Articles | Volume 18, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-159-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-159-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Particles under stress: ultrasonication causes size and recovery rate artifacts with soil-derived POM but not with microplastics
Frederick Büks
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Chair of Soil Science, Department of Ecology, Technische Universität
Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
Gilles Kayser
Chair of Soil Ecology, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau,
Germany
Antonia Zieger
Chair of Soil Science, Department of Ecology, Technische Universität
Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
Friederike Lang
Chair of Soil Ecology, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau,
Germany
Martin Kaupenjohann
Chair of Soil Science, Department of Ecology, Technische Universität
Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Ultrasonication followed by density fractionation is a frequently used method to determine soil structural stability and the amount of occluded particulate organic matter. Our analyses of three soils (sandy, silty and loamy) showed that air drying and gentle rewetting change SOM (soil organic matter) fractions depending on the subsequent time of re-incubation compared to field-fresh samples. This is important, since, e.g., the measurement of archived soils requires the handling of air-dried samples.
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Ultrasonication with density fractionation of soils is a commonly used method to separate soil organic matter pools, which is, e.g., important to calculate carbon turnover in landscapes. It is shown that the approach that merges soil and dense solution without mixing has a low recovery rate and causes co-extraction of parts of the retained labile pool along with the intermediate pool. An alternative method with high recovery rates and no cross-contamination was recommended.
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The adverse effect of microplastic (MP) on soil biota and soil structure depends on MP particle size and surface characteristics. Since weathering plays a major role in the genesis of these, it must be considered in both the analysis of environmental MP and the production of artificial MP for laboratory experiments. This work integrates recent findings on adverse effects and the genesis of its surface characteristics and discusses how to reproduce them to obtain closer-to-nature designer MP.
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Laboratory experiments that assess microplastic (MP) impact on the terrestrial environment require information on common soil MP concentrations. We reviewed item numbers and mass concentrations recorded in 23 studies, with 223 sampling sites in total with respect to the underlying entry pathways, land uses and vicinities. Common values included amounts of up to 13 000 items kg−1 and 4.5 mg kg−1 dry soil. Based on the collected data, we identified problems in past field studies.
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Ultrasonication followed by density fractionation is a frequently used method to determine soil structural stability and the amount of occluded particulate organic matter. Our analyses of three soils (sandy, silty and loamy) showed that air drying and gentle rewetting change SOM (soil organic matter) fractions depending on the subsequent time of re-incubation compared to field-fresh samples. This is important, since, e.g., the measurement of archived soils requires the handling of air-dried samples.
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Combining trees and crops in agroforestry systems can potentially be a sustainable option for agriculture facing climate change impacts. We used methods from soil science and hydrology to assess the effect of adding gliricidia trees to maize fields, on carbon content, soil properties and water availability. Our results show a clear increase in carbon contents and effects on physical soil characteristics and water uptake and retention as a consequence of the agroforestry treatment.
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Short summary
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Ultrasonication with density fractionation of soils is a commonly used method to separate soil organic matter pools, which is, e.g., important to calculate carbon turnover in landscapes. It is shown that the approach that merges soil and dense solution without mixing has a low recovery rate and causes co-extraction of parts of the retained labile pool along with the intermediate pool. An alternative method with high recovery rates and no cross-contamination was recommended.
Frederick Büks and Martin Kaupenjohann
SOIL, 8, 373–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-373-2022, 2022
Short summary
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The adverse effect of microplastic (MP) on soil biota and soil structure depends on MP particle size and surface characteristics. Since weathering plays a major role in the genesis of these, it must be considered in both the analysis of environmental MP and the production of artificial MP for laboratory experiments. This work integrates recent findings on adverse effects and the genesis of its surface characteristics and discusses how to reproduce them to obtain closer-to-nature designer MP.
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We quantified the lateral and vertical subsurface flow (SSF) and P concentrations of three beech forest plots with contrasting soil properties during sprinkling experiments. Vertical SSF was 2 orders of magnitude larger than lateral SSF, and both consisted mainly of pre-event water. P concentrations in SSF were high during the first 1 to 2 h (nutrient flushing) but nearly constant thereafter. This suggests that P in the soil solution was replenished fast by mineral or organic sources.
Frederick Büks and Martin Kaupenjohann
SOIL, 6, 649–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-649-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-649-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments that assess microplastic (MP) impact on the terrestrial environment require information on common soil MP concentrations. We reviewed item numbers and mass concentrations recorded in 23 studies, with 223 sampling sites in total with respect to the underlying entry pathways, land uses and vicinities. Common values included amounts of up to 13 000 items kg−1 and 4.5 mg kg−1 dry soil. Based on the collected data, we identified problems in past field studies.
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Short summary
Ultrasonication/density fractionation is a common method used to extract particulate organic matter (POM) and, recently, microplastic (MP) from soil samples. In this study, ultrasonic treatment with mechanical stress increasing from 0 to 500 J mL−1 caused comminution and a reduced recovery rate of soil-derived POMs but no such effects with MP particles. In consequence, the extraction of MP from soils is not affected by particle size and recovery rate artifacts.
Ultrasonication/density fractionation is a common method used to extract particulate organic...
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