosciences, 17, 3385–3407, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3385-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3385-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Zooplankton are the smallest animals in the ocean and important food for fish. Despite their importance, zooplankton have been relatively undersampled. To better understand the zooplankton community in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), we developed a model to simulate their dynamics. We found that heterotrophic protists are important for supporting mesozooplankton, which are the primary prey of larval fish. The model developed in this study has the potential to improve fisheries management in the GoM.
Iris Kriest, Paul Kähler, Wolfgang Koeve, Karin Kvale, Volkmar Sauerland, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 17, 3057–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Constants of global biogeochemical ocean models are often tuned
by handto match observations of nutrients or oxygen. We investigate the effect of this tuning by optimising six constants of a global biogeochemical model, simulated in five different offline circulations. Optimal values for three constants adjust to distinct features of the circulation applied and can afterwards be swapped among the circulations, without losing too much of the model's fit to observed quantities.
Laura Haffert, Matthias Haeckel, Henko de Stigter, and Felix Janssen
Biogeosciences, 17, 2767–2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules is expected to have severe environmental impacts. Through prognostic modelling, this study aims to provide a holistic assessment of the biogeochemical recovery after a disturbance event. It was found that the recovery strongly depends on the impact type; e.g. complete removal of the surface sediment reduces seafloor nutrient fluxes over centuries.
Fabian A. Gomez, Rik Wanninkhof, Leticia Barbero, Sang-Ki Lee, and Frank J. Hernandez Jr.
Biogeosciences, 17, 1685–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical model to infer annual changes of surface carbon chemistry in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The main seasonality drivers of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and aragonite saturation state from the model are temperature and river runoff. The GoM basin is a carbon sink in winter–spring and carbon source in summer–fall, but uptake prevails near the Mississippi Delta year-round due to high biological production. Our model results show good correspondence with observational studies.
Simon J. Parker
Biogeosciences, 17, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-305-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-305-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen (DO) models typically assume constant ecosystem respiration over the course of a single day. Using a data-driven approach, this research examines this assumption in four streams across two (hydro-)geological types (Chalk and Greensand). Despite hydrogeological equivalence in terms of baseflow index for each hydrogeological pairing, model suitability differed within, rather than across, geology types. This corresponded with associated differences in timings of DO minima.
Fabrice Lacroix, Tatiana Ilyina, and Jens Hartmann
Biogeosciences, 17, 55–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Contributions of rivers to the oceanic cycling of carbon have been poorly represented in global models until now. Here, we assess the long–term implications of preindustrial riverine loads in the ocean in a novel framework which estimates the loads through a hierarchy of weathering and land–ocean export models. We investigate their impacts for the oceanic biological production and air–sea carbon flux. Finally, we assess the potential incorporation of the framework in an Earth system model.
Patrick A. Rafter, Aaron Bagnell, Dario Marconi, and Timothy DeVries
Biogeosciences, 16, 2617–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2617-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2617-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The N isotopic composition of nitrate (
nitrate δ15N) is a useful tracer of ocean N cycling and many other ocean processes. Here, we use a global compilation of marine nitrate δ15N as an input, training, and validating dataset for an artificial neural network (a.k.a.,
machine learning) and examine basin-scale trends in marine nitrate δ15N from the surface to the seafloor.
Elena Terzić, Paolo Lazzari, Emanuele Organelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Stefano Salon, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 16, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring ecosystem properties in the ocean is a hard business. Recent availability of data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats can help make this task easier. Numerical models can integrate these new data in a coherent picture and can be used to investigate the functioning of ecosystem processes. Our new approach merges experimental information and model capabilities to quantitatively demonstrate the importance of light and water vertical mixing for algae dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea.
Jens Terhaar, James C. Orr, Marion Gehlen, Christian Ethé, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 16, 2343–2367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2343-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2343-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A budget of anthropogenic carbon in the Arctic Ocean, the main driver of open-ocean acidification, was constructed for the first time using a high-resolution ocean model. The budget reveals that anthropogenic carbon enters the Arctic Ocean mainly by lateral transport; the air–sea flux plays a minor role. Coarser-resolution versions of the same model, typical of earth system models, store less anthropogenic carbon in the Arctic Ocean and thus underestimate ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean.
Taylor S. Martin, François Primeau, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 16, 347–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-347-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-347-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrite is a key intermediate in many nitrogen (N) cycling processes in the ocean, particularly in areas with low oxygen that are hotspots for N loss. We have created a 3-D global N cycle model with nitrite as a tracer. Stable isotopes of N are also included in the model and we are able to model the isotope fractionation associated with each N cycling process. Our model accurately represents N concentrations and isotope distributions in the ocean.
Camille Richon, Jean-Claude Dutay, Laurent Bopp, Briac Le Vu, James C. Orr, Samuel Somot, and François Dulac
Biogeosciences, 16, 135–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the effects of climate change and biogeochemical forcing evolution on the nutrient and plankton cycles of the Mediterranean Sea for the first time. We use a high-resolution coupled physical and biogeochemical model and perform 120-year transient simulations. The results indicate that changes in external nutrient fluxes and climate change may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on nutrient concentrations, depending on the region and the scenario.
Angela M. Kuhn, Katja Fennel, and Ilana Berman-Frank
Biogeosciences, 15, 7379–7401, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies demonstrate that marine N2 fixation can be carried out without light. However, direct measurements of N2 fixation in dark environments are relatively scarce. This study uses a model that represents biogeochemical cycles at a deep-ocean location in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Different model versions are used to test assumptions about N2 fixers. Relaxing light limitation for marine N2 fixers improved the similarity between model results and observations of deep nitrate and oxygen.
Prima Anugerahanti, Shovonlal Roy, and Keith Haines
Biogeosciences, 15, 6685–6711, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6685-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6685-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Minor changes in the biogeochemical model equations lead to major dynamical changes. We assessed this structural sensitivity for the MEDUSA biogeochemical model on chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations at five oceanographic stations over 10 years, using 1-D ensembles generated by combining different process equations. The ensemble performed better than the default model in most of the stations, suggesting that our approach is useful for generating a probabilistic biogeochemical ensemble model.
Audrey Gimenez, Melika Baklouti, Thibaut Wagener, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 6573–6589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6573-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6573-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
During the OUTPACE cruise conducted in the oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic region of the western tropical South Pacific, two contrasted regions were sampled in terms of N2 fixation rates, primary production rates and nutrient availability. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of N2 fixation in the differences observed between the two contrasted areas by comparing two simulations only differing by the presence or not of N2 fixers using a 1-D biogeochemical–physical coupled model.
Jenny Hieronymus, Kari Eilola, Magnus Hieronymus, H. E. Markus Meier, Sofia Saraiva, and Bengt Karlson
Biogeosciences, 15, 5113–5129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5113-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5113-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates how phytoplankton concentrations in the Baltic Sea co-vary with nutrient concentrations and other key variables on inter-annual timescales in a model integration over the years 1850–2008. The study area is not only affected by climate change; it has also been subjected to greatly increased nutrient loads due to extensive use of agricultural fertilizers. The results indicate the largest inter-annual coherence of phytoplankton with the limiting nutrient.
Cyril Dutheil, Olivier Aumont, Thomas Gorguès, Anne Lorrain, Sophie Bonnet, Martine Rodier, Cécile Dupouy, Takuhei Shiozaki, and Christophe Menkes
Biogeosciences, 15, 4333–4352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
N2 fixation is recognized as one of the major sources of nitrogen in the ocean. Thus, N2 fixation sustains a significant part of the primary production (PP) by supplying the most common limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. From numerical simulations, the local maximums of Trichodesmium biomass in the Pacific are found around islands, explained by the iron fluxes from island sediments. We assessed that 15 % of the PP may be due to Trichodesmium in the low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll areas.
Akitomo Yamamoto, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, and Yasuhiro Yamanaka
Biogeosciences, 15, 4163–4180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4163-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4163-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Millennial-scale changes in oceanic CO2 uptake due to global warming are simulated by a GCM and offline biogeochemical model. Sensitivity studies show that decreases in oceanic CO2 uptake are mainly caused by a weaker biological pump and seawater warming. Enhanced CO2 uptake due to weaker equatorial upwelling cancels out reduced CO2 uptake due to weaker AMOC and AABW formation. Thus, circulation change plays only a small direct role in reduction of CO2 uptake due to global warming.
Fabian A. Gomez, Sang-Ki Lee, Yanyun Liu, Frank J. Hernandez Jr., Frank E. Muller-Karger, and John T. Lamkin
Biogeosciences, 15, 3561–3576, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3561-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3561-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal patterns in nanophytoplankton and diatom biomass in the Gulf of Mexico were examined with an ocean–biogeochemical model. We found silica limitation of model diatom growth in the deep GoM and Mississippi delta. Zooplankton grazing and both transport and vertical mixing of biomass substantially influence the model phytoplankton biomass seasonality. We stress the need for integrated analyses of biologically and physically driven biomass fluxes to describe phytoplankton seasonal changes.
Martí Galí, Maurice Levasseur, Emmanuel Devred, Rafel Simó, and Marcel Babin
Biogeosciences, 15, 3497–3519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3497-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3497-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new algorithm to estimate the sea-surface concentration of dimethylsulfide (DMS) using satellite data. DMS is a gas produced by marine plankton that, once emitted to the atmosphere, plays a key climatic role by seeding cloud formation. We used the algorithm to produce global DMS maps and also regional DMS time series. The latter suggest that DMS can vary largely from one year to another, which should be taken into account in atmospheric studies.
Konstantin Stolpovsky, Andrew W. Dale, and Klaus Wallmann
Biogeosciences, 15, 3391–3407, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3391-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3391-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes a new way to parameterize G-type models in marine sediments using data about reactivity of organic carbon sinking to the seafloor.
Anne Marx, Marcus Conrad, Vadym Aizinger, Alexander Prechtel, Robert van Geldern, and Johannes A. C. Barth
Biogeosciences, 15, 3093–3106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3093-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3093-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 outgassing from small streams causes one of the main uncertainties in global carbon budgets. These are caused by variable flow conditions, changing stream surface areas, and groundwater seeps. Here we used groundwater data to improve a novel stable carbon isotope modelling approach. We found that CO2 outgassing contributed more than three-fourths of annual stream inorganic carbon loss in a small, silicate catchment. We underline the potential of this approach for global applications.
Cited articles
Almroth, E. and Skogen, M. D.: A North Sea and Baltic Sea model ensemble eutrophication assessment, Ambio, 39, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-009-0006-7, 2010. a
Andersen, J. H., Carstensen, J., Conley, D. J., Dromph, K., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., Gustafsson, B. G., Josefson, A. B., Norkko, A., Villnäs, A., and Murray, C.: Long–term temporal and spatial trends in eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea, Biol. Rev., 92, 135–149, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12221, 2017. a
Andersson, L.: Trends in nutrients and oxygen concentrations in the Skagerrak-Kattegat, J. Sea Res., 35, 63–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(96)90735-2, 1996. a, b
Asmala, E., Carstensen, J., Conley, D. J., Slomp, C. P., Stadmark, J., and Voss, M.: Efficiency of the coastal filter: Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the Baltic Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, S222–S238, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10644, 2017. a, b
Balmaseda, M. A., Mogensen, K., and Weaver, A. T.: Evaluation of the ECMWF ocean reanalysis system ORAS4, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1132–1161, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2063, 2013. a
Bartnicki, J., Jonson, J. E., Gauss, M., Nyiri, A., and Klein, H.: Reduction of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to OSPAR Convention Waters Achievable by Implementing Gothenburg Protocol/EU-NEC Directive, OSPAR, https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/hasec/hazardous-substances/camp (last access: January 2024), 2019. a
Beszczynska-Möller, A., Hughes, S. L., and Holliday, N. P.: ICES Report on Ocean Climate, ICES Cooperative Research Reports, https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5131, 2009. a
Bonaglia, S., Hylén, A., Rattray, J. E., Kononets, M. Y., Ekeroth, N., Roos, P., Thamdrup, B., Brüchert, V., and Hall, P. O. J.: The fate of fixed nitrogen in marine sediments with low organic loading: an in situ study, Biogeosciences, 14, 285–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-285-2017, 2017. a
Borja, Á.: The new European Marine Strategy Directive: difficulties, opportunities, and challenges, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 52, 239–242, 2006. a
Burson, A., Stomp, M., Akil, L., Brussaard, C. P., and Huisman, J.: Unbalanced reduction of nutrient loads has created an offshore gradient from phosphorus to nitrogen limitation in the North Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 869–888, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10257, 2016. a, b, c
Capuzzo, E., Painting, S., Forster, R., Greenwood, N., Stephens, D., and Mikkelsen, O.: Variability in the sub-surface light climate at ecohydrodynamically distinct sites in the North Sea, Biogeochemistry, 113, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9772-6, 2013. a, b
Capuzzo, E., Stephens, D., Silva, T., Barry, J., and Forster, R. M.: Decrease in water clarity of the southern and central North Sea during the 20th century, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 2206–2214, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12854, 2015. a, b
Carstensen, J. and Conley, D. J.: Frequency, composition, and causes of summer phytoplankton blooms in a shallow coastal ecosystem, the Kattegat, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 191–201, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0191, 2004. a, b
Dabuleviciene, T., Vaiciute, D., and Kozlov, I. E.: Chlorophyll-a variability during upwelling events in the south-eastern baltic sea and in the curonian lagoon from satellite observations, Remote Sens., 12, 3661, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213661, 2020. a
Daewel, U. and Schrum, C.: Low-frequency variability in North Sea and Baltic Sea identified through simulations with the 3-D coupled physical–biogeochemical model ECOSMO, Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 801–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-801-2017, 2017. a
Dahlgren, P., Landelius, T., Kållberg, P., and Gollvik, S.: A high-resolution regional reanalysis for Europe. Part 1: Three-dimensional reanalysis with the regional HIgh-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM), Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 2119–2131, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2807, 2016. a
Dalsgaard, T., De Brabandere, L., and Hall, P. O.: Denitrification in the water column of the central Baltic Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 106, 247–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.038, 2013. a, b
Danielssen, D., Edler, L., Fonselius, S., Hernroth, L., Ostrowski, M., Svendsen, E., and Talpsepp, L.: Oceanographic variability in the Skagerrak and northern Kattegat, May–June, 1990, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0210, 1997. a
Danielsson, Å., Rahm, L., Conley, D., and Carstensen, J.: Identification of characteristic regions and representative stations: a study of water quality variables in the Kattegat, Environ. Monit. Assess., 90, 203–224, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000003590.58753.0e, 2004. a
Deutsch, B., Forster, S., Wilhelm, M., Dippner, J. W., and Voss, M.: Denitrification in sediments as a major nitrogen sink in the Baltic Sea: an extrapolation using sediment characteristics, Biogeosciences, 7, 3259–3271, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3259-2010, 2010. a, b
Devlin, M., Fernand, L., and Collingridge, K.: Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen Near the Seafloor in the Greater North Sea, Celtic Seas and Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast, in: OSPAR, 2023: The 2023 Quality Status Report for the North-East Atlantic, OSPAR Commission, London, https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/quality-status-reports/qsr-2023/indicator-assessments/seafloor-dissolved-oxygen (last access: January 2024), 2022. a
Donnelly, C., Andersson, J., and Arheimer, B.: Using flow signatures and catchment similarities to evaluate a multi-basin model (E-HYPE) across Europe, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 61, 255–273, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1027710, 2016. a
Döös, K., Meier, H. M., and Döscher, R.: The Baltic haline conveyor belt or the overturning circulation and mixing in the Baltic, Ambio, 33, 261–266, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-33.4.261, 2004. a, b
Ducrotoy, J.-P. and Elliott, M.: Interrelations between science and policy-making the North Sea example, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 34, 686–701, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00118-5, 1997 a
Ducrotoy, J.-P. and Elliott, M.: The science and management of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea: Natural history, present threats and future challenges, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 57, 8–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.030, 2008. a
Ducrotoy, J.-P., Elliott, M., and de Jonge, V. N.: The North Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 41, 5–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00099-0, 2000. a, b
Edman, M., Eilola, K., Almroth-Rosell, E., Meier, H., Wåhlström, I., and Arneborg, L.: Nutrient retention in the Swedish coastal zone, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 415, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00415, 2018. a, b, c, d
Edman, M. K. and Anderson, L. G.: Effect on pCO2 by phytoplankton uptake of dissolved organic nutrients in the Central and Northern Baltic Sea, a model study, J. Marine Syst., 139, 166–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.06.004, 2014. a, b
Eilola, K., Hansen, J., Meier, M., Myrberg, K., Ryabchenko, V., and Skogen, M.: Eutrophication Status Report of the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and the Baltic Sea: A Model Study Years 2001–2005, https://www.diva-portal.org/smash (last access: January 2024), 2011b. a
Eilola, K., Rosell, E. A., Dieterich, C., Fransner, F., Höglund, A., and Meier, H.: Modeling nutrient transports and exchanges of nutrients between shallow regions and the open Baltic Sea in present and future climate, Ambio, 41, 586–599, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0322-1, 2012. a, b
Finni, T., Kononen, K., Olsonen, R., and Wallström, K.: The history of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 30, 172–178, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-30.4.172, 2001. a
Fonselius, S. H.: Hydrography of the Baltic deep basins, Fiskeristyrelsen, https://www.diva-portal.org/smash (last access: January 2024), 1962. a
Ford, D. A., van der Molen, J., Hyder, K., Bacon, J., Barciela, R., Creach, V., McEwan, R., Ruardij, P., and Forster, R.: Observing and modelling phytoplankton community structure in the North Sea, Biogeosciences, 14, 1419–1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1419-2017, 2017. a, b
Fransner, F., Gustafsson, E., Tedesco, L., Vichi, M., Hordoir, R., Roquet, F., Spilling, K., Kuznetsov, I., Eilola, K., Mörth, C.-M., Humborg, C., and Nycander, J.: Non-Redfieldian dynamics explain seasonal pCO2 drawdown in the Gulf of Bothnia, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 166–188, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013019, 2018. a, b
Gauss, M., Bartnicki, J., Klein, H., and EMEP MSC-W: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea, HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheet (BSEFS), Oslo, https://helcom.fi/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/B_BSEFS_N_dep_v2.pdf (last access: January 2024), 2022. a
Granéli, E., Wallström, K., Larsson, U., Granéli, W., and Elmgren, R.: Nutrient limitation of primary production in the Baltic Sea area, Ambio, 142–151, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313680 (last access: December 2023), 1990. a
Greenwood, N., Parker, E. R., Fernand, L., Sivyer, D. B., Weston, K., Painting, S. J., Kröger, S., Forster, R. M., Lees, H. E., Mills, D. K., and Laane, R. W. P. M.: Detection of low bottom water oxygen concentrations in the North Sea; implications for monitoring and assessment of ecosystem health, Biogeosciences, 7, 1357–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1357-2010, 2010. a, b
Gröger, M., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Moll, A., and Sein, D.: NW European shelf under climate warming: implications for open ocean – shelf exchange, primary production, and carbon absorption, Biogeosciences, 10, 3767–3792, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3767-2013, 2013. a, b
Große, F., Greenwood, N., Kreus, M., Lenhart, H.-J., Machoczek, D., Pätsch, J., Salt, L., and Thomas, H.: Looking beyond stratification: a model-based analysis of the biological drivers of oxygen deficiency in the North Sea, Biogeosciences, 13, 2511–2535, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2511-2016, 2016. a
Gustafsson, B.: Interaction between Baltic Sea and North Sea, Deutsche Hydrografische Zeitschrift, 49, 165–183, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02764031, 1997. a, b, c
Gustafsson, B. G., Schenk, F., Blenckner, T., Eilola, K., Meier, H., Müller-Karulis, B., Neumann, T., Ruoho-Airola, T., Savchuk, O. P., and Zorita, E.: Reconstructing the development of Baltic Sea eutrophication 1850–2006, Ambio, 41, 534–548, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0318-x, 2012. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Henriksen, P.: Long-term changes in phytoplankton in the Kattegat, the Belt Sea, the Sound and the western Baltic Sea, J. Sea Res., 61, 114–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2008.10.003, 2009. a
Hense, I. and Burchard, H.: Modelling cyanobacteria in shallow coastal seas, Ecol. Model., 221, 238–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.09.006, 2010. a
Hieronymus, J., Eilola, K., Olofsson, M., Hense, I., Meier, H. E. M., and Almroth-Rosell, E.: Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Proper, Biogeosciences, 18, 6213–6227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6213-2021, 2021. a
Hieronymus, M., Hieronymus, J., and Hieronymus, F.: On the Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Regression Problems in Sea Level Studies, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 36, 1889–1902, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0033.1, 2019. a
Hietanen, S. and Kuparinen, J.: Seasonal and short-term variation in denitrification and anammox at a coastal station on the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Hydrobiologia, 596, 67–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9058-5, 2008. a, b
Hietanen, S., Jäntti, H., Buizert, C., Jürgens, K., Labrenz, M., Voss, M., and Kuparinen, J.: Hypoxia and nitrogen processing in the Baltic Sea water column, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 325–337, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.1.0325, 2012. a
Holmes, R. W.: The secchi disk in turbid coastal waters 1, Limnol. Oceanogr., 15, 688–694, 1970. a
Holt, J., Butenschön, M., Wakelin, S. L., Artioli, Y., and Allen, J. I.: Oceanic controls on the primary production of the northwest European continental shelf: model experiments under recent past conditions and a potential future scenario, Biogeosciences, 9, 97–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-97-2012, 2012. a, b, c, d
Hordoir, R., Axell, L., Löptien, U., Dietze, H., and Kuznetsov, I.: Influence of sea level rise on the dynamics of salt inflows in the Baltic Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 6653–6668, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010642, 2015. a, b, c
Hordoir, R., Axell, L., Höglund, A., Dieterich, C., Fransner, F., Gröger, M., Liu, Y., Pemberton, P., Schimanke, S., Andersson, H., Ljungemyr, P., Nygren, P., Falahat, S., Nord, A., Jönsson, A., Lake, I., Döös, K., Hieronymus, M., Dietze, H., Löptien, U., Kuznetsov, I., Westerlund, A., Tuomi, L., and Haapala, J.: Nemo-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas – research and operational applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 363–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-363-2019, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Huthnance, J., Hopkins, J., Berx, B., Dale, A., Holt, J., Hosegood, P., Inall, M., Jones, S., Loveday, B. R., Miller, P. I., Polton, J., Porter, M., and Spingys, C.: Ocean shelf exchange, NW European shelf seas: Measurements, estimates and comparisons, Prog. Oceanogr., 202, 102760, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102760, 2022. a, b
Ikeda, M., Johannessen, J., Lygre, K., and Sandven, S.: A process study of mesoscale meanders and eddies in the Norwegian Coastal Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 20–35, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019<0020:APSOMM>2.0.CO;2, 1989. a, b, c
Jakobsson, M., Stranne, C., O'Regan, M., Greenwood, S. L., Gustafsson, B., Humborg, C., and Weidner, E.: Bathymetric properties of the Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 15, 905–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-905-2019, 2019. a
Jilbert, T. and Slomp, C. P.: Iron and manganese shuttles control the formation of authigenic phosphorus minerals in the euxinic basins of the Baltic Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 107, 155–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.01.005, 2013. a
Kahru, M., Leppänen, J.-M., Rud, O., and Savchuk, O.: Cyanobacteria blooms in the Gulf of Finland triggered by saltwater inflow into the Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 207, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps207013, 2000. a
Kenny, A. J., Jenkins, C., Wood, D., Bolam, S. G., Mitchell, P., Scougal, C., and Judd, A.: Assessing cumulative human activities, pressures, and impacts on North Sea benthic habitats using a biological traits approach, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 75, 1080–1092, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx205, 2017. a
Koho, K., Andrusaitis, A., Sirola, M., Ahtiainen, H., Ancans, J., Blauw, A., Cresson, P., Raedemacker, F., Devriese, L., Enserink, L., Gipperth, L., Girardin, R., Herman, P., Hjerpe Olausson, J., Humborg, K., Hyytiäinen, K., Johannesson, K., Lips, U., Kaitaranta, J., Lisbjerg, D., Malde, K., Marchal, P., Martens, C., Mawduk, P., Reeves, S., Riemann, B., Stenseth, N. C., Vandegehuchte, M., Varjopuro, R., von Lukas, U., and Li Zweifel, U.: The Baltic and North Sea Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda, BANOS SRIA 2021, BANOS CSA D, 1, ISBN 978-952-69739-0-6, 2021. a, b, c
Koop, K., Boynton, W. R., Wulff, F., and Carman, R.: Sediment-water oxygen and nutrient exchanges along a depth gradient in the Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 63, 65–77, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24842269 (last access: June 2023), 1990. a
Korpinen, S., Meidinger, M., and Laamanen, M.: Cumulative impacts on seabed habitats: An indicator for assessments of good environmental status, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 74, 311–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.036, 2013. a
Kuliński, K., Rehder, G., Asmala, E., Bartosova, A., Carstensen, J., Gustafsson, B., Hall, P. O. J., Humborg, C., Jilbert, T., Jürgens, K., Meier, H. E. M., Müller-Karulis, B., Naumann, M., Olesen, J. E., Savchuk, O., Schramm, A., Slomp, C. P., Sofiev, M., Sobek, A., Szymczycha, B., and Undeman, E.: Biogeochemical functioning of the Baltic Sea, Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 633–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-633-2022, 2022. a
Lass, H. and Matthäus, W.: On temporal wind variations forcing salt water inflows into the Baltic Sea, Tellus A, 48, 663–671, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1996.t01-4-00005.x, 1996. a, b
Lenhart, H.-J., Mills, D. K., Baretta-Bekker, H., van Leeuwen, S. M., van der Molen, J., Baretta, J. W., Blaas, M., Desmit, X., Kühn, W., Lacroix, G., Los, H. J., Ménesguen, A., Neves, R., Proctor, R., Ruardij, P., Skogen, M. D., Vanhoutte-Brunier, A., Villars, M. T., and Wakelin, S. L.: Predicting the consequences of nutrient reduction on the eutrophication status of the North Sea, J. Marine Syst., 81, 148–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.014, 2010. a, b, c
Leppäranta, M. and Myrberg, K. (Eds.): Physical oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-3-540-79702-9, 2009. a
Ly, J., Philippart, C. J., and Kromkamp, J. C.: Phosphorus limitation during a phytoplankton spring bloom in the western Dutch Wadden Sea, J. Sea Res., 88, 109–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2013.12.010, 2014. a, b, c
Madec, G., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Bouttier, P.-A., Bricaud, C., Bruciaferri, D., Calvert, D., Chanut, J., Clementi, E., Coward, A., Delrosso, D., Ethé, C., Flavoni, S., Graham, T., Harle, J., Iovino, D., Lea, D., Lévy, C., Lovato, T., Martin, N., Masson, S., Mocavero, S., Paul, J., Rousset, C., Storkey, D., Storto, A., and Vancoppenolle, M.: NEMO ocean engine, Earth Prints, http://hdl.handle.net/2122/13309 (last access: January 2024), 2017. a
Marmefelt, E., Arheimer, B., and Langner, J.: An integrated biogeochemical model system for the Baltic Sea, Hydrobiologia, 393, 45–56, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003541816177, 1999. a, b
Mathis, M., Elizalde, A., and Mikolajewicz, U.: The future regime of Atlantic nutrient supply to the Northwest European Shelf, J. Marine Syst., 189, 98–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.10.002, 2019. a, b
Mazur-Marzec, H., Żeglińska, L., and Pliński, M.: The effect of salinity on the growth, toxin production, and morphology of Nodularia spumigena isolated from the Gulf of Gdańsk, southern Baltic Sea, J. Appl. Phycol., 17, 171–179, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-005-5767-1, 2005. a
McGlade, J. M.: The North Sea Large Marine Ecosystem, in: Large Marine Ecosystems, edited by: Sherman, K. and Skjoldal, H. R., Vol. 10, 339–412, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-0461(02)80064-7, 2002. a, b
Mee, L. D., Jefferson, R. L., Laffoley, D. D., and Elliott, M.: How good is good? Human values and Europe's proposed Marine Strategy Directive, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 56, 187–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.09.038, 2008. a, b
Meier, H. E. M. and Kauker, F.: Modeling decadal variability of the Baltic Sea: 2, Role of freshwater inflow and large-scale, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3267, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001797, 2003. a
Meier, H. E. M., Hordoir, R., Andersson, H., Dieterich, C., Eilola, K., Gustafsson, B. G., Höglund, A., and Schimanke, S.: Modeling the combined impact of changing climate and changing nutrient loads on the Baltic Sea environment in an ensemble of transient simulations for 1961–2099, Clim. Dynam., 39, 2421–2441, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1339-7, 2012. a, b
Mohrholz, V.: Major Baltic inflow statistics–revised, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 384, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00384, 2018. a
Mohrholz, V., Naumann, M., Nausch, G., Krüger, S., and Gräwe, U.: Fresh oxygen for the Baltic Sea: An exceptional saline inflow after a decade of stagnation, J. Marine Syst., 148, 152–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.03.005, 2015. a
Mort, H. P., Slomp, C. P., Gustafsson, B. G., and Andersen, T. J.: Phosphorus recycling and burial in Baltic Sea sediments with contrasting redox conditions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 1350–1362, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.11.016, 2010. a
Nausch, M. and Nausch, G.: Bioavailable dissolved organic phosphorus and phosphorus use by heterotrophic bacteria, Aquat. Biol., 1, 151–160, https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00012, 2007. a
NEMO system team and SMHI: Nemo3.6, log in required, GitLab [code], https://git.smhi.se/fouo/nemo3.6/-/releases/v2024.03.0, last access: January 2024. a
Neumann, T., Fennel, W., and Kremp, C.: Experimental simulations with an ecosystem model of the Baltic Sea: a nutrient load reduction experiment, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 7–1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001450, 2002. a, b
Neumann, T., Radtke, H., Cahill, B., Schmidt, M., and Rehder, G.: Non-Redfieldian carbon model for the Baltic Sea (ERGOM version 1.2) – implementation and budget estimates, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8473–8540, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8473-2022, 2022. a, b
Olofsson, M., Hagan, J. G., Karlson, B., and Gamfeldt, L.: Large seasonal and spatial variation in nano-and microphytoplankton diversity along a Baltic Sea—North Sea salinity gradient, Sci. Rep., 10, 17666, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74428-8, 2020a. a, b
Olofsson, M., Suikkanen, S., Kobos, J., Wasmund, N., and Karlson, B.: Basin-specific changes in filamentous cyanobacteria community composition across four decades in the Baltic Sea, Harmful Algae, 91, 101685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101685, 2020b. a, b
Omstedt, A., Elken, J., Lehmann, A., and Piechura, J.: Knowledge of the Baltic Sea physics gained during the BALTEX and related programmes, Prog. Oceanogr., 63, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.09.001, 2004. a, b
OSPAR: OSPAR Integrated Report 2003 on the Eutrophication Status of the OSPAR Maritime Area Based Upon the First Application of the Comprehensive Procedure, OSPAR Commission, 59 pp., ISBN 1-904426-25-5, 2003. a
OSPAR: Revision of the Common Procedure for the Identification of the Eutrophication Status of the OSPAR Maritime Area, Meeting of the OSPAR Commission, 20–24 June 2022, Copenhagen, Denmark, OSPAR 22-08-06 Add.1-2, 2022. a
Otto, L., Zimmerman, J., Furnes, G., Mork, M., Saetre, R., and Becker, G.: Review of the physical oceanography of the North Sea, Neth. J. Sea Res., 26, 161–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(90)90091-T, 1990. a
Paasche, E.: Silicon and the ecology of marine plankton diatoms. II. Silicate-uptake kinetics in five diatom species, Mar. Biol., 19, 262–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02097147, 1973. a
Pasquer, B., Laruelle, G., Becquevort, S., Schoemann, V., Goosse, H., and Lancelot, C.: Linking ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem structure and function: results of the complex SWAMCO-4 model, J. Sea Res., 53, 93–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2004.07.001, 2005. a
Pavelson, J., Kononen, K., and Laanemets, J.: Chlorophyll distribution patchiness caused by hydrodynamical processes: a case study in the Baltic Sea, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 56, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1999.0610, 1999. a
Peeters, J., Los, F., Jansen, R., Haas, H., Peperzak, L., and De Vries, I.: The oxygen dynamics of the Oyster Ground, North Sea. Impact of eutrophication and environmental conditions, Ophelia, 42, 257–288, https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1995.10431508, 1995. a
Pemberton, P., Löptien, U., Hordoir, R., Höglund, A., Schimanke, S., Axell, L., and Haapala, J.: Sea-ice evaluation of NEMO-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO–LIM3.6-based ocean–sea-ice model setup for the North Sea and Baltic Sea, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3105–3123, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3105-2017, 2017. a
Penta, B. and Walsh, J. J.: A one-dimensional ecological model of summer oxygen distributions within the Chukchi Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 15, 337–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)E0006-T, 1995. a
Rantajärvi, E., Olsonen, R., Hällfors, S., Leppänen, J.-M., and Raateoja, M.: Effect of sampling frequency on detection of natural variability in phytoplankton: unattended high-frequency measurements on board ferries in the Baltic Sea, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 55, 697–704, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1998.0384, 1998. a
Rasmussen, B. and Gustafsson, B.: Computation of nutrient pools and fluxes at the entrance to the Baltic Sea, 1974–1999, Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 483–500, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00237-6, 2003. a, b
Reid, P., Lancelot, C., Gieskes, W., Hagmeier, E., and Weichart, G.: Phytoplankton of the North Sea and its dynamics: a review, Neth. J. Sea Res., 26, 295–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(90)90094-W, 1990. a
Reinart, A. and Kutser, T.: Comparison of different satellite sensors in detecting cyanobacterial bloom events in the Baltic Sea, Remote Sens. Environ., 102, 74–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.013, 2006. a
Reissmann, J. H., Burchard, H., Feistel, R., Hagen, E., Lass, H. U., Mohrholz, V., Nausch, G., Umlauf, L., and Wieczorek, G.: Vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences for eutrophication–A review, Prog. Oceanogr., 82, 47–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.10.004, 2009. a
Rönnberg, C. and Bonsdorff, E.: Baltic Sea eutrophication: area-specific ecological consequences, Hydrobiologia, 514, 227–241, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000019238.84989.7f, 2004. a
Ruvalcaba Baroni, I., Axell, L., Almroth-Rosell, E., Saraiva, S., Mulder, E., Brunnabend, S.-E., Fredriksson, S. T., Bartosova, A., Capell, R., and Arneborg, L.: Daily runoff and nutrient loads for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea based on modelling and observations for the period 1961 to 2019 and adapted to NEMO-SCOBI, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10185658, 2024. a, b, c, d
Rydberg, L., Ærtebjerg, G., and Edler, L.: Fifty years of primary production measurements in the Baltic entrance region, trends and variability in relation to land-based input of nutrients, J. Sea Res., 56, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2006.03.009, 2006. a
Savchuk, O. P., Wulff, F., Hille, S., Humborg, C., and Pollehne, F.: The Baltic Sea a century ago – a reconstruction from model simulations, verified by observations, J. Marine Syst., 74, 485–494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.008, 2008. a, b
She, J., Berg, P., and Berg, J.: Bathymetry impacts on water exchange modelling through the Danish Straits, J. Marine Syst., 65, 450–459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.01.017, 2007. a
Siiriä, S.-M., Fredriksson, S., Haapala, J., and Arneborg, L.: The future of Gulf of Bothnia, possible changes on salinity and currents, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8533, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8533, 2022. a
Stigebrandt, A.: A model for the vertial circulation of the Baltic deep water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1772–1785, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1772:AMFTVC>2.0.CO;2, 1987. a
Stockenberg, A. and Johnstone, R.: Benthic denitrification in the Gulf of Bothnia, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 45, 835–843, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1997.0271, 1997. a
Sündermann, J. and Pohlmann, T.: A brief analysis of North Sea physics, Oceanologia, 53, 663–689, https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.53-3.663, 2011. a, b, c
Thamatrakoln, K. and Hildebrand, M.: Silicon uptake in diatoms revisited: a model for saturable and nonsaturable uptake kinetics and the role of silicon transporters, Plant Physiol., 146, 1397–1407, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.107094, 2008. a
Thompson, C., Couceiro, F., Fones, G., Helsby, R., Amos, C., Black, K., Parker, E., Greenwood, N., Statham, P., and Kelly-Gerreyn, B.: In situ flume measurements of resuspension in the North Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 94, 77–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.05.026, 2011. a
Tuominen, L., Heinänen, A., Kuparinen, J., and Nielsen, L. P.: Spatial and temporal variability of denitrification in the sediments of the northern Baltic Proper, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 172, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps172013, 1998. a, b
Van der Molen, J.: The influence of tides, wind and waves on the net sand transport in the North Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 22, 2739–2762, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00124-3, 2002. a
van Leeuwen, S. M., Lenhart, H.-J., Prins, T. C., Blauw, A., Desmit, X., Fernand, L., Friedland, R., Kerimoglu, O., Lacroix, G., van der Linden, A., Lefebvre, A., van der Molen, J., Plus, M., Ruvalcaba Baroni, I., Silva, T., Stegert, C., Troost, T. A., and Vilmin, L.: Deriving pre-eutrophic conditions from an ensemble model approach for the North-West European seas, Front. Mar. Sci., 10, 1129951, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1129951, 2023. a, b, c, d, e
Vermaat, J. E., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Eleveld, M. A., and Gilbert, A. J.: Past, present and future nutrient loads of the North Sea: causes and consequences, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 80, 53–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.07.005, 2008. a
Wåhlström, I., Höglund, A., Almroth-Rosell, E., MacKenzie, B. R., Gröger, M., Eilola, K., Plikshs, M., and Andersson, H. C.: Combined climate change and nutrient load impacts on future habitats and eutrophication indicators in a eutrophic coastal sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, 2170–2187, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11446, 2020. a
Winther, N. G. and Johannessen, J. A.: North Sea circulation: Atlantic inflow and its destination, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, C12018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003310, 2006. a, b, c
Wulff, F. and Stigebrandt, A.: A time-dependent budget model for nutrients in the Baltic Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 3, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.1029/GB003i001p00063, 1989. a
Wulff, F., Rahm, L., Hallin, A.-K., and Sandberg, J.: A nutrient budget model of the Baltic Sea, A systems analysis of the Baltic Sea, edited by: Wulff, F. V., Rahm, L. A., and Larsson, P., Springer, 353–372, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04453-7_13, 2001. a
Short summary
The health of the Baltic and North seas is threatened due to high anthropogenic pressure; thus, different methods to assess the status of these regions are urgently needed. Here, we validated a novel model simulating the ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry of the Baltic and North seas that can be used to create future climate and nutrient scenarios, contribute to European initiatives on de-eutrophication, and provide water quality advice and support on nutrient load reductions for both seas.
The health of the Baltic and North seas is threatened due to high anthropogenic pressure; thus,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint