Articles | Volume 20, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Aug 2023
Research article |
| 25 Aug 2023
| 25 Aug 2023
Seasonal cycles of biogeochemical fluxes in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean: a stable isotope approach
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
Sian F. Henley
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE,
UK
Katharine Hendry
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
Marianne Wootton
Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Lisa Friberg
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
Ursula Dallman
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE,
UK
Tong Wang
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
Christopher Coath
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
Clara Manno
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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The Southern Ocean influences global climate, in part, through biological production of carbon-rich particles which trap atmospheric CO2 in the deep ocean. Our study highlights that krill defecating at 50–100 m and injecting carbon-rich pellets effectively counteracts the "typical" scenario where the quantity of particles rapidly decreases from the surface, ultimately increasing how much atmospheric carbon is stored. These processes are of global benefit, but vulnerable in a changing climate.
Robert J. W. Brewin, Bethany Wilkinson, Xuerong Sun, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Gavin H. Tilstone, Katharine R. Hendry, Sarah Breimann, Ian Brown, Angus Atkinson, Katrin Schmidt, Elisabetta Canuti, Meredith G. Meyer, Qi Zheng, Johannes J. Viljoen, Tom Bell, and Karen J. Heywood
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Phytoplankton are the foundation of the Antarctic food web. Their size affects carbon storage in the ocean and energy transfer to krill, fish, and whales. Because the northwestern Weddell Sea is rarely sampled, little is known about phytoplankton size there. Using ship-based measurements and satellite data, we found medium-sized phytoplankton dominate rather than the smallest types that dominate warmer oceans. This provides a baseline for tracking ecosystem responses to climate change.
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Antarctica is a key region for carbon cycling and export. The efficiency of carbon export has been linked to the type of phytoplankton dominating the system. Our results suggest diatoms, haptophytes, and cryptophytes are present in all water column samples despite substantial physical differences between sampling locations. Our data shows a strong relationship between the proportion of diatoms, haptophytes, and cryptophytes relative to all other phytoplankton and the magnitude of carbon flux.
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Carbon export from the surface to deep ocean is a key process regulating atmospheric CO2. In Ryder Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula, zooplankton faecal pellets were found to dominate summer carbon flux, with a chemical composition suggesting feeding on degraded seafloor material in addition to surface-produced algae. These findings suggest organic matter exported from Antarctic coastal shelves may carry distinct chemical signatures, with implications for constraining regional carbon budgets.
Ben J. Fisher, Alex J. Poulton, Michael P. Meredith, Kimberlee Baldry, Oscar Schofield, and Sian F. Henley
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The Southern Ocean is a rapidly warming environment, with subsequent impacts on ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling. This study examines changes in phytoplankton and biogeochemistry using a range of climate models. Under climate change, the Southern Ocean will be warmer, more acidic and more productive and will have reduced nutrient availability by 2100. However, there is substantial variability between models across key productivity parameters. We propose ways of reducing this uncertainty.
Aaron A. Naidoo-Bagwell, Fanny M. Monteiro, Katharine R. Hendry, Scott Burgan, Jamie D. Wilson, Ben A. Ward, Andy Ridgwell, and Daniel J. Conley
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As an extension to the EcoGEnIE 1.0 Earth system model that features a diverse plankton community, EcoGEnIE 1.1 includes siliceous plankton diatoms and also considers their impact on biogeochemical cycles. With updates to existing nutrient cycles and the introduction of the silicon cycle, we see improved model performance relative to observational data. Through a more functionally diverse plankton community, the new model enables more comprehensive future study of ocean ecology.
Ben J. Fisher, Alex J. Poulton, Michael P. Meredith, Kimberlee Baldry, Oscar Schofield, and Sian F. Henley
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Revised manuscript not accepted
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The Southern Ocean is warming faster than the global average. As a globally important carbon sink and nutrient source, climate driven changes in ecosystems can be expected to cause widespread changes to biogeochemical cycles. We analysed earth system models and showed that productivity is expected to increase across the Southern Ocean, driven by different phytoplankton groups at different latitudes. These predictions carry large uncertainties, we propose targeted studies to reduce this error.
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We present a database of Southern Ocean macronutrient, temperature and salinity measurements collected on 20 oceanographic cruises between 1980 and 2009. Vertical profiles and underway surface measurements were collected year-round as part of an integrated ecosystem study. Our data provide a novel view of biogeochemical cycling in biologically productive regions across a critical period in recent climate history and will contribute to a better understanding of the drivers of primary production.
James P. J. Ward, Katharine R. Hendry, Sandra Arndt, Johan C. Faust, Felipe S. Freitas, Sian F. Henley, Jeffrey W. Krause, Christian März, Allyson C. Tessin, and Ruth L. Airs
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The seafloor plays an important role in the cycling of silicon (Si), a key nutrient that promotes marine primary productivity. In our model study, we disentangle major controls on the seafloor Si cycle to better anticipate the impacts of continued warming and sea ice melt in the Barents Sea. We uncover a coupling of the iron redox and Si cycles, dissolution of lithogenic silicates, and authigenic clay formation, comprising a Si sink that could have implications for the Arctic Ocean Si budget.
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Short summary
The oceans play a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly the Southern Ocean. The biological pumping of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean is key to this. Using sediment trap samples from the Scotia Sea, we examine biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic silica and their stable isotope compositions. We find phytoplankton community structure and physically mediated processes are important controls on particulate fluxes to the deep ocean.
The oceans play a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly the...
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