Articles | Volume 14, issue 20
Biogeosciences, 14, 4563–4576, 2017
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4563-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Biogeosciences, 14, 4563–4576, 2017
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4563-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article 16 Oct 2017
Research article | 16 Oct 2017
Southern Hemisphere bog persists as a strong carbon sink during droughts
Jordan P. Goodrich et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Anne R. Wecking, Vanessa M. Cave, Lìyĭn L. Liáng, Aaron M. Wall, Jiafa Luo, David I. Campbell, and Louis A. Schipper
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5763–5777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5763-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5763-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a relevant greenhouse gas emitted from soils to the atmosphere. Human activities, e.g. intensive farming, have contributed to the increase in atmospheric N2O concentrations with time. Therefore, measurements of N2O are crucial to understanding climate change. Our study developed a new technique that enables N2O measurement at small (point) and large (paddock) scales by using a single analyser. Using this new method will accelerate and advance N2O measurements in future.
Jason Beringer, Lindsay B. Hutley, Ian McHugh, Stefan K. Arndt, David Campbell, Helen A. Cleugh, James Cleverly, Víctor Resco de Dios, Derek Eamus, Bradley Evans, Cacilia Ewenz, Peter Grace, Anne Griebel, Vanessa Haverd, Nina Hinko-Najera, Alfredo Huete, Peter Isaac, Kasturi Kanniah, Ray Leuning, Michael J. Liddell, Craig Macfarlane, Wayne Meyer, Caitlin Moore, Elise Pendall, Alison Phillips, Rebecca L. Phillips, Suzanne M. Prober, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Susanna Rutledge, Ivan Schroder, Richard Silberstein, Patricia Southall, Mei Sun Yee, Nigel J. Tapper, Eva van Gorsel, Camilla Vote, Jeff Walker, and Tim Wardlaw
Biogeosciences, 13, 5895–5916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
OzFlux is the regional Australian and New Zealand flux tower network that aims to provide a continental-scale national facility to monitor and assess trends, and improve predictions, of Australia’s terrestrial biosphere and climate. We describe the evolution, design, and status as well as an overview of data processing. We suggest that a synergistic approach is required to address all of the spatial, ecological, human, and cultural challenges of managing Australian ecosystems.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Wetlands
Factors controlling Carex brevicuspis leaf litter decomposition and its contribution to surface soil organic carbon pool at different water levels
Exploring constraints on a wetland methane emission ensemble (WetCHARTs) using GOSAT observations
Global peatland area and carbon dynamics from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present – a process-based model investigation
Vascular plants affect properties and decomposition of moss-dominated peat, particularly at elevated temperatures
Denitrification and associated nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from the Amazonian wetlands
Drivers of seasonal- and event-scale DOC dynamics at the outlet of mountainous peatlands revealed by high-frequency monitoring
Comparison of eddy covariance CO2 and CH4 fluxes from mined and recently rewetted sections in a northwestern German cutover bog
Microtopography is a fundamental organizing structure of vegetation and soil chemistry in black ash wetlands
Interacting effects of vegetation components and water level on methane dynamics in a boreal fen
Low methane emissions from a boreal wetland constructed on oil sand mine tailings
Evidence for preferential protein depolymerization in wetland soils in response to external nitrogen availability provided by a novel FTIR routine
Saltwater reduces potential CO2 and CH4 production in peat soils from a coastal freshwater forested wetland
Reviews and syntheses: Greenhouse gas exchange data from drained organic forest soils – a review of current approaches and recommendations for future research
Effects of sterilization techniques on chemodenitrification and N2O production in tropical peat soil microcosms
Modelling long-term blanket peatland development in eastern Scotland
Cushion bogs are stronger carbon dioxide net sinks than moss-dominated bogs as revealed by eddy covariance measurements on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Humic surface waters of frozen peat bogs (permafrost zone) are highly resistant to bio- and photodegradation
Multi-year methane ebullition measurements from water and bare peat surfaces of a patterned boreal bog
Sulfate deprivation triggers high methane production in a disturbed and rewetted coastal peatland
Rhizosphere to the atmosphere: contrasting methane pathways, fluxes, and geochemical drivers across the terrestrial–aquatic wetland boundary
Multi-year effect of wetting on CH4 flux at taiga–tundra boundary in northeastern Siberia deduced from stable isotope ratios of CH4
Zero to moderate methane emissions in a densely rooted, pristine Patagonian bog – biogeochemical controls as revealed from isotopic evidence
Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland
Reviews and syntheses: 210Pb-derived sediment and carbon accumulation rates in vegetated coastal ecosystems – setting the record straight
Response of hydrology and CO2 flux to experimentally altered rainfall frequency in a temperate poor fen, southern Ontario, Canada
Global-change effects on early-stage decomposition processes in tidal wetlands – implications from a global survey using standardized litter
Year-round simulated methane emissions from a permafrost ecosystem in Northeast Siberia
Small spatial variability in methane emission measured from a wet patterned boreal bog
Technical note: A simple approach for efficient collection of field reference data for calibrating remote sensing mapping of northern wetlands
Technical note: Comparison of methane ebullition modelling approaches used in terrestrial wetland models
Geomorphic influences on the contribution of vegetation to soil C accumulation and accretion in Spartina alterniflora marshes
The effect of drought on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release from peatland soil and vegetation sources
Annual greenhouse gas budget for a bog ecosystem undergoing restoration by rewetting
Temporal changes in photoreactivity of dissolved organic carbon and implications for aquatic carbon fluxes from peatlands
Symbiosis revisited: phosphorus and acid buffering stimulate N2 fixation but not Sphagnum growth
Attaining whole-ecosystem warming using air and deep-soil heating methods with an elevated CO2 atmosphere
Aquatic macrophytes can be used for wastewater polishing but not for purification in constructed wetlands
Controls on soil organic carbon stocks in tidal marshes along an estuarine salinity gradient
Wetland eco-engineering: measuring and modeling feedbacks of oxidation processes between plants and clay-rich material
Mapping of West Siberian taiga wetland complexes using Landsat imagery: implications for methane emissions
Water level, vegetation composition, and plant productivity explain greenhouse gas fluxes in temperate cutover fens after inundation
High net CO2 and CH4 release at a eutrophic shallow lake on a formerly drained fen
Mercury methylation in paddy soil: source and distribution of mercury species at a Hg mining area, Guizhou Province, China
The fate of 15N-nitrate in mesocosms from five European peatlands differing in long-term nitrogen deposition rate
Spatial and seasonal contrasts of sedimentary organic matter in floodplain lakes of the central Amazon basin
Seasonal dynamics of carbon and nutrients from two contrasting tropical floodplain systems in the Zambezi River basin
Model estimates of climate controls on pan-Arctic wetland methane emissions
Sediment properties and CO2 efflux from intact and cleared temperate mangrove forests
Modeling micro-topographic controls on boreal peatland hydrology and methane fluxes
Natural and anthropogenic methane fluxes in Eurasia: a mesoscale quantification by generalized atmospheric inversion
Lianlian Zhu, Zhengmiao Deng, Yonghong Xie, Xu Li, Feng Li, Xinsheng Chen, Yeai Zou, Chengyi Zhang, and Wei Wang
Biogeosciences, 18, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a Carex brevicuspis leaf litter input experiment to clarify the intrinsic factors controlling litter decomposition and quantify its contribution to the soil organic carbon pool at different water levels. Our results revealed that the water level in natural wetlands influenced litter decomposition mainly by leaching and microbial activity, by extension, and affected the wetland surface carbon pool.
Robert J. Parker, Chris Wilson, A. Anthony Bloom, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Joe McNorton, Hartmut Boesch, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Biogeosciences, 17, 5669–5691, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands contribute the largest uncertainty to the atmospheric methane budget. WetCHARTs is a simple, data-driven model that estimates wetland emissions using observations of precipitation and temperature. We perform the first detailed evaluation of WetCHARTs against satellite data and find it performs well in reproducing the observed wetland methane seasonal cycle for the majority of wetland regions. In regions where it performs poorly, we highlight incorrect wetland extent as a key reason.
Jurek Müller and Fortunat Joos
Biogeosciences, 17, 5285–5308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5285-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5285-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an in-depth model analysis of transient peatland area and carbon dynamics over the last 22 000 years. Our novel results show that the consideration of both gross positive and negative area changes are necessary to understand the transient evolution of peatlands and their net effect on atmospheric carbon. The study includes the attributions to drivers through factorial simulations, assessments of uncertainty from climate forcing, and determination of the global net carbon balance.
Lilli Zeh, Marie Theresa Igel, Judith Schellekens, Juul Limpens, Luca Bragazza, and Karsten Kalbitz
Biogeosciences, 17, 4797–4813, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4797-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4797-2020, 2020
Jérémy Guilhen, Ahmad Al Bitar, Sabine Sauvage, Marie Parrens, Jean-Michel Martinez, Gwenael Abril, Patricia Moreira-Turcq, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Biogeosciences, 17, 4297–4311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4297-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4297-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The quantity of greenhouse gases (GHGs) released to the atmosphere by human industries and agriculture, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), has been constantly increasing for the last few decades.
This work develops a methodology which makes consistent both satellite observations and modelling of the Amazon basin to identify and quantify the role of wetlands in GHG emissions. We showed that these areas produce non-negligible emissions and are linked to land use.
Thomas Rosset, Stéphane Binet, Jean-Marc Antoine, Emilie Lerigoleur, François Rigal, and Laure Gandois
Biogeosciences, 17, 3705–3722, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3705-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3705-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands export a large amount of DOC through inland waters. This study aims at identifying the mechanisms controlling the DOC concentration at the outlet of two mountainous peatlands in the French Pyrenees. Peat water temperature and water table dynamics are shown to drive seasonal- and event-scale DOC concentration variation. According to water recession times, peatlands appear as complexes of different hydrological and biogeochemical units supplying inland waters at different rates.
David Holl, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, and Lars Kutzbach
Biogeosciences, 17, 2853–2874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2853-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2853-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes at a bog site in northwestern Germany that has been heavily degraded by peat mining. During the 2-year investigation period, half of the area was still being mined, whereas the remaining half had been rewetted shortly before. We could therefore estimate the impact of rewetting on GHG flux dynamics. Rewetting had a considerable effect on the annual GHG balance and led to increased (up to 84 %) methane and decreased (up to 40 %) carbon dioxide release.
Jacob S. Diamond, Daniel L. McLaughlin, Robert A. Slesak, and Atticus Stovall
Biogeosciences, 17, 901–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-901-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-901-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Many wetland systems exhibit lumpy, or uneven, soil surfaces where higher points are called hummocks and lower points are called hollows. We found that, while hummocks extended only ~ 20 cm above hollow surfaces, they exhibited distinct plant communities, plant growth, and soil properties. Differences between hummocks and hollows were the greatest in wetter sites, supporting the hypothesis that plants create and maintain their own hummocks in response to saturated soil conditions.
Terhi Riutta, Aino Korrensalo, Anna M. Laine, Jukka Laine, and Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
Biogeosciences, 17, 727–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-727-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-727-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the role of plant species groups in peatland methane fluxes under natural conditions and lowered water level. At a natural water level, sedges and mosses increased the fluxes. At a lower water level, the impact of plant groups on the fluxes was small. Only at a high water level did vegetation regulate the fluxes. The results are relevant for assessing peatland methane fluxes in a changing climate, as peatland water level and vegetation are predicted to change.
M. Graham Clark, Elyn R. Humphreys, and Sean K. Carey
Biogeosciences, 17, 667–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Natural and restored wetlands typically emit methane to the atmosphere. However, we found that a wetland constructed after oil sand mining in boreal Canada using organic soils from local peatlands had negligible emissions of methane in its first 3 years. Methane production was likely suppressed due to an abundance of alternate inorganic electron acceptors. Methane emissions may increase in the future if the alternate electron acceptors continue to decrease.
Hendrik Reuter, Julia Gensel, Marcus Elvert, and Dominik Zak
Biogeosciences, 17, 499–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-499-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-499-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using infrared spectroscopy, we developed a routine to disentangle microbial nitrogen (N) and plant N in decomposed litter. In a decomposition experiment in three wetland soils, this routine revealed preferential protein depolymerization as a decomposition-site-dependent parameter, unaffected by variations in initial litter N content. In Sphagnum peat, preferential protein depolymerization led to a N depletion of still-unprocessed litter tissue, i.e., a gradual loss of litter quality.
Kevan J. Minick, Bhaskar Mitra, Asko Noormets, and John S. King
Biogeosciences, 16, 4671–4686, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4671-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4671-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level rise alters hydrology and vegetation in coastal wetlands. We studied effects of freshwater, saltwater, and wood on soil microbial activity in a freshwater forested wetland. Saltwater reduced CO2/CH4 production compared to freshwater, suggesting large changes in greenhouse gas production and microbial activity are possible due to saltwater intrusion into freshwater wetlands but that the availability of C in the form of dead wood (as forests transition to marsh) may alter the magnitude.
Jyrki Jauhiainen, Jukka Alm, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Ingeborg Callesen, Jesper R. Christiansen, Nicholas Clarke, Lise Dalsgaard, Hongxing He, Sabine Jordan, Vaiva Kazanavičiūtė, Leif Klemedtsson, Ari Lauren, Andis Lazdins, Aleksi Lehtonen, Annalea Lohila, Ainars Lupikis, Ülo Mander, Kari Minkkinen, Åsa Kasimir, Mats Olsson, Paavo Ojanen, Hlynur Óskarsson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Gunnhild Søgaard, Kaido Soosaar, Lars Vesterdal, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 16, 4687–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4687-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4687-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We collated peer-reviewed publications presenting GHG flux data for drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emission/removals. We evaluated the methods in data collection and identified major gaps in background/environmental data. Based on these, we developed suggestions for future GHG data collection to increase data applicability in syntheses and inventories.
Steffen Buessecker, Kaitlyn Tylor, Joshua Nye, Keith E. Holbert, Jose D. Urquiza Muñoz, Jennifer B. Glass, Hilairy E. Hartnett, and Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz
Biogeosciences, 16, 4601–4612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4601-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4601-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the potential for chemical reduction of nitrite into nitrous oxide (N2O) in soils from tropical peat. Among treatments, irradiation resulted in the lowest biological interference and least change of native soil chemistry (iron and organic matter). Nitrite depletion was as high in live or irradiated soils, and N2O production was significant in all tests. Thus, nonbiological production of N2O may be widely underestimated in wetlands and tropical peatlands.
Ward Swinnen, Nils Broothaerts, and Gert Verstraeten
Biogeosciences, 16, 3977–3996, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3977-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3977-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a new model is presented, which was specifically designed to study the development and carbon storage of blanket peatlands since the last ice age. In the past, two main processes (declining forest cover and rising temperatures) have been proposed as drivers of blanket peatland development on the British Isles. The simulations performed in this study support the temperature hypothesis for the blanket peatlands in the Cairngorms Mountains of central Scotland.
David Holl, Verónica Pancotto, Adrian Heger, Sergio Jose Camargo, and Lars Kutzbach
Biogeosciences, 16, 3397–3423, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3397-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3397-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present 2 years of eddy covariance carbon dioxide flux data from two Southern Hemisphere peatlands on Tierra del Fuego. One of the investigated sites is a type of bog exclusive to the Southern Hemisphere, which is dominated by vascular, cushion-forming plants and is particularly understudied. One result of this study is that these cushion bogs apparently are highly productive in comparison to Northern and Southern Hemisphere moss-dominated bogs.
Liudmila S. Shirokova, Artem V. Chupakov, Svetlana A. Zabelina, Natalia V. Neverova, Dahedrey Payandi-Rolland, Carole Causserand, Jan Karlsson, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
Biogeosciences, 16, 2511–2526, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2511-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2511-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Regardless of the size and landscape context of surface water in frozen peatland in NE Europe, the bio- and photo-degradability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) over a 1-month incubation across a range of temperatures was below 10 %. We challenge the paradigm of dominance of photolysis and biodegradation in DOM processing in surface waters from frozen peatland, and we hypothesize peat pore-water DOM degradation and respiration of sediments to be the main drivers of CO2 emission in this region.
Elisa Männistö, Aino Korrensalo, Pavel Alekseychik, Ivan Mammarella, Olli Peltola, Timo Vesala, and Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
Biogeosciences, 16, 2409–2421, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2409-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2409-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We studied methane emitted as episodic bubble release (ebullition) from water and bare peat surfaces of a boreal bog over three years. There was more ebullition from water than from bare peat surfaces, and it was controlled by peat temperature, water level, atmospheric pressure and the weekly temperature sum. However, the contribution of methane bubbles to the total ecosystem methane emission was small. This new information can be used to improve process models of peatland methane dynamics.
Franziska Koebsch, Matthias Winkel, Susanne Liebner, Bo Liu, Julia Westphal, Iris Schmiedinger, Alejandro Spitzy, Matthias Gehre, Gerald Jurasinski, Stefan Köhler, Viktoria Unger, Marian Koch, Torsten Sachs, and Michael E. Böttcher
Biogeosciences, 16, 1937–1953, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1937-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1937-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In natural coastal wetlands, high supplies of marine sulfate suppress methane production. We found these natural methane suppression mechanisms to be suspended by humane interference in a brackish wetland. Here, diking and freshwater rewetting had caused an efficient depletion of the sulfate reservoir and opened up favorable conditions for an intensive methane production. Our results demonstrate how human disturbance can turn coastal wetlands into distinct sources of the greenhouse gas methane.
Luke C. Jeffrey, Damien T. Maher, Scott G. Johnston, Kylie Maguire, Andrew D. L. Steven, and Douglas R. Tait
Biogeosciences, 16, 1799–1815, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1799-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1799-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands represent the largest natural source of methane (CH4), so understanding CH4 drivers is important for management and climate models. We compared several CH4 pathways of a remediated subtropical Australian wetland. We found permanently inundated sites emitted more CH4 than seasonally inundated sites and that the soil properties of each site corresponded to CH4 emissions. This suggests that selective wetland remediation of favourable soil types may help to mitigate unwanted CH4 emissions.
Ryo Shingubara, Atsuko Sugimoto, Jun Murase, Go Iwahana, Shunsuke Tei, Maochang Liang, Shinya Takano, Tomoki Morozumi, and Trofim C. Maximov
Biogeosciences, 16, 755–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-755-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-755-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Wetting event with extreme precipitation increased methane emission from wetland, especially two summers later, despite the decline in water level after the wetting. (2) Isotopic compositions of methane in soil pore water suggested enhancement of production and less significance of oxidation in the following two summers after the wetting event. (3) Duration of water saturation in the active layer may be important for predicting methane emission after a wetting event in permafrost ecosystems.
Wiebke Münchberger, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Christian Blodau, Verónica A. Pancotto, and Till Kleinebecker
Biogeosciences, 16, 541–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-541-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-541-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Processes governing CH4 dynamics have been scarcely studied in southern hemispheric bogs. These can be dominated by cushion-forming plants with deep and dense roots suppressing emissions. Here we demonstrate how the spatial distribution of root activity drives a pronounced pattern of CH4 emissions, likewise also possible in densely rooted northern bogs. We conclude that presence of cushion vegetation as a proxy for negligible CH4 emissions from cushion bogs needs to be interpreted with caution.
Sarah Cook, Mick J. Whelan, Chris D. Evans, Vincent Gauci, Mike Peacock, Mark H. Garnett, Lip Khoon Kho, Yit Arn Teh, and Susan E. Page
Biogeosciences, 15, 7435–7450, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7435-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7435-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first comprehensive assessment of fluvial organic carbon loss from oil palm plantations on tropical peat: a carbon loss pathway previously unaccounted for from carbon budgets. Carbon in the water draining four plantations in Sarawak was monitored across a 1-year period. Greater fluvial carbon losses were linked to sites with lower water tables. These data will be used to complete the carbon budget from these ecosystems and assess the full impact of this land conversion.
Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Pere Masqué, Jordi Garcia-Orellana, Oscar Serrano, Inés Mazarrasa, Núria Marbà, Catherine E. Lovelock, Paul S. Lavery, and Carlos M. Duarte
Biogeosciences, 15, 6791–6818, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6791-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6791-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Efforts to include tidal marsh, mangrove and seagrass ecosystems in existing carbon mitigation strategies are limited by a lack of estimates of carbon accumulation rates (CARs). We discuss the use of 210Pb dating to determine CARs in these habitats, which are often composed of heterogeneous sediments and affected by sedimentary processes. Results show that obtaining reliable geochronologies in these systems is ambitious, but estimates of mean 100-year CARs are mostly secure within 20 % error.
Danielle D. Radu and Tim P. Duval
Biogeosciences, 15, 3937–3951, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3937-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3937-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change can shift rainfall into fewer, more intense events with longer dry periods, leading to changes in peatland hydrology and carbon cycling. We manipulated rain events over three peatland plant types (moss, sedge, and shrub). We found increasing regime intensity led to drier surface soils and deeper water tables, reducing plant carbon uptake. Mosses became sources of CO2 after >3 consecutive dry days. This study shows peatlands may become smaller sinks for carbon due to rain changes.
Peter Mueller, Lisa M. Schile-Beers, Thomas J. Mozdzer, Gail L. Chmura, Thomas Dinter, Yakov Kuzyakov, Alma V. de Groot, Peter Esselink, Christian Smit, Andrea D'Alpaos, Carles Ibáñez, Magdalena Lazarus, Urs Neumeier, Beverly J. Johnson, Andrew H. Baldwin, Stephanie A. Yarwood, Diana I. Montemayor, Zaichao Yang, Jihua Wu, Kai Jensen, and Stefanie Nolte
Biogeosciences, 15, 3189–3202, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3189-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3189-2018, 2018
Karel Castro-Morales, Thomas Kleinen, Sonja Kaiser, Sönke Zaehle, Fanny Kittler, Min Jung Kwon, Christian Beer, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 15, 2691–2722, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2691-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2691-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present year-round methane emissions from wetlands in Northeast Siberia that were simulated with a land surface model. Ground-based flux measurements from the same area were used for evaluation of the model results, finding a best agreement with the observations in the summertime emissions that take place in this region predominantly through plants. During winter, methane emissions through the snow contribute 4 % of the total annual methane budget, but these are still underestimated.
Aino Korrensalo, Elisa Männistö, Pavel Alekseychik, Ivan Mammarella, Janne Rinne, Timo Vesala, and Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
Biogeosciences, 15, 1749–1761, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We measured methane fluxes of a boreal bog from six different plant community types in 2012–2014. We found only little variation in methane fluxes among plant community types. Peat temperature as well as both leaf area of plant species with air channels and of all vegetation are important factors controlling the fluxes. We also detected negative net fluxes indicating methane consumption each year. Our results can be used to improve the models of peatland methane dynamics under climate change.
Magnus Gålfalk, Martin Karlson, Patrick Crill, Philippe Bousquet, and David Bastviken
Biogeosciences, 15, 1549–1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1549-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1549-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a quick in situ method for mapping ground surface cover, calculating areas of each surface type in a 10 x 10 m plot for each measurement. The method is robust, weather-independent, easily carried out, and uses wide-field imaging with a standard remote-controlled camera mounted on a very long extendible monopod from a height of 3–4.5 m. The method enables collection of detailed field reference data, critical in many remote sensing applications, such as wetland mapping.
Olli Peltola, Maarit Raivonen, Xuefei Li, and Timo Vesala
Biogeosciences, 15, 937–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-937-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-937-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Emission via bubbling, i.e. ebullition, is one of the main CH4 emission pathways from wetlands to the atmosphere, yet it is still coarsely represented in wetland CH4 models. In this study three ebullition modelling approaches are evaluated. Modeled annual CH4 emissions were similar, whereas temporal variability in CH4 emissions varied an order of magnitude between the approaches. Hence realistic description of ebullition is needed when models are compared to and calibrated against measurements.
Tracy Elsey-Quirk and Viktoria Unger
Biogeosciences, 15, 379–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Salt marshes have high rates of plant productivity and carbon accumulation. For this study, we found that differences in environmental conditions between estuary types were important in determining the source and stability of soil organic carbon. Specifically, sediment availability was extremely important in promoting high plant productivity and carbon accumulation in an estuary which was sediment-limited. In a sediment-rich estuary vegetation–soil-carbon relationships were weaker.
Jonathan P. Ritson, Richard E. Brazier, Nigel J. D. Graham, Chris Freeman, Michael R. Templeton, and Joanna M. Clark
Biogeosciences, 14, 2891–2902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2891-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2891-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands are a globally important store of carbon; however increased droughts in the future may affect their ability to sequester carbon. Using laboratory simulations we show that droughts, through exposure to oxygen, greatly increase the quantity and alter the quality of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from peat. Catchment management which keeps water tables high to limit oxygen exposure is therefore likely to deliver positive water quality outcomes.
Sung-Ching Lee, Andreas Christen, Andrew T. Black, Mark S. Johnson, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Rick Ketler, Zoran Nesic, and Markus Merkens
Biogeosciences, 14, 2799–2814, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2799-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2799-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Burns Bog in Vancouver is the largest peatland on North America's west coast. It is undergoing rewetting as a restoration management after peat harvesting. Rewetting of disturbed areas facilitates their ecological recovery but has an immediate impact on carbon dioxide and methane exchange. On the floating flux tower, we quantified annual carbon dioxide and methane exchange to inform future management. Our results suggested that the study area was a net carbon sink after 7-year rewetting.
Amy E. Pickard, Kate V. Heal, Andrew R. McLeod, and Kerry J. Dinsmore
Biogeosciences, 14, 1793–1809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1793-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1793-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Peatland catchments export significant volumes of photoreactive carbon to aquatic systems, particularly headwater streams. Delivery of photoreactive material is subject to seasonal variation, and is also influenced by the timing and magnitude of rainfall events. We suggest that photoprocessing of peatland derived carbon may contribute to carbon dioxide emissions from aquatic systems, although considerable uncertainty remains as to how much material is processed
in situwithin these systems.
Eva van den Elzen, Martine A. R. Kox, Sarah F. Harpenslager, Geert Hensgens, Christian Fritz, Mike S. M. Jetten, Katharina F. Ettwig, and Leon P. M. Lamers
Biogeosciences, 14, 1111–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1111-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1111-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands are important because they sequester large amounts of carbon, for which nitrogen is needed. In peatlands dominated by peat mosses, atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by associated microorganisms. We here show for the first time experimentally that phosphorus availability and acid buffering, both showing large variations among peatlands, can explain the strong differences reported for nitrogen fixation. This improves our understanding of peatland functioning in relation to global change.
Paul J. Hanson, Jeffery S. Riggs, W. Robert Nettles, Jana R. Phillips, Misha B. Krassovski, Leslie A. Hook, Lianhong Gu, Andrew D. Richardson, Donald M. Aubrecht, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Jeffrey M. Warren, and Charlotte Barbier
Biogeosciences, 14, 861–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-861-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-861-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes operational methods to achieve whole-ecosystem warming (WEW) for tall-stature, high-carbon, boreal forest peatlands. The methods enable scientists to study immediate and longer-term (1 decade) responses of organisms (microbes to trees) and ecosystem functions (carbon, water and nutrient cycles). The WEW technology allows researchers to have a plausible glimpse of future environmental conditions for study that are not available in the current observational record.
Yingying Tang, Sarah F. Harpenslager, Monique M. L. van Kempen, Evi J. H. Verbaarschot, Laury M. J. M. Loeffen, Jan G. M. Roelofs, Alfons J. P. Smolders, and Leon P. M. Lamers
Biogeosciences, 14, 755–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-755-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-755-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Aquatic macrophytes can be used for wastewater polishing but not for purification. At a low nutrient loading M. spicatum and A. filiculoides performed equally well for P removal, whereas at loads ≥ 22 mg P m−2 d−1, A. filiculoides removes P more efficiently. We provide an easily applicable method to select efficient macrophytes species for wastewater polishing, which is essential for decision support in water management using constructed wetlands for nutrient removal by plant harvesting.
Marijn Van de Broek, Stijn Temmerman, Roel Merckx, and Gerard Govers
Biogeosciences, 13, 6611–6624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6611-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6611-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The results of this study on the organic carbon (OC) stocks of tidal marshes show that variations in OC stocks along estuaries are important and should be taken into account to make accurate estimates of the total amount of OC stored in these ecosystems. Moreover, our results clearly show that most studies underestimate the variation in OC stocks along estuaries due to a shallow sampling depth, neglecting the variation in OC decomposition after burial along estuaries.
Rémon Saaltink, Stefan C. Dekker, Jasper Griffioen, and Martin J. Wassen
Biogeosciences, 13, 4945–4957, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4945-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4945-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We identified biogeochemical plant–soil feedback processes that occur when oxidation, drying and modification by plants alter sediment conditions. Wetland construction in Markermeer (a lake in the Netherlands) is used as a case study. Natural processes will be utilized during and after construction to accelerate ecosystem development. We conducted a 6-month greenhouse experiment to identify the key biogeochemical processes in the mud when Phragmites australis is used as an eco-engineer.
Irina Evgenievna Terentieva, Mikhail Vladimirovich Glagolev, Elena Dmitrievna Lapshina, Alexandr Faritovich Sabrekov, and Shamil Maksyutov
Biogeosciences, 13, 4615–4626, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4615-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4615-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
West Siberia (WS) wetlands are the world’s largest high-latitude wetland system. WS methane emission estimates suffered from large uncertainty due to high emission rate variability across the wetland vegetation cover. We mapped WS taiga zone wetlands with Landsat imagery and applied wetland typology specifically developed to reflect heterogeneity of methane fluxes. The map provides a benchmark for validation of coarse-resolution land cover products and wetland data sets in high latitudes.
Merten Minke, Jürgen Augustin, Andrei Burlo, Tatsiana Yarmashuk, Hanna Chuvashova, Annett Thiele, Annette Freibauer, Vitalij Tikhonov, and Mathias Hoffmann
Biogeosciences, 13, 3945–3970, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3945-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3945-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We studied GHG emissions along water-level gradients of two inundated cutover fens with closed chambers. N2O fluxes were negligible. CO2 and CH4 fluxes were controlled by vegetation composition and plant productivity, which in turn depended on water level and nutrient conditions. CH4 fluxes from mesotrophic sites were low and largely compensated for by CO2 uptake. Eutrophic sites were strong CH4 sources, and GHG balances depended on the plant's net C sink, which strongly differed between species.
Daniela Franz, Franziska Koebsch, Eric Larmanou, Jürgen Augustin, and Torsten Sachs
Biogeosciences, 13, 3051–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3051-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3051-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the eddy covariance method we investigate the ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of CH4 and CO2 at a eutrophic shallow lake as a challenging ecosystem often evolving during peatland rewetting. Both open water and emergent vegetation are net emitters of CH4 and CO2, but with strikingly different release rates. Even after 9 years of rewetting the lake ecosystem exhibits a considerable carbon loss and global warming impact, the latter mainly driven by high CH4 emissions from the open waterbody.
Lei Zhao, Christopher W. N Anderson, Guangle Qiu, Bo Meng, Dingyong Wang, and Xinbin Feng
Biogeosciences, 13, 2429–2440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2429-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2429-2016, 2016
K. Zając and C. Blodau
Biogeosciences, 13, 707–722, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-707-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-707-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands have been exposed to nitrogen (N) deposition in Europe for decades. In this greenhouse study we investigated how N concentration and mobility in plants and peat have responded by sampling five sites across Europe and experimentally depositing labeled nitrogen on samples in a greenhouse. The peat moss retained its ability to absorb labeled nitrogen, but in the polluted sites more of it reached the deeper peat and was taken up by shrubs and grasses, indicating increased mobility of N.
R. L. Sobrinho, M. C. Bernardes, G. Abril, J.-H. Kim, C. I Zell, J.-M. Mortillaro, T. Meziane, P. Moreira-Turcq, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté
Biogeosciences, 13, 467–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-467-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-467-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The principal objective of the present work is to quantify the fractions of the principal sources of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) in floodplain lakes of the central Amazon basin. The results indicate that the main source of SOM is not the riverine particulate material, as postulated by the literature, but the macrophytes and the forests.
A. L. Zuijdgeest, R. Zurbrügg, N. Blank, R. Fulcri, D. B. Senn, and B. Wehrli
Biogeosciences, 12, 7535–7547, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7535-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7535-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Two large floodplains hold the peak flows in the Zambezi River system – the dam-impacted Kafue Flats and the largely pristine Barotse Plains. Here we show that the inputs of organic matter and nutrients from such floodplains to the river are strongly affected by the presence of hydropower dams and highlight how floodplains act as large biogeochemical reactors that can behave distinctly differently from the entire catchment.
X. Chen, T. J. Bohn, and D. P. Lettenmaier
Biogeosciences, 12, 6259–6277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6259-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6259-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We used a process-based model to investigate the sensitivities of pan-Arctic wetland methane emissions to climate factors, as a function of climate. Over the period 1960-2006, temperature was the dominant driver of trends in emissions. Wetlands north of 60N were temperature-limited, and wetlands south of 60N latitude were water-limited. Projected future warming will cause water-limited wetlands to expand northward over the next century, lessening the role of temperature in the future.
R. H. Bulmer, C. J. Lundquist, and L. Schwendenmann
Biogeosciences, 12, 6169–6180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6169-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6169-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study investigating the effect of clearing on sediment CO2 efflux in temperate Avicennia marina forests. We found that rates of sediment CO2 efflux from cleared and intact temperate Avicennia marina forests are comparable to rates observed in other temperate and tropical forests. Our results show that greater consideration should be made regarding the rate of carbon released from mangrove forest following clearance and the relative contribution to global carbon emissions.
F. Cresto Aleina, B. R. K. Runkle, T. Kleinen, L. Kutzbach, J. Schneider, and V. Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 12, 5689–5704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5689-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5689-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a process-based model for peatland micro-topography and hydrology, the Hummock-Hollow (HH) model, which explicitly represents small-scale surface elevation changes. By coupling the HH model with a model for soil methane processes, we are able to model the effects of micro-topography on hydrology and methane emissions in a typical boreal peatland. We also identify potential biases that models without a micro-topographic representation can introduce in large-scale models.
A. Berchet, I. Pison, F. Chevallier, J.-D. Paris, P. Bousquet, J.-L. Bonne, M. Y. Arshinov, B. D. Belan, C. Cressot, D. K. Davydov, E. J. Dlugokencky, A. V. Fofonov, A. Galanin, J. Lavrič, T. Machida, R. Parker, M. Sasakawa, R. Spahni, B. D. Stocker, and J. Winderlich
Biogeosciences, 12, 5393–5414, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5393-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5393-2015, 2015
Cited articles
Agnew, A., Rapson, G., Sykes, M., and Bastow Wilson, J.: The functional ecology of Empodisma minus (Hook, f.) Johnson & Cutler in New Zealand ombrotrophic mires, New Phytol., 124, 703–710, 1993.
Alm, J., Schulman, L., Walden, J., Nykänen, H., Martikainen, P. J., and Silvola, J.: Carbon balance of a boreal bog during a year with an exceptionally dry summer, Ecology, 80, 161–174, 1999.
Arneth, A., Kurbatova, J., Kolle, O., Shibistova, O. B., Lloyd, J., Vygodskaya, N. N., and Schulze, E. D.: Comparative ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog II. Interseasonal and interannual variability of CO2 fluxes, Tellus B, 54, 514–530, 2002.
Aurela, M., Riutta, T., Laurila, T., Touvinen, J. P., Vesala, T., Tuittila, E. S., Rinne, J., Haapanala, S., and Laine, J.: CO2 exchange of a sedge fen in southern Finland – the impact of a drought period, Tellus B, 59, 826–837, 2007.
Baird, A., Belyea, L., and Morris, P.: Upscaling of peatland-atmosphere fluxes of methane: small-scale heterogeneity in process rates and the pitfalls of “bucket-and-slab” models, in: Carbon cycling in Northern peatlands, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., 37–53, 2009.
Billet, M. F., Garnett, M. H., and Dinsmore, K. J.: Should aquatic CO2 evasion be included in contemporary carbon budgets for peatland ecosystems?, Ecosystems, 18, 471–480, 2015.
Bousquet, P., Ringeval, B., Pison, I., Dlugokencky, E. J., Brunke, E.-G., Carouge, C., Chevallier, F., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Frankenberg, C., Hauglustaine, D. A., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Szopa, S., Yver, C., Viovy, N., and Ciais, P.: Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3689–3700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3689-2011, 2011.
Bridgham, S. D., Cadillo-Quiroz, H., Keller, J. K., and Zhuang, Q.: Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales, Global Change Biol., 19, 1325–1346, 2013.
Brown, M. G., Humphreys, E. R., Moore, T. R., Roulet, N. T., and Lafleur, P. M.: Evidence for a nonmonotonic relationship between ecosystem-scale peatland methane emissions and water table depth, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 826–835, 2014.
Bubier, J. L., Bhatia, G., Moore, T. R., Roulet, N. T., and Lafleur, P. M.: Spatial and temporal variability in growing-season net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange at a large peatland in Ontario, Canada, Ecosystems, 6, 353–367, 2003.
Cai, T., Flanagan, L. B., and Syed, K. H.: Warmer and drier conditions stimulate respiration more than photosynthesis in a boreal peatland ecosystem: analysis of automatic chambers and eddy covariance measurements, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 394–407, 2010.
Campbell, D. I. and Williamson, J.: Evaporation from a raised peat bog, J. Hydrol., 193, 142–160, 1997.
Campbell, D. I., Smith, J., Goodrich, J. P., Wall, A. M., and Schipper, L. A.: Year-round growing conditions explains large CO2 sink strength in a New Zealand raised peat bog, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 192, 59–68, 2014.
Campbell, D. I., Wall, A. M., Nieveen, J. P., and Schipper, L. A.: Variations in CO2 exchange for dairy farms with year-round rotational grazing on drained peatlands, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 202, 68–78, 2015.
Christensen, T. R.: Climate science: Understand Arctic methane variability, Nature, 509, 279–281, 2014.
Clarkson, B. R., Schipper, L. A., and Lehmann, A.: Vegetation and peat characteristics in the development of lowland restiad peat bogs, North Island, New Zealand, Wetlands, 24, 133–151, 2004.
Clarkson, B. R., Schipper, L. A., and Silvester, W. B.: Nutritional niche separation in coexisting bog species demonstrated by 15N-enriched simulated rainfall, Austral Ecol., 34, 377–385, 2009.
Cooper, D. J., Kaczynski, K., Slayback, D., and Yager, K.: Growth and organic carbon production in peatlands dominated by Distichia muscoides, Bolivia, South America, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 47, 505–510, 2015.
Crill, P., Hargreaves, K., and Korhola, A.: The role of peat in Finnish greenhouse gas balances (No. KTM-RAP–10/2000), Ministry of Trade and Industry, Helsinki, Finland, 2000.
Dai, A.: Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models, Nature Climate Change, 3, 52–58, 2013.
Dengel, S., Zona, D., Sachs, T., Aurela, M., Jammet, M., Parmentier, F. J. W., Oechel, W., and Vesala, T.: Testing the applicability of neural networks as a gap-filling method using CH4 flux data from high latitude wetlands, Biogeosciences, 10, 8185–8200, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8185-2013, 2013.
Desai, A. R., Richardson, A. D., Moffat, A. M., Kattge, J., Hollinger, D. Y., Barr, A., Falge, E., Noormets, A., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., and Stauch, V. J.: Cross-site evaluation of eddy covariance GPP and RE decomposition techniques, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 148, 821–838, 2008.
Dimitrov, D. D., Grant, R. F., Lafleur, P. M., and Humphreys, E. R.: Modeling the effects of hydrology on ecosystem respiration at Mer Bleue bog, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G04043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001312, 2010.
Dinsmore, K. J., Billett, M. F., Skiba, U. M., Rees, R. M., Drewer, J., and Helfter, C.: Role of the aquatic pathway in the carbon and greenhouse gas budgets of a peatland catchment, Global Change Biol., 16, 2750–2762, 2010.
Dragoni, D., Schmid, H., Grimmond, C., and Loescher, H.: Uncertainty of annual net ecosystem productivity estimated using eddy covariance flux measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D17102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008149, 2007.
Fetzel, T., Gradwohl, M., and Erb, K.-H.: Conversion, intensification, and abandonment: A human appropriation of net primary production approach to analyze historic land-use dynamics in New Zealand 1860–2005, Ecol. Econ., 97, 201–208, 2014.
Flanagan, L. B. and Syed, K. H.: Stimulation of both photosynthesis and respiration in response to warmer and drier conditions in a boreal peatland ecosystem, Global Change Biol., 17, 2271–2287, 2011.
Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for assessment of surface-based flux measurements, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 78, 83–105, 1996.
Foken, T., Göckede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B. D., and Munger, J. W.: Post-field quality control, in: Handbook of micrometeorology: A guide for surface flux measurements, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W. J., and Law, B., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 181–208, 2004.
Friborg, T., Soegaard, H., Christensen, T. R., Lloyd, C. R., and Panikov, N. S.: Siberian wetlands: Where a sink is a source, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2129, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017797, 2003.
Fritz, C., Pancotto, V. A., Elzenga, J. T. M., Visser, E. J. W., Grootjans, A. P., Pol, A., Iturraspe, R., Roelofs, J. G. M., and Smolders, A. J. P.: Zero methane emission bogs: extreme rhizosphere oxygenation by cushion plants in Patagonia, New Phytol., 190, 398–408, 2011.
Frolking, S. and Roulet, N.: Holocene radiative forcing impact of northern peatland carbon accumulation and methane emissions, Global Change Biol., 13, 1079–1088, 2007.
Frolking, S., Roulet, N., and Fuglestvedt, J.: How northern peatlands influence the Earth's radiative budget: Sustained methane emission versus sustained carbon sequestration, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 111, G01008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000091, 2006.
Frolking, S., Talbot, J., Jones, M. C., Treat, C. C., Kauffman, J. B., Tuittila, E. S., and Roulet, N.: Peatlands in the Earth's 21st century climate system, Environ. Rev., 19, 371–396., 2011.
Frolking, S., Talbot, J., and Subin, J. M.: Exploring the relationship between peatland net carbon balance and apparent carbon accumulation rate at century to millennial time scales, The Holocene, 24, 1167–1173, 2014.
Gažovič, M., Forbrich, I., Jager, D. F., Kutzbach, L., Wille, C., and Wilmking, M.: Hydrology-driven ecosystem respiration determines the carbon balance of a boreal peatland, Sci. Total Environ., 463, 675–682, 2013.
Göckede, M., Markkanen, T., Hasager, C. B., and Foken, T.: Update of a footprint-based approach for the characterisation of complex measurement sites, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 118, 635–655, 2006.
Goodrich, J. P., Campbell, D. I., Clearwater, M. J., Rutledge, S., and Schipper, L. A.: High vapor pressure deficit constrains GPP and the light response of NEE at a Southern Hemisphere bog, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 203, 54–63, 2015a.
Goodrich, J. P., Campbell, D. I., Roulet, N. T., Clearwater, M. J., and Schipper, L. A.: Overriding control of methane flux temporal variability by water table dynamics in a Southern Hemisphere, raised bog, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 819–831, 2015b.
Goodrich, J. P., Campbell, D. I., and Schipper, L. A.: Dataset for: Southern Hemisphere bog persists as a strong carbon sink during droughts, University of Waikato, Research Commons, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/11393, last access: 12 October 2017.
Gorham, E.: Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming, Ecol. Appl., 1, 182–195, 1991.
Griffis, T. J., Rouse, W., and Waddington, J.: Interannual variability of net ecosystem CO2 exchange at a subarctic fen, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1109–1121, 2000.
Herbst, M., Friborg, T., Ringgaard, R., and Soegaard, H.: Interpreting the variations in atmospheric methane fluxes observed above a restored wetland, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 151, 841–853, 2011.
Hirano, T., Jauhiainen, J., Inoue, T., and Takahashi, H.: Controls on the carbon balance of tropical peatlands, Ecosystems, 12, 873–887, 2009.
Hollinger, D. and Richardson, A.: Uncertainty in eddy covariance measurements and its application to physiological models, Tree Physiol., 25, 873–885, 2005.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J., and Ephraums, J. J. (Eds.): IPCC First Assessment Report, WMO, Geneva, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, New York, NY, USA and Melbourne, Australia, 1990.
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K. and Meyer, L. A. (Eds.)], IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp., 2014.
Joiner, D. W., Lafleur, P. M., McCaughey, J. H., and Bartlett, P. A.: Interannual variability in carbon dioxide exchanges at a boreal wetland in the BOREAS northern study area, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 27663–27672, 1999.
Knox, S. H., Sturtevant, C., Matthes, J. H., Koteen, L., Verfaillie, J., and Baldocchi, D.: Agricultural peatland restoration: effects of land-use change on greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) fluxes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Global Change Biol., 21, 750–765, 2014.
Koehler, A. K., Sottocornola, M., and Kiely, G.: How strong is the current carbon sequestration of an Atlantic blanket bog?, Global Change Biol., 17, 309–319, 2011.
Kok, B.: On the interrelation of respiration and photosynthesis in green plants, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 3, 625–631, 1949.
Kormann, R. and Meixner, F. X.: An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 207–224, 2001.
Körner, C.: Leaf diffusive conductances in the major vegetation types of the globe, in: Ecophysiology of photosynthesis, Springer, New York, 463–490, 1995.
Kupier, J. J., Mooij, W. M., Bragazza, L., and Robroek, B. J.: Plant functional types define magnitude of drought response in peatland CO2 exchange, Ecology, 95, 123–131, 2014.
Lafleur, P. M.: Connecting atmosphere and wetland: trace gas exchange, Geography Compass, 3, 560–585, 2009.
Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Bubier, J. L., Frolking, S., and Moore, T. R.: Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001983, 2003.
Lafleur, P., Moore, T., Roulet, N., and Frolking, S.: Ecosystem respiration in a cool temperate bog depends on peat temperature but not water table, Ecosystems, 8, 619–629, 2005.
Laitinen, J., Rehell, S., and Oksanen, J.: Community and species responses to water level fluctuations with reference to soil layers in different habitats of mid-boreal mire complexes, Plant Ecol., 194, 17–36, 2008.
Limpens, J., Berendse, F., Blodau, C., Canadell, J. G., Freeman, C., Holden, J., Roulet, N., Rydin, H., and Schaepman-Strub, G.: Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to global implications – a synthesis, Biogeosciences, 5, 1475–1491, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1475-2008, 2008.
Lindroth, A., Lund, M., Nilsson, M., Aurela, M., Christensen, T. R., Laurila, T., Rinne, J., Riutta, T., Sagerfors, J., and Ström, L.: Environmental controls on the CO2 exchange in north European mires, Tellus B, 59, 812–825, 2007.
Loescher, H. W., Law, B. E., Mahrt, L., Hollinger, D. Y., Campbell, J., and Wofsy, S. C.: Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimates using the eddy covariance technique, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D21S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006932, 2006.
Lund, M., Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Lindroth, A., Christensen, T. R., Aurela, M., Chojnicki, B. H., Flanagan, L. B., Humphreys, E. R., Laurila, T., Oechel, W. C., Olejnik, J., Rinne, J., Schubert, P., and Nilsson, M. B.: Variability in exchange of CO2 across 12 northern peatland and tundra sites, Global Change Biol., 16, 2436–2448, 2010.
Lund, M., Christensen, T. R., Lindroth, A., and Schubert, P.: Effects of drought conditions on the carbon dioxide dynamics in a temperate peatland, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 045704, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045704, 2012.
Mastepanov, M., Sigsgaard, C., Dlugokencky, E. J., Houweling, S., Ström, L., Tamstorf, M. P., and Christensen, T. R.: Large tundra methane burst during onset of freezing, Nature, 456, 628–630, 2008.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Impact of post-field data processing on eddy covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure, Meteorol. Z., 15, 597–609, 2006.
McGlone, M. S.: Postglacial history of New Zealand wetlands and implications for their conservation, New Zeal. J. Ecol., 33, 1–23, 2009.
McVeigh, P., Sottocornola, M., Foley, N., Leahy, P., and Kiely, G.: Meteorological and functional response partitioning to explain interannual variability of CO2 exchange at an Irish Atlantic blanket bog, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 194, 8–19, 2014.
Meney, K. A. and Pate, J. S.: Australian Rushes: Biology, Identification And Conservation of Restionaceae And Allied Families, University Of Western Australia Press, Perth, 486 pp., 1999.
Moncrieff, J. B., Massheder, J., De Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Søgaard, H., and Verhoef, A.: A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, J. Hydrol., 188, 589–611, 1997.
Moncrieff, J., Clement, R., Finnigan, J., and Meyers, T.: Averaging, detrending, and filtering of eddy covariance time series, in: Handbook of micrometeorology, Springer, The Netherlands, 7–31, 2005.
Moore, T. R., De Young, A., Bubier, J. L., Humphreys, E. R., Lafleur, P. M., and Roulet, N. T.: A multi-year record of methane flux at the Mer Bleue bog, southern Canada, Ecosystems, 14, 646–657, 2011.
Newnham, R. M., Delange, P. J., and Lowe, D. J.: Holocene vegetation, climate and history of a raised bog complex, northern New Zealand, based on palynology, plant macrofossils and tephrochronology, Holocene, 5, 267–282, 1995.
Nilsson, M., Sagerfors, J., Buffam, I., Laudon, H., Eriksson, T., Grelle, A., Klemedtsson, L., Weslien, P., and Lindroth, A.: Contemporary carbon accumulation in a boreal oligotrophic minerogenic mire – a significant sink after accounting for all C-fluxes, Global Change Biol., 14, 2317–2332, 2008.
Oikawa, P. Y., Sturtevant, C., Knox, S. H., Verfaille, J., Huang, Y. W., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Revisiting the partioning of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 into photosynthesis and respiration with simultaneous flux measurements of 13CO2 and CO2, soil respiration and a biophysical model, CANVEG, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 234, 149–163, 2017.
Olefeldt, D., Roulet, N. T., Bergeron, O., Crill, P., Bäckstrand, K., and Christensen, T. R.: Net carbon accumulation of a high-latitude permafrost palsa mire similar to permafrost-free peatlands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050355, 2012.
Olson, D. M., Griffis, T. J., Noormets, A., Kolka, R., and Chen, J.: Interannual, seasonal, and retrospective analysis of the methane and carbon dioxide budgets of a temperate peatland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 226–238, 2013.
Page, S. E. and Hooijer, A.: In the line of fire: the peatlands of Southeast Asia, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 371, 20150176, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0176, 2016.
Papale, D. and Valentini, A.: A new assessment of European forests carbon exchanges by eddy fluxes and artificial neural network spatialization, Global Change Biol., 9, 525–535, 2003.
Perry, G. L. W., Wilmshurst, J. M., and McGlone, M. S.: Ecology and long-term history of fire in New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Ecol., 38, 157–176, 2014.
Porteous, A. and Mullan, B.: The 2012–13 drought: An assessment and historical perspective, MPI Tech. Pap., 2012/18, NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand, 2013.
Pronger, J., Schipper, L. A., Hill, R. B., Campbell, D. I., and McLeod, M.: Subsidence rates of drained agricultural peatlands in New Zealand and the relationship with time since drainage, J. Environ. Qual., 43, 1442–1449, 2014.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., and Grünwald, T.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Global Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, 2005.
Roulet, N. T.: Peatlands, carbon storage, greenhouse gases, and the Kyoto protocol: prospects and significance for Canada, Wetlands, 20, 605–615, 2000.
Roulet, N. T., Lafleur, P. M., Richard, P. J. H., Moore, T. R., Humphreys, E. R., and Bubier, J.: Contemporary carbon balance and late Holocene carbon accumulation in a northern peatland, Global Change Biol., 13, 397–411, 2007.
Schipper, L. and McLeod, M.: Subsidence rates and carbon loss in peat soils following conversion to pasture in the Waikato Region, New Zealand, Soil Use Manage., 18, 91–93, 2002.
Shoemaker, J. K. and Schrag, D. P.: The danger of overvaluing methane's influence on future climate change, Climatic Change, 120, 903–914, 2013.
Shurpali, N., Verma, S., Kim, J., and Arkebauer, T.: Carbon dioxide exchange in a peatland ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 14319–14326, 1995.
Sottocornola, M. and Kiely, G.: Hydro-meteorological controls on the CO2 exchange variation in an Irish blanket bog, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 150, 287–297, 2010.
Sturgeon, C. J.: Assessing dissolved organic carbon export from Kopuatai bog, New Zealand, MSc Thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand, available at: http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/7936 (last access: August, 2017), 2013.
Sulman, B. N., Desai, A. R., Saliendra, N. Z., Lafleur, P. M., Flanagan, L. B., Sonnentag, O., Mackay, D. S., Barr, A. G., and van der Kamp, G.: CO2 fluxes at northern fens and bogs have opposite responses to inter-annual fluctuations in water table, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L19702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044018, 2010.
Syed, K. H., Flanagan, L. B., Carlson, P. J., Glenn, A. J., and Van Gaalen, K. E.: Environmental control of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a treed, moderately rich fen in northern Alberta, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 140, 97–114, 2006.
Thompson, M. A., Campbell, D. I., and Spronken-Smith, R. A.: Evaporation from natural and modified raised peat bogs in New Zealand, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 95, 85–98, 1999.
Treat, C. C., Bubier, J. L., Varner, R. K., and Crill, P. M.: Timescale dependence of environmental and plant-mediated controls on CH4 flux in a temperate fen, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, G01014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000210, 2007.
Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., van der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., and Sheffield, J.: Global warming and changes in drought, Nature Climate Change, 4, 17–22, 2014.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 14, 512–526, 1997.
Wagstaff, S. J. and Clarkson, B. R.: Systematics and ecology of the Australasian genus Empodisma (Restionaceae) and description of a new species from peatlands in northern New Zealand, PhytoKeys, 13, 39–79, 2012.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water-vapor transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980.
Wehr, R., Munger, J. W., and McManus, J. B.: Seasonality of temperate forest photosynthesis and daytime respiration, Nature, 534, 680–683, 2016.
Whiting, G. J. and Chanton, J. P.: Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration, Tellus B, 53, 521–528, 2001.
Wohlfahrt, G., Bahn, M., Haslwanter, A., Newesely, C., and Cernusca, A.: Estimation of daytime ecosystem respiration to determine gross primary production of a mountain meadow, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 130, 13–25, 2005.
Wu, J. and Roulet, N. T.: Climate change reduces the capacity of northern peatlands to absorb the atmospheric carbon dioxide: The different responses of bogs and fens, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1005–1024, 2014.
Yu, Z., Loisel, J., Brosseau, D. P., Beilman, D. W., and Hunt, S. J.: Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043584, 2010.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint