Articles | Volume 12, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1387-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1387-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Rapid acidification of mode and intermediate waters in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean
L. A. Salt
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ, Texel, the Netherlands
now at: CNRS, UMR7144, Equipe Chimie Marine, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
S. M. A. C. van Heuven
Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
now at: Alfred Wegner Institute, Climate Sciences Department, Postfach 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
M. E. Claus
Department of Ocean Ecosystems, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
E. M. Jones
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 120161, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany
H. J. W. de Baar
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ, Texel, the Netherlands
Department of Ocean Ecosystems, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Rigel Kivi, Michel Ramonet, Andreas Engel, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2799, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we calculate the mean lifetime of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and methane (CH4) in the stratosphere from continuous vertical profiles sampled with balloon-borne instruments. We used two methods based on the stratospheric relationship of these gas species with N2O. The estimated stratospheric lifetime range is 69–90 years for COS and 146–172 years for CH4. These results are consistent with other studies and suggest no long-term trends in the stratospheric lifetime of these gas species.
Noni van Ettinger, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, and Huilin Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 3333–3362, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3333-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3333-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This research evaluates the potential of a cost-effective methane sensor for quantifying anthropogenic emissions. With active temperature control, the sensor performs comparably to the high-precision Active AirCore in estimating dairy-farm mass emissions, achieving results within 10% uncertainty. The uncertainty is mainly driven by wind and background variability, rather than by sensor precision. The results show that cost-effective sensors can improve monitoring networks.
Johannes Degen, Nicole Bobrowski, Mélisende M. Bossard, Lucie Boucher, Huilin Chen, Andreas Engel, Bastien H. Geil, Giovanni B. Giuffrida, Steven van Heuven, Thorsten Hoffmann, Niklas Karbach, Gianluigi Ortenzi, and Tanja J. Schuck
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1865, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1865, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Observations in volcanic plumes often rely on Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS). In July 2024, we used the active AirCore technique with UAS to probe the plumes of Mount Etna (Italy). This was the first time to use this technique inside volcanic plumes. AirCore samples are stored in long coils for laboratory analyses delivering high-quality trace gas measurements. We observed enhanced mole fractions of CO2 and often also of CO. allowing conclusions on oxidation processes inside the crater.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Joram Hooghiem, Rigel Kivi, Thomas Laemmel, Michel Ramonet, Markus Leuenberger, Peter Nyfeler, Sophie L. Baartman, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 1465–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1465-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1465-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous vertical profiles and discrete stratospheric samples of carbonyl sulfide (COS) were collected deploying the balloon-borne AirCore, LIghtweight Stratospheric Air (LISA) and BigLISA samplers and measured on a Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer (QCLS). Our measurements show good accordance with previous COS observations. Moreover, laboratory tests of ozone (O3) scrubbers proved squalene to remove O3 very efficiently without biasing the measurements of other trace gases.
Sophie L. Baartman, Steven M. Driever, Maarten L. J. Wassenaar, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Nerea Ubierna, Leon Mossink, Maria E. Popa, Ara Cho, Lisa Wingate, Thomas Röckmann, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, and Maarten C. Krol
Biogeosciences, 22, 5683–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a proposed tracer for gross primary production. For the first time, COS and carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake fluxes and isotope discrimination were jointly measured in sunflower and papyrus plants, using a flow-through plant chamber approach and varying light availability. COS isotope discrimination did not differ significantly between the species, nor with changes in light. CO2 fluxes and isotope values provided additional valuable information for data interpretation.
Johannes C. Laube, Tanja J. Schuck, Sophie Baartman, Huilin Chen, Markus Geldenhuys, Steven van Heuven, Timo Keber, Maria Elena Popa, Elinor Tuffnell, Florian Voet, Bärbel Vogel, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Alessandro Zanchetta, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4087–4102, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4087-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4087-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A large balloon was launched in summer 2021 in the Arctic to carry instruments for trace gas measurements up to 32 km, above the reach of aircraft. The main aims were to evaluate different techniques and atmospheric processes. We focus on halogenated greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. For this, air was collected with the AirCore technique and a cryogenic air sampler and measured after the flight. A companion paper reports observations of major greenhouse gases.
Tanja J. Schuck, Johannes Degen, Timo Keber, Katharina Meixner, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Mélanie Ghysels, Georges Durry, Nadir Amarouche, Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Huilin Chen, Johannes C. Laube, Sophie L. Baartman, Carina van der Veen, Maria Elena Popa, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4333–4348, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4333-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4333-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A balloon was launched in 2021 in the Arctic to carry instruments for trace gas measurements up to 32 km. One purpose was to compare measurement techniques. We focus on the major greenhouse gases. To measure these, air was sampled with the AirCore technique and with flask sampling, and samples were analysed after the flight. In flight, observations were done with an optical method. In a companion paper, we report on observations of chlorine and bromine containing trace gases.
Foteini Stavropoulou, Katarina Vinković, Bert Kers, Marcel de Vries, Steven van Heuven, Piotr Korbeń, Martina Schmidt, Julia Wietzel, Pawel Jagoda, Jaroslav M. Necki, Jakub Bartyzel, Hossein Maazallahi, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Sylvia Walter, Béla Tuzson, Jonas Ravelid, Randulph Paulo Morales, Lukas Emmenegger, Dominik Brunner, Michael Steiner, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Antonio Delre, Maklawe Essonanawe Edjabou, Charlotte Scheutz, Marius Corbu, Sebastian Iancu, Denisa Moaca, Alin Scarlat, Alexandru Tudor, Ioana Vizireanu, Andreea Calcan, Magdalena Ardelean, Sorin Ghemulet, Alexandru Pana, Aurel Constantinescu, Lucian Cusa, Alexandru Nica, Calin Baciu, Cristian Pop, Andrei Radovici, Alexandru Mereuta, Horatiu Stefanie, Alexandru Dandocsi, Bas Hermans, Stefan Schwietzke, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Huilin Chen, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10399–10412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify CH4 emissions from onshore oil production sites in Romania at source and facility level using a combination of ground- and drone-based measurement techniques. We show that the total CH4 emissions in our studied areas are much higher than the emissions reported to UNFCCC, and up to three-quarters of the detected emissions are related to operational venting. Our results suggest that oil and gas production infrastructure in Romania holds a massive mitigation potential.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Steven van Heuven, Andrea Scifo, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Ivan Mammarella, Ute Karstens, Jin Ma, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
Biogeosciences, 20, 3539–3553, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been suggested as a tool to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plants during photosynthesis. However, understanding its sources and sinks is critical to preventing biases in this estimate. Combining observations and models, this study proves that regional sources occasionally influence the measurements at the 60 m tall Lutjewad tower (1 m a.s.l.; 53°24′ N, 6°21′ E) in the Netherlands. Moreover, it estimates nighttime COS fluxes to be −3.0 ± 2.6 pmol m−2 s−1.
Alice E. Webb, Didier M. de Bakker, Karline Soetaert, Tamara da Costa, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Fleur C. van Duyl, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Lennart J. de Nooijer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6501–6516, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The biogeochemical behaviour of shallow reef communities is quantified to better understand the impact of habitat degradation and species composition shifts on reef functioning. The reef communities investigated barely support reef functions that are usually ascribed to conventional coral reefs, and the overall biogeochemical behaviour is found to be similar regardless of substrate type. This suggests a decrease in functional diversity which may therefore limit services provided by this reef.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
Cited articles
Álvarez, M., Lo Monaco, C., Tanhua, T., Yool, A., Oschlies, A., Bullister, J. L., Goyet, C., Metzl, N., Touratier, F., McDonagh, E., and Bryden, H. L.: Estimating the storage of anthropogenic carbon in the subtropical Indian Ocean: a comparison of five different approaches, Biogeosciences, 6, 681–703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-681-2009, 2009.
Álvarez, M., Tanhua, T., Brix, H., Lo Monaco, C., Metzl, N., McDonagh, E. L., and Bryden H. L.: Decadal biogeochemical changes in the subtropical Indian Ocean associated with Subantarctic Mode Water, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C09016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006475, 2011.
Álvarez, M., Sanleón-Bartolomé, H., Tanhua, T., Mintrop, L., Luchetta, A., Cantoni, C., Schroeder, K., and Civitarese, G.: The CO2 system in the Mediterranean Sea: a basin wide perspective, Ocean Sci., 10, 69–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-69-2014, 2014.
Bednarsek, N., Tarling, G. A., Bakker, D. C. E., Fielding, S., Jones, E. M., Venables, H. J., Ward, P., Kuzirian, A., Lézé, B., Feely, R. A., and Murphy, E. J.: Extensive dissolution of live pteropods in the Southern Ocean, Nat. Geosci., 5, 881–885, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1635, 2012.
Bindoff, N. L., Willebrand, J., Artale, V., Cazenave, A., Gregory, J., Gulev, S., Hanawa, K., Le Quéré, C., Levitus, S., Nojiri, Y., Shum, C. K., Talley, L. D., and Unnikrishnan, A.: Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 385–432, 2007.
Brewer, P. G.: Direct observation of the oceanic CO2 increase, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 997–1000, 1978.
Brown, P. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., and Watson, A. J.: Anthropogenic carbon accumulation in the subtropical North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005043, 2010.
CARINA Group: Carbon in the Atlantic Ocean Region – the CARINA project: Results and Data, Version 1.0., Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/otg.CARINA.ATL.V1.0, 2009.
Dickson, A. G.: Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s) + 1/2H2(g) = Ag(s) + HCl(aq), and the standard acidity constant of the ion HSO4- in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 22, 113–127, 1990.
Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.: A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep Sea Res., 34, 1733–1743, 1987.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R. (Eds.): Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements, PICES Special Publications 3, 191 pp., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004051, 2007.
Egleston, E. S., Sabine, C. L., and Morel, M.: Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify the reponse of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and alkalinity, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003407, 2010.
Friis, K., Körtzinger, A., Patsch, J., and Wallace, D. W. R.: On the temporal increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the subpolar North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 52, 681–698, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.11.017, 2005.
González-Dávila, M., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Fine, R. A., Happell, J., Delille, B., and Speich, S.: Carbonate system in the water masses of the Southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during February and March 2008, Biogeosciences, 8, 1401–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1401-2011, 2011.
Grasshof, K., Ehrhardt, M., and Kremling, K.: Methods of seawater analysis, Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim, 125–188, 1983.
Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., and Stocker, T. F.: An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 809–837, 1996.
Hartin, C. A., Fine, R. A., Sloyan, B. M., Talley, L. D., Chereskin, T. K., and Happell, J.: Formation rates of Subantarctic mode water and Antarctic intermediate water within the South Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 158, 524–534, 2011.
Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Bellerby, R. G. J., Völker, C., and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: Data-based estimation of anthropogenic carbon and acidification in the Weddell Sea on a decadal timescale, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C03004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005479, 2010.
Johnson, K. M., Sieburth, J. M., Williams, P. J., and Brändström, L.: Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration, Mar. Chem., 21, 117–133, 1987.
Karstensen, J. and Quadfasel, D.: Water subducted into the Indian Ocean subtropical gyre, Deep Sea-Res.-Pt. II, 49, 1441–1457, 2002.
Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Schirnick, C., van Heuven, S., Kozyr, A., Lin, X., Velo, A., Wallace, D. W. R., and Mintrop, L.: The CARINA data synthesis project: introduction and overview, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 105–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-105-2010, 2010.
Lee, K., Choi, S.-D., Park, G.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Peng, T.-H., Key, R. M., Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Bullister, J. L., Millero, F. J., and Kozyr, A.: An updated anthropogenic CO2 inventory in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002067, 2003.
Levine, N. M., Doney, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Lindsay, K., and Fung, I. Y.: Impact of ocean carbon system variability on the detection of temporal increases in anthropogenic CO2, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004153, 2008.
Lewis, E. L. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program developed for CO2 system calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105, Carbon dioxide information analysis center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, 1998.
Lischka, S., Büdenbender, J., Boxhammer, T., and Riebesell, U.: Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles o f the polar shelled pteropod Limacina helicina: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth, Biogeosciences, 8, 919–932, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-919-2011, 2011.
Lovenduski, N. S., Gruber, N., Doney, S. C., and Lima, I. D.: Enhanced CO2 outgassing in the Southern Ocean from a positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002900, 2007.
McCartney, M. S.: Subantarctic Mode Water, in: A Voyage of Discovery, edited by: Angel, M., Pergamon, Elmsford, New York, 103–119, 1977.
McNeil, B. I. and Matear, R. J.: Southern Ocean acidification: A tipping point at 450 ppm atmospheric CO2, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 18860–18864, 2008.
McNeil, B. I., Tilbrook, B., and Matear, R.: Accumulation and uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean, south of Australia between 1968 and 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31431–31445, 2001.
McNeil, B. I., Metzl, N., Key, R. M., Matear, R. J., and Corbiere, A.: An empirical estimate of the Southern Ocean air-sea CO2 flux, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002991, 2007.
Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M.: Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897–907, 1973.
Mémery, L., Arhan, M., Alvarez-Salgado, X. A., Messias, M.-J., Mercier, H., Castro, C. G., and Ríos, A. F.: The water masses along the western boundary of the south and equatorial Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 47, 69–98, 2000.
Metzl, N., Tilbrook, B., and Poisson, A.: The annual fCO2 cycle and the air-sea CO2 flux in the sub-Antarctic Ocean, Tellus, 51B, 849–861, 1999.
Mintrop, L., Perez, F. F., Gonzalez-Davila, M., Santana-Casiano, M. J., and Kortzinger, A.: Alkalinity determination by potentiometry: intercalibration using three different methods, Cienc. Marinas, 26, 23–37, 2000.
Murata, A., Kumamoto, Y., Sasaki, K.'I., Watanabe, S., and Fukasawa, M.: Decadal increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean along 30° S, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C06007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004424, 2008.
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka Y., and Yool, A.: Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms, Nature, 437, 681–686, 2005.
Orsi, A. H., Johnson, G. C., and Bullister, J. L.: Circulation, mixing, and production of Antarctic Bottom Water, Prog. Oceanogr., 43, 55–109, 1999.
Peng, T.-H. and Wanninkhof, R.: Increase in anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean in the last two decades, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 755–770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.008, 2010.
Pérez, F. F., Álvarez, M., and Ríos, A. F.: Improvements on the back-calculation technique for estimating anthropogenic CO2, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 859–875, 2002.
Pérez, F. F., Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Mercier, H., Velo, A., Lherminier, P., and Ríos, A. F.: Trends of anthropogenic CO2 storage in North Atlantic water masses, Biogeosciences, 7, 1789–1807, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1789-2010, 2010.
Peterson, R. G. and Whitworth, T.: The Subantarctic and Polar Fronts in relation to deep water masses through the Southwestern Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10817–10838, 1989.
Revelle, R. and Suess, H.: Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades, Tellus, 9, 18–27, 1957.
Ríos, A. F., Johnson, K. M., Alvarez-Salgado, X. A., Arlen, L., Billant, A., Bingler, L. S., Branellec, P., Castro, C. G., Chipman, D. W., Roson, G., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Maurice Ewing Cruise in the South Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A17, 4 Janurary–21 March 1994), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/CDIAC-148, NDP-084, 1–27, 2005.
Ríos, A. F., Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Padin, X. A., and Pérez, F. F.: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the South Atlantic western basin, J. Mar. Syst., 83, 38–44, 2010.
Ríos, A. F., Velo, A., Pardo, P. C., Hoppema, M., and Pérez, F.F.: An update of anthropogenic CO2 storage rates in the western South Atlantic basin and the role of Antarctic Bottom Water, J. Mar. Syst., 94, 197–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.11.023, 2012.
Sabine, C. L. and Tanhua, T.: Estimation of Anthropogenic CO2 Inventories in the Ocean, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 175–198, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-080947, 2010.
Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M., Johnson, K. M., Millero, F. J., Poisson, A., Sarmiento, J. L., Wallace, D. W. R., and Winn, C. D.: Anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the Indian Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 179–198, 1999.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, 2004.
Santana-Casiano, J. M., González-Dávila, M., Rueda, M.-J., Llinás, O., and González-Dávila, E.-F.: The interannual variability of oceanic CO2 parameters in the northeast Atlantic subtropical gyre at the ESTOC site, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002788, 2007.
Sarmiento, J. L., Gruber, N., Brzezinski, M. A., and Dunne, J. P.: High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude, Nature, 427, 56–60, 2004.
Schneider, A., Tanhua, T., Kortzinger, A., and Wallace, D. W. R.: An evaluation of tracer fields and anthropogenic carbon in the equatorial and the tropical North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 67, 85–97, 2012.
Talley, L. D.: Antarctic intermediate water in the South Atlantic, edited by: Wefer, G., Berger, H. H., Siedler, G., and Webb, D., in: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation, Springer-Verlag, 219–238, 1996.
Tanhua, T.: Matlab Toolbox to Perform Secondary Quality Control (2nd QC) on Hydrographic Data, ORNL/CDIAC-158, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/otg.CDIAC_158, 2010.
Touratier, F., Azouzi, L., and Goyet, C.: CFC-11, Δ14C and 3H tracers as a means to assess anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean, Tellus, 59B, 318–325, 2007.
van Heuven, S., Pierrot, D., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D. W. R.: MATLAB Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105b, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2011a.
van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Hoppema, M., Huhn, O., Slagter, H. A., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Direct observation of increasing CO2 in the Weddell Gyre along the Prime Meridian during 1973–2008, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 2613–2635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.08.007, 2011b.
Vázquez-Rodríguez, M.: Reconstructing preformed properties and air-sea CO2 disequilibria for water masses in the Atlantic from subsurface data: An application in anthropogenic carbon determination, PhD Thesis of University of Vigo, Spain, 48–60, 2008.
Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Touratier, F., Lo Monaco, C., Waugh, D. W., Padin, X. A., Bellerby, R. G. J., Goyet, C., Metzl, N., Ríos, A. F., and Pérez, F. F.: Anthropogenic carbon distributions in the Atlantic Ocean: data-based estimates from the Arctic to the Antarctic, Biogeosciences, 6, 439–451, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-439-2009, 2009a.
Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Padin, X. A., Ríos, A. F., Bellerby, R. G. J., and Pérez, F. F.: An upgraded carbon-based method to estimate the anthropogenic fraction of dissolved CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences Discuss., 6, 4527–4571, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-4527-2009, 2009b.
Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Pérez, F. F., Velo, A., Ríos, A. F., and Mercier, H.: Observed acidification trends in North Atlantic water masses, Biogeosciences, 9, 5217–5230, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5217-2012, 2012.
Wallace, D. W. R.: Monitoring global ocean carbon inventories. OOSDP Background Report No. 5, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, 54 pp., 1995.
Wanninkhof, R., Doney, S. C., Bullister, J. L., Levine, N. M., Warner, M., and Gruber, N.: Detecting anthropogenic CO2 changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006251, 2010.
Waugh, D. W., Hall, T. M., McNeil, B. I., Key, R., and Matear, R. J.: Anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans estimated using transit time distributions, Tellus, 58B, 376–389, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00222.x, 2006.
Wong, A. P. S., Bindoff, N. L., and Church, J. A.: Large-scale freshening of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian oceans, Nature, 400, 440–443, 1999.
Yool, A., Oschlies, A., Nurser, A. J. G., and Gruber, N.: A model-based assessment of the TrOCA approach for estimating anthropogenic carbon in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 7, 723–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-723-2010, 2010.
Short summary
The increase in anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide is mitigated by uptake by the world ocean, which alters the pH of the water. In the South Atlantic we find the highest rates of acidification relative to increase in anthropogenic carbon (Cant) found in Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water. The moderate rates of increase in Cant combined with low buffering capacities, due to low salinity and alkalinity values, have caused rapid acidification in the Subantarctic Zone.
The increase in anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide is mitigated by uptake by the world...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint