Articles | Volume 15, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1895-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1895-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Apr 2018
Research article |
| 03 Apr 2018
Biological production in the Indian Ocean upwelling zones –Part 1: refined estimation via the use of a variable compensation depth in ocean carbon models
Mohanan Geethalekshmi Sreeush
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
Vinu Valsala
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
Sreenivas Pentakota
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
Koneru Venkata Siva Rama Prasad
Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
Raghu Murtugudde
ESSIC, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Helen E. Phillips, Amit Tandon, Ryo Furue, Raleigh Hood, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Viviane Menezes, Shijian Hu, Ben Webber, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Deepak Cherian, Emily Shroyer, Ming Feng, Hemantha Wijesekera, Abhisek Chatterjee, Lisan Yu, Juliet Hermes, Raghu Murtugudde, Tomoki Tozuka, Danielle Su, Arvind Singh, Luca Centurioni, Satya Prakash, and Jerry Wiggert
Ocean Sci., 17, 1677–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, understanding of the Indian Ocean has progressed through new observations and advances in theory and models of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean, describing Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, climate variability, and the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat.
Shamil Maksyutov, Tomohiro Oda, Makoto Saito, Rajesh Janardanan, Dmitry Belikov, Johannes W. Kaiser, Ruslan Zhuravlev, Alexander Ganshin, Vinu K. Valsala, Arlyn Andrews, Lukasz Chmura, Edward Dlugokencky, László Haszpra, Ray L. Langenfelds, Toshinobu Machida, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Michel Ramonet, Colm Sweeney, and Douglas Worthy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve the top-down estimation of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, a high-resolution inverse modelling technique was developed for applications to global transport modelling of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian transport model and its adjoint are combined with surface fluxes at 0.1° resolution to provide high-resolution forward simulation and inverse modelling of surface fluxes accounting for signals from emission hot spots.
I. V. G. Bhavani, T. D. V. P Rao, A. Das, S. B. Choudhury, P. V. Nagamani, K. V. S. R. Prasad, and S. K. Sasmal
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-5, 499–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-5-499-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-5-499-2018, 2018
C. Purna Chand, M. Venkateswara Rao, K. V. S. R . Prasad, and K. H. Rao
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2017-66, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2017-66, 2017
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study carried out to check the variations of Sea Level Pressure (SLP) during the cyclone conditions. SLP fields are estimated using University of Washington Planetary Boundary Layer model during Phailin, Lehar and Madi, three vary severe cyclonic storms which occurred in 2013 over Bay of Bengal region. Model performance in estimating SLP variations during cyclonic periods was investigated by comparison against cyclone reports of Indian Meteorological Department and in-situ observations.
C. Rödenbeck, D. C. E. Bakker, N. Gruber, Y. Iida, A. R. Jacobson, S. Jones, P. Landschützer, N. Metzl, S. Nakaoka, A. Olsen, G.-H. Park, P. Peylin, K. B. Rodgers, T. P. Sasse, U. Schuster, J. D. Shutler, V. Valsala, R. Wanninkhof, and J. Zeng
Biogeosciences, 12, 7251–7278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates variations in the CO2 uptake of the ocean from year to year. These variations have been calculated from measurements of the surface-ocean carbon content by various different interpolation methods. The equatorial Pacific is estimated to be the region with the strongest year-to-year variations, tied to the El Nino phase. The global ocean CO2 uptake gradually increased from about the year 2000. The comparison of the interpolation methods identifies these findings as robust.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Open Ocean
Evolution of oxygen and stratification and their relationship in the North Pacific Ocean in CMIP6 Earth system models
Evaluation of CMIP6 model performance in simulating historical biogeochemistry across the southern South China Sea
Drivers of decadal trends in the ocean carbon sink in the past, present, and future in Earth system models
Anthropogenic carbon storage and its decadal changes in the Atlantic between 1990–2020
Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions
Climatic controls on metabolic constraints in the ocean
Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement
Short-term response of Emiliania huxleyi growth and morphology to abrupt salinity stress
Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system
Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities in the eastern Mediterranean in two contrasting seasonal situations
Hydrological cycle amplification imposes spatial pattern on climate change response of ocean pH and carbonate chemistry
Net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic projected to shift in the 21st century
Sedimentary organic matter signature hints at the phytoplankton-driven Biological Carbon Pump in the Central Arabian Sea
Testing the influence of light on nitrite cycling in the eastern tropical North Pacific
Loss of nitrogen via anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the California Current system during the late Quaternary
Technical note: Assessment of float pH data quality control methods – a case study in the subpolar northwest Atlantic Ocean
Linking northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes to upstream surface outcrop variations
Underestimation of multi-decadal global O2 loss due to an optimal interpolation method
Reviews and syntheses: expanding the global coverage of gross primary production and net community production measurements using Biogeochemical-Argo floats
Assessing the tropical Atlantic biogeochemical processes in the Norwegian Earth System Model
Characteristics of surface physical and biogeochemical parameters within mesoscale eddies in the Southern Ocean
Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region
The fingerprint of climate variability on the surface ocean cycling of iron and its isotopes
Reconstructing the ocean's mesopelagic zone carbon budget: sensitivity and estimation of parameters associated with prokaryotic remineralization
Seasonal cycles of biogeochemical fluxes in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean: a stable isotope approach
Absence of photophysiological response to iron addition in autumn phytoplankton in the Antarctic sea-ice zone
Optimal parameters for the ocean's nutrient, carbon, and oxygen cycles compensate for circulation biases but replumb the biological pump
Importance of multiple sources of iron for the upper-ocean biogeochemistry over the northern Indian Ocean
Exploring the role of different data types and timescales in the quality of marine biogeochemical model calibration
All about nitrite: exploring nitrite sources and sinks in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone
Fossil coccolith morphological attributes as a new proxy for deep ocean carbonate chemistry
Reconstructing ocean carbon storage with CMIP6 Earth system models and synthetic Argo observations
Using machine learning and Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats to assess biogeochemical models and optimize observing system design
The representation of alkalinity and the carbonate pump from CMIP5 to CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for the carbon cycle
Model estimates of metazoans' contributions to the biological carbon pump
Tracing differences in iron supply to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge valley between hydrothermal vent sites: implications for the addition of iron to the deep ocean
Nitrite cycling in the primary nitrite maxima of the eastern tropical North Pacific
Hotspots and drivers of compound marine heatwaves and low net primary production extremes
Ecosystem impacts of marine heat waves in the northeast Pacific
Tracing the role of Arctic shelf processes in Si and N cycling and export through the Fram Strait: insights from combined silicon and nitrate isotopes
Controls on the relative abundances and rates of nitrifying microorganisms in the ocean
The response of diazotrophs to nutrient amendment in the South China Sea and western North Pacific
Influence of GEOTRACES data distribution and misfit function choice on objective parameter retrieval in a marine zinc cycle model
Physiological flexibility of phytoplankton impacts modelled chlorophyll and primary production across the North Pacific Ocean
Observation-constrained estimates of the global ocean carbon sink from Earth system models
Early winter barium excess in the southern Indian Ocean as an annual remineralisation proxy (GEOTRACES GIPr07 cruise)
Controlling factors on the global distribution of a representative marine non-cyanobacterial diazotroph phylotype (Gamma A)
Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO2 and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019)
Global nutrient cycling by commercially targeted marine fish
Major processes of the dissolved cobalt cycle in the North and equatorial Pacific Ocean
Lyuba Novi, Annalisa Bracco, Takamitsu Ito, and Yohei Takano
Biogeosciences, 21, 3985–4005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the relationship between oxygen and stratification in the North Pacific Ocean using a combination of data mining and machine learning. We used isopycnic potential vorticity (IPV) as an indicator to quantify ocean ventilation and analyzed its predictability, a strong O2–IPV connection, and predictability for IPV in the tropical Pacific. This opens new routes for monitoring ocean O2 through few observational sites co-located with more abundant IPV measurements in the tropical Pacific.
Winfred Marshal, Jing Xiang Chung, Nur Hidayah Roseli, Roswati Md Amin, and Mohd Fadzil Bin Mohd Akhir
Biogeosciences, 21, 4007–4035, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4007-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study stands out for thoroughly examining CMIP6 ESMs' ability to simulate biogeochemical variables in the southern South China Sea, an economically important region. It assesses variables like chlorophyll, phytoplankton, nitrate, and oxygen on annual and seasonal scales. While global assessments exist, this study addresses a gap by objectively ranking 13 CMIP6 ocean biogeochemistry models' performance at a regional level, focusing on replicating specific observed biogeochemical variables.
Jens Terhaar
Biogeosciences, 21, 3903–3926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the ocean’s importance in the carbon cycle and hence the climate, observing the ocean carbon sink remains challenging. Here, I use an ensemble of 12 models to understand drivers of decadal trends of the past, present, and future ocean carbon sink. I show that 80 % of the decadal trends in the multi-model mean ocean carbon sink can be explained by changes in decadal trends in atmospheric CO2. The remaining 20 % are due to internal climate variability and ocean heat uptake.
Reiner Steinfeldt, Monika Rhein, and Dagmar Kieke
Biogeosciences, 21, 3839–3867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate the amount of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in the Atlantic for the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. Cant is the carbon that is taken up by the ocean as a result of humanmade CO2 emissions. To determine the amount of Cant, we apply a technique that is based on the observations of other humanmade gases (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons). Regionally, changes in ocean ventilation have an impact on the storage of Cant. Overall, the increase in Cant is driven by the rising CO2 in the atmosphere.
Stephanie Delacroix, Tor Jensen Nystuen, August E. Dessen Tobiesen, Andrew L. King, and Erik Höglund
Biogeosciences, 21, 3677–3690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The addition of alkaline minerals into the ocean might reduce excessive anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Magnesium hydroxide can be added in large amounts because of its low seawater solubility without reaching harmful pH levels. The toxicity effect results of magnesium hydroxide, by simulating the expected concentrations from a ship's dispersion scenario, demonstrated low impacts on both sensitive and local assemblages of marine microalgae when compared to calcium hydroxide.
Precious Mongwe, Matthew Long, Takamitsu Ito, Curtis Deutsch, and Yeray Santana-Falcón
Biogeosciences, 21, 3477–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a collection of measurements that capture the physiological sensitivity of organisms to temperature and oxygen and a CESM1 large ensemble to investigate how natural climate variations and climate warming will impact the ability of marine heterotrophic marine organisms to support habitats in the future. We find that warming and dissolved oxygen loss over the next several decades will reduce the volume of ocean habitats and will increase organisms' vulnerability to extremes.
Charly A. Moras, Tyler Cyronak, Lennart T. Bach, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3463–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of mineral grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics for ocean alkalinity enhancement. Salinity did not affect the dissolution, but calcium carbonate formed earlier at lower salinities due to the lower magnesium and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Smaller grain sizes dissolved faster but calcium carbonate precipitated earlier, suggesting that medium grain sizes are optimal for kinetics.
Rosie M. Sheward, Christina Gebühr, Jörg Bollmann, and Jens O. Herrle
Biogeosciences, 21, 3121–3141, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How quickly do marine microorganisms respond to salinity stress? Our experiments with the calcifying marine plankton Emiliania huxleyi show that growth and cell morphology responded to salinity stress within as little as 24–48 hours, demonstrating that morphology and calcification are sensitive to salinity over a range of timescales. Our results have implications for understanding the short-term role of E. huxleyi in biogeochemical cycles and in size-based paleoproxies for salinity.
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Joaquín Ortiz, Stephen D. Archer, Andrea Ludwig, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 2859–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our planet is facing a climate crisis. Scientists are working on innovative solutions that will aid in capturing the hard to abate emissions before it is too late. Exciting research reveals that ocean alkalinity enhancement, a key climate change mitigation strategy, does not harm phytoplankton, the cornerstone of marine ecosystems. Through meticulous study, we may have uncovered a positive relationship: up to a specific limit, enhancing ocean alkalinity boosts photosynthesis by certain species.
France Van Wambeke, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Crispi, Alexandra Pavlidou, Sandra Nunige, Morgane Didry, Christophe Salmeron, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 21, 2621–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphomonoesterase (PME) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities over the epipelagic zone are described in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in winter and autumn. The types of concentration kinetics obtained for PDE (saturation at 50 µM, high Km, high turnover times) compared to those of PME (saturation at 1 µM, low Km, low turnover times) are discussed in regard to the possible inequal distribution of PDE and PME in the size continuum of organic material and accessibility to phosphodiesters.
Allison Hogikyan and Laure Resplandy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1189, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1189, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rising atmospheric CO2 influences ocean carbon chemistry leading to ocean acidification. Global warming introduces spatial patterns in the intensity of ocean acidification. We show that the most prominent spatial patterns are controlled by warming-driven changes in rainfall and evaporation, and not by the direct effect of warming on carbon chemistry and pH. This rainfall/evaporation effect opposes acidification in saltier parts of the ocean and enhances acidification in fresher regions.
Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Matthias Gröger, Jörg Schwinger, Raffaele Bernadello, Etienne Tourigny, Valentina Sicardi, Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, and Klaus Wyser
Biogeosciences, 21, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The timing of the net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic in the period 1750–2100 is investigated using two Earth system models and the high-emissions scenario SSP5-8.5. It is found that, for most of the region, the annual maxima occur progressively earlier, with the most change occurring after the year 2000. Shifts in the seasonality of the primary production may impact the entire ecosystem, which highlights the need for long-term monitoring campaigns in this area.
Medhavi Pandey, Haimanti Biswas, Daniel Birgel, Nicole Burdanowitz, and Birgit Gaye
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-845, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-845, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the sea surface temperature (SST) proxy and plankton biomarkers in sediments, that accumulate sinking materials signatures from surface waters in the Central Arabian Sea (21°–11° N, 64° E), a tropical basin impacted by monsoon. We noticed a north-south SST gradient and the biological proxies showed more organic matter from larger algae in the north. Smaller algae and zooplankton were high in the south. These trends were related to ocean-atmospheric processes and oxygen availability.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 1985–2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted experimental manipulations of light level on microbial communities from the primary nitrite maximum. Overall, while individual microbial processes have different directions and magnitudes in their response to increasing light, the net community response is a decline in nitrite production with increasing light. We conclude that while increased light may decrease net nitrite production, high-light conditions alone do not exclude nitrification from occurring in the surface ocean.
Zoë Rebecca van Kemenade, Zeynep Erdem, Ellen Christine Hopmans, Jaap Smede Sinninghe Damsté, and Darci Rush
Biogeosciences, 21, 1517–1532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The California Current system (CCS) hosts the eastern subtropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone (ESTNP OMZ). This study shows anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria cause a loss of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in the ESTNP OMZ throughout the late Quaternary. Anammox occurred during both glacial and interglacial periods and was driven by the supply of organic matter and changes in ocean currents. These findings may have important consequences for biogeochemical models of the CCS.
Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Tobias Steinhoff, Birgit Klein, Henry Bittig, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 21, 1191–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The marine CO2 system can be measured independently and continuously by BGC-Argo floats since numerous pH sensors have been developed to suit these autonomous measurements platforms. By applying the Argo correction routines to float pH data acquired in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean, we report the uncertainty and lack of objective criteria associated with the choice of the reference method as well the reference depth for the pH correction.
Sabine Mecking and Kyla Drushka
Biogeosciences, 21, 1117–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates whether northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes may be caused by surface density changes in the northwest as water moves along density horizons from the surface into the subsurface ocean. A correlation is found with a lag that about matches the travel time of water from the northwest to the northeast. Salinity is the main driver causing decadal changes in surface density, whereas salinity and temperature contribute about equally to long-term declining density trends.
Takamitsu Ito, Hernan E. Garcia, Zhankun Wang, Shoshiro Minobe, Matthew C. Long, Just Cebrian, James Reagan, Tim Boyer, Christopher Paver, Courtney Bouchard, Yohei Takano, Seth Bushinsky, Ahron Cervania, and Curtis A. Deutsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 747–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to estimate how much oceanic oxygen has been lost and its uncertainties. One major source of uncertainty comes from the statistical gap-filling methods. Outputs from Earth system models are used to generate synthetic observations where oxygen data are extracted from the model output at the location and time of historical oceanographic cruises. Reconstructed oxygen trend is approximately two-thirds of the true trend.
Robert W. Izett, Katja Fennel, Adam C. Stoer, and David P. Nicholson
Biogeosciences, 21, 13–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an overview of the capacity to expand the global coverage of marine primary production estimates using autonomous ocean-going instruments, called Biogeochemical-Argo floats. We review existing approaches to quantifying primary production using floats, provide examples of the current implementation of the methods, and offer insights into how they can be better exploited. This paper is timely, given the ongoing expansion of the Biogeochemical-Argo array.
Shunya Koseki, Lander R. Crespo, Jerry Tjiputra, Filippa Fransner, Noel S. Keenlyside, and David Rivas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2947, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2947, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how the physical biases of an Earth system model influence the marine biogeochemical processes in the tropical Atlantic. With four different configurations of the model, we have shown that the versions with better SST reproduction tend to represent the primary production and sea-air CO2 flux in terms of climatology, seasonal cycle, and responses to climate variability.
Qian Liu, Yingjie Liu, and Xiaofeng Li
Biogeosciences, 20, 4857–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the Southern Ocean, abundant eddies behave opposite to our expectations. That is, anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies are cold (warm). By investigating the variations of physical and biochemical parameters in eddies, we find that abnormal eddies have unique and significant effects on modulating the parameters. This study fills a gap in understanding the effects of abnormal eddies on physical and biochemical parameters in the Southern Ocean.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Patrick Marsaleix, Karline Soetaert, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Dominique Lefèvre, Franck Touratier, Catherine Goyet, Véronique Guglielmi, Fayçal Kessouri, Pierre Testor, and Xavier Durrieu de Madron
Biogeosciences, 20, 4683–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In this study, we investigate the seasonal and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Daniela König and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 20, 4197–4212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using model simulations, we show that natural and anthropogenic changes in the global climate leave a distinct fingerprint in the isotopic signatures of iron in the surface ocean. We find that these climate effects on iron isotopes are often caused by the redistribution of iron from different external sources to the ocean, due to changes in ocean currents, and by changes in algal growth, which take up iron. Thus, isotopes may help detect climate-induced changes in iron supply and algal uptake.
Chloé Baumas, Robin Fuchs, Marc Garel, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Laurent Memery, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 20, 4165–4182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through the sink of particles in the ocean, carbon (C) is exported and sequestered when reaching 1000 m. Attempts to quantify C exported vs. C consumed by heterotrophs have increased. Yet most of the conducted estimations have led to C demands several times higher than C export. The choice of parameters greatly impacts the results. As theses parameters are overlooked, non-accurate values are often used. In this study we show that C budgets can be well balanced when using appropriate values.
Anna Belcher, Sian F. Henley, Katharine Hendry, Marianne Wootton, Lisa Friberg, Ursula Dallman, Tong Wang, Christopher Coath, and Clara Manno
Biogeosciences, 20, 3573–3591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans play a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly the Southern Ocean. The biological pumping of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean is key to this. Using sediment trap samples from the Scotia Sea, we examine biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic silica and their stable isotope compositions. We find phytoplankton community structure and physically mediated processes are important controls on particulate fluxes to the deep ocean.
Asmita Singh, Susanne Fietz, Sandy J. Thomalla, Nicolas Sanchez, Murat V. Ardelan, Sébastien Moreau, Hanna M. Kauko, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Saumik Samanta, Thato N. Mtshali, Alakendra N. Roychoudhury, and Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh
Biogeosciences, 20, 3073–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the scarcity of iron in the Southern Ocean, seasonal blooms occur due to changes in nutrient and light availability. Surprisingly, during an autumn bloom in the Antarctic sea-ice zone, the results from incubation experiments showed no significant photophysiological response of phytoplankton to iron addition. This suggests that ambient iron concentrations were sufficient, challenging the notion of iron deficiency in the Southern Ocean through extended iron-replete post-bloom conditions.
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Richard J. Matear, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, and François W. Primeau
Biogeosciences, 20, 2985–3009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling the ocean's carbon and oxygen cycles accurately is challenging. Parameter optimization improves the fit to observed tracers but can introduce artifacts in the biological pump. Organic-matter production and subsurface remineralization rates adjust to compensate for circulation biases, changing the pathways and timescales with which nutrients return to the surface. Circulation biases can thus strongly alter the system’s response to ecological change, even when parameters are optimized.
Priyanka Banerjee
Biogeosciences, 20, 2613–2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that atmospheric deposition is the most important source of iron to the upper northern Indian Ocean for phytoplankton growth. This is followed by iron from continental-shelf sediment. Phytoplankton increase following iron addition is possible only with high background levels of nitrate. Vertical mixing is the most important physical process supplying iron to the upper ocean in this region throughout the year. The importance of ocean currents in supplying iron varies seasonally.
Iris Kriest, Julia Getzlaff, Angela Landolfi, Volkmar Sauerland, Markus Schartau, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 20, 2645–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global biogeochemical ocean models are often subjectively assessed and tuned against observations. We applied different strategies to calibrate a global model against observations. Although the calibrated models show similar tracer distributions at the surface, they differ in global biogeochemical fluxes, especially in global particle flux. Simulated global volume of oxygen minimum zones varies strongly with calibration strategy and over time, rendering its temporal extrapolation difficult.
John C. Tracey, Andrew R. Babbin, Elizabeth Wallace, Xin Sun, Katherine L. DuRussel, Claudia Frey, Donald E. Martocello III, Tyler Tamasi, Sergey Oleynik, and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 20, 2499–2523, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) is essential for life; thus, its availability plays a key role in determining marine productivity. Using incubations of seawater spiked with a rare form of N measurable on a mass spectrometer, we quantified microbial pathways that determine marine N availability. The results show that pathways that recycle N have higher rates than those that result in its loss from biomass and present new evidence for anaerobic nitrite oxidation, a process long thought to be strictly aerobic.
Amanda Gerotto, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, Heather M. Stoll, Rubens César Lopes Figueira, Chuanlian Liu, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 20, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the response of coccolithophores’ morphological attributes in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea, we proposed that the thickness shape (ks) factor of fossil coccoliths together with the normalized ks variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ks (σ) over the mean ks (σ/ks), is a robust and novel proxy to reconstruct past changes in deep ocean carbon chemistry.
Katherine E. Turner, Doug M. Smith, Anna Katavouta, and Richard G. Williams
Biogeosciences, 20, 1671–1690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method for reconstructing ocean carbon using climate models and temperature and salinity observations. To test this method, we reconstruct modelled carbon using synthetic observations consistent with current sampling programmes. Sensitivity tests show skill in reconstructing carbon trends and variability within the upper 2000 m. Our results indicate that this method can be used for a new global estimate for ocean carbon content.
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Jérôme Pinti, Tim DeVries, Tommy Norin, Camila Serra-Pompei, Roland Proud, David A. Siegel, Thomas Kiørboe, Colleen M. Petrik, Ken H. Andersen, Andrew S. Brierley, and André W. Visser
Biogeosciences, 20, 997–1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large numbers of marine organisms such as zooplankton and fish perform daily vertical migration between the surface (at night) and the depths (in the daytime). This fascinating migration is important for the carbon cycle, as these organisms actively bring carbon to depths where it is stored away from the atmosphere for a long time. Here, we quantify the contributions of different animals to this carbon drawdown and storage and show that fish are important to the biological carbon pump.
Alastair J. M. Lough, Alessandro Tagliabue, Clément Demasy, Joseph A. Resing, Travis Mellett, Neil J. Wyatt, and Maeve C. Lohan
Biogeosciences, 20, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Iron is a key nutrient for ocean primary productivity. Hydrothermal vents are a source of iron to the oceans, but the size of this source is poorly understood. This study examines the variability in iron inputs between hydrothermal vents in different geological settings. The vents studied release different amounts of Fe, resulting in plumes with similar dissolved iron concentrations but different particulate concentrations. This will help to refine modelling of iron-limited ocean productivity.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, Margaret R. Mulholland, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 20, 325–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The primary nitrite maximum is a ubiquitous upper ocean feature where nitrite accumulates, but we still do not understand its formation and the co-occurring microbial processes involved. Using correlative methods and rates measurements, we found strong spatial patterns between environmental conditions and depths of the nitrite maxima, but not the maximum concentrations. Nitrification was the dominant source of nitrite, with occasional high nitrite production from phytoplankton near the coast.
Natacha Le Grix, Jakob Zscheischler, Keith B. Rodgers, Ryohei Yamaguchi, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 19, 5807–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Compound events threaten marine ecosystems. Here, we investigate the potentially harmful combination of marine heatwaves with low phytoplankton productivity. Using satellite-based observations, we show that these compound events are frequent in the low latitudes. We then investigate the drivers of these compound events using Earth system models. The models share similar drivers in the low latitudes but disagree in the high latitudes due to divergent factors limiting phytoplankton production.
Abigale M. Wyatt, Laure Resplandy, and Adrian Marchetti
Biogeosciences, 19, 5689–5705, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heat waves (MHWs) are a frequent event in the northeast Pacific, with a large impact on the region's ecosystems. Large phytoplankton in the North Pacific Transition Zone are greatly affected by decreased nutrients, with less of an impact in the Alaskan Gyre. For small phytoplankton, MHWs increase the spring small phytoplankton population in both regions thanks to reduced light limitation. In both zones, this results in a significant decrease in the ratio of large to small phytoplankton.
Margot C. F. Debyser, Laetitia Pichevin, Robyn E. Tuerena, Paul A. Dodd, Antonia Doncila, and Raja S. Ganeshram
Biogeosciences, 19, 5499–5520, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the exchange of key nutrients for algae production between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans through the Fram Strait. We show that the export of dissolved silicon here is controlled by the availability of nitrate which is influenced by denitrification on Arctic shelves. We suggest that any future changes in the river inputs of silica and changes in denitrification due to climate change will impact the amount of silicon exported, with impacts on Atlantic algal productivity and ecology.
Emily J. Zakem, Barbara Bayer, Wei Qin, Alyson E. Santoro, Yao Zhang, and Naomi M. Levine
Biogeosciences, 19, 5401–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a microbial ecosystem model to quantitatively explain the mechanisms controlling observed relative abundances and nitrification rates of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms in the ocean. We also estimate how much global carbon fixation can be associated with chemoautotrophic nitrification. Our results improve our understanding of the controls on nitrification, laying the groundwork for more accurate predictions in global climate models.
Zuozhu Wen, Thomas J. Browning, Rongbo Dai, Wenwei Wu, Weiying Li, Xiaohua Hu, Wenfang Lin, Lifang Wang, Xin Liu, Zhimian Cao, Haizheng Hong, and Dalin Shi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5237–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fe and P are key factors controlling the biogeography and activity of marine N2-fixing microorganisms. We found lower abundance and activity of N2 fixers in the northern South China Sea than around the western boundary of the North Pacific, and N2 fixation rates switched from Fe–P co-limitation to P limitation. We hypothesize the Fe supply rates and Fe utilization strategies of each N2 fixer are important in regulating spatial variability in community structure across the study area.
Claudia Eisenring, Sophy E. Oliver, Samar Khatiwala, and Gregory F. de Souza
Biogeosciences, 19, 5079–5106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Given the sparsity of observational constraints on micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), we assess the sensitivities of a framework for objective parameter optimisation in an oceanic Zn cycling model. Our ensemble of optimisations towards synthetic data with varying kinds of uncertainty shows that deficiencies related to model complexity and the choice of the misfit function generally have a greater impact on the retrieval of model Zn uptake behaviour than does the limitation of data coverage.
Yoshikazu Sasai, Sherwood Lan Smith, Eko Siswanto, Hideharu Sasaki, and Masami Nonaka
Biogeosciences, 19, 4865–4882, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated the adaptive response of phytoplankton growth to changing light, nutrients, and temperature over the North Pacific using two physical-biological models. We compare modeled chlorophyll and primary production from an inflexible control model (InFlexPFT), which assumes fixed carbon (C):nitrogen (N):chlorophyll (Chl) ratios, to a recently developed flexible phytoplankton functional type model (FlexPFT), which incorporates photoacclimation and variable C:N:Chl ratios.
Jens Terhaar, Thomas L. Frölicher, and Fortunat Joos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4431–4457, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon vary across various approaches. We show that the global ocean carbon sink can be estimated by three parameters, two of which approximate the ocean ventilation in the Southern Ocean and the North Atlantic, and one of which approximates the chemical capacity of the ocean to take up carbon. With observations of these parameters, we estimate that the global ocean carbon sink is 10 % larger than previously assumed, and we cut uncertainties in half.
Natasha René van Horsten, Hélène Planquette, Géraldine Sarthou, Thomas James Ryan-Keogh, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Thato Nicholas Mtshali, Alakendra Roychoudhury, and Eva Bucciarelli
Biogeosciences, 19, 3209–3224, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The remineralisation proxy, barite, was measured along 30°E in the southern Indian Ocean during early austral winter. To our knowledge this is the first reported Southern Ocean winter study. Concentrations throughout the water column were comparable to observations during spring to autumn. By linking satellite primary production to this proxy a possible annual timescale is proposed. These findings also suggest possible carbon remineralisation from satellite data on a basin scale.
Zhibo Shao and Ya-Wei Luo
Biogeosciences, 19, 2939–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) may be an important player in fixing N2 in the ocean. By conducting meta-analyses, we found that a representative marine NCD phylotype, Gamma A, tends to inhabit ocean environments with high productivity, low iron concentration and high light intensity. It also appears to be more abundant inside cyclonic eddies. Our study suggests a niche differentiation of NCDs from cyanobacterial diazotrophs as the latter prefers low-productivity and high-iron oceans.
Coraline Leseurre, Claire Lo Monaco, Gilles Reverdin, Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claude Mignon, and Léa Benito
Biogeosciences, 19, 2599–2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Decadal trends of fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), total alkalinity (AT), total carbon (CT) and pH in surface waters are investigated in different domains of the southern Indian Ocean (45°S–57°S) from ongoing and station observations regularly conducted in summer over the period 1998–2019. The fCO2 increase and pH decrease are mainly driven by anthropogenic CO2 estimated just below the summer mixed layer, as well as by a warming south of the polar front or in the fertilized waters near Kerguelen Island.
Priscilla Le Mézo, Jérôme Guiet, Kim Scherrer, Daniele Bianchi, and Eric Galbraith
Biogeosciences, 19, 2537–2555, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the role of commercially targeted fish biomass in the cycling of three important nutrients (N, P, and Fe), relative to nutrients otherwise available in water and to nutrients required by primary producers, and the impact of fishing. We use a model of commercially targeted fish biomass constrained by fish catch and stock assessment data to assess the contributions of fish at the global scale, at the time of the global peak catch and prior to industrial fishing.
Rebecca Chmiel, Nathan Lanning, Allison Laubach, Jong-Mi Lee, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Mariko Hatta, William Jenkins, Phoebe Lam, Matthew McIlvin, Alessandro Tagliabue, and Mak Saito
Biogeosciences, 19, 2365–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved cobalt is present in trace amounts in seawater and is a necessary nutrient for marine microbes. On a transect from the Alaskan coast to Tahiti, we measured seawater concentrations of dissolved cobalt. Here, we describe several interesting features of the Pacific cobalt cycle including cobalt sources along the Alaskan coast and Hawaiian vents, deep-ocean particle formation, cobalt activity in low-oxygen regions, and how our samples compare to a global biogeochemical model’s predictions.
Cited articles
Anderson, L. A. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Global ocean phosphate and oxygen
simulations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 621–636, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GB01902,
1995.
Asselin, R.: Frequency filter for time integrations, Mon. Weather Rev., 100,
487–490, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0487:FFFTI>2.3.CO;2, 1972.
Banse, K.: Seasonality of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the central and
northern Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 713–723,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90032-X,
1987.
Banse, K. and McClain, C. R.: Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea
as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 34, 201–211, 1986.
Barber, R. T., Marra, J., Bidigare, R. C., Codispoti, L. A., Halpern, D.,
Johnson, Z., Latasa, M., Goericke, R., and Smith, S. L.: Primary productivity
and its regulation in the Arabian Sea during 1995, Deep-Sea. Res. Pt. II,
48, 1127–1172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00134-X, 2001.
Bates, N. R., Pequignet, A. C., and Sabine. C. L.: Ocean carbon cycling in
the Indian Ocean: 2. Estimates of net community production, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002492, 2006.
Bauer, S., Hitchcock, G. L., and Olson, D. B.: Influence of monsoonally-forced
Ekman dynamics upon surface-layer depth and plankton biomass distribution in
the Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 38, 531–553, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90062-K, 1991.
Behrenfeld, M. J. and Falkowski, P. G.: Photosynthetic rates derived from
satellite-based chlorophyll concentration, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.1.0001, 1997.
Boyd, P. W., Rynearson, T. A., Armstrong, E. A., Fu, F., Hayashi, K., Hu, Z.,
Hutchins, D. A., Kudela, R. M., Litchman, E., Mulholland, M. R., Passow, U.,
Strzepek, R. F., Whittaker, K. A., Yu, E., and Thomas, M. K.: Marine
Phytoplankton Temperature versus growth responses from polar to tropical
waters – outcome of a scientific community-wide study, PLoS ONE, 8, e63091,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063091, 2013.
Brock, J. C. and McClain, C. R.: Interannual variability of the southwest monsoon
phytoplankton bloom in the north-western Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res.,
97, 733–750, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC02225, 1992.
Brock, J. C., McClain, C. R., Luther, M. E., and Hay, W. W.: The phytoplankton
bloom in the northwestern Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon of 1979,
J. Geophys. Res., 96, 623–642, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC01711, 1991.
Brock, J. C., McClain, C. R., and Hay, W. W.: A southwest monsoon hydrographic
climatology for the northwestern Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9455–9465, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00813, 1992.
Brock, J., Sathyendranath, S., and Platt, T.: Modelling the seasonality of
subsurface light and primary production in the Arabian Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser., 101, 209–221, 1993.
Bruce, J. G.: Some details of upwelling off the Somali and Arabian coasts, J.
Mar. Res., 32, 419–423, 1974.
Bryan, K. and Lewis, L. J.: A water mass model of the world ocean, J. Geophys.
Res., 84, 2503–2517, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC05p02503, 1979.
Chang, Y. S., Zhang, S., Rosati, A., Delworth, T., and Stern, W. F.: An
assessment of oceanic variability for 1960-2010 from the GFDL ensemble
coupled data assimilation, Clim. Dynam., 40, 775–803, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1412-2, 2012.
Christian, J. R., Verschall, M. A., Murtugudde, R., Busalacchi, A. J., and
McClain, C. R.: Biogeochemical modeling of the tropical Pacific Ocean, II:
Iron biogeochemistry, Deep–Sea Res., 49, 545–565,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00111-4, 2001.
Colwell, R. R.: Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm,
Science., 274, 2025–2031, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2025, 1996.
Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.: A comparison of the equilibrium constants
for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res., 34,
1733–1743, 1987.
Dilmahamod, A. F., Hermes, J. C., and Reason, C. J. C.: Chlorophyll-a variability
in the Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge: Analysis of a coupled biophysical
model, J. Marine Syst., 154, 220–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.10.011,
2016.
Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Caldeira, K., Campin, J.-M., Drange, H., Dutay,
J.-C., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos,
F., Madec, G., Maier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J. C., Matear, R. J., Monfray, P.,
Mouchet, A., Najjar, R., Orr, J. C., Plattner, G.-K., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer,
R., Slater, R., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.:
Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002150,
2004.
Eppley, R. W.: Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea, Fish. Bull.,
70, 1063–1085, 1972.
Eppley, R. W. and Peterson, B. J.: Particulate organic matter flux and
planktonic new production in the deep ocean, Nature, 282, 677–680,
https://doi.org/10.1038/282677a0, 1979.
Falkowski, P. G., Laws, E. A., Barber, R. T., and Murray, J. W.: phytoplankton
and their role in the primary, new and export production, in: Ocean Biogeochemistry, Global Change – The IGBP series (closed), edited by: Fasham,
M. J. R., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germnay, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55844-3_5, 2003.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Takahashi, T., and Wanninkhof, R.: Uptake and
Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean: The Global CO2 Survey,
Oceanography, 14, 18–32, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2001.03, 2001.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hood, R. R., and Wiggert, J. D.: Ecosystem complexity
versus physical forcing quantification of their relative impact with
assimilated Arabian Sea data, Deep-Sea Res., 53, 576–600,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.026, 2006.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Dusenberry, J. A., Anderson, L. A., Armstrong, R. A.,
Chai, F., Christian, J. R., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J., Fujii, M, Hood, R.,
McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., Moore, K. J., Schartau, M., Spitz, Y. H., and Wiggert, J.
D.: Assessment of skill and portability in regional biogeochemical models:
role of multiple planktonic groups, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C08001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003852, 2007.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova,
O. K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., and Johnson, D. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 4:
Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate), edited by: Levitus,
S. and Mishonov, A., NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 76, 25 pp., 2014.
Gattuso, J.-P., Gentili, B., Duarte, C. M., Kleypas, J. A., Middelburg, J.
J., and Antoine, D.: Light availability in the coastal ocean: impact on the
distribution of benthic photosynthetic organisms and their contribution to
primary production, Biogeosciences, 3, 489–513,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-489-2006, 2006.
Gent, P. R. and McWilliams, J. C.: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0150:IMIOCM>2.0.CO;2, 1990.
Harwell, C., Kim, K., Burkholder, J., Colwell, R., Epstein, P. R., Grimes,
D., Hofmann, E. E., Lipp, E. K., Osterhaus, A., and Overshreet, R. M.:
Emerging marine diseases-climate links and anthropogenic factors, Science,
285, 1505–1510, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5433.1505, 1999.
Jerlov, N. G.: Marine optics, Second edn., Elsevier Sciene, New York, USA, 1–231, 1976.
Jung, E. and Kirtman. B. P.: ENSO modulation of tropical Indian ocean
subseasonal variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12634–12642, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071899,
2016.
Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P., Wahlen, M., and van der Plicht, J.: Interannual
extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980,
Nature, 375, 666–670, 1995.
Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J. L., Feely, R. A.,
Millero, F. J., Mordy, C., and Peng, T.-H: A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global
Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4031,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002247, 2004
Krey, J. and Bahenerd, B.: Phytoplankton production atlas of the international
Indian Ocean expedition, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel,
Kiel, Germany, 1976.
Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., and Doney, S. C.: Oceanic vertical mixing: A
review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev.
Geophys., 32, 363–403, https://doi.org/10.1029/94RG01872, 1994.
Laws, E. A., Falkowski, P. G., Smith Jr., W. O., Ducklow, H., and McCarthy, J. J.:
Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1231–1246, 2000.
LDEO: Takahashi data, available at: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/CO2/, last access: 12 March
2018.
Lee, P. F., Chen, I. C., and Tzeng, W. N.: Spatial and Temporal distributions
patterns of bigeye tuna (Thunnusobsesus) in the Indian Ocean, Zool.
Stud., 44, 260–270, 2005.
Lehodey, P., Senina, I., Sibert, J., Bopp, L., Calmettes, B., Hampton, J.,
and Murtugudde, R.: Preliminary forecasts of Pacific bigeye tuna population
trends under the A2 IPCC scenario, Prog. Oceanogr., 86, 302–315,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.021, 2010.
Le Quere, C., Orr, J. C., Monfray, P., and Aumont, O.: Interannual variability of
the oceanic sink of CO2 from 1979 through 1997, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1247–1265, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900049, 2000.
Liao, X., Zhan, H., and Du, Y.: Potential new production in two upwelling regions
of the Western Arabian Sea: Estimation and comparison, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 4487–4502, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011707, 2016.
Lopez-Urrutia, A., San Martin, E., Harris, R. P., and Irigoien, X.: Scaling the
metabolic balance of the oceans, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103,
8739–8744, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601137103, 2006.
Louanchi, F., Metzl, N., and Poisson, A.: Modelling the monthly sea
surface fCO2 fields in the Indian Ocean, Mar. Chem., 55, 265–279, 1996.
Marra, J. F., Lance, V. P., Vaillancourt, R. D., and
Hargreaves, B. R.: Resolving the ocean's euphotic zone, Deep-Sea. Res. Pt. I., 83,
45–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.09.005, 2014.
Matsumoto, K., Tokos, K. S., Price, A. R., and Cox, S. J.: First description
of the Minnesota Earth System Model for Ocean biogeochemistry (MESMO 1.0),
Geosci. Model Dev., 1, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-1-1-2008, 2008.
McCreary, J., Murtugude, R., Vialard, J., Vinayachandran, P., Wiggert, J. D.,
Hood, R. R., Shankar, D., and Shetye, S.: Biophysical processes in the Indian
Ocean, Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, 185, 9–32, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM185, 2009.
Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M.:
Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in
seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897–907, 1973.
Moisan, J. R., Moisan, A. T., and Abbott, M. R.: Modelling the effect of
temperature on the maximum growth rates of phytoplankton populations, Ecol.
Model., 153, 197–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00008-X, 2002.
Morel, A.: Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous
matter content (Case 1 Waters), J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10479–10768, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC09p10749, 1988.
Murtugudde, R. and Busalacchi, A. J.: Interannual variability of the dynamics
and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Clim., 12, 2300–2326, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2300:IVOTDA>2.0.CO;2 1999.
Murtugudde, R., McCreary, J. P., and Busalacchi, A. J.: Oceanic processes
associated with anomalous events in the Indian Ocean with relevance to
1997–1998, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3295–3306, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900294, 2000.
Murtugudde, R., Seager, R., and Thoppil, P.: Arabian Sea response to monsoon
variations, Paleoceanography, 22, PA4217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001467, 2007.
Murtugudde, R. G., Signorini, S. R., Christian, J. R., Busalacchi, A. J.,
McClain, C. R., and Picaut, J.: Ocean color variability of the tropical Indo-Pacific
basin observed by SeaWiFS during 1997–1998, J. Geophys. Res., 104,
18351–18366, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900135, 1999.
Najjar, R. G. and Keeling, R. F.: Analysis of the mean annual cycle of the
dissolved oxygen anomaly in the world ocean, J. Mar. Res., 55, 117–151,
https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240973224481, 1997.
Najjar, R. G. and Orr, J. C.: Design of OCMIP-2 simulations of
chlorofluorocarbons, the solubility pump and common biogeochemistry,
available at: http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/oce/OCMIP/design.pdf (last access: 29 March 2018), 1998.
Najjar, R. G., Sarmiento, J. L., and Toggweiler, J. R.: Downward transport and
fate of organic matter in the ocean: simulations with a general circulation
model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 6, 45–76, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GB02718, 1992.
Naqvi, S., Naik, H., and Narvekar, P.: The Arabian Sea, in: Biogeochemistry,
edited by: Black, K. and Shimmield, G., 156–206, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2003.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Moffett, J. W., Gauns, M. U., Narvekar, P. V., Pratihary, A.
K., Naik, H., Shenoy, D. M., Jayakumar, D. A., Goepfert, T. J., Patra, P. K.,
Al-Azri, A., and Ahmed, S. I.: The Arabian Sea as a high-nutrient,
low-chlorophyll region during the late Southwest Monsoon, Biogeosciences, 7,
2091–2100, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2091-2010, 2010.
NASA: SeaWiFS data, available at: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/, last access: 12 March
2018.
NOAA: GFDL data for OTTM, available at: http://data1.gfdl.noaa.gov/nomads/forms/assimilation.html, last access: 12 March
2018.
OCMIP: OCMIP-II routines, available at:
http://ocmip5.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/, last access: 12 March
2018.
Orr, J. C., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Monfray, P., Sarmiento, J.
L., Toggweller, J. R., Taylor, K. T., Palmer, J., Gruber, N., Sabine, C. L.,
Le-Quere, C., Key, R. M., and Boutin, J.: Estimates of anthropogenic carbon
uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models, Glob. Biogeochem.
Cycles., 15, 43–60, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001273, 2001.
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A.,
Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K.,
Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G.,
Plattner, G., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R.,
Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.:
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its
impact on calcifying organisms, Nature, 437, 681–686,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04095, 2005.
Orr, J. C., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Calderia, K., Taylor, K., and the OCMIP Group:
Evaluation of seasonal air-sea CO2 fluxes in the global carbon cycle models,
International open Science conference, 7–10 January 2003, Paris, France, 2003.
Osawa, T. and Julimantoro, S.: Study of fishery ground around Indonesia
archipelago using remote sensing data, in: Adaptation and Mitigation
Strategies for Climate Change, edited by: Sumi A., Fukushi K., and Hiramatsu,
A., Springer, Tokyo, Japan, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99798-6_4, 2010.
Parsons, T. R., Takahashi, M., and Habgrave, B.: In Biological Oceanographic
Processes, 3rd ed., 330 pp., Pergamon Press, New York, USA, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19890740411, 1984.
Prassana Kumar, S., Ramaiah, N., Gauns, M., Sarma, V. V. S. S.,
Muraleedharan, P. M., RaghuKumar, S., Dileep Kumar, M., and Madhupratap, M.: Physical forcing of
biological productivity in the Northern Arabian Sea during the Northeast
Monsoon, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 48, 1115–1126,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00133-8, 2001.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Muraleedharan, P. M., Prasad, T. G., Gauns, M., Ramaiah,
N., de Souza, S. N., Sardesai, S., and Madhupratap, M.: Why is the Bay of Bengal
less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea?, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 29, 2235, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016013, 2002.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Roshin, P. R., Narvekar, J., Dinesh Kumar, P.,
and Vivekanandan, E.: What drives the increased phytoplankton biomass in the
Arabian Sea?, Curr. Sci India, 99, 101–106, 2010.
Praveen, V., Ajayamohan, R. S., Valsala, V., and Sandeep, S.:
Intensification of upwelling along Oman coast in a warming scenario, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 43, 7581–7589, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069638, 2016.
Press, W. H., TeuKolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P: Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK, 1996.
Qasim, S. Z.: Biological productivity of the Indian Ocean, J. Mar. Sci., 6,
122–137, 1977.
Qasim, S. Z.: Oceanography of Northern Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 29,
1041–1068, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90027-9, 1982.
Redi, M.: Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 12, 1154–1158, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<1154:OIMBCR>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Regaudie-de-Gioux, A. and Duarte, C. M.: Compensation irradiance for
planktonic community metabolism in the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24,
GB4013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003639, 2010.
Roxy, M. K., Modi, A., Murtugudde, R., Valsala, V., Panickal, S., Prasanna
Kumar, S., Ravichandran, M., Vichi, M., and Levy, M.: A reduction in marine
primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 826–833, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066979, 2015.
Ryther, J.: Photosynthesis in the ocean as function of light Intensity,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 1, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1956.1.1.0061, 1956.
Ryther, J. and Menzel, D.: On the production, composition, and distribution of
organic matter in the Western Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. and
Oceanographic Abstracts, 12, 199–209,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(65)90025-2, 1965.
Sarma, V. V. S. S.: An evaluation of physical and biogeochemical processes
regulating the perennial suboxic conditions in the water column of the
Arabian Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1082, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001461, 2002.
Sarma, V. V. S. S.: Net plankton community production in the Arabian Sea based
on O2 mass balance model, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002198, 2004.
Sarmiento, J. L. and Gruber, N.: Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics, Princeton
University Press, New Jersey, USA, 2006.
Sarmiento, J. L., Monfray, P., Maier-Reimer, E., Aumont, O., Murnane, R. J., and
Orr, J. C.: Sea-air CO2 fluxes and carbon transport: A comparison of
three ocean general circulation models, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1267–1281, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900062, 2000.
Schott, F.: Monsoon response of the Somali current and associated upwelling,
Prog. Oceanogr., 12, 357–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(83)90014-9, 1983.
Smetacek, V. and Passow, U.: Spring bloom initiation and Sverdrup's critical
depth model, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 228–234, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1990.35.1.0228, 1990.
Smith, L. S.: Understanding the Arabian Sea: Reflections on the 1994–1996
Arabian Sea Expedition, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 48, 1385–1402,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00144-2, 2001.
Smith, R. L. and Bottero, L. S.: On upwelling in the Arabian Sea, in: A voyage of Discovery, edited by: Angel,
M., Pergamon Press, New York, USA, 291–304, 1977.
Smith, S. L.: Biological indications of active upwelling in the northwestern
Indian Ocean in 1964 and 1979, a comparison with Peru and northwest Africa,
Deep-Sea Res., 31, 951–967, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(84)90050-5, 1984.
Smith, S. L. and Codispoti, L. A.: Southwest monsoon of 1979: chemical and
biological response of Somali coastal waters, Science, 209, 597–600,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4456.597, 1980.
Susanto, R., Gordon, A. L., and Zheng, Q.: Upwelling along the coasts of Java and
Sumatra and its relation to ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1599–1602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011844, 2001.
Swallow, J. C.: Some aspects of the physical oceanography of the Indian
Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 31, 639–650, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(84)90032-3, 1984.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A.,
Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson,
A., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Ishii,
M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., Kortzinger, A., Steinhoff, T., Hoppema, M.,
Olafsson, J., Amarson, T. S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A.,
Bellerby, R., Wong, C. S., Delille, B, Bates, N. R., and de-Baar, H. J. W:
Climatological mean and decadal changes in surface ocean pCO2 and net
sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 56,
554–557, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009, 2009.
Valsala, K. V., Maksyutov, S., and Ikeda, M.: Design and Validation of an offline
oceanic tracer transport model for a carbon cycle study, J. Clim., 21, 2752–2769, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2018.1, 2008.
Valsala, V.: Different spreading of Somali and Arabian coastal upwelled
waters in the northern Indian Ocean: A case study, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 803–816, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0067-z, 2009.
Valsala, V. and Maksyutov, S.: A short surface pathway of the subsurface
Indonesian Throughflow water from the Java Coast associated with upwelling,
Ekman Transport, and Subduction, Int. J. Oceanogr., 15, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/540783, 2010a.
Valsala, V. and Maksyutov, S.: Simulation and assimilation of global ocean
pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes using ship observations of surface
ocean pCO2 in a simplified biogeochemical model, Tellus, 62B, 821–840, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00495.x, 2010b.
Valsala, V. and Maksyutov, S.: Interannual variability of air-sea CO2 flux
in the north Indian Ocean, Ocean Dynam., 63, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0588-7, 2013.
Valsala, V. and Murtugudde, R.: Mesoscale and Intraseasonal Air-Sea CO2 Exchanges in the Western Arabian Sea during Boreal Summer, Deep-Sea Res.
Pt. I, 103, 103–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.001, 2015.
Valsala, V. and Rao, R. R.: Coastal Kelvin waves and dynamics of gulf of Aden
eddies, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 116, 174–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.003, 2016.
Valsala, V., Maksyutov, S., and Murtugudde, R.: Interannual to Interdecadal
Variabilities of the Indonesian Throughflow Source Water Pathways in the
Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 1921–1940, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JPO4561.1, 2011.
Valsala, V., Roxy, M., Ashok, K., and Murtugudde, R.: Spatio-temporal
characteristics of seasonal to multidecadal variability of pCO2 and
air-sea CO2 fluxes in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.,
119, 8987–9012, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010212, 2014.
Vialard, J., Duvel, J. P., McPhaden, M, J., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ward, B.,
Key, E., Bourras, D., Weller, R., Minnett, P., Weill, A., Cassou, C., Eymard,
L., Fristedt, T., Basdevant, C., Dandonneau, Y., Duteil, O., Izumo, T., de
Boyer Montegut, C., Masson, S., Marsac, F., Menkes, C., and Kennan, S.: Air-Sea
Interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 3179, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2499.1, 2009.
Vinayachandran, P. N. and Yamagata, T.: Monsoon Response of the Sea around Sri
Lanka: Generation of Thermal Domes and Anticyclonic Vortices, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 28, 1946–1960, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1946:MROTSA>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Chauhan, P., Mohan, M., and Nayak, S.: Biological response
of the sea around Sri Lanka to summer monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L0I302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018533, 2004.
Wang, X. J., Behrenfeld, M., Le Borgne, R., Murtugudde, R., and Boss, E.:
Regulation of phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll ratio by light, nutrients
and temperature in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: a basin-scale model,
Biogeosciences, 6, 391–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-391-2009, 2009.
Weiss, R. F.: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: The solubility of a
non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203–215, 1974.
Wiggert, J. D., Jones, B. H., Dickey, T. D., Brink, K. H., Weller, R. A.,
Marra, J., Codispoti, and L. A.: The Northeast Monsoon's impact on mixing,
phytoplankton biomass and nutrient cycling in the Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res.
Pt. II, 47, 1353–1385, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00147-2, 2000.
Wiggert, J. D., Hood, R. R., Banse, K., and Kindle, J. C.: Monsoon-driven
biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea, Progr. Oceanogr., 65, 176–213,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2005.03.008, 2005.
Wiggert, J. D., Murtugudde, R. G., and Christian, J. R.: Annual ecosystem
variability in the tropical Indian Ocean: results of a coupled bio-physical
ocean general circulation model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 53, 644–676,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.027, 2006.
Xie, S. P., Annamalai, H., Schott, F. A., and McCreary Jr., J. P.: Structure and
mechanism of south Indian ocean climate variability, J. Clim., 15, 864–878, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0864:SAMOSI>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Xing, W., Xiaomei, L., Haigang, Z., and Hailong, L.: Estimates of potential new
production in the Java-Sumatra upwelling system, Chin. J.
Oceanol. Limn., 30, 1063–1067, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-012-1281-x, 2012.
Yamanaka, Y., Yoshie, N., Fujii, M., Aita, M. N., and Kishi, M. J.: An
Ecosystem coupled with Nitrogen-Silicon-Carbon cycles applied to station A7
in the Northwestern Pacific, J. Oceanogr., 60, 227–241, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038329.91976.7d, 2004.
Zhou, X., Weng, E., and Luo, Y.: Modelling patterns of nonlinearity in the
ecosystem responses to temperature, CO2 and precipitation changes,
Ecol. Appl., 18, 453–466, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0626.1, 2008.
Short summary
A simple modification to the existing methodology for calculating biological production in global ocean model is proposed here. A space- and time-varying production depth is found in the upper few metres of the ocean based on sunlight and nutrient availability. This new method is tested for Indian Ocean biological production zones. With this new method the carbon cycling in the surface of the Indian Ocean is simulated better in the model. A reason for the improvement is detailed in the paper.
A simple modification to the existing methodology for calculating biological production in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint